passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/pollack_stevens/sigma0.py

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+The matrix monoid `\Sigma_0(N)`.
+
+This stands for a monoid of matrices over `\ZZ`, `\QQ`, `\ZZ_p`, or `\QQ_p`,
+depending on an integer `N \ge 1`. This class exists in order to act on `p`-adic
+distribution spaces.
+
+Over `\QQ` or `\ZZ`, it is the monoid of matrices `2\times2` matrices
+`\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}`
+such that
+
+- `ad - bc \ne 0`,
+- `a` is integral and invertible at the primes dividing `N`,
+- `c` has valuation at least `v_p(N)` for each `p` dividing `N` (but may be
+  non-integral at other places).
+
+The value `N=1` is allowed, in which case the second and third conditions are vacuous.
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+    sage: S1 = Sigma0(1); S3 = Sigma0(3)
+    sage: S1([3, 0, 0, 1])
+    [3 0]
+    [0 1]
+    sage: S3([3, 0, 0, 1]) # boom
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    TypeError: 3 is not a unit at 3
+    sage: S3([5,0,0,1])
+    [5 0]
+    [0 1]
+    sage: S3([1, 0, 0, 3])
+    [1 0]
+    [0 3]
+    sage: matrix(ZZ, 2, [1,0,0,1]) in S1
+    True
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Pollack (2012): initial version
+"""
+
+# Warning to developers: when working with Sigma0 elements it is generally a
+# good idea to avoid using the entries of x.matrix() directly; rather, use the
+# "adjuster" mechanism. The purpose of this is to allow us to seamlessly change
+# conventions for matrix actions (since there are several in use in the
+# literature and no natural "best" choice).
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.structure.factory import UniqueFactory
+from sage.structure.element import MonoidElement
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp
+from sage.categories.monoids import Monoids
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+class Sigma0ActionAdjuster(UniqueRepresentation):
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Given a :class:`Sigma0element` ``x``, return four integers.
+
+        This is used to allow for other conventions for the action of Sigma0
+        on the space of distributions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import _default_adjuster
+            sage: A = _default_adjuster()
+            sage: A(matrix(ZZ, 2, [3,4,5,6])) # indirect doctest
+            (3, 4, 5, 6)
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class _default_adjuster(Sigma0ActionAdjuster):
+    """
+    A callable object that does nothing to a matrix, returning its entries
+    in the natural, by-row, order.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``g`` -- a `2 \times 2` matrix
+
+    OUTPUT: a 4-tuple consisting of the entries of the matrix
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A = sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0._default_adjuster(); A
+        <sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0._default_adjuster object at 0x...>
+        sage: TestSuite(A).run()
+    """
+    def __call__(self, g):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0._default_adjuster()
+            sage: T(matrix(ZZ,2,[1..4])) # indirect doctest
+            (1, 2, 3, 4)
+        """
+        return tuple(g.list())
+
+
+class Sigma0_factory(UniqueFactory):
+    r"""
+    Create the monoid of non-singular matrices, upper triangular mod `N`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- integer; the level (should be strictly positive)
+    - ``base_ring`` (commutative ring, default `\ZZ`) -- the base
+      ring (normally `\ZZ` or a `p`-adic ring)
+    - ``adjuster`` -- ``None``, or a callable which takes a `2 \times 2` matrix
+      and returns a 4-tuple of integers. This is supplied in order to support
+      differing conventions for the action of `2 \times 2` matrices on
+      distributions.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+        sage: Sigma0(3)
+        Monoid Sigma0(3) with coefficients in Integer Ring
+    """
+
+    def create_key(self, N, base_ring=ZZ, adjuster=None):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: Sigma0.create_key(3)
+            (3, Integer Ring, <sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0._default_adjuster object at 0x...>)
+            sage: TestSuite(Sigma0).run()
+        """
+        N = ZZ(N)
+        if N <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Modulus should be > 0")
+        if adjuster is None:
+            adjuster = _default_adjuster()
+
+        if base_ring not in (QQ, ZZ):
+            try:
+                if not N.is_power_of(base_ring.prime()):
+                    raise ValueError("Modulus must equal base ring prime")
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise ValueError("Base ring must be QQ, ZZ or a p-adic field")
+        return (N, base_ring, adjuster)
+
+    def create_object(self, version, key):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: Sigma0(3) # indirect doctest
+            Monoid Sigma0(3) with coefficients in Integer Ring
+        """
+        return Sigma0_class(*key)
+
+
+Sigma0 = Sigma0_factory('sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0.Sigma0')
+
+
+class Sigma0Element(MonoidElement):
+    r"""
+    An element of the monoid Sigma0. This is a wrapper around a `2 \times 2` matrix.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+        sage: S = Sigma0(7)
+        sage: g = S([2,3,7,1])
+        sage: g.det()
+        -19
+        sage: h = S([1,2,0,1])
+        sage: g * h
+        [ 2  7]
+        [ 7 15]
+        sage: g.inverse()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: no conversion of this rational to integer
+        sage: h.inverse()
+        [ 1 -2]
+        [ 0  1]
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, mat):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3]) # indirect doctest
+            sage: TestSuite(s).run()
+        """
+        self._mat = mat
+        MonoidElement.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: hash(s) # indirect doctest
+            8095169151987216923  # 64-bit
+            619049499            # 32-bit
+        """
+        return hash(self.matrix())
+
+    def det(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the determinant of this matrix, which is (by assumption) nonzero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: s.det()
+            -9
+        """
+        return self.matrix().det()
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of two Sigma0 elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: t = Sigma0(15)([4,0,0,1])
+            sage: u = s*t; u # indirect doctest
+            [ 4  4]
+            [12  3]
+            sage: type(u)
+            <class 'sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0.Sigma0_class_with_category.element_class'>
+            sage: u.parent()
+            Monoid Sigma0(3) with coefficients in Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self.parent()(self._mat * other._mat, check=False)
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare two elements (of a common Sigma0 object).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: t = Sigma0(3)([4,0,0,1])
+            sage: s == t
+            False
+            sage: s == Sigma0(1)([1,4,3,3])
+            True
+
+        This uses the coercion model to find a common parent, with occasionally surprising results::
+
+            sage: t == Sigma0(5)([4, 0, 0, 1])
+            False
+        """
+        return richcmp(self._mat, other._mat, op)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: s._repr_()
+            '[1 4]\n[3 3]'
+        """
+        return self.matrix().__repr__()
+
+    def matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` as a matrix (forgetting the additional data that it is
+        in ``Sigma0(N)``).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,3])
+            sage: sm = s.matrix()
+            sage: type(s)
+            <class 'sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0.Sigma0_class_with_category.element_class'>
+            sage: type(sm)
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+            sage: s == sm
+            True
+        """
+        return self._mat
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of ``self``.
+
+        This will raise an error if the result is not in the monoid.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: s = Sigma0(3)([1,4,3,13])
+            sage: s.inverse()    # indirect doctest
+            [13 -4]
+            [-3  1]
+            sage: Sigma0(3)([1, 0, 0, 3]).inverse()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no conversion of this rational to integer
+
+        .. TODO::
+
+            In an ideal world this would silently extend scalars to `\QQ` if
+            the inverse has non-integer entries but is still in `\Sigma_0(N)`
+            locally at `N`. But we do not use such functionality, anyway.
+        """
+        return self.parent()(~self._mat)
+
+
+class _Sigma0Embedding(Morphism):
+    r"""
+    A Morphism object giving the natural inclusion of `\Sigma_0` into the
+    appropriate matrix space. This snippet of code is fed to the coercion
+    framework so that "x * y" will work if ``x`` is a matrix and ``y`` is a `\Sigma_0`
+    element (returning a matrix, *not* a Sigma0 element).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, domain):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0, _Sigma0Embedding
+            sage: x = _Sigma0Embedding(Sigma0(3))
+            sage: TestSuite(x).run(skip=['_test_category'])
+
+        # TODO: The category test breaks because _Sigma0Embedding is not an instance of
+        # the element class of its parent (a homset in the category of
+        # monoids). I have no idea how to fix this.
+        """
+        Morphism.__init__(self, domain.Hom(domain._matrix_space, category=Monoids()))
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return a matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0, _Sigma0Embedding
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: x = _Sigma0Embedding(S)
+            sage: x(S([1,0,0,3])).parent() # indirect doctest
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return x.matrix()
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Required for pickling.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0, _Sigma0Embedding
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: x = _Sigma0Embedding(S)
+            sage: x == loads(dumps(x))
+            True
+        """
+        return richcmp(self.domain(), other.domain(), op)
+
+
+class Sigma0_class(Parent):
+    r"""
+    The class representing the monoid `\Sigma_0(N)`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+        sage: S = Sigma0(5); S
+        Monoid Sigma0(5) with coefficients in Integer Ring
+        sage: S([1,2,1,1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: level 5^1 does not divide 1
+        sage: S([1,2,5,1])
+        [1 2]
+        [5 1]
+    """
+    Element = Sigma0Element
+
+    def __init__(self, N, base_ring, adjuster):
+        r"""
+        Standard init function. For args documentation see the factory
+        function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3) # indirect doctest
+            sage: TestSuite(S).run()
+        """
+        self._N = N
+        self._primes = list(N.factor())
+        self._base_ring = base_ring
+        self._adjuster = adjuster
+        self._matrix_space = MatrixSpace(base_ring, 2)
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=Monoids())
+        self.register_embedding(_Sigma0Embedding(self))
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an element of ``self``. This is implemented in a rather dumb way.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: S.an_element() # indirect doctest
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+        """
+        return self([1, 0, 0, 1])
+
+    def level(self):
+        r"""
+        If this monoid is `\Sigma_0(N)`, return `N`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: S.level()
+            3
+        """
+        return self._N
+
+    def base_ring(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the base ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: S.base_ring()
+            Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self._base_ring
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Find out whether ``other`` coerces into ``self``.
+
+        The *only* thing that coerces canonically into `\Sigma_0` is another
+        `\Sigma_0`. It is *very bad* if integers are allowed to coerce in, as
+        this leads to a noncommutative coercion diagram whenever we let
+        `\Sigma_0` act on anything..
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: Sigma0(1, QQ).has_coerce_map_from(Sigma0(3, ZZ)) # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: Sigma0(1, ZZ).has_coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            False
+
+        (If something changes that causes the last doctest above to return
+        True, then the entire purpose of this class is violated, and all sorts
+        of nasty things will go wrong with scalar multiplication of
+        distributions. Do not let this happen!)
+        """
+        return (isinstance(other, Sigma0_class)
+                and self.level().divides(other.level())
+                and self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(other.base_ring()))
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x, check=True):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of ``self`` from x.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- something that one can make into a matrix over the
+          appropriate base ring
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, then check
+          that this matrix actually satisfies the conditions
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: S([1,0,0,3]) # indirect doctest
+            [1 0]
+            [0 3]
+            sage: S([3,0,0,1]) # boom
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: 3 is not a unit at 3
+            sage: S(Sigma0(1)([3,0,0,1]), check=False) # don't do this
+            [3 0]
+            [0 1]
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, Sigma0Element):
+            x = x.matrix()
+        if check:
+            x = self._matrix_space(x)
+            a, b, c, d = self._adjuster(x)
+            for (p, e) in self._primes:
+                if c.valuation(p) < e:
+                    raise TypeError("level %s^%s does not divide %s" % (p, e, c))
+                if a.valuation(p) != 0:
+                    raise TypeError("%s is not a unit at %s" % (a, p))
+            if x.det() == 0:
+                raise TypeError("matrix must be nonsingular")
+        x.set_immutable()
+        return self.element_class(self, x)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.pollack_stevens.sigma0 import Sigma0
+            sage: S = Sigma0(3)
+            sage: S._repr_()
+            'Monoid Sigma0(3) with coefficients in Integer Ring'
+        """
+        return 'Monoid Sigma0(%s) with coefficients in %s' % (self.level(),
+                                                              self.base_ring())