@syllst/th 0.1.0

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-07.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-07
+title: "บทที่ 7 — พยัญชนะต่ำ III"
+description: "Low-Class Consonants Part 3: ธ ภ ฟ ม ร ล — More paired consonants and common sonorants"
+order: 7
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - low-class
+  - paired-consonants
+  - sonorants
+  - intermediate-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-06
+  objectives:
+    - "Learn 6 more low-class consonants"
+    - "Complete the PH/F and TH paired sets"
+    - "Understand sonorant consonants in low-class"
+    - "Practice reading with mixed consonant classes"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 7 (Lesson 7) — Low-Class Consonants III
+
+## Introduction
+
+In this lesson, you'll complete the major paired consonants (TH, PH, F) and learn about **sonorant consonants** (ม ร ล) — sounds that can function almost like vowels.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-low-consonants-3" title="Low-Class Consonants III"}
+
+::character{id="th-flag" char="ธ" name="ธ ธง (thɔɔ thǒng)" nativeName="ธ ธง" transliteration="th/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-ship" char="ภ" name="ภ สำเภา (phɔɔ sǎm-phao)" nativeName="ภ สำเภา" transliteration="ph/p" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-tooth" char="ฟ" name="ฟ ฟัน (fɔɔ fan)" nativeName="ฟ ฟัน" transliteration="f/p" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-horse" char="ม" name="ม ม้า (mɔɔ máa)" nativeName="ม ม้า" transliteration="m" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-boat" char="ร" name="ร เรือ (rɔɔ rʉa)" nativeName="ร เรือ" transliteration="r/n" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-monkey" char="ล" name="ล ลิง (lɔɔ ling)" nativeName="ล ลิง" transliteration="l/n" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## Completing the TH Family
+
+You now know all the major TH consonants:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Mnemonic | Usage |
+|-----------|-------|----------|-------|
+| ต | Middle | Turtle | Unaspirated T (very common) |
+| ถ | High | Bag | Aspirated TH |
+| ท | Low | Soldier | Common aspirated TH |
+| ธ | Low | Flag | Sanskrit/formal TH |
+
+**ท** (soldier) vs **ธ** (flag):
+- Both low-class, both sound /th/
+- ท is more common in everyday words
+- ธ appears in Sanskrit-derived and formal words
+
+Example words:
+- ที่ (thîi) "at, place" — uses ท
+- ธรรม (tham) "dharma, nature" — uses ธ
+
+## Completing the PH/F Family
+
+| Sound | High-Class | Low-Class |
+|-------|------------|-----------|
+| PH | ผ (bee) | พ (tray), ภ (ship) |
+| F | ฝ (lid) | ฟ (tooth) |
+
+**พ** vs **ภ**:
+- Both low-class, both sound /ph/
+- พ is common in everyday words
+- ภ appears in Sanskrit-derived words
+
+Examples:
+- พ่อ (phɔ̂ɔ) "father" — uses พ
+- ภาษา (phaa-sǎa) "language" — uses ภ
+
+## The Sonorants: ม ร ล
+
+These three consonants are **sonorants** — sounds produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow. They're special because:
+
+1. **They never become stops**: Unlike ก → /k/, these stay voiced
+2. **They can form syllables**: ม can be syllabic (มม = /mm/)
+3. **They're all low-class**: Need ห to get high-class tones
+
+### ม (M Sound)
+
+The simplest nasal:
+- Initial: ม (just /m/)
+- Final: ม (still /m/)
+- Example: มา (maa) "to come", ลม (lom) "wind"
+
+### ร and ล (R and L Sounds)
+
+These two are often confused, even by Thai speakers:
+
+| Position | ร | ล |
+|----------|---|---|
+| Initial | Rolled R | L |
+| Final | N | N |
+
+**Colloquial Thai**: Many speakers pronounce ร as ล:
+- รัก sounds like ลัก
+- ร้อน sounds like ล้อน
+
+This is common but considered informal in standard Thai.
+
+**Final position twist**: Both become /n/:
+- ตอร = /dtɔɔn/
+- กล = /gon/
+
+## The ห Lifting Pattern
+
+All today's consonants are low-class. To get high-class tones:
+
+| Original | With ห | Tone Effect |
+|----------|--------|-------------|
+| ม | หม | Low → High pattern |
+| ร | (rare) | — |
+| ล | หล | Low → High pattern |
+
+Examples:
+- ม้า (máa) "horse" — low-class ม, high tone from ้
+- หมา (mǎa) "dog" — ห lifts, rising tone
+
+## Why So Many TH and PH?
+
+Sanskrit had a complex system:
+- Unvoiced unaspirated: त (ta)
+- Unvoiced aspirated: थ (tha)
+- Voiced unaspirated: द (da)
+- Voiced aspirated: ध (dha)
+
+Thai inherited these distinctions in spelling but not pronunciation. That's why ท ธ ถ all sound the same!
+
+## Reading Practice Pattern
+
+When you see unfamiliar TH/PH words:
+1. Don't try to distinguish the sound (it's the same!)
+2. Instead, identify the **class** for tone
+3. Use tone marks and vowels to determine final pronunciation
+
+Example: ธุรกิจ (thú-rá-gìt) "business"
+- ธ = low-class TH
+- Tone determined by syllable structure, not the specific TH letter
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **TH family complete**: ต ถ ท ธ — different classes, same sound
+2. **PH family complete**: ผ พ ภ — different classes, same sound
+3. **F pair**: ฝ (high) vs ฟ (low) — same sound
+4. **ม ร ล are sonorants**: Continuous airflow, stay voiced in final position
+5. **ร and ล both → /n/ finally**: Surprising but consistent!
+6. **ห lifts**: หม หล create high-class tone behavior
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="low-3-sonorant-recognition" type="fill-in-blank" title="Sonorant Recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Which consonants are sonorants (continuous airflow, never become stops)?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ม (m) - nasal, stays /m/ in final position
+- ร (r) - liquid, becomes /n/ finally
+- ล (l) - liquid, becomes /n/ finally
+
+**Explanation:** Sonorants are consonants with continuous, non-turbulent airflow. Unlike stops (ก → /k/), sonorants maintain their voiced quality or transform predictably (ร/ล → /n/).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="low-3-final-sounds" type="matching" title="Final Position Sounds"}
+
+**Question:** Match each consonant to its final position sound
+
+- ร (boat)
+- ล (monkey)
+- ฟ (tooth)
+- ธ (flag)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ร → /n/ (becomes N)
+- ล → /n/ (becomes N)
+- ฟ → /p/ (becomes unreleased P)
+- ธ → /t/ (becomes unreleased T)
+
+**Explanation:** Thai consonants change in final position. Sonorants ร and ล both become /n/, while stops like ฟ and ธ become unreleased /p/ and /t/ respectively.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="low-3-pair-completion" type="multiple-choice" title="Complete the Pair"}
+
+**Question:** Which consonant pairs with ฝ (lid) to make the same F sound but different class?
+
+**Options:**
+- ฟ (tooth)
+- ผ (bee)
+- พ (tray)
+- ภ (ship)
+
+**Answer:** 1
+
+**Explanation:** ฝ (high-class) and ฟ (low-class) both make the F sound. ฝ is high-class (produces rising tones), while ฟ is low-class (produces mid tones in basic patterns). Both are F sounds, not PH sounds.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 8, you'll learn rare and formal consonants: ญ ณ ศ ษ — characters used in formal Thai and loanwords.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-08
+title: "บทที่ 8 — พยัญชนะหายาก I"
+description: "Rare Consonants Part 1: ญ ณ ศ ษ — Sanskrit-derived formal consonants"
+order: 8
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - rare-consonants
+  - sanskrit-origin
+  - advanced-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-07
+  objectives:
+    - "Learn 4 Sanskrit-derived consonants"
+    - "Understand when these rare consonants appear"
+    - "Practice reading formal and loanwords"
+    - "Distinguish multiple S consonants"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 8 (Lesson 8) — Rare Consonants I
+
+## Introduction
+
+These consonants are considered **rare** (หายาก) because they appear mainly in:
+- Sanskrit and Pali loanwords
+- Formal or royal vocabulary
+- Literary and religious texts
+
+While less frequent, you'll encounter them in everyday Thai through common borrowed words.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-rare-consonants-1" title="Rare Consonants I"}
+
+::character{id="th-woman" char="ญ" name="ญ หญิง (yɔɔ yǐng)" nativeName="ญ หญิง" transliteration="y/n" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-monk" char="ณ" name="ณ เณร (nɔɔ neen)" nativeName="ณ เณร" transliteration="n" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-pavilion" char="ศ" name="ศ ศาลา (sɔ̌ɔ sǎa-laa)" nativeName="ศ ศาลา" transliteration="s/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-hermit" char="ษ" name="ษ ฤๅษี (sɔ̌ɔ rʉʉ-sǐi)" nativeName="ษ ฤๅษี" transliteration="s/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Three S Sounds (Yes, Three!)
+
+Thai has three consonants all pronounced /s/:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Mnemonic | Common Usage |
+|-----------|-------|----------|--------------|
+| ส | High | Tiger | Everyday words |
+| ศ | High | Pavilion | Sanskrit formal |
+| ษ | High | Hermit | Sanskrit formal |
+
+All three are **high-class** and **sound identical**. The difference is purely spelling based on etymology:
+
+- **สี** (color) — everyday word, uses ส
+- **ศิลปะ** (art) — Sanskrit origin, uses ศ
+- **กษัตริย์** (king) — Sanskrit origin, uses ษ
+
+### Which S to Use?
+
+No pronunciation rule helps — you must memorize. Some patterns:
+
+1. **ศ** often appears in words about religion, royalty, culture:
+   - ศาสนา (religion)
+   - ศิลปะ (art)
+   - ศึกษา (study, education)
+
+2. **ษ** is the rarest, often in:
+   - Words with ฤ vowel
+   - Royal/formal titles
+   - กษัตริย์ (king)
+
+3. **ส** is the default for native Thai words and new loanwords
+
+## The Two N Sounds
+
+Thai also has two consonants pronounced /n/:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Position |
+|-----------|-------|----------|
+| น | Low | Common, any position |
+| ณ | Low | Rare, mainly Sanskrit words |
+
+Both low-class, both sound /n/. Usage examples:
+- **นา** (rice field) — common น
+- **เณร** (novice monk) — Sanskrit ณ
+
+**ณ** appears in:
+- Buddhist vocabulary
+- Royal language
+- Sanskrit-derived words like คุณ (you, polite)
+
+## The ญ Consonant: Y That Becomes N
+
+**ญ** is unusual — it changes sound by position:
+
+| Position | Sound | Example |
+|----------|-------|---------|
+| Initial | Y (/y/) | ญี่ปุ่น (yîi-bpùn) "Japan" |
+| Final | N (/n/) | สัญญา (sǎn-yaa) → final ญ in สัญ is /n/ |
+
+This Y→N shift is unique to ญ. The mnemonic หญิง (woman) demonstrates:
+- หญ at start = /y/ sound (with ห lifting)
+- The word is pronounced /yǐng/
+
+Common words with ญ:
+- หญิง (woman)
+- ญี่ปุ่น (Japan)
+- สัญญา (promise, contract)
+- อัญมณี (gems)
+
+## Formal vs Everyday Spelling
+
+The same concept often has formal and everyday spellings:
+
+| Meaning | Formal | Everyday |
+|---------|--------|----------|
+| Knowledge | วิทยา | — |
+| Art | ศิลปะ | — |
+| To | สู่ | — |
+
+When learning vocabulary, note which spellings use rare consonants — these tend to be more formal register.
+
+## The Royal Language Connection
+
+Rare consonants appear frequently in **ราชาศัพท์** (royal vocabulary):
+- ศีรษะ (head, royal)
+- พระราชทาน (royally bestowed)
+- พระบรมราชานุญาต (royal permission)
+
+While you may not use royal language actively, you'll encounter it in formal contexts, news about the monarchy, and religious ceremonies.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Three S consonants**: ส ศ ษ — all sound /s/, all high-class
+2. **Two N consonants**: น ณ — both sound /n/, both low-class
+3. **ญ changes**: Y initially, N finally
+4. **Etymology determines spelling**: Sanskrit origin → formal consonants
+5. **Memorize by word**: No rules predict which variant to use
+6. **Formal register**: Rare consonants signal educated/formal writing
+
+## Shape Recognition
+
+- **ญ** has a distinctive descending tail
+- **ณ** looks like น with an extra element
+- **ศ and ษ** look similar to ส but with variations — ศ has a "tail," ษ has a "hook"
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-1-s-consonants" type="fill-in-blank" title="The Three S Consonants"}
+
+**Question:** Thai has three consonants all pronounced /s/ and all high-class. Which are they?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ส (tiger) - everyday words
+- ศ (pavilion) - Sanskrit/formal words
+- ษ (hermit) - Sanskrit/formal words (rarest)
+
+**Explanation:** All three make the same /s/ sound and are high-class. The difference is purely spelling based on etymology. ส is for everyday words, ศ and ษ for Sanskrit-derived formal vocabulary.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-1-yn-shift" type="multiple-choice" title="The ญ Sound Change"}
+
+**Question:** The consonant ญ makes which sound(s)?
+
+**Options:**
+- Only Y sound
+- Only N sound
+- Y initially, N finally
+- Always silent
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ญ is unique — it makes /y/ sound initially (like in หญิง "woman") but becomes /n/ in final position (like in สัญญา "promise"). This Y→N shift is unique to ญ.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="rare-1-formal-recognition" type="matching" title="Formal vs Everyday"}
+
+**Question:** Match each word to whether it uses rare consonants (formal) or common consonants (everyday)
+
+- ศิลปะ (art)
+- สี (color)
+- ญี่ปุ่น (Japan)
+- นา (rice field)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ศิลปะ - uses ศ (rare, formal)
+- สี - uses ส (common, everyday)
+- ญี่ปุ่น - uses ญ (rare, formal)
+- นา - uses น (common, everyday)
+
+**Explanation:** Rare consonants (ศ ษ ญ ณ) typically appear in Sanskrit-derived words, formal vocabulary, and royal language. Everyday words use common consonants (ส น).
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 9, you'll learn the **obsolete and archaic consonants** — characters that exist in the alphabet but are rarely used in modern Thai.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-09.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-script-lesson-09
+title: "บทที่ 9 — พยัญชนะโบราณ"
+description: "Archaic Consonants: ฃ ฅ ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ — Historical characters for complete literacy"
+order: 9
+parentId: thai-script-alphabet
+difficulty: advanced
+cefrLevel: B1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - archaic-consonants
+  - rare-characters
+  - advanced-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 20
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-script-lesson-08
+  objectives:
+    - "Recognize obsolete Thai consonants"
+    - "Understand why these characters exist"
+    - "Know when you might encounter them"
+    - "Complete your consonant recognition"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 9 (Lesson 9) — Archaic Consonants
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has **44 consonants** in its official alphabet, but not all are used equally. This lesson covers **archaic** (โบราณ) and **obsolete** (ล้าสมัย) consonants — characters that exist for historical completeness but rarely appear in modern Thai.
+
+**Why learn them?**
+- Complete alphabet literacy
+- Reading historical texts
+- Understanding Thai linguistics
+- Recognizing them in fonts and keyboards
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-archaic-consonants" title="Archaic Consonants"}
+
+::character{id="th-bottle" char="ฃ" name="ฃ ขวด (khɔ̌ɔ khùat)" nativeName="ฃ ขวด" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-person" char="ฅ" name="ฅ คน (khɔɔ khon)" nativeName="ฅ คน" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-bell" char="ฆ" name="ฆ ระฆัง (khɔɔ rá-khang)" nativeName="ฆ ระฆัง" transliteration="kh/k" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-tree" char="ฌ" name="ฌ เฌอ (chɔɔ chəə)" nativeName="ฌ เฌอ" transliteration="ch/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-headdress" char="ฎ" name="ฎ ชฎา (dɔɔ chá-daa)" nativeName="ฎ ชฎา" transliteration="d/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+::character{id="th-goad" char="ฏ" name="ฏ ปฏัก (dtɔɔ bpà-dtàk)" nativeName="ฏ ปฏัก" transliteration="dt/t" charType="consonant"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Obsolete Pair: ฃ and ฅ
+
+**ฃ** (khɔ̌ɔ khùat - bottle) and **ฅ** (khɔɔ khon - person) are officially **obsolete**:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Status | Replaced By |
+|-----------|-------|--------|-------------|
+| ฃ | High | Obsolete | ข |
+| ฅ | Low | Obsolete | ค |
+
+These were removed from official use in 1942. Today:
+- **ฃ** words are spelled with **ข** (both high-class KH)
+- **ฅ** words are spelled with **ค** (both low-class KH)
+
+**Where you might see them:**
+- Historical documents
+- Alphabetical listings (traditional order includes them)
+- Specialized fonts showing the full 44-character set
+- The word ฅน (person) is sometimes written nostalgically
+
+## Sanskrit Consonants: ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ
+
+These consonants were borrowed from Sanskrit/Pali to represent sounds that didn't exist in Thai:
+
+### ฆ (Khɔɔ Rá-khang - Bell)
+- Class: Low
+- Sound: /kh/ (same as ค)
+- Usage: Sanskrit loanwords only
+- Example: ระฆัง (bell), สังฆะ (sangha/Buddhist community)
+
+### ฌ (Chɔɔ Chəə - Tree)
+- Class: Low
+- Sound: /ch/ (same as ช)
+- Usage: Extremely rare, mainly one word
+- Example: เฌอ (type of tree)
+
+### ฎ (Dɔɔ Chá-daa - Headdress) and ฏ (Dtɔɔ Bpà-dtàk - Goad)
+- Class: Both **Middle**
+- Sound: /d/ and /dt/ respectively
+- Usage: Sanskrit loanwords, legal/royal vocabulary
+- Examples: กฎหมาย (law), ปฏิบัติ (practice, perform)
+
+**Important**: ฎ and ฏ are **middle-class** like ด and ต. This matters for tone:
+- กฎ (gòt) "rule" — middle-class ฎ
+- ปฏิเสธ (bpà-dtì-sèet) "refuse" — middle-class ฏ
+
+## The Complete KH Sound Family
+
+Thai has SIX consonants making the /kh/ sound:
+
+| Consonant | Class | Status |
+|-----------|-------|--------|
+| ข | High | Common |
+| ฃ | High | Obsolete |
+| ค | Low | Common |
+| ฅ | Low | Obsolete |
+| ฆ | Low | Rare (Sanskrit) |
+| ค (initial cluster) | Low | Common |
+
+This seems redundant, but historically these represented different Sanskrit sounds.
+
+## Practical Implications
+
+### For Reading
+When you encounter these rare consonants:
+- ฃ and ฅ: Treat like ข and ค respectively
+- ฆ ฌ: Treat like ค ช (low-class)
+- ฎ ฏ: Treat like ด ต (middle-class)
+
+### For Writing
+You'll almost never need to write these. Use the common equivalents:
+- Instead of ฃ → use ข
+- Instead of ฅ → use ค
+- ฆ ฌ ฎ ฏ → only in established spellings you've memorized
+
+### For Keyboards
+Most Thai keyboards don't include ฃ and ฅ. You'll find them in:
+- Character palette/symbol menus
+- Unicode charts
+- Specialized linguistic keyboards
+
+## Cultural Note: ฅน vs คน
+
+The word **คน** (person/people) was historically spelled **ฅน**. Some Thais use ฅน nostalgically or artistically:
+- In poetry and literature
+- In brand names
+- As a cultural statement
+
+The meaning is identical; it's a spelling choice.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **ฃ and ฅ are obsolete**: Officially replaced in 1942
+2. **ฆ ฌ are rare Sanskrit**: Only appear in specific loanwords
+3. **ฎ ฏ are middle-class**: Important for correct tone reading
+4. **Same sounds, different spellings**: Historical reasons
+5. **For reading**: Know them for complete literacy
+6. **For writing**: Stick to common equivalents
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-obsolete-recognition" type="matching" title="Obsolete Consonants"}
+
+**Question:** Match each obsolete consonant to its modern replacement
+
+- ฃ (bottle)
+- ฅ (person)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ฃ → ข (both high-class KH)
+- ฅ → ค (both low-class KH)
+
+**Explanation:** ฃ and ฅ were officially removed in 1942. Today, words that used ฃ are spelled with ข, and words that used ฅ are spelled with ค. They sound identical.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-class-identification" type="multiple-choice" title="Consonant Class Identification"}
+
+**Question:** Which of these archaic consonants is middle-class (important for tone rules)?
+
+**Options:**
+- ฆ (bell)
+- ฌ (tree)
+- ฎ (headdress)
+- All of the above
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ฎ and ฏ are middle-class consonants (like ด and ต). This matters for tone reading. ฆ and ฌ are low-class (like ค and ช). Knowing the class is crucial for correct pronunciation.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="archaic-1-reading-strategy" type="fill-in-blank" title="Reading Strategy"}
+
+**Question:** When you encounter archaic consonants while reading, what should you do?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ฃ and ฅ: Treat like ข and ค respectively
+- ฆ ฌ: Treat like ค ช (low-class)
+- ฎ ฏ: Treat like ด ต (middle-class)
+
+**Explanation:** For reading purposes, archaic consonants follow the same patterns as their common equivalents. The class determines tone behavior, not the specific letter shape.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 10, you'll learn the final rare consonants (ฐ ฑ ฒ ฬ) to complete the 44-consonant inventory.