@syllst/th 0.1.0

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-04
+title: "บทที่ 4 — สระเสียงยาว II"
+description: "Long Vowels Part 2: Leading vowels and combination forms"
+order: 4
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - long-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-03
+  objectives:
+    - "Master leading long vowels (เ, แ, โ)"
+    - "Recognize the เ-อ combination vowel"
+    - "Practice reading words with long vowels"
+    - "Understand the inherent vowel concept"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 4 (Lesson 4) — Long Vowels II
+
+## Introduction
+
+This lesson covers the remaining long vowels, including the important **leading vowels** that appear before the consonant. These are among the most common vowels in Thai and mastering them unlocks a huge portion of the language.
+
+## Leading Long Vowels
+
+Remember: these vowels are **written before** the consonant but **pronounced after** it.
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-leading-long-vowels" title="Leading Long Vowels"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ee" char="เ" name="สระเอ (sara ee)" nativeName="สระเอ" transliteration="ee" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-aae" char="แ" name="สระแอ (sara aae)" nativeName="สระแอ" transliteration="aae" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-oo" char="โ" name="สระโอ (sara oo)" nativeName="สระโอ" transliteration="oo" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## The เ-อ Combination
+
+This vowel combines a leading เ with a trailing อ:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-oe-vowel" title="เ-อ Combination Vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-oee" char="เ-อ" name="สระเออ (sara oee)" nativeName="สระเออ" transliteration="ɤɤ" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Reading Examples
+
+| Written | Reading Order | Pronunciation |
+|---------|---------------|---------------|
+| เก | ก + เ | gee |
+| แม | ม + แ | maae |
+| โต | ต + โ | dtoo |
+| เธอ | ธ + เ-อ | thɤɤ |
+
+## Comparing Short and Long Forms
+
+| Short (with ะ) | Long (no ะ) | Difference |
+|----------------|-------------|------------|
+| เกะ (ge) | เก (gee) | ะ marks shortness |
+| แกะ (gae) | แก (gaae) | Same pattern |
+| โกะ (go) | โก (goo) | Remove ะ = long |
+
+## The Inherent Vowel
+
+When a consonant stands alone without any vowel mark, it often has an **inherent short "a"** or **"o"** sound:
+
+- ม alone can be read as "ma" or "mo"
+- This is why you see words like มก (mok) without visible vowels
+
+However, this is mainly for Pali/Sanskrit loanwords. Modern Thai usually marks vowels explicitly.
+
+## Common Words with Leading Vowels
+
+- เป็น (bpen) — to be
+- แม่ (mâae) — mother
+- โต (dtoo) — big
+- เธอ (thɤɤ) — you (she/her)
+- เขา (khǎo) — he/she/they, mountain
+
+## Sound Guide for Leading Vowels
+
+| Vowel | Approximate Sound | Example |
+|-------|-------------------|---------|
+| เ | "ay" in "day" | เก → gay |
+| แ | "a" in "bad" (extended) | แก → gaae |
+| โ | "o" in "go" | โก → go |
+| เ-อ | between "er" and "uh" | เกอ → gɤɤ |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Write left, read right**: Leading vowels come before consonants in writing
+2. **No ะ = long**: The absence of ะ indicates a long vowel
+3. **เ-อ is unique**: A two-part vowel surrounding the consonant
+4. **Frequency matters**: เ and แ appear in countless common words
+
+## Practice Reading
+
+Try these common words:
+- เด็ก (dèk) — child
+- แก่ (gàae) — old
+- โรง (roong) — building
+- เบียร์ (biia) — beer
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-leading-recognition" type="matching" title="Leading Vowel Recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each leading vowel to its approximate English sound
+
+- เ (ee)
+- แ (aae)
+- โ (oo)
+- เ-อ (ɤɤ)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เ → "ay" as in "day"
+- แ → "a" as in "bad" (extended)
+- โ → "o" as in "go"
+- เ-อ → between "er" and "uh" (unique Thai sound)
+
+**Explanation:** Leading vowels are written before consonants but pronounced after. เ and แ are very common in Thai. เ-อ creates a unique sound not found in English.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-reading-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Reading Order Practice"}
+
+**Question:** How do you read these words? (Remember: write left, read right)
+
+- เก (เ + ก)
+- แม (แ + ม)
+- โต (โ + ต)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เก → Read ก first, then เ = "gee"
+- แม → Read ม first, then แ = "maae"
+- โต → Read ต first, then โ = "dtoo"
+
+**Explanation:** Leading vowels follow the "write left, read right" principle. The vowel is written first, but you pronounce the consonant first, then the vowel sound.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="long-vowels-2-combination" type="multiple-choice" title="The เ-อ Combination"}
+
+**Question:** The vowel เ-อ (sara ɤɤ) is unique because:
+
+**Options:**
+- It's the only long vowel
+- It wraps around the consonant (written before and after)
+- It's never used in modern Thai
+- It's pronounced before the consonant
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** เ-อ is a two-part vowel that wraps around the consonant. เ is written before, อ is written after, creating the /ɤɤ/ sound. This is different from simple leading vowels.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you'll learn **compound vowels and diphthongs** — vowel sounds that glide from one quality to another.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-05
+title: "บทที่ 5 — สระประสม I"
+description: "Compound Vowels Part 1: Diphthongs with 'i' and 'u' endings"
+order: 5
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - compound-vowels
+  - diphthongs
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-04
+  objectives:
+    - "Understand what diphthongs are"
+    - "Master vowels ending in -i sound"
+    - "Master vowels ending in -u sound"
+    - "Practice smooth vowel transitions"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 5 (Lesson 5) — Compound Vowels I
+
+## Introduction
+
+Thai has many **compound vowels** (สระประสม) — vowel sounds that glide smoothly from one quality to another. These are called **diphthongs**. In this lesson, you'll learn diphthongs that end with an "i" or "u" sound.
+
+## What Are Diphthongs?
+
+A diphthong is a vowel sound that transitions within a single syllable:
+- English "eye" is a diphthong: ah → ee
+- English "cow" is a diphthong: ah → oo
+
+Thai has many more diphthongs than English!
+
+## Diphthongs Ending in -i
+
+These vowels glide toward an "i" sound:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-diphthongs-i" title="Diphthongs Ending in -i"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ai-mai-muan" char="ใ" name="สระใอ (sara ai mai muan)" nativeName="สระใอ" transliteration="ai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ai-mai-malai" char="ไ" name="สระไอ (sara ai mai malai)" nativeName="สระไอ" transliteration="ai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ao-i" char="เ-ย" name="สระเอย (sara oei)" nativeName="สระเอย" transliteration="ɤɤi" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Two "ai" Vowels: ใ vs ไ
+
+Thai has **two vowels** that both sound like "ai":
+- **ใ (mai muan)**: Used in only 20 common words
+- **ไ (mai malai)**: Used everywhere else
+
+| ใ (mai muan) | ไ (mai malai) |
+|--------------|---------------|
+| ใจ (jai) — heart | ไก่ (gài) — chicken |
+| ใน (nai) — in | ไป (bpai) — to go |
+| ให้ (hâi) — to give | ไหม (mǎi) — silk, question particle |
+| ใหม่ (mài) — new | ไม่ (mâi) — not |
+| ใช้ (chái) — to use | ได้ (dâai) — can, able |
+
+**Memory tip**: Learn the 20 ใ words; everything else uses ไ.
+
+## Diphthongs Ending in -u/-o
+
+These vowels glide toward a "u" or "o" sound:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-diphthongs-u" title="Diphthongs Ending in -u/-o"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ao" char="เ-า" name="สระเอา (sara ao)" nativeName="สระเอา" transliteration="ao" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-iu" char="ิว" name="สระอิว (sara iu)" nativeName="สระอิว" transliteration="iu" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-eo" char="เ-ว" name="สระเอว (sara eo)" nativeName="สระเอว" transliteration="eo" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-aeo" char="แ-ว" name="สระแอว (sara aeo)" nativeName="สระแอว" transliteration="aeo" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## How to Pronounce Diphthongs
+
+The key is to make a **smooth glide** between the two vowel qualities:
+
+| Vowel | Start | End | Like English |
+|-------|-------|-----|--------------|
+| ใ/ไ (ai) | "ah" | "ee" | "I" or "eye" |
+| เ-า (ao) | "ah" | "oo" | "ow" in "cow" |
+| ิว (iu) | "ee" | "oo" | "ew" in "few" |
+| เ-ว (eo) | "ay" | "oo" | No equivalent |
+
+## Reading Practice
+
+| Written | Breakdown | Pronunciation |
+|---------|-----------|---------------|
+| ไก | ก + ไ | gai |
+| เขา | ข + เ-า | khǎo |
+| กิว | ก + ิว | giu |
+| เมา | ม + เ-า | mao |
+
+## The Famous 20 ใ Words
+
+Here are the most common words using ใ:
+- ใจ (jai) — heart, mind
+- ใน (nai) — in, inside
+- ใหญ่ (yài) — big
+- ให้ (hâi) — to give
+- ใหม่ (mài) — new
+- ใช้ (chái) — to use
+- ใส่ (sài) — to put on, wear
+- ใคร (khrai) — who
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Diphthongs glide**: Start at one vowel quality, end at another
+2. **ใ vs ไ**: Both sound like "ai" but are different letters
+3. **Learn the 20**: Memorize the ใ words; default to ไ otherwise
+4. **Smooth transition**: Don't pause between the vowel parts
+
+## Common Words
+
+- ไป (bpai) — to go
+- เขา (khǎo) — he/she/mountain
+- ได้ (dâai) — can, able
+- ใจ (jai) — heart
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-ai-recognition" type="multiple-choice" title="The Two AI Vowels"}
+
+**Question:** Which vowel (ใ or ไ) is used in the word ใจ (heart)?
+
+**Options:**
+- ใ (mai muan) - one of the 20 common words
+- ไ (mai malai) - the default
+- Either one works
+- Depends on the dialect
+
+**Answer:** 1
+
+**Explanation:** ใจ uses ใ (mai muan), which is one of only 20 common words that use this spelling. Everything else uses ไ (mai malai). Both sound identical, but spelling must be memorized.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-glide-practice" type="fill-in-blank" title="Diphthong Glide Practice"}
+
+**Question:** How do you pronounce these diphthongs? (Describe the glide)
+
+- ใ/ไ (ai)
+- เ-า (ao)
+- ิว (iu)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ใ/ไ → Start with "ah" sound, glide to "ee" (like English "I" or "eye")
+- เ-า → Start with "ah" sound, glide to "oo" (like English "ow" in "cow")
+- ิว → Start with "ee" sound, glide to "oo" (like English "ew" in "few")
+
+**Explanation:** Diphthongs are smooth glides between two vowel qualities. The key is making a continuous transition without pausing between the sounds.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="diphthongs-1-common-words" type="matching" title="Common Diphthong Words"}
+
+**Question:** Match each word to its diphthong type
+
+- ไป (to go)
+- เขา (he/she)
+- ได้ (can, able)
+- ใจ (heart)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ไป → ไ (ai diphthong)
+- เขา → เ-า (ao diphthong)
+- ได้ → ไ (ai diphthong)
+- ใจ → ใ (ai diphthong - one of the 20)
+
+**Explanation:** These are very common words that demonstrate diphthongs. Notice that ไป and ได้ both use ไ, while ใจ uses ใ (one of the special 20 words).
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you'll learn more compound vowels and special vowel combinations that complete your vowel knowledge.

package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: thai-vowels-lesson-06
+title: "บทที่ 6 — สระประสม II"
+description: "Compound Vowels Part 2: Special combinations and rare vowels"
+order: 6
+parentId: thai-vowels-tones
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - compound-vowels
+  - special-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - thai-vowels-lesson-05
+  objectives:
+    - "Master the remaining compound vowels"
+    - "Understand special vowel symbols"
+    - "Learn the 'rue' and 'lue' vowels"
+    - "Recognize rare and archaic vowel forms"
+---
+
+# บทที่ 6 (Lesson 6) — Compound Vowels II
+
+## Introduction
+
+This lesson covers the remaining vowel forms, including some special combinations and rare vowels. While some of these appear less frequently, knowing them completes your vowel toolkit and helps with reading older texts or Pali/Sanskrit loanwords.
+
+## Long Diphthongs
+
+These are longer versions of some diphthongs from Lesson 5:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-long-diphthongs" title="Long Diphthongs"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ia" char="เ-ีย" name="สระเอีย (sara ia)" nativeName="สระเอีย" transliteration="ia" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-uea" char="เ-ือ" name="สระเอือ (sara uea)" nativeName="สระเอือ" transliteration="ɯa" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ua" char="-ัว" name="สระอัว (sara ua)" nativeName="สระอัว" transliteration="ua" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Special Sanskrit/Pali Vowels
+
+These vowels are used primarily in loanwords from Sanskrit and Pali:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-special-vowels" title="Special Vowels (rue/lue)"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-rue" char="ฤ" name="ฤ (rue)" nativeName="ฤ" transliteration="rue" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-ruee" char="ฤๅ" name="ฤๅ (ruee)" nativeName="ฤๅ" transliteration="ruee" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-lue" char="ฦ" name="ฦ (lue)" nativeName="ฦ" transliteration="lue" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-luee" char="ฦๅ" name="ฦๅ (luee)" nativeName="ฦๅ" transliteration="luee" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+## Understanding ฤ (rue)
+
+The vowel ฤ (rue) is unique — it acts as both consonant and vowel:
+- Pronounced like "ri" or "reu" depending on the word
+- Appears in common words like ฤดู (rʉ́-duu) "season"
+
+| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|------|---------------|---------|
+| ฤดู | rʉ́-duu | season |
+| ฤทธิ์ | rít | power |
+| ฤกษ์ | rə́ək | auspicious time |
+
+**Note**: ฦ (lue) is extremely rare in modern Thai and mainly appears in very old texts.
+
+## The -ัว Sound (ua)
+
+The vowel combination -ัว produces an "ua" sound:
+
+| Written | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|---------|---------------|---------|
+| กัว | gua | — |
+| ตัว | dtua | body, classifier |
+| หัว | hǔa | head |
+| วัว | wua | cow |
+
+## Vowel + ว Combinations
+
+When vowels combine with ว, they often create "uan" or "uai" sounds:
+
+:::character-set{id="thai-vowel-w-combos" title="Vowel + ว Combinations"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-uai" char="-วย" name="สระอวย (sara uai)" nativeName="สระอวย" transliteration="uai" charType="vowel"}
+
+::character{id="th-vowel-uan" char="-วน" name="สระอวน (sara uan)" nativeName="สระอวน" transliteration="uan" charType="vowel"}
+
+:::
+
+| Written | Pronunciation | Example |
+|---------|---------------|---------|
+| ดวย | duai | ด้วย (dûai) — with |
+| ควน | khuan | ควร (khuan) — should |
+
+## Mai Han Akat (◌ั)
+
+The mark **◌ั** (mai han akat) above a consonant indicates a short "a" sound. It often appears in combination with other vowel elements:
+
+- กั + ว = กัว (gua)
+- กั + น = กัน (gan)
+
+## Vowel Summary Chart
+
+| Type | Examples |
+|------|----------|
+| Simple short | ะ, ิ, ึ, ุ |
+| Simple long | า, ี, ื, ู |
+| Leading | เ, แ, โ |
+| Diphthongs | ไ, ใ, เ-า |
+| Compound | เ-ีย, เ-ือ, -ัว |
+| Special | ฤ, ฤๅ |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Long diphthongs exist**: เ-ีย, เ-ือ, and -ัว are longer compound sounds
+2. **ฤ is special**: A vowel that acts independently (not attached to a consonant)
+3. **Mai han akat**: The ◌ั mark indicates short "a" in combinations
+4. **Pali/Sanskrit**: ฤ and ฦ come from ancient languages
+
+## Common Words
+
+- เสีย (sǐa) — broken, wasted
+- เรือ (rʉa) — boat
+- ตัว (dtua) — body, self, classifier
+- ด้วย (dûai) — with, also
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-special-vowels" type="multiple-choice" title="The ฤ Vowel"}
+
+**Question:** The vowel ฤ (rue) is unique because:
+
+**Options:**
+- It's the only long vowel
+- It acts independently, not attached to a consonant
+- It's never used in modern Thai
+- It always requires a tone mark
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** ฤ is special because it functions as both a vowel and can stand independently. It appears in words like ฤดู (season) and ฤทธิ์ (power), where it's not attached to a consonant in the same way other vowels are.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-combination-recognition" type="matching" title="Vowel Combination Recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each vowel combination to its sound
+
+- เ-ีย (ia)
+- เ-ือ (uea)
+- -ัว (ua)
+- -วย (uai)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- เ-ีย → "ia" sound (like "ear" but with "a" ending)
+- เ-ือ → "ɯa" sound (unique Thai sound)
+- -ัว → "ua" sound (like "ua" in "quack")
+- -วย → "uai" sound (glide: u → a → i)
+
+**Explanation:** These are compound vowels that combine multiple vowel elements. เ-ีย and เ-ือ wrap around the consonant, while -ัว and -วย combine with the consonant in different ways.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="compound-2-mai-han-akat" type="fill-in-blank" title="Mai Han Akat Usage"}
+
+**Question:** What does the mark ◌ั (mai han akat) indicate?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+Mai han akat (◌ั) indicates a short "a" sound. It often appears in combination with other vowel elements, like กั + ว = กัว (gua) or กั + น = กัน (gan).
+
+**Explanation:** This mark is placed above a consonant to create a short "a" sound, often in combination with other vowel components to form compound vowels.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you'll learn the **tone marks** — the four diacritics that directly change the tone of a syllable.