passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/schemes/elliptic_curves/isogeny_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1521 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.number_field
+r"""
+Isogeny class of elliptic curves over number fields
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Roe (2012-03-29) -- initial version.
+- John Cremona (2014-08) -- extend to number fields.
+"""
+
+##############################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2012-2014 David Roe <roed.math@gmail.com>
+#                          John Cremona <john.cremona@gmail.com>
+#                          William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+##############################################################################
+
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp_method, richcmp
+import sage.databases.cremona
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.misc.flatten import flatten
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_field import EllipticCurve_field
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_number_field import EllipticCurve_number_field
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class IsogenyClass_EC(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    Isogeny class of an elliptic curve.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The current implementation chooses a curve from each isomorphism
+        class in the isogeny class. Over `\QQ` this is a unique reduced
+        minimal model in each isomorphism class.  Over number fields the
+        model chosen may change in future.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, E, label=None, empty=False):
+        r"""
+        Over `\QQ` we use curves since minimal models exist and there
+        is a canonical choice of one.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``label`` -- string or ``None``, a Cremona or LMFDB label, used
+          in printing; ignored if base field is not `\QQ`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: cls = EllipticCurve('1011b1').isogeny_class()
+            sage: print("\n".join(repr(E) for E in cls.curves))
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y = x^3 - 8*x - 9 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y = x^3 - 23*x + 30 over Rational Field
+        """
+        self.E = E
+        self._label = label
+        if not empty:
+            self._compute()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        The number of curves in the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('15a')
+            sage: len(E.isogeny_class()) # indirect doctest
+            8
+        """
+        return len(self.curves)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Iterator over curves in the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('15a')
+            sage: all(C.conductor() == 15 for C in E.isogeny_class()) # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        return iter(self.curves)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the `i`-th curve in the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990j1')
+            sage: iso = E.isogeny_class(order='lmfdb') # orders lexicographically on a-invariants
+            sage: iso[2] == E # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        return self.curves[i]
+
+    def index(self, C):
+        """
+        Return the index of a curve in this class.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``C`` -- an elliptic curve in this isogeny class
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer so that the ``i`` th curve in the class
+          is isomorphic to ``C``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990j1')
+            sage: iso = E.isogeny_class(order='lmfdb') # orders lexicographically on a-invariants
+            sage: iso.index(E.short_weierstrass_model())
+            2
+        """
+        # This will need updating once we start talking about curves
+        # over more general number fields
+        if not isinstance(C, EllipticCurve_number_field):
+            raise ValueError("x not in isogeny class")
+        for i, E in enumerate(self.curves):
+            if C.is_isomorphic(E):
+                return i
+        raise ValueError("%s is not in isogeny class %s" % (C,self))
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        If they are different, compares the sorted underlying lists of
+        curves.
+
+        Note that two isogeny classes with different orderings will
+        compare as the same.  If you want to include the ordering,
+        just compare the list of curves.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990j1')
+            sage: EE = EllipticCurve('990j4')
+            sage: E.isogeny_class() == EE.isogeny_class() # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, IsogenyClass_EC):
+            return richcmp(sorted(e.a_invariants() for e in self.curves),
+                           sorted(f.a_invariants() for f in other.curves), op)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Hash is based on the a-invariants of the sorted list of
+        minimal models.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990j1')
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: hash(C) == hash(tuple(sorted([curve.a_invariants() for curve in C.curves]))) # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._hash
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._hash = hash(tuple(sorted(E.a_invariants() for E in self.curves)))
+            return self._hash
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        The string representation of this isogeny class.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Over `\QQ`, the string representation depends on whether an
+            LMFDB or Cremona label for the curve is known when this
+            isogeny class is constructed.  Over general number fields,
+            instead of labels the representation uses that of the curve
+            initially used to create the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        If the curve is constructed from an LMFDB label then that
+        label is used::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('462.f3')
+            sage: E.isogeny_class() # indirect doctest
+            Elliptic curve isogeny class 462.f
+
+        If the curve is constructed from a Cremona label then that
+        label is used::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('990j1')
+            sage: E.isogeny_class()
+            Elliptic curve isogeny class 990j
+
+        Otherwise, including curves whose base field is not `\QQ`,the
+        representation is determined from the curve used to create the
+        class::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: E.isogeny_class()
+            Isogeny class of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 4*x + 5 over Rational Field
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,0,0,1]); E
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: C
+            Isogeny class of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+            sage: C.curves
+            [Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (-27) over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I,
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I,
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (i+1)*x*y = x^3 + i*x^2 + 3*x + (-i) over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I,
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (i+1)*x*y = x^3 + i*x^2 + 33*x + 91*i over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I]
+        """
+        if self._label:
+            return "Elliptic curve isogeny class %s" % (self._label)
+        else:
+            return "Isogeny class of %r" % (self.E)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a Python object
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` iff ``x`` is an elliptic curve in this
+        isogeny class
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the input is isomorphic but not identical to a curve in
+            the class, then ``False`` will be returned.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: cls = EllipticCurve('15a3').isogeny_class()
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('15a7'); E in cls
+            True
+            sage: E.short_weierstrass_model() in cls
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(x, EllipticCurve_field):
+            return False
+        return any(x.is_isomorphic(y) for y in self.curves)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def matrix(self, fill=True):
+        """
+        Return the matrix whose entries give the minimal degrees of
+        isogenies between curves in this class.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``fill`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` then the
+          matrix will contain only zeros and prime entries. If ``True`` it
+          will fill in the other degrees.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('15a3').isogeny_class()
+            sage: isocls.matrix()
+            [ 1  2  2  2  4  4  8  8]
+            [ 2  1  4  4  8  8 16 16]
+            [ 2  4  1  4  8  8 16 16]
+            [ 2  4  4  1  2  2  4  4]
+            [ 4  8  8  2  1  4  8  8]
+            [ 4  8  8  2  4  1  2  2]
+            [ 8 16 16  4  8  2  1  4]
+            [ 8 16 16  4  8  2  4  1]
+            sage: isocls.matrix(fill=False)
+            [0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0]
+            [2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0]
+        """
+        if self._mat is None:
+            self._compute_matrix()
+        mat = self._mat
+        if fill and mat[0, 0] == 0:
+            from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_curve_isogeny import fill_isogeny_matrix
+            mat = fill_isogeny_matrix(mat)
+        if not fill and mat[0, 0] == 1:
+            from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_curve_isogeny import unfill_isogeny_matrix
+            mat = unfill_isogeny_matrix(mat)
+        return mat
+
+    @cached_method
+    def qf_matrix(self):
+        """
+        Return the array whose entries are quadratic forms
+        representing the degrees of isogenies between curves in this
+        class (CM case only).
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        a `2x2` array (list of lists) of list, each of the form [2] or
+        [2,1,3] representing the coefficients of an integral quadratic
+        form in 1 or 2 variables whose values are the possible isogeny
+        degrees between the i'th and j'th curve in the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: pol = PolynomialRing(QQ,'x')([1,0,3,0,1])
+            sage: K.<c> = NumberField(pol)
+            sage: j = 1480640 + 565760*c^2
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=j)
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: C.qf_matrix()
+            [[[1], [2, 2, 3]], [[2, 2, 3], [1]]]
+        """
+        if self._qfmat is None:
+            raise ValueError("qf_matrix only defined for isogeny classes with rational CM")
+        else:
+            return self._qfmat
+
+    @cached_method
+    def isogenies(self, fill=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of lists of isogenies and 0s, corresponding to
+        the entries of :meth:`matrix`
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``fill`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to only return
+          prime degree isogenies.  Currently only implemented for
+          ``fill=False``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a list of lists, where the ``j`` th entry of the ``i`` th list
+          is either zero or a prime degree isogeny from the ``i`` th curve
+          in this class to the ``j`` th curve.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The domains and codomains of the isogenies will have the same
+            Weierstrass equation as the curves in this class, but they
+            may not be identical python objects in the current
+            implementation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('15a3').isogeny_class()
+            sage: f = isocls.isogenies()[0][1]; f
+            Isogeny of degree 2
+              from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 5*x + 2 over Rational Field
+                to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 80*x + 242 over Rational Field
+            sage: f.domain() == isocls.curves[0] and f.codomain() == isocls.curves[1]
+            True
+        """
+        if fill:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        isogenies = self._maps
+        if isogenies is None:
+            self._compute_isogenies()
+            isogenies = self._maps
+        return isogenies
+
+    @cached_method
+    def graph(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a graph whose vertices correspond to curves in this
+        class, and whose edges correspond to prime degree isogenies.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            There are only finitely many possible isogeny graphs for
+            curves over `\QQ` [Maz1978b].  This function tries to lay out
+            the graph nicely by special casing each isogeny graph.
+            This could also be done over other number fields, such as
+            quadratic fields.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The vertices are labeled 1 to n rather than 0 to n-1 to
+            match LMFDB and Cremona labels for curves over `\QQ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('15a3').isogeny_class()
+            sage: G = isocls.graph()
+            sage: sorted(G._pos.items())
+            [(1, [-0.8660254, 0.5]), (2, [-0.8660254, 1.5]), (3, [-1.7320508, 0]),
+             (4, [0, 0]), (5, [0, -1]), (6, [0.8660254, 0.5]),
+             (7, [0.8660254, 1.5]), (8, [1.7320508, 0])]
+        """
+        from sage.graphs.graph import Graph
+
+        if self.E.base_field() is not QQ:
+            M = self.matrix(fill=False)
+            n = len(self)
+            G = Graph(M, format='weighted_adjacency_matrix')
+            D = {v: self.curves[v] for v in G.vertices(sort=False)}
+            G.set_vertices(D)
+            if self._qfmat:  # i.e. self.E.has_rational_cm():
+                for i in range(n):
+                    for j in range(n):
+                        if M[i, j]:
+                            G.set_edge_label(i, j, str(self._qfmat[i][j]))
+            G.relabel(list(range(1, n + 1)))
+            return G
+
+        M = self.matrix(fill=False)
+        n = M.nrows() # = M.ncols()
+        G = Graph(M, format='weighted_adjacency_matrix')
+        N = self.matrix(fill=True)
+        D = {v: self.curves[v] for v in G.vertices(sort=False)}
+        # The maximum degree classifies the shape of the isogeny
+        # graph, though the number of vertices is often enough.
+        # This only holds over Q, so this code will need to change
+        # once other isogeny classes are implemented.
+
+        if n == 1:
+            # one vertex
+            pass
+        elif n == 2:
+            # one edge, two vertices.  We align horizontally and put
+            # the lower number on the left vertex.
+            G.set_pos(pos={0: [-0.5, 0], 1: [0.5, 0]})
+        else:
+            maxdegree = max(max(N))
+            if n == 3:
+                # o--o--o
+                centervert = next(i for i in range(3) if max(N.row(i)) < maxdegree)
+                other = [i for i in range(3) if i != centervert]
+                G.set_pos(pos={centervert: [0, 0], other[0]: [-1, 0], other[1]: [1, 0]})
+            elif maxdegree == 4:
+                # o--o<8
+                centervert = next(i for i in range(4) if max(N.row(i)) < maxdegree)
+                other = [i for i in range(4) if i != centervert]
+                G.set_pos(pos={centervert: [0, 0], other[0]: [0, 1],
+                               other[1]: [-0.8660254, -0.5], other[2]: [0.8660254, -0.5]})
+            elif maxdegree == 27:
+                # o--o--o--o
+                centers = [i for i in range(4) if list(N.row(i)).count(3) == 2]
+                left = next(j for j in range(4) if N[centers[0], j] == 3 and j not in centers)
+                right = next(j for j in range(4) if N[centers[1], j] == 3 and j not in centers)
+                G.set_pos(pos={left: [-1.5, 0], centers[0]: [-0.5, 0],
+                               centers[1]: [0.5, 0], right: [1.5, 0]})
+            elif n == 4:
+                # square
+                opp = next(i for i in range(1, 4) if not N[0, i].is_prime())
+                other = [i for i in range(1, 4) if i != opp]
+                G.set_pos(pos={0: [1, 1], other[0]: [-1, 1],
+                               opp: [-1, -1], other[1]: [1, -1]})
+            elif maxdegree == 8:
+                # 8>o--o<8
+                centers = [i for i in range(6) if list(N.row(i)).count(2) == 3]
+                left = [j for j in range(6) if N[centers[0], j] == 2 and j not in centers]
+                right = [j for j in range(6) if N[centers[1], j] == 2 and j not in centers]
+                G.set_pos(pos={centers[0]: [-0.5, 0], left[0]: [-1, 0.8660254],
+                               left[1]: [-1, -0.8660254], centers[1]: [0.5, 0],
+                               right[0]: [1, 0.8660254], right[1]: [1, -0.8660254]})
+            elif maxdegree == 18:
+                # two squares joined on an edge
+                centers = [i for i in range(6) if list(N.row(i)).count(3) == 2]
+                top = [j for j in range(6) if N[centers[0], j] == 3]
+                bl = next(j for j in range(6) if N[top[0], j] == 2)
+                br = next(j for j in range(6) if N[top[1], j] == 2)
+                G.set_pos(pos={centers[0]: [0, 0.5], centers[1]: [0, -0.5],
+                               top[0]: [-1, 0.5], top[1]: [1, 0.5],
+                               bl: [-1, -0.5], br: [1, -0.5]})
+            elif maxdegree == 16:
+                # tree from bottom, 3 regular except for the leaves.
+                centers = [i for i in range(8) if list(N.row(i)).count(2) == 3]
+                center = next(i for i in centers if len([j for j in centers if N[i, j] == 2]) == 2)
+                centers.remove(center)
+                bottom = next(j for j in range(8) if N[center, j] == 2 and j not in centers)
+                left = [j for j in range(8) if N[centers[0], j] == 2 and j != center]
+                right = [j for j in range(8) if N[centers[1], j] == 2 and j != center]
+                G.set_pos(pos={center: [0, 0], bottom: [0, -1], centers[0]: [-0.8660254, 0.5],
+                               centers[1]: [0.8660254, 0.5], left[0]: [-0.8660254, 1.5],
+                               right[0]: [0.8660254, 1.5], left[1]: [-1.7320508, 0], right[1]: [1.7320508, 0]})
+            elif maxdegree == 12:
+                # tent
+                centers = [i for i in range(8) if list(N.row(i)).count(2) == 3]
+                left = [j for j in range(8) if N[centers[0], j] == 2]
+                right = []
+                for i in range(3):
+                    right.append(next(j for j in range(8) if N[centers[1], j] == 2 and N[left[i], j] == 3))
+                G.set_pos(pos={centers[0]: [-0.75, 0], centers[1]: [0.75, 0], left[0]: [-0.75, 1],
+                               right[0]: [0.75, 1], left[1]: [-1.25, -0.75], right[1]: [0.25, -0.75],
+                               left[2]: [-0.25, -0.25], right[2]: [1.25, -0.25]})
+        G.set_vertices(D)
+        G.relabel(list(range(1, n + 1)))
+        return G
+
+    @cached_method
+    def reorder(self, order):
+        r"""
+        Return a new isogeny class with the curves reordered.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``order`` -- ``None``, a string or an iterable over all curves in
+          this class.  See
+          :meth:`sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_rational_field.EllipticCurve_rational_field.isogeny_class`
+          for more details.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Another :class:`IsogenyClass_EC` with the curves reordered (and
+        matrices and maps changed as appropriate).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('15a1').isogeny_class()
+            sage: print("\n".join(repr(C) for C in isocls.curves))
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 10*x - 10 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 5*x + 2 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 + 35*x - 28 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 135*x - 660 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 80*x + 242 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 110*x - 880 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 2160*x - 39540 over Rational Field
+            sage: isocls2 = isocls.reorder('lmfdb')
+            sage: print("\n".join(repr(C) for C in isocls2.curves))
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 2160*x - 39540 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 135*x - 660 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 110*x - 880 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 80*x + 242 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 10*x - 10 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 - 5*x + 2 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 over Rational Field
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + x^2 + 35*x - 28 over Rational Field
+        """
+        if order is None or isinstance(order, str) and order == self._algorithm:
+            return self
+        if isinstance(order, str):
+            if order == "lmfdb":
+                reordered_curves = sorted(self.curves,
+                                          key=lambda E: E.a_invariants())
+            else:
+                reordered_curves = list(self.E.isogeny_class(algorithm=order))
+        elif isinstance(order, (list, tuple, IsogenyClass_EC)):
+            reordered_curves = list(order)
+            if len(reordered_curves) != len(self.curves):
+                raise ValueError("Incorrect length")
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("order parameter should be a string, list of curves or isogeny class")
+        need_perm = self._mat is not None
+        cpy = self.copy()
+        curves = []
+        perm = []
+        for E in reordered_curves:
+            try:
+                j = self.curves.index(E)
+            except ValueError:
+                try:
+                    j = self.curves.index(E.minimal_model())
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError("order does not yield a permutation of curves")
+            curves.append(self.curves[j])
+            if need_perm:
+                perm.append(j+1)
+        cpy.curves = tuple(curves)
+        if need_perm:
+            from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import SymmetricGroup
+            perm = SymmetricGroup(len(self.curves))(perm)
+            cpy._mat = perm.matrix() * self._mat * (~perm).matrix()
+            if self._maps is not None:
+                n = len(self._maps)
+                cpy._maps = [self._maps[perm(i+1)-1] for i in range(n)]
+                for i in range(n):
+                    cpy._maps[i] = [cpy._maps[i][perm(jj + 1)-1]
+                                    for jj in range(n)]
+        else:
+            cpy._mat = None
+            cpy._maps = None
+        return cpy
+
+
+class IsogenyClass_EC_NumberField(IsogenyClass_EC):
+    """
+    Isogeny classes for elliptic curves over number fields.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, E, reducible_primes=None, algorithm='Billerey', minimal_models=True):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve over a number field
+
+        - ``reducible_primes`` -- list of integers, or ``None`` (default); if
+          not ``None`` then this should be a list of primes; in computing the
+          isogeny class, only composites isogenies of these degrees will be used.
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- string (default: ``'Billerey'``); the algorithm
+          to use to compute the reducible primes.  Ignored for CM
+          curves or if ``reducible_primes`` is provided.  Values are
+          ``'Billerey'`` (default), ``'Larson'``, and ``'heuristic'``.
+
+        - ``minimal_models`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``,
+          all curves in the class will be minimal or semi-minimal
+          models.  Over fields of larger degree it can be expensive to
+          compute these so set to ``False``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class(); C
+            Isogeny class of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1
+            over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+
+        The curves in the class (sorted)::
+
+            sage: [E1.ainvs() for E1 in C]
+            [(0, 0, 0, 0, -27),
+             (0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+             (i + 1, i, 0, 3, -i),
+             (i + 1, i, 0, 33, 91*i)]
+
+        The matrix of degrees of cyclic isogenies between curves::
+
+            sage: C.matrix()
+            [1 3 6 2]
+            [3 1 2 6]
+            [6 2 1 3]
+            [2 6 3 1]
+
+        The array of isogenies themselves is not filled out but only
+        contains those used to construct the class, the other entries
+        containing the integer 0.  This will be changed when the
+        class :class:`EllipticCurveIsogeny` allowed composition.  In
+        this case we used `2`-isogenies to go from 0 to 2 and from 1
+        to 3, and `3`-isogenies to go from 0 to 1 and from 2 to 3::
+
+            sage: isogs = C.isogenies()
+            sage: [((i,j), isogs[i][j].degree())
+            ....:  for i in range(4) for j in range(4) if isogs[i][j] != 0]
+            [((0, 1), 3),
+             ((0, 3), 2),
+             ((1, 0), 3),
+             ((1, 2), 2),
+             ((2, 1), 2),
+             ((2, 3), 3),
+             ((3, 0), 2),
+             ((3, 2), 3)]
+            sage: [((i,j), isogs[i][j].x_rational_map())
+            ....:  for i in range(4) for j in range(4) if isogs[i][j] != 0]
+            [((0, 1), (1/9*x^3 - 12)/x^2),
+             ((0, 3), (1/2*i*x^2 - 2*i*x + 15*i)/(x - 3)),
+             ((1, 0), (x^3 + 4)/x^2),
+             ((1, 2), (1/2*i*x^2 + i)/(x + 1)),
+             ((2, 1), (-1/2*i*x^2 - 1/2*i)/(x - 1/2*i)),
+             ((2, 3), (x^3 - 2*i*x^2 - 7*x + 4*i)/(x^2 - 2*i*x - 1)),
+             ((3, 0), (-1/2*i*x^2 + 2*x - 5/2*i)/(x + 7/2*i)),
+             ((3, 2), (1/9*x^3 + 2/3*i*x^2 - 13/3*x - 116/9*i)/(x^2 + 10*i*x - 25))]
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1+i, -i, i, 1, 0])
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class(); C
+            Isogeny class of Elliptic Curve defined
+             by y^2 + (i+1)*x*y + i*y = x^3 + (-i)*x^2 + x
+             over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+            sage: len(C)
+            6
+            sage: C.matrix()
+            [ 1  3  9 18  6  2]
+            [ 3  1  3  6  2  6]
+            [ 9  3  1  2  6 18]
+            [18  6  2  1  3  9]
+            [ 6  2  6  3  1  3]
+            [ 2  6 18  9  3  1]
+            sage: [E1.ainvs() for E1 in C]
+            [(i + 1, i - 1, i, -i - 1, -i + 1),
+            (i + 1, i - 1, i, 14*i + 4, 7*i + 14),
+            (i + 1, i - 1, i, 59*i + 99, 372*i - 410),
+            (i + 1, -i, i, -240*i - 399, 2869*i + 2627),
+            (i + 1, -i, i, -5*i - 4, 2*i + 5),
+            (i + 1, -i, i, 1, 0)]
+
+        An example with CM by `\sqrt{-5}`::
+
+            sage: pol = PolynomialRing(QQ,'x')([1,0,3,0,1])
+            sage: K.<c> = NumberField(pol)
+            sage: j = 1480640 + 565760*c^2
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=j)
+            sage: E.has_cm()
+            True
+            sage: E.has_rational_cm()
+            True
+            sage: E.cm_discriminant()
+            -20
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: len(C)
+            2
+            sage: C.matrix()
+            [1 2]
+            [2 1]
+            sage: [E.ainvs() for E in C]
+            [(0, 0, 0, 83490*c^2 - 147015, -64739840*c^2 - 84465260),
+             (0, 0, 0, -161535*c^2 + 70785, -62264180*c^3 + 6229080*c)]
+            sage: C.isogenies()[0][1]
+            Isogeny of degree 2
+              from Elliptic Curve defined by
+                   y^2 = x^3 + (83490*c^2-147015)*x + (-64739840*c^2-84465260)
+                   over Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^4 + 3*x^2 + 1
+                to Elliptic Curve defined by
+                   y^2 = x^3 + (-161535*c^2+70785)*x + (-62264180*c^3+6229080*c)
+                   over Number Field in c with defining polynomial x^4 + 3*x^2 + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(C).run()
+        """
+        self._algorithm = "sage"
+        self._reducible_primes = reducible_primes
+        self._algorithm = algorithm
+        self._minimal_models = minimal_models
+        IsogenyClass_EC.__init__(self, E, label=None, empty=False)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy (mostly used in reordering).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: C2 = C.copy()
+            sage: C is C2
+            False
+            sage: C == C2
+            True
+        """
+        ans = IsogenyClass_EC_NumberField(self.E, reducible_primes=self._reducible_primes, algorithm=self._algorithm, minimal_models=self._minimal_models)
+        # The following isn't needed internally, but it will keep
+        # things from breaking if this is used for something other
+        # than reordering.
+        ans.curves = self.curves
+        ans._mat = None
+        ans._maps = None
+        return ans
+
+    def _compute(self, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Compute the list of curves, the matrix and prime-degree
+        isogenies.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: C2 = C.copy()
+            sage: C2._mat
+            sage: C2._compute()
+            sage: C2._mat
+            [1 3 6 2]
+            [3 1 2 6]
+            [6 2 1 3]
+            [2 6 3 1]
+
+            sage: C2._compute(verbose=True)
+            possible isogeny degrees: [2, 3] -actual isogeny degrees: {2, 3} -added curve #1 (degree 2)... -added tuple [0, 1, 2]... -added tuple [1, 0, 2]... -added curve #2 (degree 3)... -added tuple [0, 2, 3]... -added tuple [2, 0, 3]...... relevant degrees: [2, 3]... -now completing the isogeny class... -processing curve #1... -added tuple [1, 0, 2]... -added tuple [0, 1, 2]... -added curve #3... -added tuple [1, 3, 3]... -added tuple [3, 1, 3]... -processing curve #2... -added tuple [2, 3, 2]... -added tuple [3, 2, 2]... -added tuple [2, 0, 3]... -added tuple [0, 2, 3]... -processing curve #3... -added tuple [3, 2, 2]... -added tuple [2, 3, 2]... -added tuple [3, 1, 3]... -added tuple [1, 3, 3]...... isogeny class has size 4
+            Sorting permutation = {0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 0, 3: 3}
+            Matrix = [1 3 6 2]
+            [3 1 2 6]
+            [6 2 1 3]
+            [2 6 3 1]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`19030` is fixed (codomains of reverse isogenies were wrong)::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2 + 1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, i + 1, 1, -72*i + 8, 95*i + 146])
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: curves = C.curves
+            sage: isos = C.isogenies()
+            sage: isos[0][3].codomain() == curves[3]
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_curve_isogeny import fill_isogeny_matrix
+        from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+        from sage.sets.set import Set
+        self._maps = None
+
+        if self._minimal_models:
+            E = self.E.global_minimal_model(semi_global=True)
+        else:
+            E = self.E
+
+        degs = self._reducible_primes
+        if degs is None:
+            self._reducible_primes = possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm=self._algorithm)
+            degs = self._reducible_primes
+        if verbose:
+            import sys
+            sys.stdout.write(" possible isogeny degrees: %s" % degs)
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+        isogenies = E.isogenies_prime_degree(degs, minimal_models=self._minimal_models)
+        if verbose:
+            sys.stdout.write(" -actual isogeny degrees: %s" % Set(phi.degree() for phi in isogenies))
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+        # Add all new codomains to the list and collect degrees:
+        curves = [E]
+        ncurves = 1
+        degs = []
+        # tuples (i,j,l,phi) where curve i is l-isogenous to curve j via phi
+        tuples = []
+
+        def add_tup(t):
+            for T in [t, [t[1], t[0], t[2], 0]]:
+                if T not in tuples:
+                    tuples.append(T)
+                    if verbose:
+                        sys.stdout.write(" -added tuple %s..." % T[:3])
+                        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+        for phi in isogenies:
+            E2 = phi.codomain()
+            d = ZZ(phi.degree())
+            if not any(E2.is_isomorphic(E3) for E3 in curves):
+                curves.append(E2)
+                if verbose:
+                    sys.stdout.write(" -added curve #%s (degree %s)..." % (ncurves,d))
+                    sys.stdout.flush()
+                add_tup([0,ncurves,d,phi])
+                ncurves += 1
+                if d not in degs:
+                    degs.append(d)
+        if verbose:
+            sys.stdout.write("... relevant degrees: %s..." % degs)
+            sys.stdout.write(" -now completing the isogeny class...")
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+
+        i = 1
+        while i < ncurves:
+            E1 = curves[i]
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write(" -processing curve #%s..." % i)
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+
+            isogenies = E1.isogenies_prime_degree(degs, minimal_models=self._minimal_models)
+
+            for phi in isogenies:
+                E2 = phi.codomain()
+                d = phi.degree()
+                js = [j for j,E3 in enumerate(curves) if E2.is_isomorphic(E3)]
+                if js: # seen codomain already -- up to isomorphism
+                    j = js[0]
+                    if phi.codomain() != curves[j]:
+                        phi = E2.isomorphism_to(curves[j]) * phi
+                    assert phi.domain() == curves[i] and phi.codomain() == curves[j]
+                    add_tup([i,j,d,phi])
+                else:
+                    curves.append(E2)
+                    if verbose:
+                        sys.stdout.write(" -added curve #%s..." % ncurves)
+                        sys.stdout.flush()
+                    add_tup([i,ncurves,d,phi])
+                    ncurves += 1
+            i += 1
+
+        if verbose:
+            print("... isogeny class has size %s" % ncurves)
+
+        # key function for sorting
+        if E.has_rational_cm():
+            key_function = lambda E: (-E.cm_discriminant(),
+                                      flatten([list(ai) for ai in E.ainvs()]))
+        else:
+            key_function = lambda E: flatten([list(ai) for ai in E.ainvs()])
+
+        self.curves = sorted(curves, key=key_function)
+        perm = {ind: self.curves.index(Ei)
+                for ind, Ei in enumerate(curves)}
+        if verbose:
+            print("Sorting permutation = %s" % perm)
+
+        mat = MatrixSpace(ZZ, ncurves)(0)
+        self._maps = [[0] * ncurves for _ in range(ncurves)]
+        for i, j, l, phi in tuples:
+            if phi != 0:
+                mat[perm[i], perm[j]] = l
+                self._maps[perm[i]][perm[j]] = phi
+        self._mat = fill_isogeny_matrix(mat)
+        if verbose:
+            print("Matrix = %s" % self._mat)
+
+        if not E.has_rational_cm():
+            self._qfmat = None
+            return
+
+        # In the CM case, we will have found some "horizontal"
+        # isogenies of composite degree and would like to replace them
+        # by isogenies of prime degree, mainly to make the isogeny
+        # graph look better.  We also construct a matrix whose entries
+        # are not degrees of cyclic isogenies, but rather quadratic
+        # forms (in 1 or 2 variables) representing the isogeny
+        # degrees.  For this we take a short cut: properly speaking,
+        # when `\text{End}(E_1)=\text{End}(E_2)=O`, the set
+        # `\text{Hom}(E_1,E_2)` is a rank `1` projective `O`-module,
+        # hence has a well-defined ideal class associated to it, and
+        # hence (using an identification between the ideal class group
+        # and the group of classes of primitive quadratic forms of the
+        # same discriminant) an equivalence class of quadratic forms.
+        # But we currently only care about the numbers represented by
+        # the form, i.e. which genus it is in rather than the exact
+        # class.  So it suffices to find one form of the correct
+        # discriminant which represents one isogeny degree from `E_1`
+        # to `E_2` in order to obtain a form which represents all such
+        # degrees.
+
+        if verbose:
+            print("Creating degree matrix (CM case)")
+
+        allQs = {}  # keys: discriminants d
+                    # values: lists of equivalence classes of
+                    # primitive forms of discriminant d
+
+        def find_quadratic_form(d, n):
+            if d not in allQs:
+                from sage.quadratic_forms.binary_qf import BinaryQF_reduced_representatives
+
+                allQs[d] = BinaryQF_reduced_representatives(d, primitive_only=True)
+            # now test which of the Qs represents n
+            for Q in allQs[d]:
+                if Q.solve_integer(n):
+                    return Q
+            raise ValueError("No form of discriminant %d represents %s" % (d,n))
+
+        mat = self._mat
+        qfmat = [[0 for i in range(ncurves)] for j in range(ncurves)]
+        for i, E1 in enumerate(self.curves):
+            for j, E2 in enumerate(self.curves):
+                if j < i:
+                    qfmat[i][j] = qfmat[j][i]
+                    mat[i,j] = mat[j,i]
+                elif i == j:
+                    qfmat[i][j] = [1]
+                    # mat[i,j] already 1
+                else:
+                    d = E1.cm_discriminant()
+                    if d != E2.cm_discriminant():
+                        qfmat[i][j] = [mat[i,j]]
+                        # mat[i,j] already unique
+                    else: # horizontal isogeny
+                        q = find_quadratic_form(d,mat[i,j])
+                        qfmat[i][j] = list(q)
+                        mat[i,j] = q.small_prime_value()
+
+        self._mat = mat
+        self._qfmat = qfmat
+        if verbose:
+            print("new matrix = %s" % mat)
+            print("matrix of forms = %s" % qfmat)
+
+    def _compute_matrix(self):
+        """
+        Compute the matrix, assuming that the list of curves is computed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('1225h1').isogeny_class('database')
+            sage: isocls._mat
+            sage: isocls._compute_matrix(); isocls._mat
+            [ 0 37]
+            [37  0]
+        """
+        self._mat = self.E.isogeny_class(order=self.curves)._mat
+
+    def _compute_isogenies(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('15a1')
+            sage: isocls = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: maps = isocls.isogenies() # indirect doctest
+            sage: f = maps[0][1]
+            sage: f.domain() == isocls[0] and f.codomain() == isocls[1]
+            True
+        """
+        recomputed = self.E.isogeny_class(order=self.curves)
+        self._mat = recomputed._mat
+        # The domains and codomains here will be equal, but not the same Python object.
+        self._maps = recomputed._maps
+
+
+class IsogenyClass_EC_Rational(IsogenyClass_EC_NumberField):
+    r"""
+    Isogeny classes for elliptic curves over `\QQ`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, E, algorithm='sage', label=None, empty=False):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve over `\QQ`
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- string (default: ``'sage'``); one of the
+          following:
+
+          - ``'sage'`` -- use sage's implementation to compute the curves,
+            matrix and isogenies
+
+          - ``'database'`` -- use the Cremona database (only works if the
+            curve is in the database)
+
+        - ``label`` -- string; the label of this isogeny class
+          (e.g. '15a' or '37.b'), used in printing
+
+        - ``empty`` -- don't compute the curves right now (used when reordering)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('389a1').isogeny_class(); isocls
+            Elliptic curve isogeny class 389a
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 0, 1001]) # conductor 108216108
+            sage: E.isogeny_class(order='database')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            LookupError: Cremona database does not contain entry for
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1001 over Rational Field
+            sage: TestSuite(isocls).run()
+        """
+        self._algorithm = algorithm
+        IsogenyClass_EC.__init__(self, E, label=label, empty=empty)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy (mostly used in reordering).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
+            sage: C = E.isogeny_class()
+            sage: C2 = C.copy()
+            sage: C is C2
+            False
+            sage: C == C2
+            True
+        """
+        ans = IsogenyClass_EC_Rational(self.E, self._algorithm, self._label, empty=True)
+        # The following isn't needed internally, but it will keep
+        # things from breaking if this is used for something other
+        # than reordering.
+        ans.curves = self.curves
+        ans._mat = None
+        ans._maps = None
+        return ans
+
+    def _compute(self):
+        """
+        Compute the list of curves, and possibly the matrix and
+        prime-degree isogenies (depending on the algorithm selected).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: isocls = EllipticCurve('48a1').isogeny_class('sage').copy()
+            sage: isocls._mat
+            sage: isocls._compute(); isocls._mat
+            [0 2 2 2 0 0]
+            [2 0 0 0 2 2]
+            [2 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [2 0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 2 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 2 0 0 0 0]
+        """
+        algorithm = self._algorithm
+        from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+        self._maps = None
+        if algorithm == "database":
+            try:
+                label = self.E.cremona_label(space=False)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                raise RuntimeError("unable to find %s in the database" % self.E)
+            db = sage.databases.cremona.CremonaDatabase()
+            curves = db.isogeny_class(label)
+            if not curves:
+                raise RuntimeError("unable to find %s in the database" % self.E)
+            # All curves will have the same conductor and isogeny class,
+            # and there are most 8 of them, so lexicographic sorting is okay.
+            self.curves = tuple(sorted(curves,
+                                       key=lambda E: E.cremona_label()))
+            self._mat = None
+        elif algorithm == "sage":
+            curves = [self.E.minimal_model()]
+            ijl_triples = []
+            l_list = None
+            i = 0
+            while i < len(curves):
+                E = curves[i]
+                isogs = E.isogenies_prime_degree(l_list)
+                for phi in isogs:
+                    Edash = phi.codomain()
+                    l = phi.degree()
+                    # look to see if Edash is new.  Note that the
+                    # curves returned by isogenies_prime_degree() are
+                    # standard minimal models, so it suffices to check
+                    # equality rather than isomorphism here.
+                    try:
+                        j = curves.index(Edash)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        j = len(curves)
+                        curves.append(Edash)
+                    ijl_triples.append((i,j,l,phi))
+                if l_list is None:
+                    l_list = list({ZZ(f.degree()) for f in isogs})
+                i += 1
+            self.curves = tuple(curves)
+            ncurves = len(curves)
+            self._mat = MatrixSpace(ZZ,ncurves)(0)
+            self._maps = [[0]*ncurves for _ in range(ncurves)]
+            for i,j,l,phi in ijl_triples:
+                self._mat[i,j] = l
+                self._maps[i][j] = phi
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown algorithm '%s'" % algorithm)
+
+
+def isogeny_degrees_cm(E, verbose=False):
+    r"""
+    Return a list of primes `\ell` sufficient to generate the
+    isogeny class of `E`, where `E` has CM.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve defined over a number field
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A finite list of primes `\ell` such that every curve isogenous to
+    this curve can be obtained by a finite sequence of isogenies of
+    degree one of the primes in the list.  This list is not
+    necessarily minimal.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    For curves with CM by the order `O` of discriminant `d`, the
+    Galois representation is always non-surjective and the curve will
+    admit `\ell`-isogenies for infinitely many primes `\ell`, but
+    there are only finitely many codomains `E'`.  The primes can be
+    divided according to the discriminant `d'` of the CM order `O'`
+    associated to `E`: either `O=O'`, or one contains the other with
+    index `\ell`, since `\ell O\subset O'` and vice versa.
+
+    Case (1): `O=O'`.  The degrees of all isogenies between `E` and
+    `E'` are precisely the integers represented by one of the classes
+    of binary quadratic forms `Q` of discriminant `d`.  Hence to
+    obtain all possible isomorphism classes of codomain `E'`, we need
+    only use one prime `\ell` represented by each such class `Q`.  It
+    would in fact suffice to use primes represented by forms which
+    generate the class group.  Here we simply omit the principal class
+    and one from each pair of inverse classes, and include a prime
+    represented by each of the remaining forms.
+
+    Case (2): `[O':O]=\ell`: so `d=\ell^2d;`.  We include all prime
+    divisors of `d`.
+
+    Case (3): `[O:O']=\ell`: we may assume that `\ell` does not divide
+    `d` as we have already included these, so `\ell` either splits or
+    is inert in `O`; the class numbers satisfy `h(O')=(\ell\pm1)h(O)`
+    accordingly.  We include all primes `\ell` such that `\ell\pm1`
+    divides the degree `[K:\QQ]`.
+
+    For curves with only potential CM we proceed as in the CM case,
+    using `2[K:\QQ]` instead of `[K:\QQ]`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    For curves with CM by a quadratic order of class number greater
+    than `1`, we use the structure of the class group to only give one
+    prime in each ideal class::
+
+        sage: pol = PolynomialRing(QQ,'x')([1,-3,5,-5,5,-3,1])
+        sage: L.<a> = NumberField(pol)
+        sage: j = hilbert_class_polynomial(-23).roots(L, multiplicities=False)[0]
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=j)
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class import isogeny_degrees_cm
+        sage: isogeny_degrees_cm(E, verbose=True)
+        CM case, discriminant = -23
+        initial primes: {2}
+        upward primes: {}
+        downward ramified primes: {}
+        downward split primes: {2, 3}
+        downward inert primes: {5}
+        primes generating the class group: [2]
+        Set of primes before filtering: {2, 3, 5}
+        List of primes after filtering: [2, 3]
+        [2, 3]
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`36780` is fixed::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+        sage: L5.<r5> = NumberField(x^2 - 5)
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(L5, [0, -4325477943600*r5 - 4195572876000])
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class import isogeny_degrees_cm
+        sage: isogeny_degrees_cm(E)
+        [3, 5]
+    """
+    if not E.has_cm():
+        raise ValueError("possible_isogeny_degrees_cm(E) requires E to be an elliptic curve with CM")
+    d = E.cm_discriminant()
+
+    if verbose:
+        print("CM case, discriminant = %s" % d)
+
+    from sage.libs.pari import pari
+    from sage.sets.set import Set
+    from sage.arith.misc import kronecker as kronecker_symbol
+
+    n = E.base_field().absolute_degree()
+    if not E.has_rational_cm():
+        n *= 2
+    # For discriminants with extra units there's an extra factor in the class number formula:
+    if d == -4:
+        n *= 2
+    if d == -3:
+        n *= 3
+    divs = n.divisors()
+
+    data = pari(d).quadclassunit()
+    # This has 4 components: the class number, class group
+    # structure (ignored), class group generators (as quadratic
+    # forms) and regulator (=1 since d<0, ignored).
+
+    h = data[0].sage()
+
+    # We must have 2*h dividing n, and will need the quotient so
+    # see if the j-invariants of any proper sub-orders could lie
+    # in the same field
+
+    n_over_2h = n//(2*h)
+
+    # Collect possible primes.  First put in 2, and also 3 for
+    # discriminant -3 (special case because of units):
+
+    L = Set([ZZ(2), ZZ(3)]) if d == -3 else Set([ZZ(2)])
+    if verbose:
+        print("initial primes: %s" % L)
+
+    # Step 1: "vertical" primes l such that the isogenous curve
+    # has CM by an order whose index is l or 1/l times the index
+    # of the order O of discriminant d.  The latter case can only
+    # happen when l^2 divides d.
+
+    # (a) ramified primes
+
+    ram_l = d.odd_part().prime_factors()
+
+    # if the CM is not rational we include all ramified primes,
+    # which is simpler than using the class group later:
+
+    if not E.has_rational_cm():
+        L1 = Set(ram_l)
+        L += L1
+        if verbose:
+            print("ramified primes: %s" % L1)
+
+    else:
+
+        # "Upward" primes (index divided by l):
+
+        L1 = Set([l for l in ram_l if d.valuation(l) > 1])
+        L += L1
+        if verbose:
+            print("upward primes: %s" % L1)
+
+        # "Downward" ramified primes; index multiplied by l, class
+        # number multiplied by l, so l must divide n/2h:
+
+        L1 = Set([l for l in ram_l if l.divides(n_over_2h)])
+        L += L1
+        if verbose:
+            print("downward ramified primes: %s" % L1)
+
+    # (b) Downward split primes; the suborder has class number (l-1)*h, so
+    # l-1 must divide n/2h:
+
+    L1 = Set([lm1+1 for lm1 in divs
+              if (lm1+1).is_prime() and kronecker_symbol(d,lm1+1) == +1])
+    L += L1
+    if verbose:
+        print("downward split primes: %s" % L1)
+
+    # (c) Downward inert primes; the suborder has class number (l+1)*h, so
+    # l+1 must divide n/2h:
+
+    L1 = Set([lp1-1 for lp1 in divs
+              if (lp1-1).is_prime() and kronecker_symbol(d,lp1-1) == -1])
+    L += L1
+    if verbose:
+        print("downward inert primes: %s" % L1)
+
+    # Horizontal primes (rational CM only): same order, degrees are
+    # all integers represented by some binary quadratic form of
+    # discriminant d, so we find a prime represented by each form.
+
+    if E.has_rational_cm():
+        from sage.quadratic_forms.binary_qf import BinaryQF
+        Qs = [BinaryQF(list(q)) for q in data[2]]
+
+        L1 = [Q.small_prime_value() for Q in Qs]
+        if verbose:
+            print("primes generating the class group: %s" % L1)
+        L += Set(L1)
+
+    # Return sorted list
+
+    if verbose:
+        print("Set of primes before filtering: %s" % L)
+
+    # This filter will quickly eliminate most false entries in the set
+    from .gal_reps_number_field import Frobenius_filter
+    L = Frobenius_filter(E, sorted(L))
+    if verbose:
+        print("List of primes after filtering: %s" % L)
+    return L
+
+
+def possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='Billerey', max_l=None,
+                             num_l=None, exact=True, verbose=False):
+    r"""
+    Return a list of primes `\ell` sufficient to generate the
+    isogeny class of `E`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve defined over a number field
+
+    - ``algorithm`` -- string (default: ``'Billerey'``); algorithm to be
+      used for non-CM curves: either ``'Billerey'``, ``'Larson'``, or
+      ``'heuristic'``.  Only relevant for non-CM curves and base fields
+      other than `\QQ`.
+
+    - ``max_l`` -- integer or ``None``; only relevant for non-CM curves
+      and algorithms ``'Billerey'`` and ``'heuristic'``.  Controls the maximum
+      prime used in either algorithm.  If ``None``, use the default
+      for that algorithm.
+
+    - ``num_l`` -- integer or ``None``; only relevant for non-CM curves
+      and algorithm ``'Billerey'``.  Controls the maximum number of primes
+      used in the algorithm.  If ``None``, use the default for that
+      algorithm.
+
+    - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, perform an
+      additional check that the primes returned are all reducible.  If
+      ``False``, skip this step, in which case some of the primes
+      returned may be irreducible.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A finite list of primes `\ell` such that every curve isogenous to
+    this curve can be obtained by a finite sequence of isogenies of
+    degree one of the primes in the list.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    For curves without CM, the set may be taken to be the finite set
+    of primes at which the Galois representation is not surjective,
+    since the existence of an `\ell`-isogeny is equivalent to the
+    image of the mod-`\ell` Galois representation being contained in a
+    Borel subgroup.  Two rigorous algorithms have been implemented to
+    determine this set, due to Larson and Billeray respectively.  We
+    also provide a non-rigorous 'heuristic' algorithm which only tests
+    reducible primes up to a bound depending on the degree of the
+    base field.
+
+    For curves with CM see the documentation for :meth:`isogeny_degrees_cm()`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    For curves without CM we determine the primes at which the mod `p`
+    Galois representation is reducible, i.e. contained in a Borel
+    subgroup::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class import possible_isogeny_degrees
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve('11a1')
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E)
+        [5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='Larson')
+        [5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='Billerey')
+        [5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='heuristic')
+        [5]
+
+    We check that in this case `E` really does have rational
+    `5`-isogenies::
+
+        sage: [phi.degree() for phi in E.isogenies_prime_degree()]
+        [5, 5]
+
+    Over an extension field::
+
+        sage: E3 = E.change_ring(CyclotomicField(3))
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E3)                                              # long time (5s)
+        [5]
+        sage: [phi.degree() for phi in E3.isogenies_prime_degree()]
+        [5, 5]
+
+    A higher degree example (LMFDB curve 5.5.170701.1-4.1-b1)::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+        sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^5 - x^4 - 6*x^3 + 4*x + 1)
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [a^3 - a^2 - 5*a + 1, a^4 - a^3 - 5*a^2 - a + 1,
+        ....:                       -a^4 + 2*a^3 + 5*a^2 - 5*a - 3, a^4 - a^3 - 5*a^2 - a,
+        ....:                       -3*a^4 + 4*a^3 + 17*a^2 - 6*a - 12])
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='heuristic')
+        [2]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='Billerey')
+        [2]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, algorithm='Larson')
+        [2]
+
+    LMFDB curve 4.4.8112.1-108.1-a5::
+
+        sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+        sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - 5*x^2 + 3)
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [a^2 - 2, -a^2 + 3, a^2 - 2, -50*a^2 + 35, 95*a^2 - 67])
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, exact=False, algorithm='Billerey')            # long time (6.5s)
+        [2, 5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, exact=False, algorithm='Larson')
+        [2, 5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, exact=False, algorithm='heuristic')
+        [2, 5]
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E)
+        [2, 5]
+
+    This function only returns the primes which are isogeny degrees::
+
+        sage: Set(E.isogeny_class().matrix().list())                                    # long time (7s)
+        {1, 2, 4, 5, 20, 10}
+
+    For curves with CM by a quadratic order of class number greater
+    than `1`, we use the structure of the class group to only give one
+    prime in each ideal class::
+
+        sage: pol = PolynomialRing(QQ,'x')([1,-3,5,-5,5,-3,1])
+        sage: L.<a> = NumberField(pol)
+        sage: j = hilbert_class_polynomial(-23).roots(L, multiplicities=False)[0]
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=j)
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.isogeny_class import possible_isogeny_degrees
+        sage: possible_isogeny_degrees(E, verbose=True)
+        CM case, discriminant = -23
+        initial primes: {2}
+        upward primes: {}
+        downward ramified primes: {}
+        downward split primes: {2, 3}
+        downward inert primes: {5}
+        primes generating the class group: [2]
+        Set of primes before filtering: {2, 3, 5}
+        List of primes after filtering: [2, 3]
+        [2, 3]
+    """
+    if E.has_cm():
+        return isogeny_degrees_cm(E, verbose)
+
+    if E.base_field() == QQ:
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.gal_reps_number_field import reducible_primes_naive
+        return reducible_primes_naive(E, max_l=37, verbose=verbose)
+
+    #  Non-CM case
+
+    # NB The following functions first computes a finite set
+    # containing the reducible primes, then checks that each is
+    # reducible by computing l-isogenies.  This appears circular
+    # but the computated l-isogenies for a fixed prime l is
+    # cached.
+
+    if verbose:
+        print("Non-CM case, using {} algorithm".format(algorithm))
+
+    # First we obtain a finite set of primes containing the reducible
+    # ones Each of these algorithms includes application of the
+    # "Frobenius filter" eliminating any ell for which there exists a
+    # prime P of good reduction such that the Frobenius polynomial at
+    # P does not factor modulo ell.
+
+    if algorithm == 'Larson':
+        L = E.galois_representation().isogeny_bound()
+
+    elif algorithm == 'Billerey':
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.gal_reps_number_field import reducible_primes_Billerey
+        L = reducible_primes_Billerey(E, num_l=num_l, max_l=max_l, verbose=verbose)
+
+    elif algorithm == 'heuristic':
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.gal_reps_number_field import reducible_primes_naive
+        L = reducible_primes_naive(E, max_l=max_l, num_P=num_l, verbose=verbose)
+
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("algorithm for possible_isogeny_degrees must be one of 'Larson', 'Billerey', 'heuristic'")
+
+    # The set L may contain irreducible primes.  We optionally test
+    # each one to see if it is actually reducible, by computing ell-isogenies:
+
+    if exact:
+        L = [l for l in L if E.isogenies_prime_degree(l, minimal_models=False)]
+
+    return L