passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/abvar/homspace.py

@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.flint sage.libs.pari
+"""
+Spaces of homomorphisms between modular abelian varieties
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+First, we consider J0(37). This Jacobian has two simple factors,
+corresponding to distinct newforms. These two intersect
+nontrivially in J0(37).
+
+::
+
+    sage: J = J0(37)
+    sage: D = J.decomposition() ; D
+    [Simple abelian subvariety 37a(1,37) of dimension 1 of J0(37),
+     Simple abelian subvariety 37b(1,37) of dimension 1 of J0(37)]
+    sage: D[0].intersection(D[1])
+    (Finite subgroup with invariants [2, 2] over QQ of
+      Simple abelian subvariety 37a(1,37) of dimension 1 of J0(37),
+     Simple abelian subvariety of dimension 0 of J0(37))
+
+As an abstract product, since these newforms are distinct, the
+corresponding simple abelian varieties are not isogenous, and so
+there are no maps between them. The endomorphism ring of the
+corresponding product is thus isomorphic to the direct sum of the
+endomorphism rings for each factor. Since the factors correspond to
+abelian varieties of dimension 1, these endomorphism rings are each
+isomorphic to ZZ.
+
+::
+
+    sage: Hom(D[0],D[1]).gens()
+    ()
+    sage: A = D[0] * D[1] ; A
+    Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(37) x J0(37)
+    sage: A.endomorphism_ring().gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(37) x J0(37),
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(37) x J0(37))
+    sage: [ x.matrix() for x in A.endomorphism_ring().gens() ]
+    [
+    [1 0 0 0]  [0 0 0 0]
+    [0 1 0 0]  [0 0 0 0]
+    [0 0 0 0]  [0 0 1 0]
+    [0 0 0 0], [0 0 0 1]
+    ]
+
+However, these two newforms have a congruence between them modulo
+2, which gives rise to interesting endomorphisms of J0(37).
+
+::
+
+    sage: E = J.endomorphism_ring()
+    sage: E.gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2)
+    sage: [ x.matrix() for x in E.gens() ]
+    [
+    [1 0 0 0]  [ 0  1  1 -1]
+    [0 1 0 0]  [ 1  0  1  0]
+    [0 0 1 0]  [ 0  0 -1  1]
+    [0 0 0 1], [ 0  0  0  1]
+    ]
+    sage: (-1*E.gens()[0] + E.gens()[1]).matrix()
+    [-1  1  1 -1]
+    [ 1 -1  1  0]
+    [ 0  0 -2  1]
+    [ 0  0  0  0]
+
+Of course, these endomorphisms will be reflected in the Hecke
+algebra, which is in fact the full endomorphism ring of J0(37) in
+this case::
+
+    sage: J.hecke_operator(2).matrix()
+    [-1  1  1 -1]
+    [ 1 -1  1  0]
+    [ 0  0 -2  1]
+    [ 0  0  0  0]
+    sage: T = E.image_of_hecke_algebra()
+    sage: T.gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2)
+    sage: [ x.matrix() for x in T.gens() ]
+    [
+    [1 0 0 0]  [ 0  1  1 -1]
+    [0 1 0 0]  [ 1  0  1  0]
+    [0 0 1 0]  [ 0  0 -1  1]
+    [0 0 0 1], [ 0  0  0  1]
+    ]
+    sage: T.index_in(E)
+    1
+
+Next, we consider J0(33). In this case, we have both oldforms and
+newforms. There are two copies of J0(11), one for each degeneracy
+map from J0(11) to J0(33). There is also one newform at level 33.
+The images of the two degeneracy maps are, of course, isogenous.
+
+::
+
+    sage: J = J0(33)
+    sage: D = J.decomposition()
+    sage: D
+    [Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33),
+     Simple abelian subvariety 11a(3,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33),
+     Simple abelian subvariety 33a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)]
+    sage: Hom(D[0],D[1]).gens()
+    (Abelian variety morphism:
+      From: Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33)
+      To:   Simple abelian subvariety 11a(3,33) of dimension 1 of J0(33),)
+    sage: Hom(D[0],D[1]).gens()[0].matrix()
+    [ 0  1]
+    [-1  0]
+
+Then this gives that the component corresponding to the sum of the
+oldforms will have a rank 4 endomorphism ring. We also have a rank
+one endomorphism ring for the newform 33a (since it is again
+1-dimensional), which gives a rank 5 endomorphism ring for J0(33).
+
+::
+
+    sage: DD = J.decomposition(simple=False) ; DD
+    [Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33),
+     Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(33)]
+    sage: A, B = DD
+    sage: A == D[0] + D[1]
+    True
+    sage: A.endomorphism_ring().gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33),
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33),
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33),
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 2 of J0(33))
+    sage: B.endomorphism_ring().gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian subvariety of dimension 1 of J0(33),)
+    sage: E = J.endomorphism_ring() ; E.gens()  # long time (3s on sage.math, 2011)
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3)
+
+In this case, the image of the Hecke algebra will only have rank 3,
+so that it is of infinite index in the full endomorphism ring.
+However, if we call this image T, we can still ask about the index
+of T in its saturation, which is 1 in this case.
+
+::
+
+    sage: # long time
+    sage: T = E.image_of_hecke_algebra()
+    sage: T.gens()
+    (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+     Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3)
+    sage: T.index_in(E)
+    +Infinity
+    sage: T.index_in_saturation()
+    1
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein (2007-03)
+
+- Craig Citro, Robert Bradshaw (2008-03): Rewrote with modabvar overhaul
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+
+from copy import copy
+
+from sage.categories.homset import HomsetWithBase
+from sage.structure.all import parent
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+
+
+from sage.modular.abvar import morphism
+
+from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix, identity_matrix
+from sage.structure.element import Matrix
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+
+class Homspace(HomsetWithBase):
+    """
+    A space of homomorphisms between two modular abelian varieties.
+    """
+    Element = morphism.Morphism
+
+    def __init__(self, domain, codomain, cat):
+        """
+        Create a homspace.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``domain, codomain`` -- modular abelian varieties
+
+        - ``cat`` -- category
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22)); H
+            Space of homomorphisms from Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+             to Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2
+            sage: Hom(J0(11), J0(11))
+            Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+            sage: type(H)
+            <class 'sage.modular.abvar.homspace.Homspace_with_category'>
+            sage: H.homset_category()
+            Category of modular abelian varieties over Rational Field
+        """
+        from .abvar import ModularAbelianVariety_abstract
+        if not isinstance(domain, ModularAbelianVariety_abstract):
+            raise TypeError("domain must be a modular abelian variety")
+        if not isinstance(codomain, ModularAbelianVariety_abstract):
+            raise TypeError("codomain must be a modular abelian variety")
+        self._gens = None
+        HomsetWithBase.__init__(self, domain, codomain, category=cat)
+
+    def identity(self):
+        """
+        Return the identity endomorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(11))
+            sage: E.identity()
+            Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+            sage: E.one()
+            Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22))
+            sage: H.identity()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the identity map is only defined for endomorphisms
+        """
+        if self.domain() is not self.codomain():
+            raise TypeError("the identity map is only defined for endomorphisms")
+        M = self.matrix_space().one()
+        return self.element_class(self, M)
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _matrix_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the matrix space of ``self``.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            During unpickling, the domain and codomain may be unable to
+            provide the necessary information. This is why this is a lazy
+            attribute. See :issue:`14793`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Hom(J0(11), J0(22))._matrix_space
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 4 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2*self.domain().dimension(), 2*self.codomain().dimension())
+
+    def _element_constructor_from_element_class(self, *args, **keywords):
+        """
+        Used in the coercion framework. Unfortunately, the default method
+        would get the order of parent and data different from what is expected
+        in ``MatrixMorphism.__init__``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22))
+            sage: phi = H(matrix(ZZ,2,4,[5..12])); phi # indirect doctest
+            Abelian variety morphism:
+              From: Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+              To:   Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, *args, **keywords)
+
+    def __call__(self, M, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Create a homomorphism in this space from M. M can be any of the
+        following:
+
+        - a Morphism of abelian varieties
+
+        - a matrix of the appropriate size
+          (i.e. 2\*self.domain().dimension() x
+          2\*self.codomain().dimension()) whose entries are coercible
+          into self.base_ring()
+
+        - anything that can be coerced into self.matrix_space()
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22))
+            sage: phi = H(matrix(ZZ,2,4,[5..12])) ; phi
+            Abelian variety morphism:
+              From: Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+              To:   Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2
+            sage: phi.matrix()
+            [ 5  6  7  8]
+            [ 9 10 11 12]
+            sage: phi.matrix().parent()
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 4 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: H = J0(22).Hom(J0(11)*J0(11))
+            sage: m1 = J0(22).degeneracy_map(11,1).matrix() ; m1
+            [ 0  1]
+            [-1  1]
+            [-1  0]
+            [ 0 -1]
+            sage: m2 = J0(22).degeneracy_map(11,2).matrix() ; m2
+            [ 1 -2]
+            [ 0 -2]
+            [ 1 -1]
+            [ 0 -1]
+            sage: m = m1.transpose().stack(m2.transpose()).transpose() ; m
+            [ 0  1  1 -2]
+            [-1  1  0 -2]
+            [-1  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0 -1  0 -1]
+            sage: phi = H(m) ; phi
+            Abelian variety morphism:
+              From: Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2
+              To:   Abelian variety J0(11) x J0(11) of dimension 2
+            sage: phi.matrix()
+            [ 0  1  1 -2]
+            [-1  1  0 -2]
+            [-1  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0 -1  0 -1]
+        """
+        side = kwds.get("side", "left")
+        if isinstance(M, morphism.Morphism):
+            if M.parent() is self:
+                return M
+            elif M.domain() == self.domain() and M.codomain() == self.codomain():
+                M = M.matrix()
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("cannot convert %s into %s" % (M, self))
+        elif isinstance(M, Matrix):
+            if M.base_ring() != ZZ:
+                M = M.change_ring(ZZ)
+            if side == "left":
+                if M.nrows() != 2*self.domain().dimension() or M.ncols() != 2*self.codomain().dimension():
+                    raise TypeError("matrix has wrong dimension")
+            else:
+                if M.ncols() != 2*self.domain().dimension() or M.nrows() != 2*self.codomain().dimension():
+                    raise TypeError("matrix has wrong dimension")
+        elif self.matrix_space().has_coerce_map_from(parent(M)):
+            M = self.matrix_space()(M)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("can only coerce in matrices or morphisms")
+        return self.element_class(self, M, side)
+
+    def _coerce_impl(self, x):
+        """
+        Coerce x into self, if possible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(37) ; J.Hom(J)._coerce_impl(matrix(ZZ,4,[5..20]))
+            Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2
+            sage: K = J0(11) * J0(11) ; J.Hom(K)._coerce_impl(matrix(ZZ,4,[5..20]))
+            Abelian variety morphism:
+              From: Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2
+              To:   Abelian variety J0(11) x J0(11) of dimension 2
+        """
+        if self.matrix_space().has_coerce_map_from(parent(x)):
+            return self(x)
+        else:
+            return HomsetWithBase._coerce_impl(self, x)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        String representation of a modular abelian variety homspace.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J = J0(11)
+            sage: End(J)._repr_()
+            'Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1'
+        """
+        return "Space of homomorphisms from %s to %s" %\
+               (self.domain(), self.codomain())
+
+    def _get_matrix(self, g):
+        """
+        Given an object g, try to return a matrix corresponding to g with
+        dimensions the same as those of self.matrix_space().
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``g`` -- a matrix or morphism or object with a list method
+
+        OUTPUT: a matrix
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(11))
+            sage: E._get_matrix(matrix(QQ,2,[1,2,3,4]))
+            [1 2]
+            [3 4]
+            sage: E._get_matrix(J0(11).hecke_operator(2))
+            [-2  0]
+            [ 0 -2]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11) * J0(17), J0(22))
+            sage: H._get_matrix(tuple([8..23]))
+            [ 8  9 10 11]
+            [12 13 14 15]
+            [16 17 18 19]
+            [20 21 22 23]
+            sage: H._get_matrix(tuple([8..23]))
+            [ 8  9 10 11]
+            [12 13 14 15]
+            [16 17 18 19]
+            [20 21 22 23]
+            sage: H._get_matrix([8..23])
+            [ 8  9 10 11]
+            [12 13 14 15]
+            [16 17 18 19]
+            [20 21 22 23]
+        """
+        try:
+            if g.parent() is self.matrix_space():
+                return g
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        if isinstance(g, morphism.Morphism):
+            return g.matrix()
+        elif hasattr(g, 'list'):
+            return self.matrix_space()(g.list())
+        else:
+            return self.matrix_space()(g)
+
+    def free_module(self):
+        r"""
+        Return this endomorphism ring as a free submodule of a big
+        `\ZZ^{4nm}`, where `n` is the dimension of
+        the domain abelian variety and `m` the dimension of the
+        codomain.
+
+        OUTPUT: free module
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = Hom(J0(11), J0(22))
+            sage: E.free_module()
+            Free module of degree 8 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [ 1  0 -3  1  1  1 -1 -1]
+            [ 0  1 -3  1  1  1 -1  0]
+        """
+        self.calculate_generators()
+        V = ZZ**(4*self.domain().dimension() * self.codomain().dimension())
+        return V.submodule([V(m.matrix().list()) for m in self.gens()])
+
+    def gen(self, i=0):
+        """
+        Return `i`-th generator of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        OUTPUT: a morphism
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(22))
+            sage: E.gen(0).matrix()
+            [1 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 1]
+        """
+        self.calculate_generators()
+        if i > self.ngens():
+            raise ValueError("self only has %s generators" % self.ngens())
+        return self.element_class(self, self._gens[i])
+
+    def ngens(self):
+        """
+        Return number of generators of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(22))
+            sage: E.ngens()
+            4
+        """
+        self.calculate_generators()
+        return len(self._gens)
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return tuple of generators for this endomorphism ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(22))
+            sage: E.gens()
+            (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(22) of dimension 2)
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._gen_morphisms
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.calculate_generators()
+            self._gen_morphisms = tuple([self.gen(i) for i in range(self.ngens())])
+            return self._gen_morphisms
+
+    def matrix_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the underlying matrix space that we view this endomorphism
+        ring as being embedded into.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(22))
+            sage: E.matrix_space()
+            Full MatrixSpace of 4 by 4 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self._matrix_space
+
+    def calculate_generators(self):
+        """
+        If generators haven't already been computed, calculate generators
+        for this homspace. If they have been computed, do nothing.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(11))
+            sage: E.calculate_generators()
+        """
+
+        if self._gens is not None:
+            return
+
+        if (self.domain() == self.codomain()) and (self.domain().dimension() == 1):
+            self._gens = (identity_matrix(ZZ, 2),)
+            return
+
+        phi = self.domain()._isogeny_to_product_of_powers()
+        psi = self.codomain()._isogeny_to_product_of_powers()
+
+        H_simple = phi.codomain().Hom(psi.codomain())
+        im_gens = H_simple._calculate_product_gens()
+
+        M = phi.matrix()
+        Mt = psi.complementary_isogeny().matrix()
+
+        R = ZZ**(4*self.domain().dimension()*self.codomain().dimension())
+        gens = R.submodule([(M*self._get_matrix(g)*Mt).list()
+                            for g in im_gens]).saturation().basis()
+        self._gens = tuple([self._get_matrix(g) for g in gens])
+
+    def _calculate_product_gens(self):
+        """
+        For internal use.
+
+        Calculate generators for ``self``, assuming that ``self`` is a product
+        of simple factors.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = End(J0(37))
+            sage: E.gens()
+            (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(37) of dimension 2)
+            sage: [ x.matrix() for x in E.gens() ]
+            [
+            [1 0 0 0]  [ 0  1  1 -1]
+            [0 1 0 0]  [ 1  0  1  0]
+            [0 0 1 0]  [ 0  0 -1  1]
+            [0 0 0 1], [ 0  0  0  1]
+            ]
+            sage: E._calculate_product_gens()
+            [
+            [1 0 0 0]  [0 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0]  [0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0]  [0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 0], [0 0 0 1]
+            ]
+        """
+        Afactors = self.domain().decomposition(simple=False)
+        Bfactors = self.codomain().decomposition(simple=False)
+        if len(Afactors) == 1 and len(Bfactors) == 1:
+            Asimples = Afactors[0].decomposition()
+            Bsimples = Bfactors[0].decomposition()
+            if len(Asimples) == 1 and len(Bsimples) == 1:
+                # Handle the base case of A, B simple
+                gens = self._calculate_simple_gens()
+
+            else:
+                # Handle the case of A, B simple powers
+                gens = []
+                phi_matrix = Afactors[0]._isogeny_to_product_of_simples().matrix()
+                psi_t_matrix = Bfactors[0]._isogeny_to_product_of_simples().complementary_isogeny().matrix()
+                for i in range(len(Asimples)):
+                    for j in range(len(Bsimples)):
+                        hom_gens = Asimples[i].Hom(Bsimples[j]).gens()
+                        for sub_gen in hom_gens:
+                            sub_mat = sub_gen.matrix()
+                            M = copy(self.matrix_space().zero_matrix())
+                            M.set_block(sub_mat.nrows()*i, sub_mat.ncols()*j, sub_mat)
+                            gens.append(phi_matrix * M * psi_t_matrix)
+
+        else:
+            # Handle the case of A, B generic
+            gens = []
+            cur_row = 0
+            for Afactor in Afactors:
+                cur_row += Afactor.dimension() * 2
+                cur_col = 0
+                for Bfactor in Bfactors:
+                    cur_col += Bfactor.dimension() * 2
+                    Asimple = Afactor[0]
+                    Bsimple = Bfactor[0]
+                    if Asimple.newform_label() == Bsimple.newform_label():
+                        for sub_gen in Afactor.Hom(Bfactor).gens():
+                            sub_mat = sub_gen.matrix()
+                            M = copy(self.matrix_space().zero_matrix())
+                            M.set_block(cur_row - sub_mat.nrows(),
+                                        cur_col - sub_mat.ncols(),
+                                        sub_mat)
+                            gens.append(M)
+
+        return gens
+
+    def _calculate_simple_gens(self):
+        """
+        Calculate generators for ``self``, where both the domain and codomain
+        for ``self`` are assumed to be simple abelian varieties.
+
+        The saturation of the span of these generators in ``self``
+        will be the full space of homomorphisms from the domain of
+        ``self`` to its codomain.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22)[0])
+            sage: H._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [1 0]
+            [1 1]
+            ]
+            sage: J = J0(11) * J0(33) ; J.decomposition()
+            [Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,11) of dimension 1 of J0(11) x J0(33),
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(11) x J0(33),
+             Simple abelian subvariety 11a(3,33) of dimension 1 of J0(11) x J0(33),
+             Simple abelian subvariety 33a(1,33) of dimension 1 of J0(11) x J0(33)]
+            sage: J[0].Hom(J[1])._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [ 0 -1]
+            [ 1 -1]
+            ]
+            sage: J[0].Hom(J[2])._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [-1  0]
+            [-1 -1]
+            ]
+            sage: J[0].Hom(J[0])._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            ]
+            sage: J[1].Hom(J[2])._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [ 0 -4]
+            [ 4  0]
+            ]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: J = J0(23) ; J.decomposition()
+            [Simple abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2]
+            sage: J[0].Hom(J[0])._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [1 0 0 0]  [ 0  1 -1  0]
+            [0 1 0 0]  [ 0  1 -1  1]
+            [0 0 1 0]  [-1  2 -2  1]
+            [0 0 0 1], [-1  1  0 -1]
+            ]
+            sage: J.hecke_operator(2).matrix()
+            [ 0  1 -1  0]
+            [ 0  1 -1  1]
+            [-1  2 -2  1]
+            [-1  1  0 -1]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: H = Hom(J0(11), J0(22)[0])
+            sage: H._calculate_simple_gens()
+            [
+            [1 0]
+            [1 1]
+            ]
+        """
+        A = self.domain()
+        B = self.codomain()
+
+        if A.newform_label() != B.newform_label():
+            return []
+
+        f = A._isogeny_to_newform_abelian_variety()
+        g = B._isogeny_to_newform_abelian_variety().complementary_isogeny()
+
+        Af = f.codomain()
+        ls = Af._calculate_endomorphism_generators()
+
+        Mf = f.matrix()
+        Mg = g.matrix()
+
+        return [Mf * self._get_matrix(e) * Mg for e in ls]
+
+
+# NOTE/WARNING/TODO:  Below in the __init__, etc. we do *not* check
+# that the input gens are give something that spans a sub*ring*, as opposed
+# to just a subgroup.
+class EndomorphismSubring(Homspace):
+
+    def __init__(self, A, gens=None, category=None):
+        """
+        A subring of the endomorphism ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``A`` -- an abelian variety
+
+        - ``gens`` -- (default: ``None``) if given
+          should be a tuple of the generators as matrices
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(23).endomorphism_ring()
+            Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(23) of dimension 2
+            sage: sage.modular.abvar.homspace.EndomorphismSubring(J0(25))
+            Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(25) of dimension 0
+            sage: E = J0(11).endomorphism_ring()
+            sage: type(E)
+            <class 'sage.modular.abvar.homspace.EndomorphismSubring_with_category'>
+            sage: E.homset_category()
+            Category of modular abelian varieties over Rational Field
+            sage: E.category()
+            Category of endsets of modular abelian varieties over Rational Field
+            sage: E in Rings()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(E).run(skip=["_test_prod"])
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following tests against a problem on 32 bit machines that
+        occurred while working on :issue:`9944`::
+
+            sage: sage.modular.abvar.homspace.EndomorphismSubring(J1(12345))
+            Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J1(12345) of dimension 5405473
+
+        :issue:`16275` removed the custom ``__reduce__`` method, since
+        :meth:`Homset.__reduce__` already implements appropriate
+        unpickling by construction::
+
+            sage: E.__reduce__.__module__
+            'sage.categories.homset'
+            sage: E.__reduce__()
+            (<function Hom at ...>,
+             (Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1,
+              Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1,
+              Category of modular abelian varieties over Rational Field,
+             False))
+        """
+        self._J = A.ambient_variety()
+        self._A = A
+
+        # Initialise self with the correct category.
+        if category is None:
+            homset_cat = A.category()
+        else:
+            homset_cat = category
+        # Remark: Parent.__init__ will automatically form the join
+        # of the category of rings and of homset_cat
+        Parent.__init__(self, A.base_ring(), category=homset_cat.Endsets())
+        Homspace.__init__(self, A, A, cat=homset_cat)
+        if gens is None:
+            self._gens = None
+        else:
+            self._gens = tuple([self._get_matrix(g) for g in gens])
+        self._is_full_ring = gens is None
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(31).endomorphism_ring()._repr_()
+            'Endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(31) of dimension 2'
+            sage: J0(31).endomorphism_ring().image_of_hecke_algebra()._repr_()
+            'Subring of endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(31) of dimension 2'
+        """
+        if self._is_full_ring:
+            return "Endomorphism ring of %s" % self._A
+        else:
+            return "Subring of endomorphism ring of %s" % self._A
+
+    def abelian_variety(self):
+        """
+        Return the abelian variety that this endomorphism ring is attached
+        to.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(11).endomorphism_ring().abelian_variety()
+            Abelian variety J0(11) of dimension 1
+        """
+        return self._A
+
+    def index_in(self, other, check=True):
+        """
+        Return the index of ``self`` in ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another endomorphism subring of the
+          same abelian variety
+
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to do some
+          type and other consistency checks
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = J0(33).endomorphism_ring()
+            sage: R.index_in(R)
+            1
+            sage: J = J0(37) ; E = J.endomorphism_ring() ; T = E.image_of_hecke_algebra()
+            sage: T.index_in(E)
+            1
+            sage: J = J0(22) ; E = J.endomorphism_ring() ; T = E.image_of_hecke_algebra()
+            sage: T.index_in(E)
+            +Infinity
+        """
+        if check:
+            if not isinstance(other, EndomorphismSubring):
+                raise ValueError("other must be a subring of an endomorphism ring of an abelian variety.")
+            if not (self.abelian_variety() == other.abelian_variety()):
+                raise ValueError("self and other must be endomorphisms of the same abelian variety")
+
+        M = self.free_module()
+        N = other.free_module()
+        if M.rank() < N.rank():
+            return Infinity
+        return M.index_in(N)
+
+    def index_in_saturation(self):
+        """
+        Given a Hecke algebra T, compute its index in its saturation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: End(J0(23)).image_of_hecke_algebra().index_in_saturation()
+            1
+            sage: End(J0(44)).image_of_hecke_algebra().index_in_saturation()
+            2
+        """
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        d = A.dimension()
+        M = ZZ**(4*d**2)
+        gens = [x.matrix().list() for x in self.gens()]
+        R = M.submodule(gens)
+        return R.index_in_saturation()
+
+    def discriminant(self):
+        """
+        Return the discriminant of this ring, which is the discriminant of
+        the trace pairing.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           One knows that for modular abelian varieties, the
+           endomorphism ring should be isomorphic to an order in a
+           number field. However, the discriminant returned by this
+           function will be `2^n` ( `n =`
+           self.dimension()) times the discriminant of that order,
+           since the elements are represented as 2d x 2d
+           matrices. Notice, for example, that the case of a one
+           dimensional abelian variety, whose endomorphism ring must
+           be ZZ, has discriminant 2, as in the example below.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: J0(33).endomorphism_ring().discriminant()
+            -64800
+            sage: J0(46).endomorphism_ring().discriminant()  # long time (6s on sage.math, 2011)
+            24200000000
+            sage: J0(11).endomorphism_ring().discriminant()
+            2
+        """
+        g = self.gens()
+        M = matrix(ZZ, len(g), [(g[i]*g[j]).trace()
+                                for i in range(len(g)) for j in range(len(g))])
+        return M.determinant()
+
+    def image_of_hecke_algebra(self, check_every=1):
+        """
+        Compute the image of the Hecke algebra inside this endomorphism
+        subring.
+
+        We simply calculate Hecke operators up to the Sturm bound, and look
+        at the submodule spanned by them. While computing, we can check to
+        see if the submodule spanned so far is saturated and of maximal
+        dimension, in which case we may be done. The optional argument
+        check_every determines how many Hecke operators we add in before
+        checking to see if this condition is met.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``check_every`` -- integer (default: 1); if this integer is positive,
+          this integer determines how many Hecke operators we add in before
+          checking to see if the submodule spanned so far is maximal and
+          saturated
+
+        OUTPUT: the image of the Hecke algebra as a subring of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = J0(33).endomorphism_ring()
+            sage: E.image_of_hecke_algebra()
+            Subring of endomorphism ring of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3
+            sage: E.image_of_hecke_algebra().gens()
+            (Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3,
+             Abelian variety endomorphism of Abelian variety J0(33) of dimension 3)
+            sage: [ x.matrix() for x in E.image_of_hecke_algebra().gens() ]
+            [
+            [1 0 0 0 0 0]  [ 0  2  0 -1  1 -1]  [ 0  0  1 -1  1 -1]
+            [0 1 0 0 0 0]  [-1 -2  2 -1  2 -1]  [ 0 -1  1  0  1 -1]
+            [0 0 1 0 0 0]  [ 0  0  1 -1  3 -1]  [ 0  0  1  0  2 -2]
+            [0 0 0 1 0 0]  [-2  2  0  1  1 -1]  [-2  0  1  1  1 -1]
+            [0 0 0 0 1 0]  [-1  1  0  2  0 -3]  [-1  0  1  1  0 -1]
+            [0 0 0 0 0 1], [-1  1 -1  1  1 -2], [-1  0  0  1  0 -1]
+            ]
+            sage: J0(33).hecke_operator(2).matrix()
+            [-1  0  1 -1  1 -1]
+            [ 0 -2  1  0  1 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  2 -2]
+            [-2  0  1  0  1 -1]
+            [-1  0  1  1 -1 -1]
+            [-1  0  0  1  0 -2]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__hecke_algebra_image
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        A = self.abelian_variety()
+        if not A.is_hecke_stable():
+            raise ValueError("ambient variety is not Hecke stable")
+
+        M = A.modular_symbols()
+
+        d = A.dimension()
+        EndVecZ = ZZ**(4*d**2)
+
+        if d == 1:
+            self.__hecke_algebra_image = EndomorphismSubring(A, [[1, 0, 0, 1]])
+            return self.__hecke_algebra_image
+
+        V = EndVecZ.submodule([A.hecke_operator(1).matrix().list()])
+
+        for n in range(2, M.sturm_bound()+1):
+            if (check_every > 0 and
+                    n % check_every == 0 and
+                    V.dimension() == d and
+                    V.index_in_saturation() == 1):
+                break
+            V += EndVecZ.submodule([A.hecke_operator(n).matrix().list()])
+
+        self.__hecke_algebra_image = EndomorphismSubring(A, V.basis())
+        return self.__hecke_algebra_image