@syllst/th 0.1.0

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
Files changed (122) hide show
  1. package/dist/index.d.ts +45 -0
  2. package/dist/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  3. package/dist/index.js +68 -0
  4. package/dist/index.js.map +1 -0
  5. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.d.ts +10 -0
  6. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  7. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.js +38 -0
  8. package/dist/syllabi/alphabet/index.js.map +1 -0
  9. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.d.ts +10 -0
  10. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  11. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.js +34 -0
  12. package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.js.map +1 -0
  13. package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.d.ts +10 -0
  14. package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  15. package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.js +32 -0
  16. package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.js.map +1 -0
  17. package/dist/syllabi/food/index.d.ts +10 -0
  18. package/dist/syllabi/food/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  19. package/dist/syllabi/food/index.js +34 -0
  20. package/dist/syllabi/food/index.js.map +1 -0
  21. package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.d.ts +10 -0
  22. package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  23. package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.js +34 -0
  24. package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.js.map +1 -0
  25. package/dist/syllabi/numbers/index.d.ts +10 -0
  26. package/dist/syllabi/numbers/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  27. package/dist/syllabi/numbers/index.js +31 -0
  28. package/dist/syllabi/numbers/index.js.map +1 -0
  29. package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.d.ts +10 -0
  30. package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  31. package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.js +36 -0
  32. package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.js.map +1 -0
  33. package/dist/syllabi/travel/index.d.ts +10 -0
  34. package/dist/syllabi/travel/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  35. package/dist/syllabi/travel/index.js +33 -0
  36. package/dist/syllabi/travel/index.js.map +1 -0
  37. package/dist/syllabi/vowels-tones/index.d.ts +10 -0
  38. package/dist/syllabi/vowels-tones/index.d.ts.map +1 -0
  39. package/dist/syllabi/vowels-tones/index.js +34 -0
  40. package/dist/syllabi/vowels-tones/index.js.map +1 -0
  41. package/package.json +85 -0
  42. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +142 -0
  43. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +186 -0
  44. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +140 -0
  45. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +202 -0
  46. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +186 -0
  47. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +217 -0
  48. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +219 -0
  49. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +210 -0
  50. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-09.mdx +204 -0
  51. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-10.mdx +216 -0
  52. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-11.mdx +243 -0
  53. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-12.mdx +260 -0
  54. package/src/syllabi/alphabet/meta.mdx +106 -0
  55. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +98 -0
  56. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +107 -0
  57. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +111 -0
  58. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +159 -0
  59. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +176 -0
  60. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +159 -0
  61. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +184 -0
  62. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +192 -0
  63. package/src/syllabi/dialogue/meta.mdx +58 -0
  64. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +125 -0
  65. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +191 -0
  66. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +212 -0
  67. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +220 -0
  68. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +231 -0
  69. package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +260 -0
  70. package/src/syllabi/essentials/meta.mdx +99 -0
  71. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +140 -0
  72. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +209 -0
  73. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +224 -0
  74. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +217 -0
  75. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +231 -0
  76. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +225 -0
  77. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +235 -0
  78. package/src/syllabi/food/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +274 -0
  79. package/src/syllabi/food/meta.mdx +102 -0
  80. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +86 -0
  81. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +105 -0
  82. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +170 -0
  83. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +179 -0
  84. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +170 -0
  85. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +191 -0
  86. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +195 -0
  87. package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +209 -0
  88. package/src/syllabi/grammar/meta.mdx +57 -0
  89. package/src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +115 -0
  90. package/src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +186 -0
  91. package/src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +179 -0
  92. package/src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +201 -0
  93. package/src/syllabi/numbers/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +203 -0
  94. package/src/syllabi/numbers/meta.mdx +93 -0
  95. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +125 -0
  96. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +134 -0
  97. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +127 -0
  98. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +130 -0
  99. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +132 -0
  100. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +130 -0
  101. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +131 -0
  102. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +135 -0
  103. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-09.mdx +132 -0
  104. package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-10.mdx +145 -0
  105. package/src/syllabi/reading/meta.mdx +46 -0
  106. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +142 -0
  107. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +156 -0
  108. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +158 -0
  109. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +165 -0
  110. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +167 -0
  111. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +177 -0
  112. package/src/syllabi/travel/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +181 -0
  113. package/src/syllabi/travel/meta.mdx +58 -0
  114. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +101 -0
  115. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +163 -0
  116. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +168 -0
  117. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +170 -0
  118. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +189 -0
  119. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +187 -0
  120. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +217 -0
  121. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +260 -0
  122. package/src/syllabi/vowels-tones/meta.mdx +89 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
1
+ ---
2
+ type: lesson
3
+ id: thai-grammar-lesson-03
4
+ title: "บทที่ 3 — การปฏิเสธ"
5
+ description: "Negation: ไม่ (not) and negative patterns"
6
+ order: 3
7
+ parentId: thai-grammar
8
+ difficulty: intermediate
9
+ cefrLevel: A2
10
+ categories:
11
+ - grammar
12
+ - negation
13
+ metadata:
14
+ estimatedTime: 30
15
+ prerequisites:
16
+ - thai-grammar-lesson-02
17
+ objectives:
18
+ - "Negate verbs and adjectives"
19
+ - "Use ไม่ได้ for inability"
20
+ - "Express 'not yet' and 'never'"
21
+ ---
22
+
23
+ # บทที่ 3 (Lesson 3) — Negation
24
+
25
+ ## Introduction
26
+
27
+ Negation in Thai is simple: put **ไม่** (mâi) before the verb or adjective. That's the core rule!
28
+
29
+ ## Basic Negation: ไม่ + Verb
30
+
31
+ | Positive | Negative |
32
+ |----------|----------|
33
+ | ผมกิน (I eat) | ผมไม่กิน (I don't eat) |
34
+ | เขาไป (He goes) | เขาไม่ไป (He doesn't go) |
35
+ | ดี (good) | ไม่ดี (not good) |
36
+ | แพง (expensive) | ไม่แพง (not expensive) |
37
+
38
+ ## ไม่ได้ (mâi dâai) - Can't / Didn't
39
+
40
+ **ไม่ได้** is used for:
41
+ 1. **Inability** - can't do something
42
+ 2. **Past negation** - didn't do something
43
+
44
+ | Thai | Meaning |
45
+ |------|---------|
46
+ | ผมไม่ได้ไป | I didn't go / I can't go |
47
+ | เขาไม่ได้กิน | He didn't eat / He can't eat |
48
+ | ทำไม่ได้ | Can't do it |
49
+
50
+ ## ไม่ใช่ (mâi châi) - Is Not
51
+
52
+ Use **ไม่ใช่** to negate nouns (identity):
53
+
54
+ | Thai | Meaning |
55
+ |------|---------|
56
+ | นี่ไม่ใช่หนังสือ | This is not a book |
57
+ | เขาไม่ใช่หมอ | He is not a doctor |
58
+ | ไม่ใช่ผม | It's not me |
59
+
60
+ ## ยังไม่ (yang mâi) - Not Yet
61
+
62
+ | Thai | Meaning |
63
+ |------|---------|
64
+ | ยังไม่กิน | Haven't eaten yet |
65
+ | ยังไม่พร้อม | Not ready yet |
66
+ | ยังไม่ถึง | Haven't arrived yet |
67
+
68
+ ## ไม่เคย (mâi kəəi) - Never
69
+
70
+ | Thai | Meaning |
71
+ |------|---------|
72
+ | ไม่เคยไป | Never been (there) |
73
+ | ไม่เคยกิน | Never eaten (it) |
74
+ | ไม่เคยเห็น | Never seen (it) |
75
+
76
+ ## Comparison Table
77
+
78
+ | Pattern | Use | Example |
79
+ |---------|-----|---------|
80
+ | ไม่ + V | Simple negation | ไม่ชอบ (don't like) |
81
+ | ไม่ได้ + V | Can't / Didn't | ไม่ได้ไป (didn't go) |
82
+ | ไม่ใช่ + N | Is not (noun) | ไม่ใช่คนไทย (not Thai) |
83
+ | ยังไม่ + V | Not yet | ยังไม่เสร็จ (not finished yet) |
84
+ | ไม่เคย + V | Never | ไม่เคยลอง (never tried) |
85
+
86
+ ## Double Negatives
87
+
88
+ Thai doesn't use double negatives like English might avoid:
89
+
90
+ - ไม่มีอะไร (mâi mii à-rai) = "don't have anything" = nothing
91
+
92
+ ## Common Negative Expressions
93
+
94
+ | Thai | Meaning |
95
+ |------|---------|
96
+ | ไม่เป็นไร | It's okay / Never mind |
97
+ | ไม่ต้อง | Don't need to / No need |
98
+ | ไม่มี | Don't have / There isn't |
99
+ | ไม่รู้ | Don't know |
100
+ | ไม่เข้าใจ | Don't understand |
101
+
102
+ ## Key Points
103
+
104
+ 1. **ไม่ before verb/adjective** - Basic negation
105
+ 2. **ไม่ได้** - Can't or didn't
106
+ 3. **ไม่ใช่** - Negates nouns (identity)
107
+ 4. **ยังไม่** - Not yet
108
+ 5. **ไม่เคย** - Never (in the past)
109
+
110
+ ## Practice Exercises
111
+
112
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-3-negation-patterns" type="matching" title="Negation Pattern Recognition"}
113
+
114
+ **Question:** Match each negation pattern to its correct usage
115
+
116
+ - ไม่ + verb
117
+ - ไม่ได้ + verb
118
+ - ไม่ใช่ + noun
119
+ - ยังไม่ + verb
120
+ - ไม่เคย + verb
121
+
122
+ **Answer:**
123
+
124
+ - ไม่ + verb → Simple negation (don't like, don't go)
125
+ - ไม่ได้ + verb → Can't or didn't (couldn't go, didn't eat)
126
+ - ไม่ใช่ + noun → Negates identity (not a doctor, not Thai)
127
+ - ยังไม่ + verb → Not yet (haven't eaten yet)
128
+ - ไม่เคย + verb → Never (never been, never tried)
129
+
130
+ **Explanation:** Each negation pattern has a specific use. ไม่ is for simple negation, ไม่ได้ is for ability/past, ไม่ใช่ is for identity, ยังไม่ is for "not yet", and ไม่เคย is for "never".
131
+
132
+ :::
133
+
134
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-3-choose-negation" type="multiple-choice" title="Choosing the Right Negation"}
135
+
136
+ **Question:** How do you say "I can't go" in Thai?
137
+
138
+ **Options:**
139
+ - ผมไม่ไป
140
+ - ผมไม่ได้ไป
141
+ - ผมไม่ใช่ไป
142
+ - ผมยังไม่ไป
143
+
144
+ **Answer:** 2
145
+
146
+ **Explanation:** "I can't go" requires ไม่ได้ because it expresses inability. ไม่ไป means "I don't go" (simple negation), while ไม่ได้ไป means "I can't go" or "I didn't go" (inability or past negation).
147
+
148
+ :::
149
+
150
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-3-practice-negation" type="fill-in-blank" title="Negation Practice"}
151
+
152
+ **Question:** Negate these sentences correctly:
153
+
154
+ - เขาเป็นหมอ (He is a doctor)
155
+ - ผมกินข้าวแล้ว (I already ate)
156
+ - คุณเคยไปไทย (You have been to Thailand)
157
+
158
+ **Answer:**
159
+
160
+ - เขาเป็นหมอ → เขา**ไม่ใช่**หมอ (He is not a doctor - use ไม่ใช่ for identity)
161
+ - ผมกินข้าวแล้ว → ผม**ยังไม่**กินข้าว (I haven't eaten yet - use ยังไม่ for "not yet")
162
+ - คุณเคยไปไทย → คุณ**ไม่เคย**ไปไทย (You have never been to Thailand - use ไม่เคย for "never")
163
+
164
+ **Explanation:** Choose the negation pattern based on what you're negating: identity (ไม่ใช่), completion (ยังไม่), or experience (ไม่เคย).
165
+
166
+ :::
167
+
168
+ ## What's Next
169
+
170
+ In Lesson 4, you'll learn classifiers — essential for counting objects in Thai. Every noun needs a classifier when you count!
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
1
+ ---
2
+ type: lesson
3
+ id: thai-grammar-lesson-04
4
+ title: "บทที่ 4 — ลักษณนาม"
5
+ description: "Classifiers: Counting with classifiers"
6
+ order: 4
7
+ parentId: thai-grammar
8
+ difficulty: intermediate
9
+ cefrLevel: A2
10
+ categories:
11
+ - grammar
12
+ - classifiers
13
+ metadata:
14
+ estimatedTime: 35
15
+ prerequisites:
16
+ - thai-grammar-lesson-03
17
+ objectives:
18
+ - "Understand the classifier system"
19
+ - "Use common classifiers correctly"
20
+ - "Count objects with classifiers"
21
+ ---
22
+
23
+ # บทที่ 4 (Lesson 4) — Classifiers
24
+
25
+ ## Introduction
26
+
27
+ Thai requires **classifiers** when counting. Think of them like "pieces of paper" or "cups of coffee" - but for everything!
28
+
29
+ ## The Pattern
30
+
31
+ **Noun + Number + Classifier**
32
+
33
+ | Thai | Pattern | Meaning |
34
+ |------|---------|---------|
35
+ | หมา 3 ตัว | dog + 3 + clf | 3 dogs |
36
+ | หนังสือ 2 เล่ม | book + 2 + clf | 2 books |
37
+ | คน 5 คน | person + 5 + clf | 5 people |
38
+
39
+ ## Common Classifiers
40
+
41
+ | Classifier | Romanization | Used For |
42
+ |------------|--------------|----------|
43
+ | ตัว | dtuua | animals, shirts, chairs |
44
+ | คน | khon | people |
45
+ | อัน | an | small objects, round things |
46
+ | เล่ม | lêm | books, knives |
47
+ | ใบ | bai | flat things, bags, leaves |
48
+ | แก้ว | gâew | glasses (of liquid) |
49
+ | ขวด | khùuat | bottles |
50
+ | จาน | jaan | plates (of food) |
51
+ | คัน | khan | vehicles, umbrellas |
52
+ | หลัง | lǎng | houses |
53
+ | ห้อง | hâwng | rooms |
54
+
55
+ ## Examples
56
+
57
+ | Thai | Meaning |
58
+ |------|---------|
59
+ | แมว 2 ตัว | 2 cats |
60
+ | นักเรียน 10 คน | 10 students |
61
+ | กระเป๋า 1 ใบ | 1 bag |
62
+ | รถ 3 คัน | 3 cars |
63
+ | บ้าน 1 หลัง | 1 house |
64
+ | น้ำ 2 แก้ว | 2 glasses of water |
65
+ | เบียร์ 3 ขวด | 3 bottles of beer |
66
+
67
+ ## Ordering Food
68
+
69
+ When ordering, use the pattern: **Dish + Number + Classifier**
70
+
71
+ | Order | Meaning |
72
+ |-------|---------|
73
+ | ผัดไทย 2 จาน | 2 plates of pad thai |
74
+ | น้ำส้ม 1 แก้ว | 1 glass of orange juice |
75
+ | ข้าว 3 จาน | 3 plates of rice |
76
+ | กาแฟ 2 แก้ว | 2 cups of coffee |
77
+
78
+ ## Asking "How Many?"
79
+
80
+ **กี่ (gìi) + Classifier?**
81
+
82
+ | Question | Answer |
83
+ |----------|--------|
84
+ | กี่คน? (How many people?) | 5 คน |
85
+ | กี่ตัว? (How many animals?) | 3 ตัว |
86
+ | กี่ใบ? (How many [flat]?) | 2 ใบ |
87
+
88
+ ## Special Cases
89
+
90
+ ### When Noun = Classifier
91
+ Some words are their own classifier:
92
+ - คน (person) → คน 3 คน (3 people)
93
+ - ห้อง (room) → ห้อง 2 ห้อง (2 rooms)
94
+
95
+ ### Generic Classifier: อัน
96
+ When unsure, **อัน** works for many small objects:
97
+ - อันนี้ (this one)
98
+ - อันไหน? (which one?)
99
+ - 2 อัน (2 of them)
100
+
101
+ ## Demonstratives with Classifiers
102
+
103
+ | Thai | Meaning |
104
+ |------|---------|
105
+ | อันนี้ | this one |
106
+ | อันนั้น | that one |
107
+ | ตัวไหน? | which one? (animal/shirt) |
108
+ | คนนั้น | that person |
109
+
110
+ ## Key Points
111
+
112
+ 1. **Pattern**: Noun + Number + Classifier
113
+ 2. **ตัว** - animals, clothing, furniture
114
+ 3. **คน** - people
115
+ 4. **ใบ** - flat things, bags, tickets
116
+ 5. **อัน** - generic for small objects
117
+ 6. **กี่** - "how many?" (+ classifier)
118
+
119
+ ## Practice Exercises
120
+
121
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-4-classifier-pattern" type="fill-in-blank" title="Classifier Pattern Practice"}
122
+
123
+ **Question:** Complete these phrases with the correct classifier:
124
+
125
+ - หมา 3 ___ (3 dogs)
126
+ - คน 5 ___ (5 people)
127
+ - หนังสือ 2 ___ (2 books)
128
+ - น้ำ 1 ___ (1 glass of water)
129
+
130
+ **Answer:**
131
+
132
+ - หมา 3 **ตัว** (animals use ตัว)
133
+ - คน 5 **คน** (people use คน - same word as noun)
134
+ - หนังสือ 2 **เล่ม** (books use เล่ม)
135
+ - น้ำ 1 **แก้ว** (glasses of liquid use แก้ว)
136
+
137
+ **Explanation:** Each noun requires a specific classifier. Animals use ตัว, people use คน, books use เล่ม, and glasses of liquid use แก้ว. When in doubt, อัน works for many small objects.
138
+
139
+ :::
140
+
141
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-4-asking-quantity" type="matching" title="Asking "How Many?""}
142
+
143
+ **Question:** Match each question to its meaning
144
+
145
+ - กี่คน?
146
+ - กี่ตัว?
147
+ - กี่ใบ?
148
+ - กี่แก้ว?
149
+
150
+ **Answer:**
151
+
152
+ - กี่คน? → How many people?
153
+ - กี่ตัว? → How many animals/items (using ตัว)?
154
+ - กี่ใบ? → How many flat things/bags?
155
+ - กี่แก้ว? → How many glasses?
156
+
157
+ **Explanation:** กี่ means "how many" and must be followed by a classifier. The classifier determines what you're counting.
158
+
159
+ :::
160
+
161
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-4-ordering-practice" type="multiple-choice" title="Ordering with Classifiers"}
162
+
163
+ **Question:** How do you order "2 plates of pad thai" in Thai?
164
+
165
+ **Options:**
166
+ - ผัดไทย 2
167
+ - 2 ผัดไทย
168
+ - ผัดไทย 2 จาน
169
+ - ผัดไทย 2 แก้ว
170
+
171
+ **Answer:** 3
172
+
173
+ **Explanation:** The pattern is: [dish] + [number] + [classifier]. For plates of food, use จาน. So "2 plates of pad thai" is ผัดไทย 2 จาน (or ผัดไทย สอง จาน with Thai numerals).
174
+
175
+ :::
176
+
177
+ ## What's Next
178
+
179
+ In Lesson 5, you'll master polite particles — ครับ, ค่ะ, นะ, and more. These make your Thai sound natural and polite!
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
1
+ ---
2
+ type: lesson
3
+ id: thai-grammar-lesson-05
4
+ title: "บทที่ 5 — คำลงท้าย"
5
+ description: "Polite Particles: ครับ, ค่ะ, นะ, and more"
6
+ order: 5
7
+ parentId: thai-grammar
8
+ difficulty: intermediate
9
+ cefrLevel: A2
10
+ categories:
11
+ - grammar
12
+ - particles
13
+ - politeness
14
+ metadata:
15
+ estimatedTime: 30
16
+ prerequisites:
17
+ - thai-grammar-lesson-04
18
+ objectives:
19
+ - "Use polite particles correctly"
20
+ - "Understand particle nuances"
21
+ - "Add appropriate softeners"
22
+ ---
23
+
24
+ # บทที่ 5 (Lesson 5) — Polite Particles
25
+
26
+ ## Introduction
27
+
28
+ Thai uses sentence-final **particles** to convey politeness, mood, and nuance. Mastering them makes your Thai sound natural!
29
+
30
+ ## The Polite Particles: ครับ / ค่ะ / คะ
31
+
32
+ | Particle | Speaker | Use |
33
+ |----------|---------|-----|
34
+ | ครับ (khráp) | Male | Statements & Questions |
35
+ | ค่ะ (khâ) | Female | Statements |
36
+ | คะ (khá) | Female | Questions |
37
+
38
+ Examples:
39
+ - สวัสดี**ครับ** (Hello - male speaking)
40
+ - สวัสดี**ค่ะ** (Hello - female speaking)
41
+ - ไปไหน**คะ**? (Where are you going? - female asking)
42
+
43
+ ## Softening Particle: นะ (ná)
44
+
45
+ **นะ** softens statements and adds friendliness:
46
+
47
+ | Without นะ | With นะ |
48
+ |------------|---------|
49
+ | ไปเลย (Go!) | ไปเลยนะ (Go ahead, okay?) |
50
+ | กินข้าว (Eat rice) | กินข้าวนะ (Eat up, okay?) |
51
+ | รอก่อน (Wait) | รอก่อนนะ (Wait a bit, okay?) |
52
+
53
+ ## Confirmation: นะ (ná) & ใช่ไหม (châi mái)
54
+
55
+ | Pattern | Meaning |
56
+ |---------|---------|
57
+ | ...นะ? | Right?/Okay? |
58
+ | ...ใช่ไหม? | Isn't that so? |
59
+ | ...เนอะ? | Right? (casual) |
60
+
61
+ Example:
62
+ - อร่อยนะ? (It's delicious, right?)
63
+ - คุณคนไทยใช่ไหม? (You're Thai, right?)
64
+
65
+ ## Emphasis: สิ (sì) & ซิ (sí)
66
+
67
+ | Particle | Use | Example |
68
+ |----------|-----|---------|
69
+ | สิ | Encouragement | กินสิ! (Go ahead and eat!) |
70
+ | ซิ | Strong urging | ไปซิ! (Just go!) |
71
+
72
+ ## Question Particles
73
+
74
+ | Particle | Use | Example |
75
+ |----------|-----|---------|
76
+ | ไหม (mái) | Yes/no question | ไปไหม? (Going?) |
77
+ | หรือเปล่า (rǔue bplào) | Softer yes/no | ไปหรือเปล่า? (Going?) |
78
+ | เหรอ/หรอ (rǒe/rǎw) | Surprise/disbelief | จริงเหรอ? (Really?) |
79
+ | ล่ะ (lâ) | "What about...?" | คุณล่ะ? (And you?) |
80
+
81
+ ## Exclamation: จ้า / จ๊ะ / เลย
82
+
83
+ | Particle | Use | Example |
84
+ |----------|-----|---------|
85
+ | จ้า (jâa) | Friendly acknowledgment | ค่ะจ้า (Yes~) |
86
+ | จ๊ะ (já) | Cute/friendly (female) | ขอบคุณจ๊ะ |
87
+ | เลย (ləəi) | Emphasis "totally" | สวยมากเลย! (So pretty!) |
88
+
89
+ ## Combining Particles
90
+
91
+ Particles can stack:
92
+
93
+ | Thai | Meaning |
94
+ |------|---------|
95
+ | ได้เลยครับ | Sure! (male, polite) |
96
+ | ดีนะคะ | Good, okay? (female) |
97
+ | ไปสินะ | Go ahead then, okay? |
98
+
99
+ ## Common Particle Combinations
100
+
101
+ | Combination | Feeling |
102
+ |-------------|---------|
103
+ | นะครับ/นะคะ | Polite + soft |
104
+ | เลยครับ/เลยค่ะ | Emphatic + polite |
105
+ | สิครับ/สิค่ะ | Encouraging + polite |
106
+
107
+ ## Key Points
108
+
109
+ 1. **ครับ/ค่ะ** - Always use for politeness
110
+ 2. **นะ** - Softens and seeks agreement
111
+ 3. **สิ** - Encourages action
112
+ 4. **เหรอ** - Expresses surprise
113
+ 5. **Combine particles** for natural flow
114
+
115
+ ## Practice Exercises
116
+
117
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-5-polite-particles" type="matching" title="Polite Particle Usage"}
118
+
119
+ **Question:** Match each situation to the correct particle
120
+
121
+ - Male saying "Thank you"
122
+ - Female saying "Thank you"
123
+ - Female asking "What?"
124
+ - Male asking "Where?"
125
+
126
+ **Answer:**
127
+
128
+ - Male saying "Thank you" → ขอบคุณ**ครับ**
129
+ - Female saying "Thank you" → ขอบคุณ**ค่ะ** (falling tone for statements)
130
+ - Female asking "What?" → อะไร**คะ** (rising tone for questions)
131
+ - Male asking "Where?" → ที่ไหน**ครับ** (men use ครับ for both)
132
+
133
+ **Explanation:** Men always use ครับ. Women use ค่ะ (falling) for statements and คะ (rising) for questions. This is essential for sounding polite.
134
+
135
+ :::
136
+
137
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-5-particle-combining" type="fill-in-blank" title="Combining Particles"}
138
+
139
+ **Question:** How do you combine particles correctly?
140
+
141
+ **Answer:**
142
+
143
+ Particles combine in this order: [content particle] + [polite particle]. For example:
144
+ - ใช่นะ**ครับ** (yes, right? - male)
145
+ - อร่อยนะ**คะ** (it's delicious, isn't it? - female question)
146
+ - ไปเลยนะ**ค่ะ** (go ahead, okay? - female statement)
147
+
148
+ **Explanation:** Content particles (นะ, สิ, เลย) come first, then add the gender-appropriate polite particle (ครับ/ค่ะ/คะ). This creates natural, polite Thai.
149
+
150
+ :::
151
+
152
+ :::exercise{id="grammar-5-particle-nuance" type="multiple-choice" title="Particle Nuance"}
153
+
154
+ **Question:** What's the difference between ไปไหม and ไปหรือเปล่า?
155
+
156
+ **Options:**
157
+ - No difference
158
+ - ไปไหม is more direct, ไปหรือเปล่า is softer
159
+ - ไปไหม is for questions, ไปหรือเปล่า is for statements
160
+ - Only one is correct
161
+
162
+ **Answer:** 2
163
+
164
+ **Explanation:** Both mean "Are you going?" but ไปหรือเปล่า sounds slightly softer and more polite than ไปไหม. Both are correct; choose based on the level of politeness you want.
165
+
166
+ :::
167
+
168
+ ## What's Next
169
+
170
+ In Lesson 6, you'll learn time expressions — how to express past, present, and future in Thai using time markers and aspect words.