passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/abvar/finite_subgroup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,896 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.pari
+r"""
+Finite subgroups of modular abelian varieties
+
+Sage can compute with fairly general finite subgroups of modular
+abelian varieties. Elements of finite order are represented by
+equivalence classes of elements in `H_1(A,\QQ)`
+modulo `H_1(A,\ZZ)`. A finite subgroup can be
+defined by giving generators and via various other constructions.
+Given a finite subgroup, one can compute generators, as well as the
+structure as an abstract group. Arithmetic on subgroups is also
+supported, including adding two subgroups together, checking
+inclusion, etc.
+
+TODO: Intersection, action of Hecke operators.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein (2007-03)
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: J = J0(33)
+    sage: C = J.cuspidal_subgroup()
+    sage: C
+    Finite subgroup with invariants [10, 10] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3
+    sage: C.order()
+    100
+    sage: C.gens()
+    ([(1/10, 0, 1/10, 1/10, 1/10, 3/10)], [(0, 1/5, 1/10, 0, 1/10, 9/10)], [(0, 0, 1/2, 0, 1/2, 1/2)])
+    sage: C.0 + C.1
+    [(1/10, 1/5, 1/5, 1/10, 1/5, 6/5)]
+    sage: 10*(C.0 + C.1)
+    [(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)]
+    sage: G = C.subgroup([C.0 + C.1]); G
+    Finite subgroup with invariants [10] over QQbar of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3
+    sage: G.gens()
+    ([(1/10, 1/5, 1/5, 1/10, 1/5, 1/5)],)
+    sage: G.order()
+    10
+    sage: G <= C
+    True
+    sage: G >= C
+    False
+
+We make a table of the order of the cuspidal subgroup for the first
+few levels::
+
+    sage: for N in range(11,40):
+    ....:     print("{} {}".format(N, J0(N).cuspidal_subgroup().order()))
+    11 5
+    12 1
+    13 1
+    14 6
+    15 8
+    16 1
+    17 4
+    18 1
+    19 3
+    20 6
+    21 8
+    22 25
+    23 11
+    24 8
+    25 1
+    26 21
+    27 9
+    28 36
+    29 7
+    30 192
+    31 5
+    32 8
+    33 100
+    34 48
+    35 48
+    36 12
+    37 3
+    38 135
+    39 56
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: G = J0(11).finite_subgroup([[1/3,0], [0,1/5]]); G
+    Finite subgroup with invariants [15] over QQbar of Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+    sage: loads(dumps(G)) == G
+    True
+    sage: loads(dumps(G.0)) == G.0
+    True
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+import sage.rings.abc
+
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.modular.abvar.torsion_point import TorsionPoint
+from sage.modules.module import Module
+from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule_generic
+from sage.structure.gens_py import abelian_iterator
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.structure.element import coercion_model
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class FiniteSubgroup(Module):
+    r"""
+    A finite subgroup of a modular abelian variety.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``abvar`` -- a modular abelian variety
+
+    - ``field_of_definition`` -- a field over which this group is defined
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    This is an abstract base class, so there are no instances of
+    this class itself::
+
+        sage: A = J0(37)
+        sage: G = A.torsion_subgroup(3); G
+        Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 3, 3, 3] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2
+        sage: type(G)
+        <class 'sage.modular.abvar.finite_subgroup.FiniteSubgroup_lattice_with_category'>
+        sage: from sage.modular.abvar.finite_subgroup import FiniteSubgroup
+        sage: isinstance(G, FiniteSubgroup)
+        True
+    """
+
+    Element = TorsionPoint
+
+    def __init__(self, abvar, field_of_definition=QQ):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = J0(11)
+            sage: G = A.torsion_subgroup(2)
+            sage: TestSuite(G).run() # long time
+        """
+        from sage.categories.category import Category
+        from sage.categories.fields import Fields
+        from sage.categories.finite_enumerated_sets import FiniteEnumeratedSets
+        from sage.categories.modules import Modules
+        from .abvar import ModularAbelianVariety_abstract
+        if field_of_definition not in Fields():
+            raise TypeError("field_of_definition must be a field")
+        if not isinstance(abvar, ModularAbelianVariety_abstract):
+            raise TypeError("abvar must be a modular abelian variety")
+        category = Category.join((Modules(ZZ), FiniteEnumeratedSets()))
+        Module.__init__(self, ZZ, category=category)
+        self.__abvar = abvar
+        self.__field_of_definition = field_of_definition
+
+    ################################################################
+    # DERIVED CLASS MUST OVERRIDE THE lattice METHOD
+    ################################################################
+    def lattice(self):
+        """
+        Return the lattice corresponding to this subgroup in the rational
+        homology of the modular Jacobian product. The elements of the
+        subgroup are represented by vectors in the ambient vector space
+        (the rational homology), and this returns the lattice they span.
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(33); C = J[0].cuspidal_subgroup(); C
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [5] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: C.lattice()
+            Free module of degree 6 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [ 1/5 13/5   -2 -4/5    2 -1/5]
+            [   0    3   -2   -1    2    0]
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _relative_basis_matrix(self):
+        """
+        Return matrix of this finite subgroup, but relative to the homology
+        of the parent abelian variety.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = J0(43)[1]; A
+            Simple abelian subvariety 43b(1,43) of dimension 2 of J0(43)
+            sage: C = A.cuspidal_subgroup(); C
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [7] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 43b(1,43) of dimension 2 of J0(43)
+            sage: C._relative_basis_matrix()
+            [  1   0   0   0]
+            [  0 1/7 6/7 5/7]
+            [  0   0   1   0]
+            [  0   0   0   1]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__relative_basis_matrix
+        except AttributeError:
+            M = self.__abvar.lattice().coordinate_module(self.lattice()).basis_matrix()
+            self.__relative_basis_matrix = M
+            return M
+
+    # General functionality
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        If ``other`` is not a :class:`FiniteSubgroup`, then
+        ``NotImplemented`` is returned. If ``other`` is a
+        :class:`FiniteSubgroup` and the ambient abelian varieties are
+        not equal, then the ambient abelian varieties are compared.
+        If ``other`` is a :class:`FiniteSubgroup` and the ambient
+        abelian varieties are equal, then the subgroups are compared
+        via their corresponding lattices.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We first compare two subgroups of `J_0(37)`::
+
+            sage: A = J0(37)
+            sage: G = A.torsion_subgroup(3); G.order()
+            81
+            sage: H = A.cuspidal_subgroup(); H.order()
+            3
+            sage: H < G
+            True
+            sage: H.is_subgroup(G)
+            True
+
+        The ambient varieties are compared::
+
+            sage: A[0].cuspidal_subgroup() > J0(11).cuspidal_subgroup()
+            True
+
+        Comparing subgroups sitting in different abelian varieties::
+
+            sage: A[0].cuspidal_subgroup() < A[1].cuspidal_subgroup()
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, FiniteSubgroup):
+            return NotImplemented
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        B = other.abelian_variety()
+        if not A.in_same_ambient_variety(B):
+            return richcmp(A.ambient_variety(), B.ambient_variety(), op)
+        L = A.lattice() + B.lattice()
+        lx = other.lattice() + L
+        rx = self.lattice() + L
+        # order gets reversed in passing to lattices.
+        return lx._echelon_matrix_richcmp(rx, op)
+
+    def is_subgroup(self, other) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` exactly if ``self`` is a subgroup of ``other``,
+        and both are defined as subgroups of the same ambient abelian variety.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = J0(22).cuspidal_subgroup()
+            sage: H = C.subgroup([C.0])
+            sage: K = C.subgroup([C.1])
+            sage: H.is_subgroup(K)
+            False
+            sage: K.is_subgroup(H)
+            False
+            sage: K.is_subgroup(C)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_subgroup(C)
+            True
+        """
+        # We use that self is contained in other, whether other is
+        # either a finite group or an abelian variety, if and only
+        # if self doesn't shrink when intersected with other.
+        try:
+            return self.intersection(other).order() == self.order()
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of two subgroups.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = J0(22).cuspidal_subgroup()
+            sage: C.gens()
+            ([(1/5, 1/5, 4/5, 0)], [(0, 0, 0, 1/5)])
+            sage: A = C.subgroup([C.0]); B = C.subgroup([C.1])
+            sage: A + B == C
+            True
+
+        An example where the parent abelian varieties are different::
+
+            sage: A = J0(48); A[0].cuspidal_subgroup() + A[1].cuspidal_subgroup()
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 4, 4] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(48)
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, FiniteSubgroup):
+            raise TypeError("only addition of two finite subgroups is defined")
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        B = other.abelian_variety()
+        if not A.in_same_ambient_variety(B):
+            raise ValueError("self and other must be in the same ambient Jacobian")
+        K = coercion_model.common_parent(self.field_of_definition(), other.field_of_definition())
+        lattice = self.lattice() + other.lattice()
+        if A != B:
+            C = A + B
+            lattice += C.lattice()
+            return FiniteSubgroup_lattice(C, lattice, field_of_definition=K)
+        else:
+            return FiniteSubgroup_lattice(self.abelian_variety(), lattice, field_of_definition=K)
+
+    def exponent(self):
+        """
+        Return the exponent of this finite abelian group.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t = J0(33).hecke_operator(7)
+            sage: G = t.kernel()[0]; G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3
+            sage: G.exponent()
+            4
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__exponent
+        except AttributeError:
+            e = lcm(self.invariants())
+            self.__exponent = e
+            return e
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the intersection of the finite subgroups ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a finite group
+
+        OUTPUT: a finite group
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E11a0, E11a1, B = J0(33)
+            sage: G = E11a0.torsion_subgroup(6); H = E11a0.torsion_subgroup(9)
+            sage: G.intersection(H)
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 3] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: W = E11a1.torsion_subgroup(15)
+            sage: G.intersection(W)
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: E11a0.intersection(E11a1)[0]
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [5] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+
+        We intersect subgroups of different abelian varieties.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: E11a0, E11a1, B = J0(33)
+            sage: G = E11a0.torsion_subgroup(5); H = E11a1.torsion_subgroup(5)
+            sage: G.intersection(H)
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [5] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: E11a0.intersection(E11a1)[0]
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [5] over QQ of
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+
+        We intersect abelian varieties with subgroups::
+
+            sage: t = J0(33).hecke_operator(7)
+            sage: G = t.kernel()[0]; G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3
+            sage: A = J0(33).old_subvariety()
+            sage: A.intersection(G)
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 2, 2, 2] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33)
+            sage: A.hecke_operator(7).kernel()[0]
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 2, 2, 2] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33)
+            sage: B = J0(33).new_subvariety()
+            sage: B.intersection(G)
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [4, 4] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: B.hecke_operator(7).kernel()[0]
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [4, 4] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+            sage: A.intersection(B)[0]
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 3] over QQ of
+             Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33)
+        """
+        from .abvar import ModularAbelianVariety_abstract
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        if isinstance(other, ModularAbelianVariety_abstract):
+            amb = other
+            B = other
+            M = B.lattice().scale(Integer(1)/self.exponent())
+            K = coercion_model.common_parent(self.field_of_definition(), other.base_field())
+        else:
+            amb = A
+            if not isinstance(other, FiniteSubgroup):
+                raise TypeError("only intersection with a finite subgroup or "
+                        "modular abelian variety is defined")
+            B = other.abelian_variety()
+            if A.ambient_variety() != B.ambient_variety():
+                raise TypeError("finite subgroups must be in the same ambient product Jacobian")
+            M = other.lattice()
+            K = coercion_model.common_parent(self.field_of_definition(), other.field_of_definition())
+
+        L = self.lattice()
+        if A != B:
+            # TODO: This might be way slower than what we could do if
+            # we think more carefully.
+            C = A + B
+            L = L + C.lattice()
+            M = M + C.lattice()
+        W = L.intersection(M).intersection(amb.vector_space())
+        return FiniteSubgroup_lattice(amb, W, field_of_definition=K)
+
+    def __mul__(self, right):
+        """
+        Multiply this subgroup by the rational number ``right``.
+
+        If ``right`` is an integer the result is a subgroup of ``self``. If
+        ``right`` is a rational number `n/m`, then this group is first
+        divided by `m` then multiplied by `n`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``right`` -- a rational number
+
+        OUTPUT: a subgroup
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(37)
+            sage: H = J.cuspidal_subgroup(); H.order()
+            3
+            sage: G = H * 3; G.order()
+            1
+            sage: G = H * (1/2); G.order()
+            48
+            sage: J.torsion_subgroup(2) + H == G
+            True
+            sage: G = H*(3/2); G.order()
+            16
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: G = J.cuspidal_subgroup(); factor(G.order())
+            2^8 * 3^2
+            sage: (G * 3).order()
+            256
+            sage: (G * 0).order()
+            1
+            sage: (G * (1/5)).order()
+            22500000000
+        """
+        lattice = self.lattice().scale(right)
+        return FiniteSubgroup_lattice(self.abelian_variety(), lattice,
+                                field_of_definition=self.field_of_definition())
+
+    def __rmul__(self, left):
+        """
+        Multiply this finite subgroup on the left by an integer.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: G = J.cuspidal_subgroup(); factor(G.order())
+            2^8 * 3^2
+            sage: H = G.__rmul__(2)
+            sage: H.order().factor()
+            2^4 * 3^2
+            sage: 2*G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [6, 24] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(42) of dimension 5
+        """
+        return self * left
+
+    def abelian_variety(self):
+        """
+        Return the abelian variety that this is a finite subgroup of.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: G = J.rational_torsion_subgroup(); G
+            Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J0(42) of dimension 5
+            sage: G.abelian_variety()
+            Abelian variety J0(42) of dimension 5
+        """
+        return self.__abvar
+
+    def field_of_definition(self):
+        """
+        Return the field over which this finite modular abelian variety
+        subgroup is defined. This is a field over which this subgroup is
+        defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: G = J.rational_torsion_subgroup(); G
+            Torsion subgroup of Abelian variety J0(42) of dimension 5
+            sage: G.field_of_definition()
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.__field_of_definition
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this finite subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: G = J.torsion_subgroup(3); G._repr_()
+            'Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(42) of dimension 5'
+        """
+        K = self.__field_of_definition
+        if isinstance(K, sage.rings.abc.AlgebraicField):
+            field = "QQbar"
+        elif K == QQ:
+            field = "QQ"
+        else:
+            field = str(K)
+        return "Finite subgroup %sover %s of %s" % (self._invariants_repr(), field, self.__abvar)
+
+    def _invariants_repr(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of the 'invariants' part of this group.
+
+        We make this a separate function so it is possible to create finite
+        subgroups that don't print their invariants, since printing them
+        could be expensive.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(42).cuspidal_subgroup()._invariants_repr()
+            'with invariants [2, 2, 12, 48] '
+        """
+        return 'with invariants %s ' % (self.invariants(), )
+
+    def order(self):
+        """
+        Return the order (number of elements) of this finite subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(42)
+            sage: C = J.cuspidal_subgroup()
+            sage: C.order()
+            2304
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__order
+        except AttributeError:
+            if self.__abvar.dimension() == 0:
+                self.__order = ZZ(1)
+                return self.__order
+            o = prod(self.invariants())
+            self.__order = o
+            return o
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return a tuple of the generators for this finite subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We list generators for several cuspidal subgroups::
+
+            sage: J0(11).cuspidal_subgroup().gens()
+            ([(0, 1/5)],)
+            sage: J0(37).cuspidal_subgroup().gens()
+            ([(0, 0, 0, 1/3)],)
+            sage: J0(43).cuspidal_subgroup().gens()
+            ([(0, 1/7, 0, 6/7, 0, 5/7)],)
+            sage: J1(13).cuspidal_subgroup().gens()
+            ([(1/19, 0, 9/19, 9/19)], [(0, 1/19, 0, 9/19)])
+            sage: J0(22).torsion_subgroup(6).gens()
+            ([(1/6, 0, 0, 0)], [(0, 1/6, 0, 0)], [(0, 0, 1/6, 0)], [(0, 0, 0, 1/6)])
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__gens
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        B = [self.element_class(self, v) for v in self.lattice().basis() if v.denominator() > 1]
+        self.__gens = tuple(B)
+        return self.__gens
+
+    def gen(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return `n`-th generator of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(23)
+            sage: C = J.torsion_subgroup(3)
+            sage: C.gens()
+            ([(1/3, 0, 0, 0)], [(0, 1/3, 0, 0)], [(0, 0, 1/3, 0)], [(0, 0, 0, 1/3)])
+            sage: C.gen(0)
+            [(1/3, 0, 0, 0)]
+            sage: C.gen(3)
+            [(0, 0, 0, 1/3)]
+            sage: C.gen(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            IndexError: tuple index out of range
+
+        Negative indices wrap around::
+
+            sage: C.gen(-1)
+            [(0, 0, 0, 1/3)]
+        """
+        return self.gens()[n]
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x, check=True):
+        r"""
+        Convert `x` into this finite subgroup.
+
+        This works when the abelian varieties that contain `x` and
+        ``self`` are the same, or if `x` is convertible into the
+        rational homology (viewed as an abstract `\QQ`-vector space).
+
+        EXAMPLES: We first construct the `11`-torsion subgroup of
+        `J_0(23)`::
+
+            sage: J = J0(23)
+            sage: G = J.torsion_subgroup(11)
+            sage: G.invariants()
+            [11, 11, 11, 11]
+
+        We also construct the cuspidal subgroup::
+
+            sage: C = J.cuspidal_subgroup()
+            sage: C.invariants()
+            [11]
+
+            sage: G(G.0) is G.0
+            True
+
+        We convert an element from the cuspidal subgroup into the
+        `11`-torsion subgroup::
+
+            sage: z = G(C.0); z
+            [(1/11, 10/11, 0, 8/11)]
+            sage: z.parent() == G
+            True
+
+        We convert a list, which defines an element of the underlying
+        ``full_module`` into `G`, and verify an equality::
+
+            sage: x = G([1/11, 1/11, 0, -1/11])
+            sage: x == G([1/11, 1/11, 0, 10/11])
+            True
+
+        Finally we attempt to convert some elements that shouldn't
+        work, since they are not in `G`::
+
+            sage: G(J.torsion_subgroup(3).0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: element [1/3, 0, 0, 0] is not in free module
+
+            sage: G(J0(27).cuspidal_subgroup()(0))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: ambient abelian varieties are different
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, TorsionPoint):
+            if x.parent().abelian_variety() != self.abelian_variety():
+                raise ValueError('ambient abelian varieties are different')
+            x = x.element()
+        x = self.lattice()(x, check=check)
+        return self.element_class(self, x, check=False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``x`` is contained in this finite subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We define two distinct finite subgroups of `J_0(27)`::
+
+            sage: G1 = J0(27).rational_cusp_subgroup(); G1
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [3] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(27) of dimension 1
+            sage: G1.0
+            [(1/3, 0)]
+            sage: G2 = J0(27).cuspidal_subgroup(); G2
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 3] over QQ of Abelian variety J0(27) of dimension 1
+            sage: G2.gens()
+            ([(1/3, 0)], [(0, 1/3)])
+
+        Now we check whether various elements are in `G_1` and `G_2`::
+
+            sage: G2.0 in G1
+            True
+            sage: G2.1 in G1
+            False
+            sage: G1.0 in G1
+            True
+            sage: G1.0 in G2
+            True
+
+        The integer `0` is in `G_1`::
+
+            sage: 0 in G1
+            True
+
+        Elements that have a completely different ambient product Jacobian
+        are never in `G`::
+
+            sage: J0(23).cuspidal_subgroup().0 in G1
+            False
+            sage: J0(23).cuspidal_subgroup()(0) in G1
+            False
+        """
+        try:
+            self(x)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def subgroup(self, gens):
+        """
+        Return the subgroup of ``self`` spanned by the given
+        generators, which must all be elements of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(23)
+            sage: G = J.torsion_subgroup(11); G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [11, 11, 11, 11] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2
+
+        We create the subgroup of the 11-torsion subgroup of `J_0(23)`
+        generated by the first `11`-torsion point::
+
+            sage: H = G.subgroup([G.0]); H
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [11] over QQbar of
+             Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2
+            sage: H.invariants()
+            [11]
+
+        We can also create a subgroup from a list of objects that can
+        be converted into the ambient rational homology::
+
+            sage: H == G.subgroup([[1/11,0,0,0]])
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+
+        if not isinstance(gens, (tuple, list)):
+            raise TypeError("gens must be a list or tuple")
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        lattice = A._ambient_lattice().span([self(g).element() for g in gens])
+        return FiniteSubgroup_lattice(self.abelian_variety(), lattice, field_of_definition=QQbar)
+
+    def invariants(self):
+        r"""
+        Return elementary invariants of this abelian group, by which we
+        mean a nondecreasing (immutable) sequence of integers
+        `n_i`, `1 \leq i \leq k`, with `n_i`
+        dividing `n_{i+1}`, and such that this group is abstractly
+        isomorphic to
+        `\ZZ/n_1\ZZ \times\cdots\times \ZZ/n_k\ZZ.`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(38)
+            sage: C = J.cuspidal_subgroup(); C
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [3, 45] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(38) of dimension 4
+            sage: v = C.invariants(); v
+            [3, 45]
+            sage: v[0] = 5
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.
+            sage: type(v[0])
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: C * 3
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [15] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(38) of dimension 4
+
+        An example involving another cuspidal subgroup::
+
+            sage: C = J0(22).cuspidal_subgroup(); C
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [5, 5] over QQ of
+             Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2
+            sage: C.lattice()
+            Free module of degree 4 and rank 4 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1/5 1/5 4/5   0]
+            [  0   1   0   0]
+            [  0   0   1   0]
+            [  0   0   0 1/5]
+            sage: C.invariants()
+            [5, 5]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__invariants
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        M = self.lattice().coordinate_module(self.abelian_variety().lattice())
+        E = M.basis_matrix().change_ring(ZZ).elementary_divisors()
+        v = [Integer(x) for x in E if x != 1]
+        I = Sequence(v)
+        I.sort()
+        I.set_immutable()
+        self.__invariants = I
+        return I
+
+    __iter__ = abelian_iterator
+
+
+class FiniteSubgroup_lattice(FiniteSubgroup):
+    def __init__(self, abvar, lattice, field_of_definition=None, check=True):
+        """
+        A finite subgroup of a modular abelian variety that is defined by a
+        given lattice.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``abvar`` -- a modular abelian variety
+
+        - ``lattice`` -- a lattice that contains the lattice of abvar
+
+        - ``field_of_definition`` -- the field of definition
+          of this finite group scheme
+
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether or not to
+          check that lattice contains the abvar lattice
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(11)
+            sage: G = J.finite_subgroup([[1/3,0], [0,1/5]]); G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [15] over QQbar of
+             Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+        """
+        if field_of_definition is None:
+            from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar as field_of_definition
+        if check:
+            from .abvar import ModularAbelianVariety_abstract
+            if not isinstance(lattice, FreeModule_generic) or lattice.base_ring() != ZZ:
+                raise TypeError("lattice must be a free module over ZZ")
+            if not isinstance(abvar, ModularAbelianVariety_abstract):
+                raise TypeError("abvar must be a modular abelian variety")
+            if not abvar.lattice().is_submodule(lattice):
+                lattice += abvar.lattice()
+            if lattice.rank() != abvar.lattice().rank():
+                raise ValueError("lattice must contain the lattice of abvar with finite index")
+        FiniteSubgroup.__init__(self, abvar, field_of_definition)
+        self.__lattice = lattice
+
+    def lattice(self):
+        r"""
+        Return lattice that defines this finite subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(11)
+            sage: G = J.finite_subgroup([[1/3,0], [0,1/5]]); G
+            Finite subgroup with invariants [15] over QQbar of
+             Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+            sage: G.lattice()
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1/3   0]
+            [  0 1/5]
+        """
+        return self.__lattice