cainiaoblog 23.2.171

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+ <li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://download.xuehuayu.cn/dir/12581144-35672610-1e645d">免费全栈工程师视频(点击下载)</a><span id="more"></span>
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+ </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.staticaly.com/gh/npljy/npljy.github.io/main/js/fixedPage.min.js"></script><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 6.3.0"></head><body><div class="body_container"><div id="header"><div class="site-name"><a id="logo" href="/.">前端壹菜鸟</a><p class="description">关注前端知识，收集精彩博文，做技术的搬运工</p></div><div id="nav-menu"><a class="current" href="/." target="_self"><i class="fa fa-home"> 首页</i></a><a href="/archives/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-archive"> 归档</i></a><a href="/guestbook/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-comments"> 留言</i></a><a href="/about/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-user"> 关于</i></a><a href="https://laonongmin.online/" target="_target"><i class="fa fa-group"> 看看</i></a><a href="https://love.xuehuayu.cn/" target="_target"><i class="fa fa-heart"> LOVE</i></a></div></div><div class="pure-g" id="layout"><div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-4"><div class="content_container"><div class="post"><h1 class="post-title c-post">Web性能领域常见的专业术语</h1><div class="post-meta"><span class="date">2019-12-16</span><span> | </span><span class="tag"><a href="/tags/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BD%BD/">转载 </a></span><span> | </span><span class="category"><a href="/categories/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/">分享 </a></span><span id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"> | <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa fa-spinner"></i></span><span> 阅读</span></span><span class="post-time"><span class="post-meta-item-text"> | </span><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="fa fa-keyboard-o"></i><span class="post-count"> 2.5k</span><span class="post-meta-item-text"> 字</span></span></span><span class="post-time"> | <span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="fa fa-hourglass-half"></i><span class="post-count"> 8</span><span class="post-meta-item-text"> 分钟</span></span></span></div><a class="disqus-comment-count" href="/article/48216.html#vcomment"><span class="waline-comment-count" data-path="/article/48216.html"></span><span> 条评论</span></a><div class="post-content"><p><code>原文地址：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GIpmZIY6yxGRBpkTDHuJuw</code></p>
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+ <h2 id="衡量网页的性能是一个比较琐碎的事情，因为没有某一个指标或数字可以直接告诉我们网页的性能怎样，因为加载网页不是一瞬间的事，准确地说，它是一个过程，不存在某个单独的-“时间点”-可以完全体现出网页的性能，因为在网页加载的过程中，有很多个比较关键的-“时间点”-可以影响用户的感觉（感觉我们的网页是-“快”-还是-“慢”）。而且不同类型的产品所侧重的点也都不太一样，可能同一个时间点，对于某些产品至关重要，但对于另外一些产品，则完全不care。-gt-编者按：本文作者Berwin，W3C性能工作组成员，360导航资深前端工程师。《深入浅出Vue-js》作者。-gt-测量与排查网页的性能瓶颈，是一名专业Web性能优化者的基本功。本章将详细介绍Web性能领域的一些专业术语，通过这些术语也可以侧面了解是哪些因素在影响加载性能。"><a href="#衡量网页的性能是一个比较琐碎的事情，因为没有某一个指标或数字可以直接告诉我们网页的性能怎样，因为加载网页不是一瞬间的事，准确地说，它是一个过程，不存在某个单独的-“时间点”-可以完全体现出网页的性能，因为在网页加载的过程中，有很多个比较关键的-“时间点”-可以影响用户的感觉（感觉我们的网页是-“快”-还是-“慢”）。而且不同类型的产品所侧重的点也都不太一样，可能同一个时间点，对于某些产品至关重要，但对于另外一些产品，则完全不care。-gt-编者按：本文作者Berwin，W3C性能工作组成员，360导航资深前端工程师。《深入浅出Vue-js》作者。-gt-测量与排查网页的性能瓶颈，是一名专业Web性能优化者的基本功。本章将详细介绍Web性能领域的一些专业术语，通过这些术语也可以侧面了解是哪些因素在影响加载性能。" class="headerlink" title="衡量网页的性能是一个比较琐碎的事情，因为没有某一个指标或数字可以直接告诉我们网页的性能怎样，因为加载网页不是一瞬间的事，准确地说，它是一个过程，不存在某个单独的 “时间点” 可以完全体现出网页的性能，因为在网页加载的过程中，有很多个比较关键的 “时间点” 可以影响用户的感觉（感觉我们的网页是 “快” 还是 “慢”）。而且不同类型的产品所侧重的点也都不太一样，可能同一个时间点，对于某些产品至关重要，但对于另外一些产品，则完全不care。&gt;编者按：本文作者Berwin，W3C性能工作组成员，360导航资深前端工程师。《深入浅出Vue.js》作者。&gt;测量与排查网页的性能瓶颈，是一名专业Web性能优化者的基本功。本章将详细介绍Web性能领域的一些专业术语，通过这些术语也可以侧面了解是哪些因素在影响加载性能。"></a>衡量网页的性能是一个比较琐碎的事情，因为没有某一个指标或数字可以直接告诉我们网页的性能怎样，因为加载网页不是一瞬间的事，准确地说，它是一个过程，不存在某个单独的 <strong>“时间点”</strong> 可以完全体现出网页的性能，因为在网页加载的过程中，有很多个比较关键的 <strong>“时间点”</strong> 可以影响用户的感觉（感觉我们的网页是 <strong>“快”</strong> 还是 <strong>“慢”</strong>）。而且不同类型的产品所侧重的点也都不太一样，可能同一个时间点，对于某些产品至关重要，但对于另外一些产品，则完全不care。<br><span id="more"></span><br>&gt;编者按：本文作者Berwin，W3C性能工作组成员，360导航资深前端工程师。《深入浅出Vue.js》作者。<br>&gt;测量与排查网页的性能瓶颈，是一名专业Web性能优化者的基本功。本章将详细介绍Web性能领域的一些专业术语，通过这些术语也可以侧面了解是哪些因素在影响加载性能。</h2><p>以<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.google.com.hk为例,下图是使用lighthouse(一个性能测评工具)捕获出的测评结果报告./">https://www.google.com.hk为例，下图是使用Lighthouse（一个性能测评工具）捕获出的测评结果报告。</a></p>
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+ <p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MpGQUHiaib4ib7IGiboflmhpibLq6UD9r8Y1FkrckDFlOayDdXd5lSkls1XrT04e5c6DTW2ExANczlIk1uAnr4F3hVw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" alt="xuehuayu.cn"></p>
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+ <p>下图是使用Chrome浏览器的DevTools捕获出的加载性能结果报告。</p>
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+ <p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MpGQUHiaib4ib7IGiboflmhpibLq6UD9r8Y1FV5rTNhQRCgdtCM8hhvtQHduZW6B2iao0EI8xTswicibOblgBVlXHEQF5g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" alt="xuehuayu.cn"></p>
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+ <p>从上面这两张性能测评报告中，我们会发现报告通常会给出很多个 <strong>“关键时间点”</strong> 来表示性能数据，单独的某个“时间点”无法体现出网页的性能，只有将它们与自身的产品类型相结合，综合评估，才能判断出网页的性能到底怎样。而我们要做的，就是读懂报告中的各种专业术语，并分辨出哪些因素影响了网页的加载性能。</p>
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+ <h2 id="术语"><a href="#术语" class="headerlink" title="术语"></a>术语</h2><h3 id="FP、FCP、FMP与LCP"><a href="#FP、FCP、FMP与LCP" class="headerlink" title="FP、FCP、FMP与LCP"></a>FP、FCP、FMP与LCP</h3><p>从前面的评测报告中，我们会看到FP、FCP、FMP与LCP这几个字母很接近的术语，实际上他们的意思也非常接近，都表示浏览器在屏幕上渲染像素的时间点。F是First的首字母缩写，表示“第一次”；P是Paint的首字母缩写，表示“绘制”；C是Contentful的首字母缩写，表示“内容”。</p>
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+ <p><strong>FP（全称“First Paint”，翻译为“首次绘制”）</strong> 是时间线上的第一个“时间点”，它代表浏览器第一次向屏幕传输像素的时间，也就是页面在屏幕上首次发生视觉变化的时间。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>注意：FP不包含默认背景绘制，但包含非默认的背景绘制。</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><strong>FCP（全称“First Contentful Paint”，翻译为“首次内容绘制”）</strong>，顾名思义，它代表浏览器第一次向屏幕绘制 <strong>“内容”</strong>。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>注意：只有首次绘制文本、图片（包含背景图）、非白色的canvas或SVG时才被算作FCP。</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p>FP与FCP这两个指标之间的主要区别是：FP是当浏览器开始绘制内容到屏幕上的时候，只要在视觉上开始发生变化，无论是什么内容触发的视觉变化，在这一刻，这个时间点，叫做FP。</p>
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+ <p>相比之下，FCP指的是浏览器首次绘制来自DOM的内容。例如：文本，图片，SVG，canvas元素等，这个时间点叫FCP。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>FP和FCP可能是相同的时间，也可能是先FP后FCP。</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><strong>FMP（全称“First Meaningful Paint”，翻译为“首次有效绘制”）</strong> 表示页面的“主要内容”开始出现在屏幕上的时间点。它是我们测量用户加载体验的主要指标。</p>
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+ <p>FMP本质上是通过一个算法来猜测某个时间点可能是FMP，所以有时候不准。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>想详细了解FMP及它的原理可以看我的另一篇文章：《捕获FMP的原理》(<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/berwin/Blog/issues/42">https://github.com/berwin/Blog/issues/42</a>)</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p>图3给出了FP、FCP、FMP之间的比较。</p>
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+ <p><img src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="xuehuayu.cn"></p>
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+ <p><strong>LCP（全称“Largest Contentful Paint”）</strong> 表示可视区“内容”最大的可见元素开始出现在屏幕上的时间点。</p>
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+ <p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MpGQUHiaib4ib7IGiboflmhpibLq6UD9r8Y1FGFBsKNiaYGhMPl7FdhXCoMckcjfNT7QPz8psibbTBaqlfibz6xbJUWjtQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1&amp;wx_co=1" alt="xuehuayu.cn"></p>
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+ <p>了解和测量网站真实的性能其实非常困难，像load和DOMContentLoaded不会告诉我们用户什么时候可以在屏幕上看到内容。而FP和FCP又只能捕获整个渲染过程的最开始，FMP更好一点，但是它的算法比较复杂，而且前面说了，有时候不准。</p>
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+ <p>根据W3C Web性能工作组的讨论和Google的研究，发现测量页面主要内容的可见时间有一种更精准且简单的方法是查看什么时候渲染<strong>最大元素</strong>。</p>
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+ <p>以上图为例，绿色方块的区域是内容最大的元素，所以在这个例子中，LCP等于这个元素开始渲染的时间。</p>
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+ <p>现在我们了解了FP、FCP、FMP以及LCP这几个术语，FP与FCP可以让我们知道，我们的产品何时开始渲染；而FMP与LCP可以让我们了解我们的产品何时“有用”，站在用户的角度，FMP与LCP可以表示我们的产品需要多久才能体现出价值。</p>
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+ <p>注意，这里说的是“有用”，而不是“能用”；那我们如何才能知道我们的产品什么时候“能用”呢？这就需要另一个性能指标“TTI”了。</p>
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+ <p><strong>TTI（全称“Time to Interactive”，翻译为“可交互时间”）</strong> 表示网页第一次 <strong>完全达到可交互状态</strong> 的时间点。可交互状态指的是页面上的UI组件是可以交互的（可以响应按钮的点击或在文本框输入文字等），不仅如此，此时主线程已经达到“流畅”的程度，主线程的任务均不超过50毫秒。TTI很重要，因为TTI可以让我们了解我们的产品需要多久可以真正达到“可用”的状态。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>关于50毫秒的问题我之前的博客文章有多次提到，可以参考这篇文章《时间切片（Time Slicing）》(<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/berwin/Blog/issues/38">https://github.com/berwin/Blog/issues/38</a>)</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><strong>TTFB（全称“Time to First Byte”）</strong> 表示浏览器接收第一个字节的时间</p>
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+ <p><strong>FCI（全称“First CPU Idle”）</strong> 是对TTI的一种补充，TTI可以告诉我们页面什么时候完全达到可用，但是我们不知道浏览器第一次可以响应用户输入是什么时候。我们不知道网页的“最小可交互时间”是多少，最小可交互时间是说网页的首屏已经达到了可交互的状态了，但整个页面可能还没达到。从名字也可以看出这个指标的意思，第一次CPU空闲，主线程空闲就代表可以接收用户的响应了。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>更通俗的理解TTI与FCI的区别：FCI代表浏览器真正的第一次可以响应用户的输入，而TTI代表浏览器已经可以持续性的响应用户的输入。</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><strong>FID（全称“First Input Delay”，翻译为“首次输入延迟”）</strong> 顾名思义，FID指的是用户首次与产品进行交互时，我们产品可以在多长时间给出反馈。TTI可以告诉我们网页什么时候可以开始流畅地响应用户的交互，但是如果用户在TTI的时间内，没有与网页产生交互，那么TTI其实是影响不到用户的，TTI是不需要用户参与的指标，但如果我们真的想知道TTI对用户的影响，我们需要FID。不同的用户可能会在TTI之前开始与网页产生交互，也可能在TTI之后才与网页产生交互。所以对于不同的用户它的FID是不同的。如果在TTI之前用户就已经与网页产生了交互，那么它的FID时间就比较长，而如果在TTI之后才第一次与网页产生交互，那么他的FID时间就短。</p>
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+ <p>捕获FID比较简单，我们只需要在网页的head标签里注册一个事件（click、mousedown、keydown、touchstart、pointerdown），然后在事件响应函数中使用当前时间减去事件对象被创建的时间即可。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <pre><code>performance.now() - event.timeStamp
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+ </code></pre>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><strong>DCL</strong> 表示DomContentloaded事件触发的时间。</p>
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+ <p><strong>L</strong> 表示onLoad事件触发的时间。</p>
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+ <p>DomContentloaded事件与onLoad事件的区别是，浏览器解析HTML这个操作完成后立刻触发DomContentloaded事件，而只有页面所有资源都加载完毕后（比如图片，CSS），才会触发onLoad事件。</p>
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+ <p><strong>Speed Index</strong> 表示显示页面可见部分的平均时间（注意，是真正的可见，用户可以立马看见的，屏幕外的部分不算），数值越小说明速度越快，它主要用于测量页面内容在视觉上填充的速度。通常会使用这个指标来进行性能的比较。比如优化前和优化后，我们的产品与竞品的性能比较等。但是只能用于 <strong>粗略</strong> 的比较，不同的产品侧重点完全不同，所以还是需要根据自己产品所侧重的方向，并结合其他指标来进行更详细的对比。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>博客文章这样的页面更侧重FMP（用户希望尽快看到有价值的内容），而类似后台管理系统或在线PPT这种产品则更侧重TTI（用户希望尽快与产品进行交互）。</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <h2 id="结语"><a href="#结语" class="headerlink" title="结语"></a>结语</h2><p>本文我们介绍了Web性能领域常见的专业术语，包括：FP、FCP、FMP、TTI、LCP、TTFB、FCI、FID、DCL、L、Speed Index。这些术语可以帮助我们理解性能报告给出的各种数据。</p>
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+ </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.staticaly.com/gh/npljy/npljy.github.io/main/js/fixedPage.min.js"></script><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 6.3.0"></head><body><div class="body_container"><div id="header"><div class="site-name"><a id="logo" href="/.">前端壹菜鸟</a><p class="description">关注前端知识，收集精彩博文，做技术的搬运工</p></div><div id="nav-menu"><a class="current" href="/." target="_self"><i class="fa fa-home"> 首页</i></a><a href="/archives/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-archive"> 归档</i></a><a href="/guestbook/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-comments"> 留言</i></a><a href="/about/" target="_self"><i class="fa fa-user"> 关于</i></a><a href="https://laonongmin.online/" target="_target"><i class="fa fa-group"> 看看</i></a><a href="https://love.xuehuayu.cn/" target="_target"><i class="fa fa-heart"> LOVE</i></a></div></div><div class="pure-g" id="layout"><div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-3-4"><div class="content_container"><div class="post"><h1 class="post-title c-post">阿里面试：说一下从 url 输入到返回请求的过程</h1><div class="post-meta"><span class="date">2021-05-08</span><span> | </span><span class="tag"><a href="/tags/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BD%BD/">转载 </a></span><span> | </span><span class="category"><a href="/categories/%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8/">浏览器 </a></span><span id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"> | <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa fa-spinner"></i></span><span> 阅读</span></span><span class="post-time"><span class="post-meta-item-text"> | </span><span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="fa fa-keyboard-o"></i><span class="post-count"> 3.4k</span><span class="post-meta-item-text"> 字</span></span></span><span class="post-time"> | <span class="post-meta-item-icon"><i class="fa fa-hourglass-half"></i><span class="post-count"> 12</span><span class="post-meta-item-text"> 分钟</span></span></span></div><a class="disqus-comment-count" href="/article/48252.html#vcomment"><span class="waline-comment-count" data-path="/article/48252.html"></span><span> 条评论</span></a><div class="post-content"><p>年前准备换工作，总结了一波面试最频繁的面试问题跟大家交流。此文章是关于浏览器的常见问题，大概面试10家遇到6家提问类似问题（主要是大厂和中厂）。（面试的部分内容已经忘了，为了串联成一个完整的故事，增加可读性，20%的内容为虚构），目前入职滴滴出行成都团队。</p>
20
+ <span id="more"></span>
21
+ <h4 id="问题-从浏览器地址栏输入url到请求返回发生了什么"><a href="#问题-从浏览器地址栏输入url到请求返回发生了什么" class="headerlink" title="问题: 从浏览器地址栏输入url到请求返回发生了什么"></a>问题: 从浏览器地址栏输入url到请求返回发生了什么</h4><p>你一看这种烂掉牙的问题，小case，但996面试大佬由此延展的问题已经远远超越了这个问题本身了，不信你就接着看。</p>
22
+ <p><strong>我回答了首先会进行 url 解析，根据 dns 系统进行 ip 查找。</strong></p>
23
+ <p>话音刚落，此时一位喜欢修福报的公司的大佬打断了我，说url为啥要解析，dns查询规则是什么？我一听就心里想，不按套路出牌啊，网上一般都没问这两个问题，心里再一想，俗话说，万事开头难，扛过这一波，答出来，就是阳光明媚，万物骚动的春天！</p>
24
+ <blockquote>
25
+ <p>先说为什么url要解析（也就是编码)</p>
26
+ </blockquote>
27
+ <ul>
28
+ <li>我回答大概内容是：因为网络标准规定了URL只能是字母和数字，还有一些其它特殊符号（-_.~ ! * ‘ ( ) ; : @ &amp; &#x3D; + $ , &#x2F; ? # [ ]，特殊符号是我下来查的资料，实在背不住这么多，比较常见的就是不包括百分号和双引号），而且如果不转义会出现歧义，比如<code>http:www.baidu.com?key=value</code>,假如我的<code>key</code>本身就包括等于<code>=</code>符号，比如<code>ke=y=value</code>，就会出现歧义，你不知道<code>=</code>到底是连接<code>key</code>和<code>value</code>的符号，还是说本身<code>key</code>里面就有<code>=</code>。</li>
29
+ <li>大佬接着毒打我说，那url编码的规则是什么呢，我说utf-8</li>
30
+ <li>大佬接着穷追不舍，为啥是utf-8呢，所有浏览器都是这样吗？中文的话用gb2312编码吗，还有就是万一浏览器不是你说的这样统一用utf-8，你怎么保证都是utf-8的编码?</li>
31
+ <li>我支支吾吾的说，我了解的大概是这样，不太清楚, 应该和html本身的编码格式有关，然后怎么保证utf-8的编码，我觉得可以用encodeURIComponent</li>
32
+ <li>大佬说encodeURIComponent比encodeURI有什么区别?</li>
33
+ <li>区别就是encodeURIComponent编码范围更广，适合给参数编码，encodeURI适合给URL本身（locaion.origin）编码,当然项目里一般都是用qs库去处理</li>
34
+ </ul>
35
+ <blockquote>
36
+ <p>然后说说dns解析流程，并且html如何做dns优化</p>
37
+ </blockquote>
38
+ <p>首先dns这个属于很久以前在计算机网络谢希仁版看到过了，有一些细节忘了，但是大致流程是记得的。比如说查询一个网址为：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.baidu.com/">www.baidu.com</a></p>
39
+ <p>1、器中输入<code>https://www.baidu.com</code>域名，操作系统会先查hosts件是否有记录，有的话就会把相对应映射的IP返回。</p>
40
+ <p>2、hosts文件没有就去查本地dns解析器有没有缓存。（这个我没答上来）</p>
41
+ <p>3、然后就去找我们计算机上配置的dns服务器上有或者有缓存，就返回</p>
42
+ <p>4、还没有的话就去找根DNS服务器(全球13台，固定ip地址)，然后判断.com域名是哪个服务器管理，如果无法解析，就查找.baidu.com服务器是否能解析，直到查到<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.baidu.com的ip地址/">www.baidu.com的IP地址</a></p>
43
+ <p>注:后面查资料才发现dns查询有两种模式，一种是转发模式，一种是非转发模式，我上面说的4是非转发模式。</p>
44
+ <p>前端的dns优化，可以在html页面头部写入dns缓存地址，比如</p>
45
+ <figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">meta</span> <span class="attr">http-equiv</span>=<span class="string">&quot;x-dns-prefetch-control&quot;</span> <span class="attr">content</span>=<span class="string">&quot;on&quot;</span> /&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">link</span> <span class="attr">rel</span>=<span class="string">&quot;dns-prefetch&quot;</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">&quot;http://bdimg.share.baidu.com&quot;</span> /&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
46
+
47
+ <p>终于抗过了第一轮的猛问，接着我继续说从浏览器地址栏输入url到请求返回发生了什么</p>
48
+ <h5 id="查找到IP之后，就是http协议的三次握手（以及后面会涉及到四次分手）"><a href="#查找到IP之后，就是http协议的三次握手（以及后面会涉及到四次分手）" class="headerlink" title="查找到IP之后，就是http协议的三次握手（以及后面会涉及到四次分手）"></a>查找到IP之后，就是http协议的三次握手（以及后面会涉及到四次分手）</h5><p>我刚恢复节奏，准备侃侃而谈，修福报的大佬再次打断了我，说三次握手，为啥两次不行，顺便说一下3次握手发生了什么。</p>
49
+ <p>我去，大意了，没有闪，这是不是说我每说一句都要夹杂着各种问题，太难了啊！！！</p>
50
+ <p>没有办法，继续回答大佬，我说我先回答三次握手发生的事情吧，简答来说：</p>
51
+ <ul>
52
+ <li><p>第一次握手：主机A发送位码为SYN＝1的TCP包给服务器，并且随机产生一个作为确认号（这是tcp包的一部分），主机B收到SYN码后直到A要求建立连接;</p>
53
+ </li>
54
+ <li><p>第二次握手：主机B收到请求后，向A发送确认号（主机A的seq+1），syn&#x3D;1，seq &#x3D; 随机数 的TCP包；</p>
55
+ </li>
56
+ <li><p>主机A收到后检查确认号是否正确，即第一次A发送的确认号是否+1了，以及位码ack是否为1，若正确，主机A会再发送确认号(主机B的seq+1)，ack&#x3D;1，主机B收到后确认seq值与ack&#x3D;1则连接建立成功。</p>
57
+ </li>
58
+ </ul>
59
+ <p>接着补上小问题为什么两次握手不行，因为第二次握手，主机B还不能确认主机A已经收到确认请求，也是说B认为建立好连接，开始发数据了，结果发出去的包一直A都没收到，那攻击B就很容易了，我专门发包不接收，服务器很容易就挂了。</p>
60
+ <blockquote>
61
+ <p>接着，大佬说出个加分题，我看你不是科班出身，能答多少是多少。问题是,从网卡把数据包传输出去到服务器发生了什么，提示我OSI参考模型</p>
62
+ </blockquote>
63
+ <p>我一听，好嘛，这不是计算机网络的知识吗，幸亏之前看过书，但也是好久以前看过了，只能凭借自己的理解解答了。</p>
64
+ <ul>
65
+ <li>我说，先从局域网把数据发送到公司的交换机（如果交换机没有缓存本地mac地址和IP地址的映射，此时会通过ARP协议来获得），交换机的好处是可以隔离冲突域（因为以太网用的是CSMA&#x2F;CD协议,这个协议规定网线上同一时刻只能有一台机器发送数据），这样就可以不仅仅同一时刻只有一台机器发送网络包了</li>
66
+ <li>然后交换机再将数据发送到路由器，路由器相当于公司网关（我们公司小），路由器具有转发和分组数据包的功能（路由器通过选定的路由协议会构造出路由表，同时不定期的跟相邻路由器交换路由信息），然后这算是经过了物理层，数据链路层（以太网）,开始到网络层进行数据转发了</li>
67
+ <li>然后路由器转发IP数据报，一般公司的IP地址都会经过NAT转换，让内网的ip也能够访问外网，我们公司我注意了一下是192.168打头的内网ip地址。通过路由器的分组传输，所有数据到达服务器。</li>
68
+ <li>然后服务器的上层协议传输层协议开始发挥作用，根据tcp包里的端口号，让服务器特定的服务来处理到来的数据包，并且tcp是面向字节流的(tcp有四大特性，可靠传输、流量控制、拥塞控制、连接管理)，所以我们node的request对象，它的监听事件data事件为什么要用字符串一起拼接起来呢（buffer），就是因为tcp本身就是字节流，request对象使用的data（http层面）是tcp传来的数据块。</li>
69
+ <li>最后数据由传输层转交给应用层，也就是http服务（或者https），后端经过一系列逻辑处理，返回给前端数据。</li>
70
+ </ul>
71
+ <blockquote>
72
+ <p>答完这里，我说大佬我只知道大概的流程，具体细节我不是很清楚，但自己后面会补上。。。</p>
73
+ </blockquote>
74
+ <h5 id="大佬让我继续，我就接着3次握手之后接着说道，建立完链接，就该请求html文件了，如果html文件在缓存里面浏览器直接返回，如果没有，就去后台拿"><a href="#大佬让我继续，我就接着3次握手之后接着说道，建立完链接，就该请求html文件了，如果html文件在缓存里面浏览器直接返回，如果没有，就去后台拿" class="headerlink" title="大佬让我继续，我就接着3次握手之后接着说道，建立完链接，就该请求html文件了，如果html文件在缓存里面浏览器直接返回，如果没有，就去后台拿"></a>大佬让我继续，我就接着3次握手之后接着说道，建立完链接，就该请求html文件了，如果html文件在缓存里面浏览器直接返回，如果没有，就去后台拿</h5><p>刚说到缓存，立马就有一种不详的预感，果不其然大佬先让把缓存解释一下。缓存这种问烂的问题，本以为能轻松应对，结果还是被问了个满头包。。。。<br><img src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="图片"><br>我说的大概意思是:</p>
75
+ <ul>
76
+ <li><p>浏览器首次加载资源成功时，服务器返回200，此时浏览器不仅将资源下载下来，而且把response的header(里面的date属性非常重要，用来计算第二次相同资源时当前时间和date的时间差)一并缓存;</p>
77
+ </li>
78
+ <li><p>下一次加载资源时，首先要经过强缓存的处理，cache-control的优先级最高，比如cache-control：no-cache,就直接进入到协商缓存的步骤了，如果cache-control：max-age&#x3D;xxx,就会先比较当前时间和上一次返回200时的时间差，如果没有超过max-age，命中强缓存，不发请求直接从本地缓存读取该文件（这里需要注意，如果没有cache-control，会取expires的值，来对比是否过期），过期的话会进入下一个阶段，协商缓存</p>
79
+ </li>
80
+ <li><p>协商缓存阶段，则向服务器发送header带有If-None-Match和If-Modified-Since的请求，服务器会比较Etag，如果相同，命中协商缓存，返回304；如果不一致则有改动，直接返回新的资源文件带上新的Etag值并返回200;</p>
81
+ </li>
82
+ <li><p>协商缓存第二个重要的字段是，If-Modified-Since，如果客户端发送的If-Modified-Since的值跟服务器端获取的文件最近改动的时间，一致则命中协商缓存，返回304；不一致则返回新的last-modified和文件并返回200;</p>
83
+ </li>
84
+ </ul>
85
+ <p>果不其然，大佬问了一些缓存不常问的，首先就是问我知道什么是from disk cache和from memory cache吗，什么时候会触发？</p>
86
+ <ul>
87
+ <li><p>我说强缓存会触发，这两种，具体什么行为不知道,大概内容如下：</p>
88
+ <ol>
89
+ <li>先查找内存，如果内存中存在，从内存中加载；</li>
90
+ <li>如果内存中未查找到，选择硬盘获取，如果硬盘中有，从硬盘中加载；</li>
91
+ <li>如果硬盘中未查找到，那就进行网络请求；</li>
92
+ <li>加载到的资源缓存到硬盘和内存；</li>
93
+ </ol>
94
+ </li>
95
+ </ul>
96
+ <p><strong>接着大佬又问知道什么是启发式缓存吗，在什么条件下触发？</strong></p>
97
+ <p>这个问题给我的感觉就两个字，懵逼！然后如实回答不知道。（查了下资料大概如下）</p>
98
+ <p><strong>启发式缓存:</strong></p>
99
+ <p>如果响应中未显示Expires，Cache-Control：max-age或Cache-Control：s-maxage，并且响应中不包含其他有关缓存的限制，缓存可以使用启发式方法计算新鲜度寿命。通常会根据响应头中的2个时间字段 Date 减去 Last-Modified 值的 10% 作为缓存时间。</p>
100
+ <figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Date 减去 Last-Modified 值的 10% 作为缓存时间。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Date：创建报文的日期时间, Last-Modified 服务器声明文档最后被修改时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> response_is_fresh = <span class="title function_">max</span>(<span class="number">0</span>,（<span class="title class_">Date</span> - <span class="title class_">Last</span>-<span class="title class_">Modified</span>)) % <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
101
+
102
+ <h5 id="接着回答，我说返回html之后，会解析html-这部分知识我提前准备过，但是答的不是很详细，大概意思就是cssom-domTree-x3D-html-然后布局和绘制"><a href="#接着回答，我说返回html之后，会解析html-这部分知识我提前准备过，但是答的不是很详细，大概意思就是cssom-domTree-x3D-html-然后布局和绘制" class="headerlink" title="接着回答，我说返回html之后，会解析html,这部分知识我提前准备过，但是答的不是很详细，大概意思就是cssom + domTree &#x3D; html,然后布局和绘制"></a>接着回答，我说返回html之后，会解析html,这部分知识我提前准备过，但是答的不是很详细，大概意思就是cssom + domTree &#x3D; html,然后布局和绘制</h5><ul>
103
+ <li><p>构建DOM树(DOM tree)：从上到下解析HTML文档生成DOM节点树（DOM tree），也叫内容树（content tree）；</p>
104
+ </li>
105
+ <li><p>构建CSSOM(CSS Object Model)树：加载解析样式生成CSSOM树；</p>
106
+ </li>
107
+ <li><p>执行JavaScript：加载并执行JavaScript代码（包括内联代码或外联JavaScript文件）；</p>
108
+ </li>
109
+ <li><p>构建渲染树(render tree)：根据DOM树和CSSOM树,生成渲染树(render tree)；</p>
110
+ </li>
111
+ <li><p>渲染树：按顺序展示在屏幕上的一系列矩形，这些矩形带有字体，颜色和尺寸等视觉属性。</p>
112
+ </li>
113
+ <li><p>布局（layout）：根据渲染树将节点树的每一个节点布局在屏幕上的正确位置；</p>
114
+ </li>
115
+ <li><p>绘制（painting）：遍历渲染树绘制所有节点，为每一个节点适用对应的样式，这一过程是通过UI后端模块完成；</p>
116
+ </li>
117
+ </ul>
118
+ <p>接着面试官问我一些页面渲染层的一些优化手段，大概如下：</p>
119
+ <h3 id="页面渲染优化"><a href="#页面渲染优化" class="headerlink" title="页面渲染优化"></a><strong>页面渲染优化</strong></h3><ul>
120
+ <li>HTML文档结构层次尽量少，最好不深于六层；</li>
121
+ <li>脚本尽量后放，放在前即可；</li>
122
+ <li>少量首屏样式内联放在标签内；</li>
123
+ <li>样式结构层次尽量简单；</li>
124
+ <li>在脚本中尽量减少DOM操作，尽量缓存访问DOM的样式信息，避免过度触发回流；</li>
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+ <li>减少通过JavaScript代码修改元素样式，尽量使用修改class名方式操作样式或动画；</li>
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+ <li>动画尽量使用在绝对定位或固定定位的元素上；</li>
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+ <li>隐藏在屏幕外，或在页面滚动时，尽量停止动画；</li>
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+ <li>尽量缓存DOM查找，查找器尽量简洁；</li>
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+ <li>涉及多域名的网站，可以开启域名预解析</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ <p>最后面试官问我，如何诊断页面渲染时各个性能指标，我大概说了，通过chrome浏览器的工具，比如看网络请求情况的network，还有看页面渲染情况的perfermance，以后有机会自己总结一篇。</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p><code>作者: 孟祥_成都</code><br><code>https://juejin.cn/post/6928677404332425223</code></p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p>The End</p>
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