cainiaoblog 23.2.171

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+ <span id="more"></span>
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+ <h2 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><p>回想一下，当我们引入别人开发的类库时有几种方式？下面假设我们引入一个<code>demo</code>方法：</p>
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+ <ul>
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+ <li>传统方式：<code>script</code>标签</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;scriptsrc=<span class="string">&quot;demo.js&quot;</span>&gt;&lt;<span class="regexp">/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;demo();&lt;/</span>script&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <ul>
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+ <li>AMD</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="title function_">define</span>([<span class="string">&#x27;demo&#x27;</span>], <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">demo</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">demo</span>();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <ul>
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+ <li>commonjs 方式</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> demo = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;demo&#x27;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">demo</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <ul>
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+ <li>ES6 module</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> demo <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">&#x27;demo&#x27;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">demo</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <p>大家思考一下，为什么这个类库能支持不同方式的引入？如何实现的？这就是 webpack 配置<code>output.library</code>和<code>output.libraryTarget</code>提供的功能。</p>
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+ <h2 id="output-library"><a href="#output-library" class="headerlink" title="output.library"></a>output.library</h2><p>支持输入<code>string</code>或者<code>object</code>(从 webpack 3.1.0 版本开始支持; 限于 libraryTarget: “umd” 时使用)类型的值。</p>
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+ <p><code>output.library</code>的值被如何使用会根据<code>output.libraryTarget</code>的取值不同而不同。而默认<code>output.libraryTarget</code>的取值是<code>var</code>，如果如下配置：</p>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">output</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">library</span>: <span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <p>如果在 HTML 页面中使用<code>script</code>标签引入打包结果文件，那么变量<code>myDemo</code>对应的值将会是*入口文件(entry file)*的返回值。</p>
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+ <h2 id="output-libraryTarget"><a href="#output-libraryTarget" class="headerlink" title="output.libraryTarget"></a>output.libraryTarget</h2><p>支持输入<code>string</code>类型的值。默认值：<code>var</code></p>
49
+ <p>此配置的作用是控制 webpack 打包的内容是如何暴露的。请注意这个选项需要和<code>output.library</code>所绑定的值一起产生作用。在以下的 demo 中，假设<code>output.library</code>值是<code>myDemo</code>。*<code>_entry_return_</code>表示入口点返回的值。在bundle中，它是webpack从入口点生成的函数的输出。*</p>
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+ <h3 id="暴露一个变量"><a href="#暴露一个变量" class="headerlink" title="暴露一个变量"></a>暴露一个变量</h3><p>以下选项会把打包返回的值（无论暴露的是什么）绑定到一个由<code>output.library</code>指定的变量上，无论包是被如何引用。</p>
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+ <ul>
52
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;var&quot;</code>- (default)</strong></li>
53
+ </ul>
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+ <p>使用这个配置，当库被加载时，那么库的返回值会被分配到使用用<code>var</code>申明的变量上。</p>
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+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> myDemo = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// In a separate script...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">myDemo</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
57
+ <blockquote>
58
+ <p>如果没有设置<code>output.library</code>值，那么将不会发生赋值行为。</p>
59
+ </blockquote>
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+ <ul>
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+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;assign&quot;</code></strong></li>
62
+ </ul>
63
+ <p>使用这个设置，会把库返回值分配给一个没使用<code>var</code>申明的变量中，如果这个变量没有在引入作用域中提前申明过，那么将会挂载在全局作用域中。（注意，<strong>这个行为有可能会覆盖全局作用域中的已有变量</strong>）</p>
64
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">myDemo = _entry_return_;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
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+ <h3 id="通过对象属性暴露"><a href="#通过对象属性暴露" class="headerlink" title="通过对象属性暴露"></a>通过对象属性暴露</h3><p>以下选项将库的返回值（无论返回值是什么）分配给特定对象的指定属性，属性由<code>output.library</code>指定，对象由<code>output.libraryTarget</code>指定。</p>
67
+ <p>当<code>output.library</code>没有指定为非空字符串，那么默认行为是将库返回值的所有属性(properties)都分配到对象中，代码如下：</p>
68
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">e, a</span>) &#123;<span class="keyword">for</span>(<span class="keyword">var</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> a) e[i] = a[i]; &#125;($&#123;output.<span class="property">libraryTarget</span>&#125;, _entry_return_)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
69
+
70
+ <blockquote>
71
+ <p>注意，发生这个行为的时候 webpack 并不会检查对象中是否已经存在这些属性值，也就是会发生覆盖行为。</p>
72
+ </blockquote>
73
+ <ul>
74
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;this&quot;</code></strong> - 将库的返回值分配给<code>this</code>对象的由<code>output.library</code>指定的属性。其中<code>this</code>的意义由用户决定。</li>
75
+ </ul>
76
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">this</span>[<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>] = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">this</span>.<span class="title function_">myDemo</span>();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">myDemo</span>(); <span class="comment">// if this is window</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
77
+
78
+ <ul>
79
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;window&quot;</code></strong> - 将库的返回值分配给<code>window</code>对象的由<code>output.library</code>指定的属性。</li>
80
+ </ul>
81
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">window</span>[<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>] = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">window</span>.<span class="property">myDemo</span>.<span class="title function_">doSomething</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
82
+
83
+ <ul>
84
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;global&quot;</code></strong> - 将库的返回值分配给<code>global</code>对象的由<code>output.library</code>指定的属性。</li>
85
+ </ul>
86
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">global</span>[<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>] = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">global</span>.<span class="title function_">myDemo</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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+
88
+ <ul>
89
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;commonjs&quot;</code></strong> - 将库的返回值分配给<code>exports</code>对象的由<code>output.library</code>指定的属性。正如名字所指，这个选项可以使用在 CommonJS 环境。</li>
90
+ </ul>
91
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exports</span>[<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>] = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>).<span class="title function_">doSomething</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
92
+
93
+ <h3 id="模块定义系统"><a href="#模块定义系统" class="headerlink" title="模块定义系统"></a>模块定义系统</h3><p>以下选项将产生一个包含更完整兼容代码的包，以确保与各种模块系统的兼容性。 此时<code>output.library</code>选项在不同的<code>output.libraryTarget</code>选项下具有不同的含义。</p>
94
+ <ul>
95
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;commonjs2&quot;</code></strong> - 将库的返回值分配给<code>module.exports</code>。正如名字所指，这个选项可以使用在 CommonJS 环境。</li>
96
+ </ul>
97
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable language_">module</span>.<span class="property">exports</span> = _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> myDemo = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">myDemo</span>();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
98
+
99
+ <p>注意，在这个情况下<code>output.library</code>不是必须的，因为此时<code>output.library</code>选项将会被忽略。</p>
100
+ <blockquote>
101
+ <p><em>有没有注意到 CommonJS 和 CommonJS2 长的非常像？他们确实很相似，但是其中有微妙的区别，想了解更多可以参考<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/1114">这个issue</a></em></p>
102
+ </blockquote>
103
+ <ul>
104
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;amd&quot;</code></strong> - 这个选项会把库作为 AMD 模块导出。<br> AMD模块要求输入脚本（例如由<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>标签加载的第一个脚本）被定义为具有特定属性，例如通常由 RequireJS 或任何兼容的加载器（诸如almond）提供的<code>require</code>和<code>define</code>属性。否则，直接加载生成的 AMD 捆绑包将导致类似<code>define is not defined</code>的错误。<br> 由此定义生成的代码会如下：</li>
105
+ </ul>
106
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="title function_">define</span>(<span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>, [], <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;<span class="keyword">return</span> _entry_return_;&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
107
+
108
+ <p>以上的代码可以作为<code>script</code>标签引入代码的一部分被包含，然后在通过以下代码调用：</p>
109
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>([<span class="string">&#x27;myDemo&#x27;</span>], <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">myDemo</span>) &#123;<span class="comment">// Do something with the library...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">myDemo</span>();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
110
+
111
+ <p>如果<code>output.library</code>没有定义有效值，那么生成的代码将如下：</p>
112
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="title function_">define</span>([], <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;<span class="keyword">return</span> _entry_return_;&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
113
+
114
+ <p>如果直接使用<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>标签加载，该库将无法按预期生效，或者根本无法生效（在 almond 加载器的情况下）。它只能通过与 RequireJS 兼容的异步模块加载器通过该文件的实际路径进行引入，因此在这种情况下，如果这些由服务器直接提供，那么<code>output.path</code>和<code>output.filename</code>配置可能变得非常重要。</p>
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+ <ul>
116
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;umd&quot;</code></strong> - 这个选项会尝试把库暴露给前使用的模块定义系统，这使其和<code>CommonJS</code>、<code>AMD</code>兼容或者暴露为全局变量。<br><code>output.library</code> 选项在这里是必须的。最终代码输出如下：</li>
117
+ </ul>
118
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="title function_">functionwebpackUniversalModuleDefinition</span>(root, factory) &#123;<span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="built_in">exports</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span> &amp;&amp; <span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="variable language_">module</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">module</span>.<span class="property">exports</span> = <span class="title function_">factory</span>();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">elseif</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> define === <span class="string">&#x27;function&#x27;</span> &amp;&amp; define.<span class="property">amd</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="title function_">define</span>([], factory);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">elseif</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="built_in">exports</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">exports</span>[<span class="string">&quot;MyLibrary&quot;</span>] = <span class="title function_">factory</span>();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line"> root[<span class="string">&quot;MyLibrary&quot;</span>] = <span class="title function_">factory</span>();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> self !== <span class="string">&#x27;undefined&#x27;</span> ? self : <span class="variable language_">this</span>, <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;<span class="keyword">return</span> _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
119
+
120
+ <p>如果 <code>output.library</code> 没有输入有效值，那么对于<em>全局变量</em>的处理会和上面提到的 <code>暴露一个变量</code> 一致。代码输出如下：</p>
121
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="title function_">functionwebpackUniversalModuleDefinition</span>(root, factory) &#123;<span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="built_in">exports</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span> &amp;&amp; <span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="variable language_">module</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="variable language_">module</span>.<span class="property">exports</span> = <span class="title function_">factory</span>();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title function_">elseif</span>(<span class="keyword">typeof</span> define === <span class="string">&#x27;function&#x27;</span> &amp;&amp; define.<span class="property">amd</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="title function_">define</span>([], factory);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="title function_">factory</span>();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span>(<span class="keyword">var</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> a) (<span class="keyword">typeof</span> <span class="built_in">exports</span> === <span class="string">&#x27;object&#x27;</span> ? <span class="built_in">exports</span> : root)[i] = a[i];</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)(<span class="variable language_">this</span>, <span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) &#123;<span class="keyword">return</span> _entry_return_;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
122
+
123
+ <p>从 webpack 3.10.0 版本开始，我们可以通过把 <code>output.library</code> 定义为对象来控制不同目标环境的输出值。详情可参考<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/webpack/webpack/tree/master/examples/multi-part-library">这个Demo</a></p>
124
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">output</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">library</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">root</span>: <span class="string">&quot;myDemo&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">amd</span>: <span class="string">&quot;my-demo&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">commonjs</span>: <span class="string">&quot;my-common-demo&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;,</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">libraryTarget</span>: <span class="string">&quot;umd&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
125
+
126
+ <h3 id="其他类型"><a href="#其他类型" class="headerlink" title="其他类型"></a>其他类型</h3><ul>
127
+ <li><strong><code>libraryTarget: &quot;jsonp&quot;</code></strong> - 这个方法会使用 jsonp 的方式把结果包裹起来。</li>
128
+ </ul>
129
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="title function_">myDemo</span>(_entry_return_);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
130
+
131
+ <p> 库的依赖由 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://webpack.js.org/configuration/externals/">externals</a> 定义。</p>
132
+ <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>以上所有栗子可以下载 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/Yuliang-Lee/webpack-libraryTarget-demo">webpack-libraryTarget-demo</a> 项目，运行 <code>npm i</code> 安装依赖，接着 <code>npm run build-all</code> 命令执行打包，最后在 <code>dist</code> 目录下查看不同打包方式生成的代码。</p>
133
+ <ul>
134
+ <li>主要看第一行</li>
135
+ <li><code>(function(modules) &#123; // webpackBootstrap</code> 这一行开始，指代上述的 <code>_entry_return_</code> 部分</li>
136
+ </ul>
137
+ <p><code>output.libraryTarget</code>一共支持的值：</p>
138
+ <ol>
139
+ <li>var - 默认值</li>
140
+ <li>assign</li>
141
+ <li>this</li>
142
+ <li>window</li>
143
+ <li>global</li>
144
+ <li>commonjs</li>
145
+ <li>commonjs2</li>
146
+ <li>amd</li>
147
+ <li>umd</li>
148
+ <li>jsonp</li>
149
+ </ol>
150
+ <hr>
151
+ <p><code>原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/frank_yll/article/details/78992778 本文首发于 https://www.xlaoyu.info</code></p>
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