passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/modsym/p1list_nf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1241 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+Lists of Manin symbols over number fields, elements of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`
+
+Lists of elements of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)` where `R` is the ring of integers of a number
+field `K` and `N` is an integral ideal.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Maite Aranes (2009): Initial version
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+We define a P1NFList:
+
+::
+
+    sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+    sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+    sage: N = k.ideal(5, a^2 - a + 1)
+    sage: P = P1NFList(N); P
+    The projective line over
+     the ring of integers modulo the Fractional ideal (5, a^2 - a + 1)
+
+List operations with the P1NFList:
+
+::
+
+    sage: len(P)
+    26
+    sage: [p for p in P]
+    [M-symbol (0: 1) of level Fractional ideal (5, a^2 - a + 1),
+    ...
+    M-symbol (1: 2*a^2 + 2*a) of level Fractional ideal (5, a^2 - a + 1)]
+
+The elements of the P1NFList are M-symbols:
+
+::
+
+    sage: type(P[2])
+    <class 'sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf.MSymbol'>
+
+Definition of MSymbols:
+
+::
+
+    sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a^2); alpha
+    M-symbol (3: a^2) of level Fractional ideal (5, a^2 - a + 1)
+
+Find the index of the class of an M-Symbol `(c: d)` in the list:
+
+::
+
+    sage: i = P.index(alpha)
+    sage: P[i].c*alpha.d - P[i].d*alpha.c in N
+    True
+
+Lift an MSymbol to a matrix in `SL(2, R)`:
+
+::
+
+    sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, a + 2, 3*a^2)
+    sage: alpha.lift_to_sl2_Ok()
+    [-a - 1, 15*a^2 - 38*a + 86, a + 2, -a^2 + 9*a - 19]
+    sage: Ok = k.ring_of_integers()
+    sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, alpha.lift_to_sl2_Ok())
+    sage: det(M)
+    1
+    sage: M[1][1] - alpha.d in N
+    True
+
+Lift an MSymbol from P1NFList to a matrix in `SL(2, R)`
+
+::
+
+    sage: P[3]
+    M-symbol (1: -2*a) of level Fractional ideal (5, a^2 - a + 1)
+    sage: P.lift_to_sl2_Ok(3)
+    [0, -1, 1, -2*a]
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009, Maite Aranes <M.T.Aranes@warwick.ac.uk>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+
+from sage.misc.search import search
+
+_level_cache = {}  # The info stored here is used in the normalization of MSymbols.
+
+
+def P1NFList_clear_level_cache():
+    """
+    Clear the global cache of data for the level ideals.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(a+1)
+        sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 2*a^2, 5)
+        sage: alpha.normalize()
+        M-symbol (-4*a^2: 5*a^2) of level Fractional ideal (a + 1)
+        sage: sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf._level_cache
+        {Fractional ideal (a + 1): (...)}
+        sage: sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf.P1NFList_clear_level_cache()
+        sage: sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf._level_cache
+        {}
+    """
+    global _level_cache
+    _level_cache = {}
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class MSymbol(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    The constructor for an M-symbol over a number field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- integral ideal (the modulus or level)
+
+    - ``c`` -- integral element of the underlying number field or an MSymbol of
+      level N
+
+    - ``d`` -- (optional) when present, it must be an integral element such
+      that `\langle c\rangle + \langle d\rangle + N = R`, where `R` is the
+      corresponding ring of integers
+
+    - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``check=False`` the
+      constructor does not check the condition
+      `\langle c\rangle + \langle d\rangle + N = R`
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    An M-symbol modulo the given ideal `N`, i.e. an element of the
+    projective line `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`, where `R` is the ring of integers of
+    the underlying number field.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(a + 1, 2)
+        sage: MSymbol(N, 3, a^2 + 1)
+        M-symbol (3: a^2 + 1) of level Fractional ideal (2, a + 1)
+
+    We can give a tuple as input:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: MSymbol(N, (1, 0))
+        M-symbol (1: 0) of level Fractional ideal (2, a + 1)
+
+    We get an error if `\langle c\rangle`, `\langle d\rangle` and `N` are not coprime:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: MSymbol(N, 2*a, a - 1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: (2*a, a - 1) is not an element of P1(R/N).
+        sage: MSymbol(N, (0, 0))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: (0, 0) is not an element of P1(R/N).
+
+    Saving and loading works:
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a^2 + 1)
+        sage: loads(dumps(alpha))==alpha
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, N, c, d=None, check=True):
+        """
+        See ``MSymbol`` for full documentation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 13*x - 7)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5)
+            sage: MSymbol(N, 0, 6*a)
+            M-symbol (0: 6*a) of level Fractional ideal (5)
+            sage: MSymbol(N, a^2 + 3, 7)
+            M-symbol (a^2 + 3: 7) of level Fractional ideal (5)
+        """
+        k = N.number_field()
+        R = k.ring_of_integers()
+        self.__N = N
+        if d is None:  # if we give a list (c, d) or an MSymbol as input
+            if isinstance(c, MSymbol):
+                if c.N() is N:
+                    c1 = R(c[0])
+                    d1 = R(c[1])
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Cannot change level of an MSymbol")
+            else:
+                try:
+                    c1 = R(c[0])
+                    d1 = R(c[1])
+                except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                    raise TypeError("Unable to create a Manin symbol from %s" % c)
+        else:
+            try:
+                c1 = R(c)
+                d1 = R(d)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                raise TypeError("Unable to create a Manin symbol from (%s, %s)" % (c, d))
+        if check:
+            if (c1.is_zero() and d1.is_zero()) or not N.is_coprime(k.ideal(c1, d1)):
+                raise ValueError("(%s, %s) is not an element of P1(R/N)." % (c1, d1))
+        self.__c, self.__d = (c1, d1)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the string representation of this MSymbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            M-symbol (3: a) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+        """
+        return "M-symbol (%s: %s) of level %s" % (self.__c, self.__d, self.__N)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 13*x - 7)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(a^3 - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, 5*a^2 - 1)
+            sage: latex(alpha) # indirect doctest
+            \(3: 5 a^{2} - 1\)
+        """
+        return r"\(%s: %s\)" % (self.c._latex_(), self.d._latex_())
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Comparison function for objects of the class MSymbol.
+
+        The order is the same as for the underlying lists of lists.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            sage: beta = MSymbol(N, 1, 0)
+            sage: alpha < beta
+            False
+            sage: beta = MSymbol(N, 3, a + 1)
+            sage: alpha < beta
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, MSymbol):
+            raise ValueError("You can only compare with another M-symbol")
+        return richcmp([self.__c.list(), self.__d.list()],
+                       [other.__c.list(), other.__d.list()], op)
+
+    def N(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the level or modulus of this MSymbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            sage: alpha.N()
+            Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+        """
+        return self.__N
+
+    def tuple(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the :class:`MSymbol` as a list `(c, d)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a); alpha
+            M-symbol (3: a) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+            sage: alpha.tuple()
+            (3, a)
+        """
+        return self.__c, self.__d
+
+    def __getitem__(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Indexing function for the list defined by an M-symbol.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer (0 or 1, since the list defined by an M-symbol has
+          length 2)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a); alpha
+            M-symbol (3: a) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+            sage: alpha[0]
+            3
+            sage: alpha[1]
+            a
+        """
+        return self.tuple()[n]
+
+    def __get_c(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the first coefficient of the M-symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(a + 1, 2)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a^2 + 1)
+            sage: alpha.c # indirect doctest
+            3
+        """
+        return self.__c
+    c = property(__get_c)
+
+    def __get_d(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the second coefficient of the M-symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(a + 1, 2)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a^2 + 1)
+            sage: alpha.d # indirect doctest
+            a^2 + 1
+        """
+        return self.__d
+    d = property(__get_d)
+
+    def lift_to_sl2_Ok(self):
+        r"""
+        Lift the :class:`MSymbol` to an element of `SL(2, O_k)`, where `O_k` is the ring
+        of integers of the corresponding number field.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A list of integral elements `[a, b, c', d']` that are the entries of
+        a `2\times 2` matrix with determinant 1. The lower two entries are congruent
+        (modulo the level) to the coefficients `c`, `d` of the :class:`MSymbol` ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3*a + 1, a)
+            sage: alpha.lift_to_sl2_Ok()
+            [0, -1, 1, a]
+        """
+        return lift_to_sl2_Ok(self.__N, self.__c, self.__d)
+
+    def normalize(self, with_scalar=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a normalized :class:`MSymbol` (a canonical representative of an element
+        of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`) equivalent to ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``with_scalar`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - (only if ``with_scalar=True``) a transforming scalar `u`, such that
+          `(u*c', u*d')` is congruent to `(c: d)` (mod `N`), where `(c: d)`
+          are the coefficients of ``self`` and `N` is the level.
+
+        -  a normalized :class:`MSymbol` `(c': d')` equivalent to ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: alpha1 = MSymbol(N, 3, a); alpha1
+            M-symbol (3: a) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+            sage: alpha1.normalize()
+            M-symbol (0: 1) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+            sage: alpha2 = MSymbol(N, 4, a + 1)
+            sage: alpha2.normalize()
+            M-symbol (1: -a) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2)
+
+        We get the scaling factor by setting ``with_scalar=True``:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha1.normalize(with_scalar=True)
+            (a, M-symbol (0: 1) of level Fractional ideal (3, 1/2*a - 1/2))
+            sage: r, beta1 = alpha1.normalize(with_scalar=True)
+            sage: r*beta1.c - alpha1.c in N
+            True
+            sage: r*beta1.d - alpha1.d in N
+            True
+            sage: r, beta2 = alpha2.normalize(with_scalar=True)
+            sage: r*beta2.c - alpha2.c in N
+            True
+            sage: r*beta2.d - alpha2.d in N
+            True
+        """
+        N = self.__N
+        k = N.number_field()
+        R = k.ring_of_integers()
+
+        if self.__c in N:
+            if with_scalar:
+                return N.reduce(self.d), MSymbol(N, 0, 1)
+            else:
+                return MSymbol(N, 0, 1)
+        if self.d in N:
+            if with_scalar:
+                return N.reduce(self.c), MSymbol(N, 1, 0)
+            else:
+                return MSymbol(N, 1, 0)
+        if N.is_coprime(self.c):
+            cinv = R(self.c).inverse_mod(N)
+            if with_scalar:
+                return N.reduce(self.c), MSymbol(N, 1, N.reduce(self.d*cinv))
+            else:
+                return MSymbol(N, 1, N.reduce(self.d*cinv))
+
+        if N in _level_cache:
+            Lfacs, Lxs = _level_cache[N]
+        else:
+            Lfacs = [p**e for p, e in N.factor()]
+            Lxs = [(N/p).element_1_mod(p) for p in Lfacs]
+            # Lfacs, Lxs only depend of the ideal: same lists every time we
+            # call normalize for a given level, so we store the lists.
+            _level_cache[N] = (Lfacs, Lxs)
+        u = 0  # normalizer factor
+        p_i = 0
+        for p in Lfacs:
+            if p.is_coprime(self.c):
+                inv = self.c.inverse_mod(p)
+            else:
+                inv = self.d.inverse_mod(p)
+            u = u + inv*Lxs[p_i]
+            p_i = p_i + 1
+        c, d = (N.reduce(u*self.c), N.reduce(u*self.d))
+        if (c - 1) in N:
+            c = R(1)
+        if with_scalar:
+            return u.inverse_mod(N), MSymbol(N, c, d)
+        else:
+            return MSymbol(N, c, d)
+
+
+# ************************************************************************
+#        P1NFList class                                                  *
+# ************************************************************************
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class P1NFList(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    The class for `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`, the projective line modulo `N`, where
+    `R` is the ring of integers of a number field `K` and `N` is an integral ideal.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- integral ideal (the modulus or level)
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A :class:`P1NFList` object representing `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+        sage: P = P1NFList(N); P
+        The projective line over the ring of integers modulo the Fractional ideal (5, a + 1)
+
+    Saving and loading works.
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: loads(dumps(P)) == P
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, N):
+        r"""
+        The constructor for the class P1NFList. See ``P1NFList`` for full
+        documentation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N); P
+            The projective line over the ring of integers modulo the Fractional ideal (3, a + 2)
+        """
+        self.__N = N
+        self.__list = p1NFlist(N)
+        self.__list.sort()
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Comparison function for objects of the class P1NFList.
+
+        The order is the same as for the underlying modulus.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N1 = k.ideal(3, a + 1)
+            sage: P1 = P1NFList(N1)
+            sage: N2 = k.ideal(a + 2)
+            sage: P2 = P1NFList(N2)
+            sage: P1 < P2
+            True
+            sage: P1 > P2
+            False
+            sage: P1 == P1NFList(N1)
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, P1NFList):
+            raise ValueError("You can only compare with another P1NFList")
+        return richcmp(self.__N, other.__N, op)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Standard indexing function for the class P1NFList.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(a)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: list(P) == P._P1NFList__list
+            True
+            sage: j = randint(0,len(P)-1)
+            sage: P[j] == P._P1NFList__list[j]
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__list[n]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the length of this P1NFList.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a^2 - a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: len(P)
+            26
+        """
+        return len(self.__list)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the string representation of this P1NFList.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N); P
+            The projective line over the ring of integers modulo the Fractional ideal (5, a + 1)
+        """
+        return "The projective line over the ring of integers modulo the %s" % self.__N
+
+    def list(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the underlying list of this :class:`P1NFList` object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a+1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: type(P)
+            <class 'sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf.P1NFList'>
+            sage: type(P.list())
+            <... 'list'>
+        """
+        return self.__list
+
+    def normalize(self, c, d=None, with_scalar=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a normalised element of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``c`` -- integral element of the underlying number field, or an
+          MSymbol
+
+        - ``d`` -- (optional) when present, it must be an integral element of
+          the number field such that `(c, d)` defines an M-symbol of level `N`
+
+        - ``with_scalar`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - (only if ``with_scalar=True``) a transforming scalar `u`, such that
+          `(u*c', u*d')` is congruent to `(c: d)` (mod `N`).
+
+        - a normalized :class:`MSymbol` `(c': d')` equivalent to `(c: d)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 31)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 3)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.normalize(3, a)
+            M-symbol (1: 2*a) of level Fractional ideal (5, 1/2*a + 3/2)
+
+        We can use an :class:`MSymbol` as input:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            sage: P.normalize(alpha)
+            M-symbol (1: 2*a) of level Fractional ideal (5, 1/2*a + 3/2)
+
+        If we are interested in the normalizing scalar:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.normalize(alpha, with_scalar=True)
+            (-a, M-symbol (1: 2*a) of level Fractional ideal (5, 1/2*a + 3/2))
+            sage: r, beta = P.normalize(alpha, with_scalar=True)
+            sage: (r*beta.c - alpha.c in N) and (r*beta.d - alpha.d in N)
+            True
+        """
+        if d is None:
+            try:
+                c = MSymbol(self.__N, c)  # check that c is an MSymbol
+            except ValueError:  # catch special case of wrong level
+                raise ValueError("The MSymbol is of a different level")
+            return c.normalize(with_scalar)
+        return MSymbol(self.N(), c, d).normalize(with_scalar)
+
+    def N(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the level or modulus of this :class:`P1NFList`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 31)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 3)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.N()
+            Fractional ideal (5, 1/2*a + 3/2)
+        """
+        return self.__N
+
+    def index(self, c, d=None, with_scalar=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the index of the class of the pair `(c, d)` in the fixed list
+        of representatives of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``c`` -- integral element of the corresponding number field, or an
+          :class:`MSymbol`
+
+        - ``d`` -- (optional) when present, it must be an integral element of
+          the number field such that `(c, d)` defines an M-symbol of level `N`
+
+        - ``with_scalar`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``u`` -- the normalizing scalar (only if ``with_scalar=True``)
+
+        - ``i`` -- the index of `(c, d)` in the list
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 31)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 3)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.index(3,a)
+            5
+            sage: P[5]==MSymbol(N, 3, a).normalize()
+            True
+
+        We can give an :class:`MSymbol` as input:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            sage: P.index(alpha)
+            5
+
+        We cannot look for the class of an :class:`MSymbol` of a different level:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: M = k.ideal(a + 1)
+            sage: beta = MSymbol(M, 0, 1)
+            sage: P.index(beta)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: The MSymbol is of a different level
+
+        If we are interested in the transforming scalar:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: alpha = MSymbol(N, 3, a)
+            sage: P.index(alpha, with_scalar=True)
+            (-a, 5)
+            sage: u, i = P.index(alpha, with_scalar=True)
+            sage: (u*P[i].c - alpha.c in N) and (u*P[i].d - alpha.d in N)
+            True
+        """
+        if d is None:
+            try:
+                c = MSymbol(self.__N, c)  # check that c is an MSymbol
+            except ValueError:  # catch special case of wrong level
+                raise ValueError("The MSymbol is of a different level")
+            if with_scalar:
+                u, norm_c = c.normalize(with_scalar=True)
+            else:
+                norm_c = c.normalize()
+        else:
+            if with_scalar:
+                u, norm_c = MSymbol(self.__N, c, d).normalize(with_scalar=True)
+            else:
+                norm_c = MSymbol(self.__N, c, d).normalize()
+        t, i = search(self.__list, norm_c)
+        if t:
+            if with_scalar:
+                return u, i
+            else:
+                return i
+        return False
+
+    def index_of_normalized_pair(self, c, d=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the index of the class `(c, d)` in the fixed list of
+        representatives of `\mathbb(P)^1(R/N)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``c`` -- integral element of the corresponding number field, or a
+          normalized :class:`MSymbol`
+
+        - ``d`` -- (optional) when present, it must be an integral element of
+          the number field such that `(c, d)` defines a normalized M-symbol of
+          level `N`
+
+        OUTPUT: ``i`` -- the index of `(c, d)` in the list
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 31)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 3)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.index_of_normalized_pair(1, 0)
+            3
+            sage: j = randint(0,len(P)-1)
+            sage: P.index_of_normalized_pair(P[j])==j
+            True
+        """
+        if d is None:
+            try:
+                c = MSymbol(self.__N, c)  # check that c is an MSymbol
+            except ValueError:  # catch special case of wrong level
+                raise ValueError("The MSymbol is of a different level")
+            t, i = search(self.__list, c)
+        else:
+            t, i = search(self.__list, MSymbol(self.__N, c, d))
+        if t:
+            return i
+        return False
+
+    def lift_to_sl2_Ok(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Lift the `i`-th element of this :class:`P1NFList` to an element of `SL(2, R)`,
+        where `R` is the ring of integers of the corresponding number field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer (index of the element to lift)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        If the `i`-th element is `(c : d)`, the function returns a list of
+        integral elements `[a, b, c', d']` that defines a `2\times 2` matrix with
+        determinant 1 and such that `c=c'` (mod `N`) and `d=d'` (mod `N`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: len(P)
+            16
+            sage: P[5]
+            M-symbol (1/2*a + 1/2: -a) of level Fractional ideal (3)
+            sage: P.lift_to_sl2_Ok(5)
+            [-a, 2*a - 2, 1/2*a + 1/2, -a]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Ok = k.ring_of_integers()
+            sage: L = [Matrix(Ok, 2, P.lift_to_sl2_Ok(i)) for i in range(len(P))]
+            sage: all(det(L[i]) == 1 for i in range(len(L)))
+            True
+        """
+        return self[i].lift_to_sl2_Ok()
+
+    def apply_S(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Applies the matrix `S` = [0, -1, 1, 0] to the `i`-th M-Symbol of the list.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        integer -- the index of the M-Symbol obtained by the right action of
+        the matrix `S` = [0, -1, 1, 0] on the `i`-th M-Symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: j = P.apply_S(P.index_of_normalized_pair(1, 0))
+            sage: P[j]
+            M-symbol (0: 1) of level Fractional ideal (5, a + 1)
+
+        We test that S has order 2:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: j = randint(0,len(P)-1)
+            sage: P.apply_S(P.apply_S(j))==j
+            True
+        """
+        c, d = self.__list[i].tuple()
+        t, j = search(self.__list, self.normalize(d, -c))
+        return j
+
+    def apply_TS(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Applies the matrix `TS` = [1, -1, 0, 1] to the `i`-th M-Symbol of the list.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        integer -- the index of the M-Symbol obtained by the right action of
+        the matrix `TS` = [1, -1, 0, 1] on the `i`-th M-Symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.apply_TS(3)
+            2
+
+        We test that `TS` has order 3:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: j = randint(0,len(P)-1)
+            sage: P.apply_TS(P.apply_TS(P.apply_TS(j)))==j
+            True
+        """
+        c, d = self.__list[i].tuple()
+        t, j = search(self.__list, self.normalize(c + d, -c))
+        return j
+
+    def apply_T_alpha(self, i, alpha=1):
+        r"""
+        Applies the matrix `T_{alpha}` = [1, `alpha`, 0, 1] to the `i`-th
+        M-Symbol of the list.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        - ``alpha`` -- (default: 1) element of the corresponding ring of integers
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        integer -- the index of the M-Symbol obtained by the right action of
+        the matrix `T_{alpha}` = [1, `alpha`, 0, 1] on the `i`-th M-Symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: P.apply_T_alpha(4, a^ 2 - 2)
+            3
+
+        We test that `T_a*T_b = T_{(a+b)}`:
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P.apply_T_alpha(3, a^2 - 2)==P.apply_T_alpha(P.apply_T_alpha(3,a^2),-2)
+            True
+        """
+        c, d = self.__list[i].tuple()
+        t, j = search(self.__list, self.normalize(c, alpha*c + d))
+        return j
+
+    def apply_J_epsilon(self, i, e1, e2=1):
+        r"""
+        Apply the matrix `J_{\epsilon}` = [e1, 0, 0, e2] to the `i`-th
+        M-Symbol of the list.
+
+        e1, e2 are units of the underlying number field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        - ``e1`` -- unit
+
+        - ``e2`` -- unit (default: 1)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        integer -- the index of the M-Symbol obtained by the right action of
+        the matrix `J_{\epsilon}` = [e1, 0, 0, e2] on the `i`-th M-Symbol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(5, a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: u = k.unit_group().gens_values(); u
+            [-1, 2*a^2 + 4*a - 1]
+            sage: P.apply_J_epsilon(4, -1)
+            2
+            sage: P.apply_J_epsilon(4, u[0], u[1])
+            1
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 13*x - 7)
+            sage: N = k.ideal(a + 1)
+            sage: P = P1NFList(N)
+            sage: u = k.unit_group().gens_values(); u
+            [-1, -a^3 - a^2 - a - 12, -a^3 - 3*a^2 + 1]
+            sage: P.apply_J_epsilon(3, u[2]^2)==P.apply_J_epsilon(P.apply_J_epsilon(3, u[2]),u[2])
+            True
+        """
+        c, d = self.__list[i].tuple()
+        t, j = search(self.__list, self.normalize(c*e1, d*e2))
+        return j
+
+
+# *************************************************************************
+#  Global functions:
+#    - p1NFList --compute list of M-symbols
+#    - lift_to_sl2_Ok
+#    - make_coprime -- need it for ``lift_to_sl2_Ok``
+#    - psi -- useful to check cardinality of the M-symbols list
+# *************************************************************************
+
+def p1NFlist(N):
+    r"""
+    Return a list of the normalized elements of `\mathbb{P}^1(R/N)`, where
+    `N` is an integral ideal.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- integral ideal (the level or modulus)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+        sage: from sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf import p1NFlist, psi
+        sage: len(p1NFlist(N))==psi(N)
+        True
+    """
+    k = N.number_field()
+
+    L = [MSymbol(N, k(0), k(1), check=False)]
+    # N.residues() = iterator through the residues mod N
+    L = L + [MSymbol(N, k(1), r, check=False) for r in N.residues()]
+
+    from sage.arith.misc import divisors
+    for D in divisors(N):
+        if not D.is_trivial() and D != N:
+            # we find Dp ideal coprime to N, in inverse class to D
+            if D.is_principal():
+                Dp = k.ideal(1)
+                c = D.gens_reduced()[0]
+            else:
+                it = k.primes_of_degree_one_iter()
+                Dp = next(it)
+                while not Dp.is_coprime(N) or not (Dp*D).is_principal():
+                    Dp = next(it)
+                c = (D*Dp).gens_reduced()[0]
+            # now we find all the (c,d)'s which have associated divisor D
+            I = D + N/D
+            for d in (N/D).residues():
+                if I.is_coprime(d):
+                    M = D.prime_to_idealM_part(N/D)
+                    u = (Dp*M).element_1_mod(N/D)
+                    d1 = u*d + (1-u)
+                    L.append(MSymbol(N, c, d1, check=False).normalize())
+    return L
+
+
+def lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, c, d):
+    r"""
+    Lift a pair (c, d) to an element of `SL(2, O_k)`, where `O_k` is the ring
+    of integers of the corresponding number field.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- number field ideal
+
+    - ``c`` -- integral element of the number field
+
+    - ``d`` -- integral element of the number field
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list `[a, b, c', d']` of integral elements that are the entries of
+    a `2\times 2` matrix with determinant 1. The lower two entries are congruent to
+    `c`, `d` modulo the ideal `N`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf import lift_to_sl2_Ok
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+        sage: Ok = k.ring_of_integers()
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3)
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 1, a))
+        sage: det(M)
+        1
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 0, a))
+        sage: det(M)
+        1
+        sage: (M[1][0] in N) and (M[1][1] - a in N)
+        True
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 0, 0))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Cannot lift (0, 0) to an element of Sl2(Ok).
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^3 + 11)
+        sage: Ok = k.ring_of_integers()
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 2*a, 0))
+        sage: det(M)
+        1
+        sage: (M[1][0] - 2*a in N) and (M[1][1] in N)
+        True
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 4*a^2, a + 1))
+        sage: det(M)
+        1
+        sage: (M[1][0] - 4*a^2 in N) and (M[1][1] - (a+1) in N)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - x^3 -21*x^2 + 17*x + 133)
+        sage: Ok = k.ring_of_integers()
+        sage: N = k.ideal(7, a)
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 0, a^2 - 1))
+        sage: det(M)
+        1
+        sage: (M[1][0] in N) and (M[1][1] - (a^2-1) in N)
+        True
+        sage: M = Matrix(Ok, 2, lift_to_sl2_Ok(N, 0, 7))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: <0> + <7> and the Fractional ideal (7, -4/7*a^3 + 13/7*a^2 + 39/7*a - 19) are not coprime.
+    """
+    k = N.number_field()
+    # check the input
+    if c.is_zero() and d.is_zero():
+        raise ValueError("Cannot lift (%s, %s) to an element of Sl2(Ok)." % (c, d))
+    if not N.is_coprime(k.ideal(c, d)):
+        raise ValueError("<%s> + <%s> and the %s are not coprime." % (c, d, N))
+    # a few special cases
+    if c - 1 in N:
+        return [k(0), k(-1), 1, d]
+    if d - 1 in N:
+        return [k(1), k(0), c, 1]
+    if c.is_zero():  # and d!=1, so won't happen for normalized M-symbols (c: d)
+        it = k.primes_of_degree_one_iter()
+        q = k.ideal(1)
+        while not (q.is_coprime(d) and (q*N).is_principal()):
+            q = next(it)
+        m = (q*N).gens_reduced()[0]
+        B = k.ideal(m).element_1_mod(k.ideal(d))
+        return [(1-B)/d, -B/m, m, d]
+    if d.is_zero():  # and c!=1, so won't happen for normalized M-symbols (c: d)
+        it = k.primes_of_degree_one_iter()
+        q = k.ideal(1)
+        while not (q.is_coprime(c) and (q*N).is_principal()):
+            q = next(it)
+        m = (q*N).gens_reduced()[0]
+        B = k.ideal(c).element_1_mod(k.ideal(m))
+        return [(1-B)/m, -B/c, c, m]
+
+    c, d = make_coprime(N, c, d)
+
+    B = k.ideal(c).element_1_mod(k.ideal(d))
+    b = -B/c
+    a = (1-B)/d
+    return [a, b, c, d]
+
+
+def make_coprime(N, c, d):
+    r"""
+    Return (c, d') so d' is congruent to d modulo N, and such that c and d' are
+    coprime (`\langle c\rangle + \langle d'\rangle = R`).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- number field ideal
+
+    - ``c`` -- integral element of the number field
+
+    - ``d`` -- integral element of the number field
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A pair `(c, d')` where `c`, `d'` are integral elements of the corresponding
+    number field, with `d'` congruent to `d` mod `N`, and such that `\langle c\rangle + \langle d'\rangle = R`
+    (`R` being the corresponding ring of integers).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf import make_coprime
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+        sage: c = 2*a; d = a + 1
+        sage: N.is_coprime(k.ideal(c, d))
+        True
+        sage: k.ideal(c).is_coprime(d)
+        False
+        sage: c, dp = make_coprime(N, c, d)
+        sage: k.ideal(c).is_coprime(dp)
+        True
+    """
+    k = N.number_field()
+    if k.ideal(c).is_coprime(d):
+        return c, d
+    else:
+        q = k.ideal(c).prime_to_idealM_part(d)
+        it = k.primes_of_degree_one_iter()
+        r = k.ideal(1)
+        qN = q*N
+        while not (r.is_coprime(c) and (r*qN).is_principal()):
+            r = next(it)
+        m = (r*qN).gens_reduced()[0]
+        d1 = d + m
+        return c, d1
+
+
+def psi(N):
+    r"""
+    The index `[\Gamma : \Gamma_0(N)]`, where `\Gamma = GL(2, R)` for `R` the
+    corresponding ring of integers, and `\Gamma_0(N)` standard congruence
+    subgroup.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.modsym.p1list_nf import psi
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(3, a - 1)
+        sage: psi(N)
+        4
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: k.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 23)
+        sage: N = k.ideal(5)
+        sage: psi(N)
+        26
+    """
+    if not N.is_integral():
+        raise ValueError("psi only defined for integral ideals")
+
+    from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+    return prod([(np + 1) * np**(e - 1)
+                 for np, e in [(p.absolute_norm(), e)
+                               for p, e in N.factor()]])