passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/abvar/torsion_subgroup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.flint sage.libs.pari
+"""
+Torsion subgroups of modular abelian varieties
+
+Sage can compute information about the structure of the torsion
+subgroup of a modular abelian variety. Sage computes a multiple of
+the order by computing the greatest common divisor of the orders of
+the torsion subgroup of the reduction of the abelian variety modulo
+p for various primes p. Sage computes a divisor of the order by
+computing the rational cuspidal subgroup. When these two bounds
+agree (which is often the case), we determine the exact structure
+of the torsion subgroup.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein (2007-03)
+
+EXAMPLES: First we consider `J_0(50)` where everything
+works out nicely::
+
+    sage: J = J0(50)
+    sage: T = J.rational_torsion_subgroup(); T
+    Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J0(50) of dimension 2
+    sage: T.multiple_of_order()
+    15
+    sage: T.divisor_of_order()
+    15
+    sage: T.gens()
+    ([(1/15, 3/5, 2/5, 14/15)],)
+    sage: T.invariants()
+    [15]
+    sage: d = J.decomposition(); d
+    [Simple abelian subvariety 50a(1,50) of dimension 1 of J0(50),
+     Simple abelian subvariety 50b(1,50) of dimension 1 of J0(50)]
+    sage: d[0].rational_torsion_subgroup().order()                                      # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+    3
+    sage: d[1].rational_torsion_subgroup().order()                                      # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+    5
+
+Next we make a table of the upper and lower bounds for each new
+factor.
+
+::
+
+    sage: # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+    sage: for N in range(1,38):
+    ....:    for A in J0(N).new_subvariety().decomposition():
+    ....:        T = A.rational_torsion_subgroup()
+    ....:        print('%-5s%-5s%-5s%-5s'%(N, A.dimension(), T.divisor_of_order(), T.multiple_of_order()))
+    11   1    5    5
+    14   1    6    6
+    15   1    8    8
+    17   1    4    4
+    19   1    3    3
+    20   1    6    6
+    21   1    8    8
+    23   2    11   11
+    24   1    8    8
+    26   1    3    3
+    26   1    7    7
+    27   1    3    3
+    29   2    7    7
+    30   1    6    6
+    31   2    5    5
+    32   1    4    4
+    33   1    4    4
+    34   1    6    6
+    35   1    3    3
+    35   2    16   16
+    36   1    6    6
+    37   1    1    1
+    37   1    3    3
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: T = J0(54).rational_torsion_subgroup()
+    sage: loads(dumps(T)) == T
+    True
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.arith.misc import divisors, gcd
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.modular.abvar.torsion_point import TorsionPoint
+from sage.modular.arithgroup.all import Gamma0_class, Gamma1_class
+from sage.modular.dirichlet import DirichletGroup
+from sage.modules.module import Module
+from sage.rings.fast_arith import prime_range
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.sets.primes import Primes
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+
+from .finite_subgroup import FiniteSubgroup
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class RationalTorsionSubgroup(FiniteSubgroup):
+    """
+    The torsion subgroup of a modular abelian variety.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, abvar):
+        """
+        Create the torsion subgroup.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``abvar`` -- a modular abelian variety
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = J0(14).rational_torsion_subgroup(); T
+            Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J0(14) of dimension 1
+            sage: type(T)
+            <class 'sage.modular.abvar.torsion_subgroup.RationalTorsionSubgroup_with_category'>
+        """
+        FiniteSubgroup.__init__(self, abvar)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this torsion subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = J1(13).rational_torsion_subgroup(); T
+            Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J1(13) of dimension 2
+            sage: T._repr_()
+            'Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J1(13) of dimension 2'
+        """
+        return "Torsion subgroup of %s" % self.abelian_variety()
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare torsion subgroups.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- an object
+
+        If other is a torsion subgroup, the abelian varieties are compared.
+        Otherwise, the generic behavior for finite abelian variety
+        subgroups is used.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = J0(11).rational_torsion_subgroup(); H = J0(13).rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: G == G
+            True
+            sage: G < H   # since 11 < 13
+            True
+            sage: G > H
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, RationalTorsionSubgroup):
+            return richcmp(self.abelian_variety(), other.abelian_variety(), op)
+        return FiniteSubgroup.__richcmp__(self, other, op)
+
+    def order(self, proof=True):
+        """
+        Return the order of the torsion subgroup of this modular abelian
+        variety.
+
+        This function may fail if the multiple obtained by counting points
+        modulo `p` exceeds the divisor obtained from the rational cuspidal
+        subgroup.
+
+        The computation of the rational torsion order of J1(p) is conjectural
+        and will only be used if ``proof=False``. See Section 6.2.3 of [CES2003]_.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``proof`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+
+        OUTPUT: the order of this torsion subgroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = J0(11)
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().order()
+            5
+            sage: A = J0(23)
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().order()
+            11
+            sage: T = J0(37)[1].rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: T.order()                                                             # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            3
+
+            sage: J = J1(13)
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().order()
+            19
+
+        Sometimes the order can only be computed with ``proof=False``. ::
+
+            sage: J = J1(23)
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().order()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: Unable to compute order of torsion subgroup
+            (it is in [408991, 9406793])
+
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().order(proof=False)
+            408991
+        """
+        O = self.possible_orders(proof=proof)
+        if len(O) == 1:
+            n = O[0]
+            self._order = n
+            return n
+        raise RuntimeError("Unable to compute order of torsion subgroup (it is in %s)" % O)
+
+    def lattice(self):
+        """
+        Return lattice that defines this torsion subgroup, if possible.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           There is no known algorithm in general to compute the
+           rational torsion subgroup. Use rational_cusp_group to
+           obtain a subgroup of the rational torsion subgroup in
+           general.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(11).rational_torsion_subgroup().lattice()
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [  1   0]
+            [  0 1/5]
+
+        The following fails because in fact I know of no (reasonable)
+        algorithm to provably compute the torsion subgroup in general.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: T = J0(33).rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: T.lattice()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: unable to compute the rational torsion subgroup
+            in this case (there is no known general algorithm yet)
+
+        The problem is that the multiple of the order obtained by counting
+        points over finite fields is twice the divisor of the order got
+        from the rational cuspidal subgroup.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: T.multiple_of_order(30)
+            200
+            sage: J0(33).rational_cusp_subgroup().order()
+            100
+        """
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        if A.dimension() == 0:
+            return []
+        R = A.rational_cusp_subgroup()
+        if R.order() == self.multiple_of_order():
+            return R.lattice()
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("unable to compute the rational torsion subgroup in this case (there is no known general algorithm yet)")
+
+    def possible_orders(self, proof=True):
+        """
+        Return the possible orders of this torsion subgroup. Outside of special
+        cases, this is done by computing a divisor and multiple of the order.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``proof`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+
+        OUTPUT: an array of positive integers
+
+        The computation of the rational torsion order of J1(p) is conjectural
+        and will only be used if ``proof=False``. See Section 6.2.3 of [CES2003]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(11).rational_torsion_subgroup().possible_orders()
+            [5]
+            sage: J0(33).rational_torsion_subgroup().possible_orders()
+            [100, 200]
+
+            sage: J1(13).rational_torsion_subgroup().possible_orders()
+            [19]
+            sage: J1(16).rational_torsion_subgroup().possible_orders()
+            [1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20]
+        """
+        try:
+            if proof:
+                return self._possible_orders
+            else:
+                return self._possible_orders_proof_false
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        N = A.level()
+        # return the order of the cuspidal subgroup in the J0(p) case
+        if A.is_J0() and N.is_prime():
+            self._possible_orders = [QQ((A.level()-1)/12).numerator()]
+            self._possible_orders_proof_false = self._possible_orders
+            return self._possible_orders
+
+        # the elliptic curve case
+        if A.dimension() == 1:
+            self._possible_orders = [A.elliptic_curve().torsion_order()]
+            self._possible_orders_proof_false = self._possible_orders
+            return self._possible_orders
+
+        # the conjectural J1(p) case
+        if not proof and A.is_J1() and N.is_prime():
+            epsilons = [epsilon for epsilon in DirichletGroup(N)
+                        if not epsilon.is_trivial() and epsilon.is_even()]
+            bernoullis = [epsilon.bernoulli(2) for epsilon in epsilons]
+            self._possible_orders_proof_false = [ZZ(N/(2**(N-3))*prod(bernoullis))]
+            return self._possible_orders_proof_false
+
+        u = self.multiple_of_order()
+        l = self.divisor_of_order()
+
+        assert u % l == 0
+        O = [l * d for d in divisors(u//l)]
+        self._possible_orders = O
+        if u == l:
+            self._possible_orders_proof_false = O
+        return O
+
+    def divisor_of_order(self):
+        """
+        Return a divisor of the order of this torsion subgroup of a modular
+        abelian variety.
+
+        OUTPUT: a divisor of this torsion subgroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t = J0(37)[1].rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: t.divisor_of_order()                                                  # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            3
+
+            sage: J = J1(19)
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().divisor_of_order()                      # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            4383
+
+            sage: # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            sage: J = J0(45)
+            sage: J.rational_cusp_subgroup().order()
+            32
+            sage: J.rational_cuspidal_subgroup().order()
+            64
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().divisor_of_order()
+            64
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        N = A.level()
+
+        if A.dimension() == 0:
+            self._divisor_of_order = ZZ(1)
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+
+        # return the order of the cuspidal subgroup in the J0(p) case
+        if A.is_J0() and N.is_prime():
+            self._divisor_of_order = QQ((A.level()-1)/12).numerator()
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+
+        # The elliptic curve case
+        if A.dimension() == 1:
+            self._divisor_of_order = A.elliptic_curve().torsion_order()
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+
+        # The J1(p) case
+        if A.is_J1() and N.is_prime():
+            epsilons = [epsilon for epsilon in DirichletGroup(N)
+                        if not epsilon.is_trivial() and epsilon.is_even()]
+            bernoullis = [epsilon.bernoulli(2) for epsilon in epsilons]
+            self._divisor_of_order = ZZ(N/(2**(N-3))*prod(bernoullis))
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+
+        # The Gamma0 case
+        if all(isinstance(G, Gamma0_class) for G in A.groups()):
+            self._divisor_of_order = A.rational_cuspidal_subgroup().order()
+            return self._divisor_of_order
+
+        # Unhandled case
+        self._divisor_of_order = ZZ(1)
+        return self._divisor_of_order
+
+    def multiple_of_order(self, maxp=None, proof=True):
+        """
+        Return a multiple of the order.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``proof`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+
+        The computation of the rational torsion order of J1(p) is conjectural
+        and will only be used if proof=False. See Section 6.2.3 of [CES2003]_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J1(11); J
+            Abelian variety J1(11) of dimension 1
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order()                     # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            5
+
+            sage: J = J0(17)
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().order()                                 # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            4
+
+        This is an example where proof=False leads to a better bound and better
+        performance. ::
+
+            sage: J = J1(23)
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order()  # long time (2s)   # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            9406793
+            sage: J.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order(proof=False)          # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve
+            408991
+        """
+
+        try:
+            if proof:
+                return self._multiple_of_order
+            else:
+                return self._multiple_of_order_proof_false
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        N = A.level()
+
+        if A.dimension() == 0:
+            self._multiple_of_order = ZZ(1)
+            self._multiple_of_order_proof_false = self._multiple_of_order
+            return self._multiple_of_order
+
+        # return the order of the cuspidal subgroup in the J0(p) case
+        if A.is_J0() and N.is_prime():
+            self._multiple_of_order = QQ((A.level()-1)/12).numerator()
+            self._multiple_of_order_proof_false = self._multiple_of_order
+            return self._multiple_of_order
+
+        # The elliptic curve case
+        if A.dimension() == 1:
+            self._multiple_of_order = A.elliptic_curve().torsion_order()
+            self._multiple_of_order_proof_false = self._multiple_of_order
+            return self._multiple_of_order
+
+        # The conjectural J1(p) case
+        if not proof and A.is_J1() and N.is_prime():
+            epsilons = [epsilon for epsilon in DirichletGroup(N)
+                        if not epsilon.is_trivial() and epsilon.is_even()]
+            bernoullis = [epsilon.bernoulli(2) for epsilon in epsilons]
+            self._multiple_of_order_proof_false = ZZ(N/(2**(N-3))*prod(bernoullis))
+            return self._multiple_of_order_proof_false
+
+        # The Gamma0 and Gamma1 case
+        if all(isinstance(G, (Gamma0_class, Gamma1_class)) for G in A.groups()):
+            self._multiple_of_order = self.multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            return self._multiple_of_order
+
+        # Unhandled case
+        raise NotImplementedError("No implemented algorithm")
+
+    def multiple_of_order_using_frobp(self, maxp=None):
+        """
+        Return a multiple of the order of this torsion group.
+
+        In the `Gamma_0` case, the multiple is computed using characteristic
+        polynomials of Hecke operators of odd index not dividing the level. In
+        the `Gamma_1` case, the multiple is computed by expressing the
+        frobenius polynomial in terms of the characteristic polynomial of left
+        multiplication by `a_p` for odd primes p not dividing the level.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``maxp`` -- (default: ``None``) if ``maxp`` is ``None``, return gcd
+          of best bound computed so far with bound obtained by computing GCD's
+          of orders modulo `p` until this gcd stabilizes for 3 successive
+          primes. If ``maxp`` is given, just use all primes up to and including
+          ``maxp``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(11)
+            sage: G = J.rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: G.multiple_of_order_using_frobp(11)
+            5
+
+        Increasing maxp may yield a tighter bound. If maxp=None, then Sage
+        will use more primes until the multiple stabilizes for 3 successive
+        primes.  ::
+
+            sage: J = J0(389)
+            sage: G = J.rational_torsion_subgroup(); G
+            Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J0(389) of dimension 32
+            sage: G.multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            97
+            sage: [G.multiple_of_order_using_frobp(p) for p in prime_range(3,11)]
+            [92645296242160800, 7275, 291]
+            sage: [G.multiple_of_order_using_frobp(p) for p in prime_range(3,13)]
+            [92645296242160800, 7275, 291, 97]
+            sage: [G.multiple_of_order_using_frobp(p) for p in prime_range(3,19)]
+            [92645296242160800, 7275, 291, 97, 97, 97]
+
+        We can compute the multiple of order of the torsion subgroup for Gamma0
+        and Gamma1 varieties, and their products. ::
+
+            sage: A = J0(11) * J0(33)
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            1000
+
+            sage: A = J1(23)
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            9406793
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp(maxp=50)
+            408991
+
+            sage: A = J1(19) * J0(21)
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            35064
+
+        The next example illustrates calling this function with a larger
+        input and how the result may be cached when maxp is None::
+
+            sage: T = J0(43)[1].rational_torsion_subgroup()
+            sage: T.multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            14
+            sage: T.multiple_of_order_using_frobp(50)
+            7
+            sage: T.multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            7
+
+        This function is not implemented for general congruence subgroups
+        unless the dimension is zero. ::
+
+            sage: A = JH(13,[2]); A
+            Abelian variety J0(13) of dimension 0
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            1
+
+            sage: A = JH(15, [2]); A
+            Abelian variety JH(15,[2]) of dimension 1
+            sage: A.rational_torsion_subgroup().multiple_of_order_using_frobp()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: torsion multiple only implemented for Gamma0 and Gamma1
+        """
+        if maxp is None:
+            try:
+                return self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        if A.dimension() == 0:
+            T = ZZ.one()
+            self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp = T
+            return T
+        if not all(isinstance(G, (Gamma0_class, Gamma1_class)) for G in A.groups()):
+            raise NotImplementedError("torsion multiple only implemented for Gamma0 and Gamma1")
+
+        bnd = ZZ.zero()
+        N = A.level()
+        cnt = 0
+        if maxp is None:
+            X = Primes()
+        else:
+            X = prime_range(maxp+1)
+        for p in X:
+            if (2*N) % p == 0:
+                continue
+
+            if (len(A.groups()) == 1 and isinstance(A.groups()[0], Gamma0_class)):
+                f = A.hecke_polynomial(p)
+                b = ZZ(f(p+1))
+            else:
+                from .constructor import AbelianVariety
+                D = [AbelianVariety(f) for f in
+                     A.newform_decomposition('a')]
+                b = 1
+                for simple in D:
+                    G = simple.newform_level()[1]
+                    if isinstance(G, Gamma0_class):
+                        f = simple.hecke_polynomial(p)
+                        b *= ZZ(f(p+1))
+                    else:
+                        f = simple.newform('a')
+                        Kf = f.base_ring()
+                        eps = f.character()
+                        Qe = eps.base_ring()
+
+                        if Kf != QQ:
+                            # relativize number fields to compute charpoly of
+                            # left multiplication of ap on Kf as a Qe-vector
+                            # space.
+                            Lf = Kf.relativize(Qe.gen(), 'a')
+                            to_Lf = Lf.structure()[1]
+
+                            name = Kf._names[0]
+                            ap = to_Lf(f.modular_symbols(1).eigenvalue(p, name))
+
+                            G_ps = ap.matrix().charpoly()
+                            b *= ZZ(Qe(G_ps(1 + to_Lf(eps(p))*p)).norm())
+                        else:
+                            ap = f.modular_symbols(1).eigenvalue(p)
+                            b *= ZZ(1 + eps(p)*p - ap)
+
+            if bnd == 0:
+                bnd = b
+            else:
+                bnd_last = bnd
+                bnd = ZZ(gcd(bnd, b))
+                if bnd == bnd_last:
+                    cnt += 1
+                else:
+                    cnt = 0
+                if maxp is None and cnt >= 2:
+                    break
+
+        # The code below caches the computed bound and
+        # will be used if this function is called
+        # again with maxp equal to None (the default).
+        if maxp is None:
+            # maxp is None but self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp  is
+            # not set, since otherwise we would have immediately
+            # returned at the top of this function
+            self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp = bnd
+        else:
+            # maxp is given -- record new info we get as
+            # a gcd...
+            try:
+                self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp = \
+                        gcd(self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp, bnd)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # ... except in the case when
+                # self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp was never set.  In this
+                # case, we just set it as long as the gcd stabilized for 3 in a
+                # row.
+                if cnt >= 2:
+                    self.__multiple_of_order_using_frobp = bnd
+        return bnd
+
+
+class QQbarTorsionSubgroup(Module):
+
+    Element = TorsionPoint
+
+    def __init__(self, abvar):
+        """
+        Group of all torsion points over the algebraic closure on an
+        abelian variety.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``abvar`` -- an abelian variety
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = J0(23)
+            sage: A.qbar_torsion_subgroup()                                             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Group of all torsion points in QQbar on Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2
+        """
+        self.__abvar = abvar
+        Module.__init__(self, ZZ)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Print representation of QQbar points.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(23).qbar_torsion_subgroup()._repr_()                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            'Group of all torsion points in QQbar on Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2'
+        """
+        return 'Group of all torsion points in QQbar on %s' % self.__abvar
+
+    def field_of_definition(self):
+        """
+        Return the field of definition of this subgroup. Since this is the
+        group of all torsion it is defined over the base field of this
+        abelian variety.
+
+        OUTPUT: a field
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(23).qbar_torsion_subgroup().field_of_definition()                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.__abvar.base_field()
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Create an element in this torsion subgroup.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- vector in `\QQ^{2d}`
+
+        OUTPUT: torsion point
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = J0(23).qbar_torsion_subgroup()([1,1/2,3/4,2]); P                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1, 1/2, 3/4, 2)]
+            sage: P.order()                                                             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            4
+        """
+        v = self.__abvar.vector_space()(x)
+        return self.element_class(self, v)
+
+    def abelian_variety(self):
+        """
+        Return the abelian variety that this is the set of all torsion
+        points on.
+
+        OUTPUT: abelian variety
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(23).qbar_torsion_subgroup().abelian_variety()                      # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2
+        """
+        return self.__abvar