passagemath-schemes 10.6.40__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/schemes/elliptic_curves/height.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2109 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Canonical heights for elliptic curves over number fields
+
+Also, rigorous lower bounds for the canonical height of non-torsion
+points, implementing the algorithms in [CS2006]_ (over `\QQ`) and [Tho2010]_,
+which also refer to [CPS2006]_.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Robert Bradshaw (2010): initial version
+
+- John Cremona (2014): added many docstrings and doctests
+"""
+##############################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2010 Robert Bradshaw <robertwb@math.washington.edu>
+#                     2014 John Cremona <john.cremona@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+##############################################################################
+import numpy
+import math
+import bisect
+
+from itertools import product
+
+from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+from sage.arith.misc import factorial
+from sage.ext.fast_callable import fast_callable
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.rings.cc import CC
+from sage.rings.complex_double import CDF
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RR
+
+lazy_import("sage.functions.log", ["log", "exp"])
+lazy_import("sage.rings.cif", "CIF")
+lazy_import("sage.rings.real_mpfi", "RIF")
+lazy_import("sage.symbolic.ring", "SR")
+
+
+class UnionOfIntervals:
+    r"""
+    A class representing a finite union of closed intervals in
+    `\RR` which can be scaled, shifted, intersected, etc.
+
+    The intervals are represented as an ordered list of their
+    endpoints, which may include `-\infty` and `+\infty`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+        sage: R = UnionOfIntervals([1, 2, 3, infinity]); R
+        ([1, 2] U [3, +Infinity])
+        sage: R + 5
+        ([6, 7] U [8, +Infinity])
+        sage: ~R
+        ([-Infinity, 1] U [2, 3])
+        sage: ~R | (10*R + 100)
+        ([-Infinity, 1] U [2, 3] U [110, 120] U [130, +Infinity])
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Unify :class:`UnionOfIntervals` with the class ``RealSet``
+        introduced by :issue:`13125`; see :issue:`16063`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, endpoints):
+        r"""
+        An union of intervals is initialized by giving an increasing list
+        of endpoints, the first of which may be `-\infty` and the last of
+        which may be `+\infty`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([0, 1])
+            ([0, 1])
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([-infinity, pi, 17, infinity])                       # needs sage.symbolic
+            ([-Infinity, pi] U [17, +Infinity])
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([])
+            ()
+
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([1])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: an even number of endpoints must be given (got 1)
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([3, 2, 1, 0])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: endpoints must be given in order
+        """
+        if len(endpoints) % 2:
+            raise ValueError("an even number of endpoints must be given (got %s)" % len(endpoints))
+        if endpoints != sorted(endpoints):
+            raise ValueError("endpoints must be given in order")
+        self._endpoints = endpoints
+
+    def finite_endpoints(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the finite endpoints of this union of intervals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([0, 1]).finite_endpoints()
+            [0, 1]
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([-infinity, 0, 1, infinity]).finite_endpoints()
+            [0, 1]
+        """
+        return [e for e in self._endpoints if -infinity < e < infinity]
+
+    def intervals(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the intervals in self, as a list of 2-tuples.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals(list(range(10))).intervals()
+            [(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9)]
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([-infinity, pi, 17, infinity]).intervals()           # needs sage.symbolic
+            [(-Infinity, pi), (17, +Infinity)]
+        """
+        return list(zip(self._endpoints[::2], self._endpoints[1::2]))
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``self`` is empty.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: UnionOfIntervals([3, 4]).is_empty()
+            False
+            sage: all = UnionOfIntervals([-infinity, infinity])
+            sage: all.is_empty()
+            False
+            sage: (~all).is_empty()
+            True
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1]) & UnionOfIntervals([2, 3])
+            sage: A.is_empty()
+            True
+        """
+        return not self._endpoints
+
+    def __add__(left, right):
+        r"""
+        If both left and right are unions of intervals, take their union,
+        otherwise treat the non-union of intervals as a scalar and shift.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1/2, 2, infinity]); A
+            ([0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+            sage: A + 1
+            ([1, 3/2] U [3, +Infinity])
+            sage: pi + A                                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+            ([pi, pi + 1/2] U [pi + 2, +Infinity])
+            sage: A + UnionOfIntervals([-infinity, -1])
+            ([-Infinity, -1] U [0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+        """
+        if not isinstance(left, UnionOfIntervals):
+            left, right = right, left
+        elif not isinstance(right, UnionOfIntervals):
+            return UnionOfIntervals([right + e for e in left._endpoints])
+        else:
+            return left.union([left, right])
+
+    def __mul__(left, right):
+        r"""
+        Scale a union of intervals on the left or right.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1/2, 2, infinity]); A
+            ([0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+            sage: 2 * A
+            ([0, 1] U [4, +Infinity])
+            sage: A * 100
+            ([0, 50] U [200, +Infinity])
+            sage: 1.5 * A
+            ([0.000000000000000, 0.750000000000000] U [3.00000000000000, +Infinity])
+        """
+        if not isinstance(right, UnionOfIntervals):
+            return UnionOfIntervals([e*right for e in left._endpoints])
+        elif not isinstance(left, UnionOfIntervals):
+            return UnionOfIntervals([left*e for e in right._endpoints])
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Scale by an operand on the left.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1/2, 2, infinity]); A
+            ([0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+            sage: pi * A                                                                # needs sage.symbolic
+            ([0, 1/2*pi] U [2*pi, +Infinity])
+        """
+        return self * other
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Add a scalar operand on the left.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1/2, 2, infinity]); A
+            ([0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+            sage: 100 + A
+            ([100, 201/2] U [102, +Infinity])
+        """
+        return self + other
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the closure of the complement of ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            We take the closure because open intervals are not supported.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([0, 1/2, 2, infinity]); A
+            ([0, 1/2] U [2, +Infinity])
+            sage: ~A
+            ([-Infinity, 0] U [1/2, 2])
+            sage: A | ~A
+            ([-Infinity, +Infinity])
+            sage: A & ~A
+            ([0, 0] U [1/2, 1/2] U [2, 2])
+        """
+        endpoints = list(self._endpoints)
+        if endpoints[0] == -infinity:
+            del endpoints[0]
+        else:
+            endpoints.insert(0, -infinity)
+        if endpoints[-1] == infinity:
+            endpoints.pop()
+        else:
+            endpoints.append(infinity)
+        return UnionOfIntervals(endpoints)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def join(L, condition):
+        r"""
+        Utility function to form the union or intersection of a list of UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``L`` -- list of UnionOfIntervals instances
+
+        - ``condition`` -- function; either ``any`` or ``all``, or
+          some other boolean function of a list of boolean values
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A new UnionOfIntervals instance representing the subset of
+        '\RR' equal to those reals in any/all/condition of the
+        UnionOfIntervals in the list.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is a static method for the class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: B = A + 1; B
+            ([2, 4] U [6, 8])
+            sage: A.join([A,B], any) # union
+            ([1, 4] U [5, 8])
+            sage: A.join([A,B], all) # intersection
+            ([2, 3] U [6, 7])
+            sage: A.join([A,B], sum) # symmetric difference
+            ([1, 2] U [3, 4] U [5, 6] U [7, 8])
+        """
+        all = []
+        for ix, region in enumerate(L):
+            for i, e in enumerate(region._endpoints):
+                all.append((e, -(not (i % 2)), ix))
+        all.sort()
+        join = []
+        in_join = False
+        in_L = [False] * len(L)
+        for e, start, ix in all:
+            in_L[ix] = start
+            if condition(in_L) != in_join:
+                join.append(e)
+                in_join = not in_join
+        return UnionOfIntervals(join)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def union(cls, L):
+        r"""
+        Return the union of a list of UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``L`` -- list of UnionOfIntervals instances
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A new UnionOfIntervals instance representing the union of the
+        UnionOfIntervals in the list.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is a class method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: B = A + 1; B
+            ([2, 4] U [6, 8])
+            sage: A.union([A,B])
+            ([1, 4] U [5, 8])
+        """
+        return cls.join(L, any)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def intersection(cls, L):
+        r"""
+        Return the intersection of a list of UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``L`` -- list of UnionOfIntervals instances
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A new UnionOfIntervals instance representing the intersection
+        of the UnionOfIntervals in the list.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is a class method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: B = A + 1; B
+            ([2, 4] U [6, 8])
+            sage: A.intersection([A,B])
+            ([2, 3] U [6, 7])
+        """
+        for R in L:
+            if R.is_empty():
+                return R
+        return cls.join(L, all)
+
+    def __or__(left, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the union of a two UnionOfIntervals instances.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``left``, ``right`` -- two UnionOfIntervals instances
+
+        OUTPUT: a new UnionOfIntervals instance representing the union of ``left`` and ``right``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: B = A + 1; B
+            ([2, 4] U [6, 8])
+            sage: A | B
+            ([1, 4] U [5, 8])
+        """
+        return left.union([left, right])
+
+    def __and__(left, right):
+        r"""
+        Return the intersection of a two UnionOfIntervals instances.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``left``, ``right`` -- two UnionOfIntervals instances
+
+        OUTPUT: a new UnionOfIntervals instance representing the intersection of ``left`` and ``right``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: B = A + 1; B
+            ([2, 4] U [6, 8])
+            sage: A & B
+            ([2, 3] U [6, 7])
+        """
+        return left.intersection([left, right])
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``x`` is in the UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- real number
+
+        OUTPUT: boolean; ``True`` if and only if `x` is in the union of intervals
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+            sage: 1 in A
+            True
+            sage: 4 in A
+            False
+            sage: -infinity in A
+            False
+        """
+        return x in self._endpoints or bisect.bisect_left(self._endpoints, x) % 2 == 1
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the string representation of this UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7])
+            sage: str(A)
+            '([1, 3] U [5, 7])'
+        """
+        return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the string representation of this UnionOfIntervals.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import UnionOfIntervals
+            sage: A = UnionOfIntervals([1,3,5,7]); A
+            ([1, 3] U [5, 7])
+        """
+        return "(%s)" % " U ".join(str(list(I)) for I in self.intervals())
+
+
+def nonneg_region(f):
+    r"""
+    Return the UnionOfIntervals representing the region where ``f`` is nonnegative.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- a univariate polynomial over `\RR`
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A UnionOfIntervals representing the set `\{x \in\RR mid f(x) \ge 0\}`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import nonneg_region
+        sage: x = polygen(RR)
+        sage: nonneg_region(x^2 - 1)
+        ([-Infinity, -1.00000000000000] U [1.00000000000000, +Infinity])
+        sage: nonneg_region(1 - x^2)
+        ([-1.00000000000000, 1.00000000000000])
+        sage: nonneg_region(1 - x^3)
+        ([-Infinity, 1.00000000000000])
+        sage: nonneg_region(x^3 - 1)
+        ([1.00000000000000, +Infinity])
+        sage: nonneg_region((x-1)*(x-2))
+        ([-Infinity, 1.00000000000000] U [2.00000000000000, +Infinity])
+        sage: nonneg_region(-(x-1)*(x-2))
+        ([1.00000000000000, 2.00000000000000])
+        sage: nonneg_region((x-1)*(x-2)*(x-3))
+        ([1.00000000000000, 2.00000000000000] U [3.00000000000000, +Infinity])
+        sage: nonneg_region(-(x-1)*(x-2)*(x-3))
+        ([-Infinity, 1.00000000000000] U [2.00000000000000, 3.00000000000000])
+        sage: nonneg_region(x^4 + 1)
+        ([-Infinity, +Infinity])
+        sage: nonneg_region(-x^4 - 1)
+        ()
+    """
+    roots = sorted(f.roots())
+    sign_changes = [r for r,e in roots if e % 2 == 1]
+    if (f.leading_coefficient() * (-1)**f.degree()) > 0:
+        sign_changes = [-infinity] + sign_changes
+    if f.leading_coefficient() > 0:
+        sign_changes += [infinity]
+    return UnionOfIntervals(sign_changes)
+
+
+def inf_max_abs(f, g, D):
+    r"""
+    Return `\inf_D(\max(|f|, |g|))`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f``, ``g`` -- real univariate polynomials
+
+    - ``D`` -- :class:`UnionOfIntervals`; a subset of `\RR`
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A real number approximating the value of `\inf_D(\max(|f|, |g|))`.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    The extreme values must occur at an endpoint of a subinterval of
+    `D` or at a point where one of `f`, `f'`, `g`, `g'`, `f\pm g` is
+    zero.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import inf_max_abs, UnionOfIntervals
+        sage: x = polygen(RR)
+        sage: f = (x-10)^4 + 1
+        sage: g = 2*x^3 + 100
+        sage: inf_max_abs(f, g, UnionOfIntervals([1,2,3,4,5,6]))
+        425.638201706391
+        sage: r0 = (f - g).roots()[0][0]
+        sage: r0
+        5.46053402234697
+        sage: max(abs(f(r0)), abs(g(r0)))
+        425.638201706391
+    """
+    xs = f.roots() + f.derivative().roots()
+    xs += g.roots() + g.derivative().roots()
+    xs += (f - g).roots() + (f + g).roots()
+    xs = [r for r, _ in xs if r in D]  # ignore multiplicities and points outside D
+    xs += D.finite_endpoints()        # include endpoints of intervals
+    if xs:
+        return min(max(abs(f(r)), abs(g(r))) for r in xs)
+    return infinity
+
+
+def min_on_disk(f, tol, max_iter=10000):
+    r"""
+    Return the minimum of a real-valued complex function on a square.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- a function from CIF to RIF
+
+    - ``tol`` -- a positive real number
+
+    - ``max_iter`` -- integer (default: 10000); a positive integer
+      bounding the number of iterations to be used
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A 2-tuple `(s,t)`, where `t=f(s)` and `s` is a CIF element
+    contained in the disk `|z|\le1`, at which `f` takes its minimum
+    value.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import min_on_disk
+        sage: f = lambda x: (x^2 + 100).abs()
+        sage: s, t = min_on_disk(f, 0.0001)
+        sage: s, f(s), t
+        (0.01? + 1.00?*I, 99.01?, 99.0000000000000)
+    """
+    # L holds a list of 4-tuples (mfs, ds, s, in_disk) where s is a
+    # subregion of the initial square, ds its relative diameter,
+    # mfs=-f(s) (actually minus the lower bound on f(s)) and in_disk
+    # is a flag indicating whether or not s is a subset of the unit
+    # disk.
+
+    # We store the negative of the lower bound on f(s) so that we can
+    # use the bisect module to sort these 4-tuples.
+
+    # Initially L contains one element, the whole unit box, which is
+    # not contained in the unit square.
+
+    s = CIF(RIF(-1,1), RIF(-1,1))
+    fs = f(s)
+    L = [(-fs.lower(), fs.relative_diameter(), s, False)]
+
+    # min_max holds the minimum over L of fs.upper().
+
+    min_max = fs.upper()
+
+    # We iterate at most max_iter times.  At each step we look at the
+    # best so far and return it if is good enough, meaning that its
+    # relative diameter is less than the given tolerance; otherwise we
+    # bisect this best region (into 4 pieces) and replace the entry in
+    # L with at most 4 smaller entries.
+
+    for k in range(max_iter):
+        value, err, region, in_disk = L.pop()
+        if err < tol:       # reached desired tolerance, so return
+            return region, -value
+        for s in region.bisection(): # 4 sub-regions
+            if in_disk:
+                s_in_disk = True     # if the original region si in the disk so are all its children
+            else:
+                r = abs(s)          # otherwise we test each one
+                if r > 1:
+                    continue        # skip this subregion if it is entirely outside the disk
+                s_in_disk = r < 1   # meaning it is entirely inside the disk
+
+            fs = f(s)
+
+            if fs.upper() < min_max: # we definitely beat the record
+                min_max = fs.upper()
+                unneeded = bisect.bisect(L, (-min_max,))
+                if unneeded > 100:   # discard the worse entries (if there are many)
+                    L = L[unneeded:]
+
+            if fs.lower() < min_max: # we may beat the record, cannot yet tell: insert this region
+                                     # into the list at the appropriate place to maintain sorting
+                bisect.insort(L, (-fs.lower(), fs.relative_diameter(), s, s_in_disk))
+
+    # If we get here, then even after max_iter iterations the tolerance has not been reached.
+    raise ValueError("too many iterations")
+
+
+two_pi_i_CDF = CDF(0, 2 * RDF.pi())
+two_pi_i_CIF = CIF(0, 2 * RIF.pi())
+
+# Ideas: We know tau, so we know the direction of the diagonal.
+# We can solve for x in p1, will this allow us to find the maxima exactly?
+
+
+def rat_term_CIF(z, try_strict=True):
+    r"""
+    Compute the value of `u/(1-u)^2` in ``CIF``, where `u=\exp(2\pi i z)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``z`` -- complex; a CIF element
+
+    - ``try_strict`` -- boolean; flag
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import rat_term_CIF
+        sage: z = CIF(0.5,0.2)
+        sage: rat_term_CIF(z)
+        -0.172467461182437? + 0.?e-16*I
+        sage: rat_term_CIF(z, False)
+        -0.172467461182437? + 0.?e-16*I
+    """
+    two_pi_i_z = two_pi_i_CIF * z
+    r = (two_pi_i_z.real()).exp() # = |u|
+    x, y = two_pi_i_z.imag().cos(), two_pi_i_z.imag().sin()
+
+    real_part = imag_part = None
+
+    # If there are no local minima the intervals are strictly
+    # determined by their values at the endpoints.
+
+    if try_strict:
+
+        # evaluate the function at the four corners:
+
+        corner_reals = []
+        corner_imags = []
+        for a, b in product(z.real().endpoints(), z.imag().endpoints()):
+            zz = CDF(a,b)
+            u = (two_pi_i_CDF*zz).exp()
+            f = u/(1-u)**2
+            corner_reals.append(f.real())
+            corner_imags.append(f.imag())
+
+        p1 = (((((r+2*x)*r - 6)*r + 2*x) * r) + 1)
+            # =  r^4 + 2*r^3*x - 6*r^2 + 2*r*x + 1
+        p2 = (r*(x*(r+2*x)-4)+x)
+            # = r^2*x + 2*r*x^2 - 4*r + x
+
+        df_dr = (r**2-1) * p2
+        dg_dr = p1 * y
+        dg_dx = r * df_dr / y
+
+        if not dg_dr.contains_zero() or not dg_dx.contains_zero():
+            real_part = RIF(min(corner_reals), max(corner_reals))
+
+        if not dg_dr.contains_zero() or not dg_dx.contains_zero():
+            imag_part = RIF(min(corner_imags), max(corner_imags))
+
+    if real_part is None or imag_part is None:
+        denom = (1-r*(2*x-r))**2
+    if real_part is None:
+        real_part = r*(x*(1+r**2)-2*r)/denom
+    if imag_part is None:
+        imag_part = -(r**2-1)*y*r/denom
+
+    return CIF(real_part, imag_part)
+
+
+def eps(err, is_real):
+    r"""
+    Return a Real or Complex interval centered on 0 with radius err.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``err`` -- a positive real number; the radius of the interval
+
+    - ``is_real`` -- boolean; if ``True``, returns a real interval in
+      RIF, else a complex interval in CIF
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    An element of RIF or CIF (as specified), centered on 0, with given radius.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import eps
+        sage: eps(0.01, True)
+        0.0?
+        sage: eps(0.01, False)
+        0.0? + 0.0?*I
+    """
+    e = RIF(-err, err)
+    if is_real:
+        return e
+    else:
+        return CIF(e, e)
+
+
+class EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight:
+    r"""
+    Class for computing canonical heights of points on elliptic curves
+    defined over number fields, including rigorous lower bounds for
+    the canonical height of non-torsion points.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+        sage: EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight(E)
+        EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to
+         Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field
+
+    Normally this object would be created like this::
+
+        sage: E.height_function()
+        EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to
+         Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, E):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the class with an elliptic curve.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``E`` -- an elliptic curve defined over a number field
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight(E)
+            EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field
+
+        An example over a number field::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,i,0,i,i])                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight(E)                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + i*x^2 + i*x + i
+              over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The base field must be a number field (or `\QQ`)::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.height import EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight(E)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight class can only be created
+            from an elliptic curve defined over a number field
+        """
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_generic import EllipticCurve_generic
+        if isinstance(E, EllipticCurve_generic):
+            self.E = E
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field_base import NumberField
+            K = E.base_ring()
+            if isinstance(K, NumberField):
+                self.K = K
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight class can only be created from an elliptic curve defined over a number field")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight class can only be created from an elliptic curve")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the string representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: E.height_function()
+            EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to
+             Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return "EllipticCurveCanonicalHeight object associated to %s" % self.E
+
+    def curve(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the elliptic curve.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.curve()
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.E
+
+    def base_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the base field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.base_field()
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.K
+
+    def __call__(self, P):
+        r"""
+        Return the canonical height of the point ``P``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``P`` -- a point on the elliptic curve
+
+        OUTPUT: the canonical height of ``P``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,1,-1,0])
+            sage: P = E(0,0)
+            sage: P.height()
+            0.0511114082399688
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H(P)
+            0.0511114082399688
+            sage: H([0,0])
+            0.0511114082399688
+            sage: H((0,0))
+            0.0511114082399688
+
+        Over a number field other than `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(K, [0,0,0,1,-27])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.base_field()
+            Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with i = 1*I
+            sage: H((1, 5*i))
+            1.22257115164148
+        """
+        return self.E(P).height()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def alpha(self, v, tol=0.01):
+        r"""
+        Return the constant `\alpha_v` associated to the embedding ``v``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- an embedding of the base field into `\RR` or `\CC`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The constant `\alpha_v`.  In the notation of [CPS2006]_ and
+        [Tho2010]_ (section 3.2), `\alpha_v^3=\epsilon_v`.  The result is
+        cached since it only depends on the curve.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Example 1 from [CPS2006]_::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 1 + 5*i, 3 + i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: alpha = H.alpha(K.places()[0])
+            sage: alpha
+            1.12272013439355
+
+        Compare with `\log(\epsilon_v)=0.344562...` in [CPS2006]_::
+
+            sage: 3*alpha.log()                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            0.347263296676126
+        """
+        from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygen
+        b2, b4, b6, b8 = (v(b) for b in self.E.b_invariants())
+        x = polygen(v.codomain())
+        f = 4*x**3 + b2*x**2 + 2*b4*x + b6
+        g = x**4 - b4*x**2 - 2*b6*x - b8
+        F = f.reverse() << (4-f.degree())
+        G = g.reverse() << (4-g.degree())
+
+        if v(self.K.gen()) in RR:
+            I = UnionOfIntervals([-1,1])
+            min_fg = inf_max_abs(f, g, nonneg_region(f) & I)
+            min_FG = inf_max_abs(F, G, nonneg_region(F) & I)
+            return min(min_fg, min_FG) ** (-1/QQ(3))
+
+        else:
+            # def pair_max(f, g):
+            #     f = f.change_ring(CIF)
+            #     g = g.change_ring(CIF)
+            #     max = type(RIF(0)).max
+            #     def max_f_g(z):
+            #         return max(abs(f(z)), abs(g(z)))
+            #     return max_f_g
+            def pair_max(f, g):
+                f = f.change_ring(CDF)
+                g = g.change_ring(CDF)
+                dfn = [fast_callable(f.derivative(n)/factorial(n), CDF) for n in range(f.degree()+1)]
+                dgn = [fast_callable(g.derivative(n)/factorial(n), CDF) for n in range(g.degree()+1)]
+
+                def max_f_g(s):
+                    (a,b), (c,d) = s.real().endpoints(), s.imag().endpoints()
+                    dx = a - b
+                    dy = c - d
+                    eta = RDF(dx*dx + dy*dy).sqrt()
+                    z = CDF(s.center())
+                    err_f = sum(eta ** n * abs(df(z)) for n, df in enumerate(dfn) if n)
+                    err_g = sum(eta ** n * abs(dg(z)) for n, dg in enumerate(dgn) if n)
+                    return RIF(max(abs(f(z)), abs(g(z)))) + eps(max(err_f, err_g), True)
+                return max_f_g
+            _, min_fg = min_on_disk(pair_max(f, g), tol)
+            _, min_FG = min_on_disk(pair_max(F, G), tol)
+            return min(min_fg, min_FG) ** QQ((-1, 3))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def e_p(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the exponent of the group over the residue field at ``p``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- a prime ideal of `K` (or a prime number if `K=\QQ`)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A positive integer `e_p`, the exponent of the group of
+        nonsingular points on the reduction of the elliptic curve
+        modulo `p`.  The result is cached.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 1 + 5*i, 3 + i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.e_p(K.prime_above(2))
+            2
+            sage: H.e_p(K.prime_above(3))
+            10
+            sage: H.e_p(K.prime_above(5))
+            9
+            sage: E.conductor().norm().factor()
+            2^10 * 20921
+            sage: p1, p2 = K.primes_above(20921)
+            sage: E.local_data(p1)
+            Local data at Fractional ideal (-40*i + 139):
+            Reduction type: bad split multiplicative
+            ...
+            sage: H.e_p(p1)
+            20920
+            sage: E.local_data(p2)
+            Local data at Fractional ideal (40*i + 139):
+            Reduction type: good
+            ...
+            sage: H.e_p(p2)
+            20815
+        """
+        kp = self.K.residue_field(p)
+        if self.E.has_bad_reduction(p):
+            if self.E.has_additive_reduction(p):
+                ep = kp.characteristic()
+            elif self.E.has_split_multiplicative_reduction(p):
+                ep = len(kp) - 1
+            else:
+                ep = len(kp) + 1
+        else:
+            ep = self.E.reduction(p).abelian_group().exponent()
+        return ZZ(ep)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def DE(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the value `D_E(n)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The value `D_E(n)` as defined in [Tho2010]_, section 4.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 1+5*i, 3+i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: [H.DE(n) for n in srange(1,6)]
+            [0, 2*log(5) + 2*log(2), 0, 2*log(13) + 2*log(5) + 4*log(2), 0]
+        """
+        s = 0
+        B = (n+1) ** max(2, self.K.degree())
+        for p in self.K.primes_of_bounded_norm_iter(B):
+            ep = self.e_p(p)
+            if ep.divides(n):
+                kp = self.K.residue_field(p)
+                s += 2*(1+(n/ep).valuation(kp.characteristic())) * log(len(kp))
+        return s
+
+    @cached_method
+    def ME(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the norm of the ideal `M_E`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The norm of the ideal `M_E` as defined in [Tho2010]_, section 3.1.
+        This is `1` if `E` is a global minimal model, and in general
+        measures the non-minimality of `E`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 1+5*i, 3+i])                              # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: H = E.height_function()                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: H.ME()                                                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            1
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,1])
+            sage: E.height_function().ME()
+            1
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,64])
+            sage: E.height_function().ME()
+            4096
+            sage: E.discriminant()/E.minimal_model().discriminant()
+            4096
+        """
+        from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+        if self.K is QQ:
+            return prod([p ** (e - self.E.local_data(p).discriminant_valuation()) for p, e in self.E.discriminant().factor()], QQ.one())
+
+        ME = prod([p.norm() ** (e - self.E.local_data(p).discriminant_valuation()) for p, e in self.K.ideal(self.E.discriminant()).factor()], QQ.one())
+        return ME.norm()
+
+    def B(self, n, mu):
+        r"""
+        Return the value `B_n(\mu)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+        - ``mu`` -- positive real number
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The real value `B_n(\mu)` as defined in [Tho2010]_, section 5.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Example 10.2 from [Tho2010]_::
+
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 1-i, i, -i, 0])                                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: H = E.height_function()                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+
+        In [Tho2010]_ the value is given as 0.772::
+
+            sage: RealField(12)( H.B(5, 0.01) )                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            0.777
+        """
+        K = self.K
+        B = exp(K.degree() * n**2 * mu - RDF(self.DE(n))) / self.ME() ** 6
+        for v in K.places():
+            if v(K.gen()) in RR:
+                B *= self.alpha(v)
+            else:
+                B *= self.alpha(v) ** 2
+        return B
+
+    ######################################
+    # Empty real intersection detection. #
+    ######################################
+
+    def psi(self, xi, v):
+        r"""
+        Return the normalised elliptic log of a point with this x-coordinate.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``xi`` -- real; the real x-coordinate of a point on the
+          curve in the connected component with respect to a real
+          embedding
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real embedding of the number field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A real number in the interval [0.5,1] giving the elliptic
+        logarithm of a point on `E` with `x`-coordinate ``xi``, on the
+        connected component with respect to the embedding `v`, scaled
+        by the real period.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        An example over `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
+            sage: v = QQ.places()[0]
+            sage: L = E.period_lattice(v)
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(10/9)
+            sage: L(P)
+            0.958696500380439
+            sage: L(P) / L.real_period()
+            0.384985810227885
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.psi(10/9, v)
+            0.615014189772115
+
+        An example over a number field::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(1/3*a^2 + a + 5/3)
+            sage: v = K.real_places()[0]
+            sage: L = E.period_lattice(v)
+            sage: L(P)
+            3.51086196882538
+            sage: L(P) / L.real_period()
+            0.867385122699931
+            sage: xP = v(P.x())
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.psi(xP, v)
+            0.867385122699931
+            sage: H.psi(1.23, v)
+            0.785854718241495
+        """
+        if xi > 1e9:
+            return 1
+        L = self.E.period_lattice(v)
+        w1, w2 = L.basis()
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.constructor import EllipticCurve
+        ER = EllipticCurve([v(ai) for ai in self.E.a_invariants()])
+        xP, yP = ER.lift_x(xi).xy()
+        t = L.e_log_RC(xP,yP) / w1
+        if t < 0.5:
+            t = 1 - t
+        return t
+
+    def S(self, xi1, xi2, v):
+        r"""
+        Return the union of intervals `S^{(v)}(\xi_1,\xi_2)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``xi1``, ``xi2`` -- real numbers with `\xi_1\le\xi_2`
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real embedding of the field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The union of intervals `S^{(v)}(\xi_1,\xi_2)` defined in [Tho2010]_
+        section 6.1.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        An example over `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
+            sage: v = QQ.places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.S(2, 3, v)
+            ([0.224512677391895, 0.274544821597130] U [0.725455178402870, 0.775487322608105])
+
+        An example over a number field::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])
+            sage: v = K.real_places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.S(9, 10, v)
+            ([0.078119444725347..., 0.082342373201640...] U [0.91765762679836..., 0.92188055527465...])
+        """
+        L = self.E.period_lattice(v)
+        w1, w2 = L.basis(prec=v.codomain().prec())
+        beta = L.elliptic_exponential(w1/2)[0]
+        if xi2 < beta:
+            return UnionOfIntervals([])
+        elif xi1 < beta <= xi2:
+            a = self.psi(xi2, v)
+            return UnionOfIntervals([1-a, a])
+        else:
+            a, b = self.psi(xi1, v), self.psi(xi2, v)
+            return UnionOfIntervals([1-b, 1-a, a, b])
+
+    def Sn(self, xi1, xi2, n, v):
+        r"""
+        Return the union of intervals `S_n^{(v)}(\xi_1,\xi_2)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``xi1``, ``xi2`` -- real numbers with `\xi_1\le\xi_2`
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real embedding of the field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The union of intervals `S_n^{(v)}(\xi_1,\xi_2)` defined in [Tho2010]_
+        (Lemma 6.1).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        An example over `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
+            sage: v = QQ.places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.S(2, 3, v), H.Sn(2, 3, 1, v)
+            (([0.224512677391895, 0.274544821597130] U [0.725455178402870, 0.775487322608105]),
+            ([0.224512677391895, 0.274544821597130] U [0.725455178402870, 0.775487322608105]))
+            sage: H.Sn(2, 3, 6, v)
+            ([0.0374187795653158, 0.0457574702661884] U [0.120909196400478, 0.129247887101351] U [0.204085446231982, 0.212424136932855] U [0.287575863067145, 0.295914553768017] U [0.370752112898649, 0.379090803599522] U [0.454242529733812, 0.462581220434684] U [0.537418779565316, 0.545757470266188] U [0.620909196400478, 0.629247887101351] U [0.704085446231982, 0.712424136932855] U [0.787575863067145, 0.795914553768017] U [0.870752112898649, 0.879090803599522] U [0.954242529733812, 0.962581220434684])
+
+        An example over a number field::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])
+            sage: v = K.real_places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.S(2, 3, v), H.Sn(2, 3, 1, v)
+            (([0.142172065860075, 0.172845716928584] U [0.827154283071416, 0.857827934139925]),
+             ([0.142172065860075, 0.172845716928584] U [0.827154283071416, 0.857827934139925]))
+            sage: H.Sn(2, 3, 6, v)
+            ([0.0236953443100124, 0.0288076194880974] U [0.137859047178569, 0.142971322356654] U [0.190362010976679, 0.195474286154764] U [0.304525713845236, 0.309637989023321] U [0.357028677643346, 0.362140952821431] U [0.471192380511903, 0.476304655689988] U [0.523695344310012, 0.528807619488097] U [0.637859047178569, 0.642971322356654] U [0.690362010976679, 0.695474286154764] U [0.804525713845236, 0.809637989023321] U [0.857028677643346, 0.862140952821431] U [0.971192380511903, 0.976304655689988])
+        """
+        SS = 1/ZZ(n) * self.S(xi1, xi2, v)
+        return UnionOfIntervals.union([t/ZZ(n) + SS for t in range(n)])
+
+    def real_intersection_is_empty(self, Bk, v):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` iff an intersection of `S_n^{(v)}` sets is empty.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``Bk`` -- list of reals
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real embedding of the number field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` or ``False``, according as the intersection of the unions of
+        intervals `S_n^{(v)}(-b,b)` for `b` in the list ``Bk`` is
+        empty or not.  When ``Bk`` is the list of `b=B_n(\mu)` for
+        `n=1,2,3,\dots` for some `\mu>0` this means that all
+        non-torsion points on `E` with everywhere good reduction have
+        canonical height strictly greater than `\mu`, by [Tho2010]_,
+        Proposition 6.2.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        An example over `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
+            sage: v = QQ.places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+
+        The following two lines prove that the heights of non-torsion
+        points on `E` with everywhere good reduction have canonical
+        height strictly greater than 0.2, but fail to prove the same
+        for 0.3::
+
+            sage: H.real_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n,0.2) for n in srange(1,10)], v)   # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: H.real_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n,0.3) for n in srange(1,10)], v)   # needs sage.symbolic
+            False
+
+        An example over a number field::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])
+            sage: v = K.real_places()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+
+        The following two lines prove that the heights of non-torsion
+        points on `E` with everywhere good reduction have canonical
+        height strictly greater than 0.07, but fail to prove the same
+        for 0.08::
+
+            sage: H.real_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n,0.07) for n in srange(1,5)], v)  # long time, needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: H.real_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n,0.08) for n in srange(1,5)], v)   # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+        """
+        return UnionOfIntervals.intersection([self.Sn(-B, B, k+1, v) for k,B in enumerate(Bk)]).is_empty()
+
+    ########################################
+    # Empty complex intersection detection.#
+    ########################################
+
+    def tau(self, v):
+        r"""
+        Return the normalised upper half-plane parameter `\tau` for
+        the period lattice with respect to the embedding `v`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real or complex embedding of the number field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        (Complex) `\tau = \omega_1/\omega_2` in the fundamental region
+        of the upper half-plane.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.tau(QQ.places()[0])
+            1.22112736076463*I
+        """
+        return self.E.period_lattice(v).tau()
+
+    def wp_c(self, v):
+        r"""
+        Return a bound for the Weierstrass `\wp`-function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- a real or complex embedding of the number field
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        (Real) `c>0` such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            |\wp(z) - z^-2| \le \frac{c^2|z|^2}{1-c|z|^2}
+
+        whenever `c|z|^2<1`. Given the recurrence relations for the
+        Laurent series expansion of `\wp`, it is easy to see that
+        there is such a constant `c`.  [Reference?]
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.wp_c(QQ.places()[0])
+            2.68744508779950
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 1 + 5*i, 3 + i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.wp_c(K.places()[0])
+            2.66213425640096
+        """
+        # Note that we normalise w1, w2 differently from [Tho2010]_!
+        w2, w1 = self.E.period_lattice(v).normalised_basis()
+        return max(abs(v(self.E.c4()/240)) ** 0.5,
+                   abs(v(self.E.c6()/6048)) ** (1.0/3)) * abs(w1)**2
+
+    def fk_intervals(self, v=None, N=20, domain=CIF):
+        r"""
+        Return a function approximating the Weierstrass function, with error.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- an embedding of the number field.  If
+          ``None`` (default) use the real embedding if the field is `\QQ`
+          and raise an error for other fields.
+
+        - ``N`` -- integer; the number of terms to use in the
+          `q`-expansion of `\wp`
+
+        - ``domain`` -- (complex field) the model of `\CC` to use, for
+          example ``CDF`` of ``CIF`` (default)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair of functions fk, err which can be evaluated at complex
+        numbers `z` (in the correct ``domain``) to give an
+        approximation to `\wp(z)` and an upper bound on the error,
+        respectively.  The Weierstrass function returned is with
+        respect to the normalised lattice `[1,\tau]` associated to the
+        given embedding.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
+            sage: w1, w2 = L.normalised_basis()
+            sage: z = CDF(0.3, 0.4)
+
+        Compare the value give by the standard elliptic exponential
+        (scaled since ``fk`` is with respect to the normalised
+        lattice)::
+
+            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z*w2, to_curve=False)[0] * w2 ** 2
+            -1.82543539306049 - 2.49336319992847*I
+
+        to the value given by this function, and see the error::
+
+            sage: fk, err = E.height_function().fk_intervals(N=10)
+            sage: fk(CIF(z))
+            -1.82543539306049? - 2.49336319992847?*I
+            sage: err(CIF(z))
+            2.71750621458744e-31
+
+        The same, but in the domain ``CDF`` instead of ``CIF``::
+
+            sage: fk, err = E.height_function().fk_intervals(N=10, domain=CDF)
+            sage: fk(z)
+            -1.8254353930604... - 2.493363199928...*I
+        """
+        if v is None:
+            if self.K is QQ:
+                v = QQ.hom(RR)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("must specify embedding")
+        # pre-compute some constants
+        tau = self.tau(v)
+        const_term = 1/CC(12)
+        qn = q = (2 * CC.gen() * CC.pi() * tau).exp()
+        for n in range(1, N):
+            const_term -= 2 * qn/(1-qn) ** 2
+            qn *= q
+
+        two_pi_i = 2 * domain.gen() * domain.pi()
+        neg_four_pi2 = -4 * domain.pi() ** 2
+        const_term = domain(const_term)
+        tau = domain(tau)
+
+        abs_q = abs(domain(q))
+        abs_qN = abs(domain(qn))
+        err_factor = abs(neg_four_pi2) / (1-abs_q)
+        err_term = 2*abs_qN/(1-abs_qN) ** 2
+
+        # choose u/(1-u)^2 evaluation method
+        if domain is CIF:
+            rat_term = rat_term_CIF
+        else:
+            def rat_term(z):
+                u = (two_pi_i*z).exp()
+                return u/(1-u)**2
+
+        # the actual series
+        def fk(z):
+            return (const_term +
+                    sum([rat_term(z+n*tau) for n in range(1-N,N)])
+                    ) * neg_four_pi2
+
+        # the error function
+        def err(z):
+            alpha = z.imag() / tau.imag()
+            qNa = abs_q**(N+alpha)
+            qNai = abs_q**(N-alpha)
+            return (err_factor * (qNa/(1-qNa) ** 2 + qNai/(1-qNai) ** 2 + err_term)).upper()
+
+        return fk, err
+
+    @cached_method
+    def wp_intervals(self, v=None, N=20, abs_only=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a function approximating the Weierstrass function.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- an embedding of the number field; if
+          ``None`` (default) use the real embedding if the field is `\QQ`
+          and raise an error for other fields
+
+        - ``N`` -- integer (default: 20); The number of terms to use in the
+          `q`-expansion of `\wp`
+
+        - ``abs_only``-- boolean (default: ``False``); flag to determine
+          whether (if ``True``) the error adjustment should use the
+          absolute value or (if ``False``) the real and imaginary parts
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A function wp which can be evaluated at complex numbers `z` to
+        give an approximation to `\wp(z)`.  The Weierstrass function
+        returned is with respect to the normalised lattice `[1,\tau]`
+        associated to the given embedding.  For `z` which are not near
+        a lattice point the function ``fk`` is used, otherwise a
+        better approximation is used.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: wp = E.height_function().wp_intervals()
+            sage: z = CDF(0.3, 0.4)
+            sage: wp(CIF(z))
+            -1.82543539306049? - 2.4933631999285?*I
+
+            sage: L = E.period_lattice()
+            sage: w1, w2 = L.normalised_basis()
+            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z*w2, to_curve=False)[0] * w2^2
+            -1.82543539306049 - 2.49336319992847*I
+
+            sage: z = CDF(0.3, 0.1)
+            sage: wp(CIF(z))
+            8.5918243572165? - 5.4751982004351?*I
+            sage: L.elliptic_exponential(z*w2, to_curve=False)[0] * w2^2
+            8.59182435721650 - 5.47519820043503*I
+        """
+        if v is None:
+            if self.K is QQ:
+                v = QQ.hom(RR)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("must specify embedding")
+
+        tau = self.tau(v)
+        fk, fk_err = self.fk_intervals(v, N)
+        c = self.wp_c(v)
+
+        def wp(z):
+
+            # center around origin
+            offset = (z.imag().lower() / tau.imag()).round()
+            if offset:
+                z -= CIF(offset * tau)
+            offset = z.real().lower().round()
+            if offset:
+                z -= offset
+
+            # estimate using the series
+            approx = fk(z)
+            err = fk_err(z)
+            if abs_only:
+                approx = abs(approx)
+            approx += eps(err, abs_only)
+
+            # refine using an estimate that's better near the pole
+            z_bound = abs(z).upper()
+            cz2 = c * z_bound ** 2
+            if cz2 < 1:
+                err = (c * cz2) / (1 - cz2)
+                if abs_only:
+                    pole_approx = abs(z) ** -2
+                else:
+                    pole_approx = z ** -2
+                approx = approx.intersection(pole_approx + eps(err, abs_only))
+            return approx
+        return wp
+
+    @cached_method
+    def wp_on_grid(self, v, N, half=False):
+        r"""
+        Return an array of the values of `\wp` on an `N\times N` grid.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- an embedding of the number field
+
+        - ``N`` -- integer; the number of terms to use in the
+          `q`-expansion of `\wp`
+
+        - ``half``-- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, use an array of
+          size `N\times N/2` instead of `N\times N`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        An array of size either `N\times N/2` or `N\times N` whose
+        `(i,j)` entry is the value of the Weierstrass `\wp`-function
+        at `(i+.5)/N + (j+.5)*\tau/N`, a grid of points in the
+        fundamental region for the lattice `[1,\tau]`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: v = QQ.places()[0]
+
+        The array of values on the grid shows symmetry, since `\wp` is
+        even::
+
+            sage: H.wp_on_grid(v, 4)                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            array([[25.43920182,  5.28760943,  5.28760943, 25.43920182],
+                   [ 6.05099485,  1.83757786,  1.83757786,  6.05099485],
+                   [ 6.05099485,  1.83757786,  1.83757786,  6.05099485],
+                   [25.43920182,  5.28760943,  5.28760943, 25.43920182]])
+
+        The array of values on the half-grid::
+
+            sage: H.wp_on_grid(v, 4, True)                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+            array([[25.43920182,  5.28760943],
+                   [ 6.05099485,  1.83757786],
+                   [ 6.05099485,  1.83757786],
+                   [25.43920182,  5.28760943]])
+        """
+        tau = self.tau(v)
+        fk, err = self.fk_intervals(v, 15, CDF)
+        var_z = SR.var('z')
+        ff = fast_callable(fk(var_z), CDF, [var_z])
+        N_or_half = N // (1+half)         # array is NxN or Nx(N/2)
+        vals = numpy.empty((N,N_or_half)) # empty array tp hold values
+        for i in range(N):
+            for j in range(N_or_half):
+                vals[i,j] = abs(ff((i+.5)/N + (j+.5)*tau/N))
+        return vals
+
+    def complex_intersection_is_empty(self, Bk, v, verbose=False, use_half=True):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` iff an intersection of `T_n^{(v)}` sets is empty.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``Bk`` -- list of reals
+
+        - ``v`` -- a complex embedding of the number field
+
+        - ``verbose``-- boolean (default: ``False``); verbosity flag
+
+        - ``use_half``-- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, use only half
+          the fundamental region
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` or ``False``, according as the intersection of the unions of
+        intervals `T_n^{(v)}(-b,b)` for `b` in the list ``Bk`` (see
+        [Tho2010]_, section 7) is empty or not.  When ``Bk`` is the list of
+        `b=\sqrt{B_n(\mu)}` for `n=1,2,3,\dots` for some `\mu>0` this
+        means that all non-torsion points on `E` with everywhere good
+        reduction have canonical height strictly greater than `\mu`,
+        by [Tho2010]_, Proposition 7.8.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])
+            sage: v = K.complex_embeddings()[0]
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+
+        The following two lines prove that the heights of non-torsion
+        points on `E` with everywhere good reduction have canonical
+        height strictly greater than 0.02, but fail to prove the same
+        for 0.03.  For the first proof, using only `n=1,2,3` is not
+        sufficient::
+
+            sage: H.complex_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n, 0.02) for n in [1,2,3]], v)  # long time, needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+            sage: H.complex_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n, 0.02) for n in [1,2,3,4]], v)  # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: H.complex_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n, 0.03) for n in [1,2,3,4]], v)  # long time, needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            False
+
+        Using `n\le6` enables us to prove the lower bound 0.03.  Note
+        that it takes longer when the result is ``False`` than when it
+        is ``True``::
+
+            sage: H.complex_intersection_is_empty([H.B(n, 0.03) for n in [1..6]], v)     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.period_lattice_region import PeriodicRegion
+
+        b2 = v(self.E.b2())
+        # Note that we normalise w1, w2 differently from [Tho2010]_!
+        w2, w1 = self.E.period_lattice(v).normalised_basis()
+        tau = w2/w1
+        bounds = [RDF((B.sqrt() + abs(b2)/12) * abs(w1) ** 2) for B in Bk]
+        vals = self.wp_on_grid(v, 30, half=use_half)
+        wp = self.wp_intervals(v, abs_only=True)
+
+        k = len(bounds)
+
+        # First try and prove a negative result (cheap).
+        if verbose:
+            print("trying to prove negative result...")
+        intersection = None
+        for B, n in sorted(zip(bounds, ZZ.range(1, k+1))):
+            T = PeriodicRegion(CDF(1), CDF(tau), vals < B, full=not use_half)
+            if intersection is None:
+                intersection = PeriodicRegion(CDF(1), CDF(tau), vals < B, full=not use_half)
+            else:
+                intersection &= T/n
+                if intersection.is_empty():
+                    break
+        else:
+            z = CIF(intersection.innermost_point())
+            if all(wp((k+1)*z).upper() < B for k, B in enumerate(bounds)):
+                return False
+
+        # Now try to prove a positive result.
+        if verbose:
+            print("trying to prove positive result...")
+        intersection = None
+        for B, n in sorted(zip(bounds, ZZ.range(1, k+1))):
+
+            T = PeriodicRegion(CDF(1), CDF(tau), vals < B, full=not use_half).expand().refine()
+            B = RIF(B)
+            leaning_right = tau.real() / tau.imag() >= 0
+
+            def check_line(z):
+                wpz = wp(z)
+                if wpz > B:
+                    return True
+                # Try refining once before we declare failure.
+                z00, z01, z10, z11 = z.bisection()
+                if leaning_right:
+                    start, end = z00, z11
+                else:
+                    start, end = z01, z10
+                if wp(start) > B and wp(end) > B:
+                    return True
+                return False
+
+            # This step here is the bottleneck.
+            while not T.verify(check_line):
+                if verbose:
+                    print("bad")
+                T = T.expand()
+            if intersection is None:
+                intersection = T
+            else:
+                intersection &= T/n
+                if intersection.is_empty():
+                    return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def test_mu(self, mu, N, verbose=True):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if we can prove that `\mu` is a lower bound.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``mu`` -- positive real number
+
+        - ``N`` -- integer; upper bound on the multiples to be used
+
+        - ``verbose``-- boolean (default: ``True``); verbosity flag
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``True`` or ``False``, according to whether we succeed in
+        proving that `\mu` is a lower bound for the canonical heights
+        of points of infinite order with everywhere good reduction.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            A ``True`` result is rigorous; ``False`` only means that
+            the attempt failed: trying again with larger `N` may yield
+            ``True``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)                                          # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0,0,0,0,a])                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: H = E.height_function()                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+
+        This curve does have a point of good reduction whose canonical
+        point is approximately 1.68::
+
+            sage: P = E.gens(lim3=5)[0]; P                                              # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1/3*a^2 + a + 5/3 : -2*a^2 - 4/3*a - 5/3 : 1)
+            sage: P.height()                                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            1.68038085233673
+            sage: P.has_good_reduction()                                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+        Using `N=5` we can prove that 0.1 is a lower bound (in fact we
+        only need `N=2`), but not that 0.2 is::
+
+            sage: H.test_mu(0.1, 5)                                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            B_1(0.100000000000000) = 1.51580969677387
+            B_2(0.100000000000000) = 0.932072561526720
+            True
+            sage: H.test_mu(0.2, 5)                                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            B_1(0.200000000000000) = 2.04612906979932
+            B_2(0.200000000000000) = 3.09458988474327
+            B_3(0.200000000000000) = 27.6251108409484
+            B_4(0.200000000000000) = 1036.24722370223
+            B_5(0.200000000000000) = 3.67090854562318e6
+            False
+
+        Since 0.1 is a lower bound we can deduce that the point `P` is
+        either primitive or divisible by either 2 or 3.  In fact it is
+        primitive::
+
+            sage: (P.height()/0.1).sqrt()                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            4.09924487233530
+            sage: P.division_points(2)                                                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            []
+            sage: P.division_points(3)                                                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            []
+        """
+        # Compute the list of values `B_n(\mu)` for n in 1..N.  If any
+        # of these is 1 we can return True right away (see [Tho2010]_,
+        # Proposition 5.1).
+        Bk = []
+        for n in ZZ.range(1, N + 1):
+            b = self.B(n, mu)
+            if verbose:
+                print("B_%s(%s) = %s" % (n, mu, b))
+            if b < 1:
+                return True
+            Bk.append(b)
+
+        # Each real or complex embedding of the number field gives us
+        # a chance to prove the lower bound.  We try each in turn,
+        # stopping if one gives a True result.
+
+        from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import refine_embedding
+        for v in self.K.places():
+            ok = False
+            while not ok:
+                try:
+                    if v(self.K.gen()) in RR:
+                        if self.real_intersection_is_empty(Bk, v):
+                            return True
+                    else:
+                        if self.complex_intersection_is_empty(Bk, v):
+                            return True
+                    ok = True
+                except ArithmeticError:
+                    v = refine_embedding(v)
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("Refining embedding, codomain now {}".format(v.codomain()))
+        return False # Couldn't prove it...
+
+    def min_gr(self, tol, n_max, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a lower bound for points of infinite order with good reduction.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tol`` -- tolerance in output (see below)
+
+        - ``n_max`` -- how many multiples to use in iteration
+
+        - ``verbose``-- boolean (default: ``False``); verbosity flag
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A positive real `\mu` for which it has been established
+        rigorously that every point of infinite order on the elliptic
+        curve (defined over its ground field), which has good
+        reduction at all primes, has canonical height greater than
+        `\mu`, and such that it is not possible (at least without
+        increasing ``n_max``) to prove the same for
+        `\mu\cdot\text{tol}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Example 1 from [CS2006]_ (where a lower bound of 1.9865 was
+        given)::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, 1, 421152067, 105484554028056]) # 60490d1
+            sage: E.height_function().min_gr(.0001, 5)                                  # needs sage.symbolic
+            1.98684388146518
+
+        Example 10.1 from [Tho2010]_ (where a lower bound of 0.18 was
+        given)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 91 - 26*i, -144 - 323*i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min_gr(0.1, 4)              # long time, needs sage.symbolic
+            0.1621049443313762
+
+        Example 10.2 from [Tho2010]_::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 1 - i, i, -i, 0])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min_gr(0.01, 5)             # long time, needs sage.symbolic
+            0.020153685521979152
+
+        In this example the point `P=(0,0)` has height 0.023 so our
+        lower bound is quite good::
+
+            sage: P = E((0,0))                                                          # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.has_good_reduction()                                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+            sage: P.height()                                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            0.0230242154471211
+
+        Example 10.3 from [Tho2010]_ (where the same bound of 0.25 is
+        given)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, -3*a - a^2, a^2])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min_gr(0.1, 5)              # long time, needs sage.symbolic
+            0.25
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        This example from the LMFDB gave problems before the fix in :issue:`8829`::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<phi> = NumberField(x^2 - x - 1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([phi + 1, -phi + 1, 1, 20*phi - 39, 196*phi + 237])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min_gr(.1, 5, verbose=True)         # long time, needs sage.symbolic
+            B_1(1) = 1540.199246369678
+            ...
+            halving mu to 0.25 and increasing n_max to 6
+            ...
+            halving mu to 0.001953125 and increasing n_max to 13
+            doubling mu to 0.0078125
+            doubling mu to 0.015625
+            height bound in [0.0078125, 0.015625] using n_max = 13
+            ...
+            height bound in [0.012048522073499539, 0.01313900648833929] using n_max = 13
+            0.012048522073499539
+        """
+        test = self.test_mu
+        if test(1, n_max, verbose):
+            mu = 2.0
+            while test(mu, n_max, False):
+                mu *= 2
+            mu *= 0.5
+        else:
+            mu = 0.5
+            while not test(mu, n_max, False):
+                mu *= 0.5
+                n_max += 1
+                if verbose:
+                    print("halving mu to %r and increasing n_max to %r" % (mu, n_max))
+            # now we have (mu,n_max) which work we can try to increase
+            # mu again using this larger n_max:
+            mu *= 2
+            while test(mu, n_max, False):
+                mu *= 2
+                if verbose:
+                    print("doubling mu to %r" % mu)
+            mu *= 0.5
+
+        # The true value lies between mu and eps * mu.
+        eps = 2.0
+        while eps > tol + 1:
+            if verbose:
+                print("height bound in [%r, %r] using n_max = %r"
+                      % (mu, mu * eps, n_max))
+            eps = math.sqrt(eps)
+            if test(mu * eps, n_max, False):
+                mu = mu * eps
+        if verbose:
+            print("height bound in [%r, %r] using n_max = %r"
+                  % (mu, mu * eps, n_max))
+        return RDF(mu)
+
+    def min(self, tol, n_max, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a lower bound for all points of infinite order.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tol`` -- tolerance in output (see below)
+
+        - ``n_max`` -- how many multiples to use in iteration
+
+        - ``verbose``-- boolean (default: ``False``); verbosity flag
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A positive real `\mu` for which it has been established
+        rigorously that every point of infinite order on the elliptic
+        curve (defined over its ground field) has canonical height
+        greater than `\mu`, and such that it is not possible (at least
+        without increasing ``n_max``) to prove the same for
+        `\mu\cdot\text{tol}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Example 1 from [CS2006]_ (where the same lower bound of 0.1126 was
+        given)::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1, 0, 1, 421152067, 105484554028056]) # 60490d1
+            sage: E.height_function().min(.0001, 5)                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+            0.0011263287309893311
+
+        Example 10.1 from [Tho2010]_ (where a lower bound of 0.18 was
+        given)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, 91 - 26*i, -144 - 323*i])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min(0.1, 4)                 # long time
+            0.1621049443313762
+
+        Example 10.2 from [Tho2010]_::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 1 - i, i, -i, 0])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min(0.01, 5)                # long time
+            0.020153685521979152
+
+        In this example the point `P=(0,0)` has height 0.023 so our
+        lower bound is quite good::
+
+            sage: P = E((0,0))                                                          # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P.height()                                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            0.0230242154471211
+
+        Example 10.3 from [Tho2010]_ (where the same bound of 0.0625 is
+        given)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, -3*a - a^2, a^2])
+            sage: H = E.height_function()
+            sage: H.min(0.1, 5)                 # long time
+            0.0625
+
+        More examples over `\QQ`::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('37a')
+            sage: h = E.height_function()
+            sage: h.min(.01, 5)                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            0.03987318057488725
+            sage: E.gen(0).height()
+            0.0511114082399688
+
+        After base change the lower bound can decrease::
+
+            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-5)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: E.change_ring(K).height_function().min(0.5, 10)       # long time, needs sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            0.04419417382415922
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
+            sage: h = E.height_function()
+            sage: h.min(0.1, 5)                                                         # needs sage.symbolic
+            0.05731275270029196
+            sage: [P.height() for P in E.gens()]
+            [0.686667083305587, 0.327000773651605]
+        """
+        # The lcm of the exponents of all the component groups at
+        # finite places (allowing for everywhere good reduction!)
+        tp = lcm([L.tamagawa_exponent() for L in self.E.local_data()] + [ZZ(1)])
+
+        # Include infinite places:
+        if tp % 2 == 1:
+            if self.K == QQ:
+                if self.E.real_components() == 2:
+                    tp *= 2
+            elif any(v(self.E.discriminant()) > 0
+                     for v in self.K.real_places()):
+                tp *= 2
+        # Now tp is such that tp*P has good reduction at all places
+        # for all points P:
+        return self.min_gr(tol, n_max, verbose) / tp ** 2