vllm-cpu 0.8.5.post2__cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.whl

vllm/model_executor/models/phi4mm_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+# Licensed under the MIT license.
+# Code copied from Microsoft/MoE by Jacob Platin (jacobplatin@microsoft.com)
+# but implemented by the Phi-Speech team
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import math
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from torch import Tensor, nn
+
+
+class Block(nn.Module):
+    """Block abstract module"""
+
+    def __init__(self, input_size, output_size):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.input_size = input_size
+        self.output_size = output_size
+
+
+def get_activation(name="relu"):
+    """Select an activation function by name
+
+    Args:
+        name: str
+            activation function name,
+            one of ["relu", "gelu", "swish", "sigmoid"],
+            default "relu".
+    """
+    name = name.lower()
+    if name == "relu":
+        return nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
+    if name == "gelu":
+        return nn.GELU()
+    if name == "swish":
+        return Swish()
+    if name == "sigmoid":
+        return torch.nn.Sigmoid()
+    return nn.Identity()
+
+
+def adaptive_enc_mask(x_len, chunk_start_idx, left_window=0, right_window=0):
+    """
+    The function is very important for Transformer Transducer Streaming mode
+    Args:
+        xs_len (int): sequence length
+        chunk_start_idx (list): first idx of each chunk, such as [0,18,36,48]. 
+        It also supports adaptive chunk size [0,10,15,45]
+        left_window (int): how many left chunks can be seen
+        right_window (int): how many right chunks can be seen. It is used for 
+        chunk overlap model.
+        Returns:
+            mask (torch.Tensor): a mask tensor for streaming model
+            Torch 1.0.1
+            tensor([[1., 1., 0., 0.],
+                    [0., 1., 1., 0.],
+                    [0., 0., 1., 1.]])
+            Torch 1.4.1
+            tensor([[True., True., False., False.],
+                    [False., True., True., False.],
+                    [False., False., True., True.]])
+    """
+    chunk_start_idx = torch.Tensor(chunk_start_idx).long(
+    )  # first idx of each chunk, such as [0,18,36,48].
+    start_pad = torch.nn.functional.pad(
+        chunk_start_idx,
+        (1, 0))  # append 0 to the beginning, so it becomes [0, 0, 18, 36, 48]
+    end_pad = torch.nn.functional.pad(
+        chunk_start_idx, (0, 1), value=x_len
+    )  # append x_len to the end, so it becomes [0,18,36,48, x_len]
+    seq_range = torch.arange(0,
+                             x_len).unsqueeze(-1)  # seq_range size: [x_len, 1]
+    idx = ((seq_range < end_pad) &
+           (seq_range >= start_pad)).nonzero()[:, 1]  # idx size: [x_len]
+    # boundary = end_pad[idx]  # boundary size: [x_len]
+    seq_range_expand = (torch.arange(0, x_len).unsqueeze(0).expand(x_len, -1)
+                        )  # seq_range_expand size [x_len, x_len]
+    idx_left = idx - left_window
+    idx_left[idx_left < 0] = 0
+    boundary_left = start_pad[idx_left]
+    mask_left = seq_range_expand >= boundary_left.unsqueeze(-1)
+    idx_right = idx + right_window
+    idx_right[idx_right > len(chunk_start_idx)] = len(chunk_start_idx)
+    boundary_right = end_pad[idx_right]
+    mask_right = seq_range_expand < boundary_right.unsqueeze(-1)
+    return mask_left & mask_right
+
+
+class Swish(nn.Module):
+    """Implement Swish activation module.
+    From https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.03191.pdf
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.act_fn = nn.Sigmoid()
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """Apply Swish function
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                Input.
+        """
+        return x * self.act_fn(x)
+
+
+class GLU(nn.Module):
+    """Implement Gated Linear Unit (GLU) module"""
+
+    def __init__(self, dim: int = -1, act_name: str = "sigmoid") -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim = dim
+        self.act_name = act_name.lower()
+
+        if self.act_name == "relu":
+            self.act_fn = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
+        elif self.act_name == "gelu":
+            self.act_fn = nn.GELU()
+        elif self.act_name == "swish":
+            self.act_fn = Swish()
+        elif self.act_name == "sigmoid":
+            self.act_fn = nn.Sigmoid()
+        else:
+            self.act_fn = nn.Identity()
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """GLU forward
+        Apply Swish function on the first half of input matrices
+        with sigmoid of the second half.
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                Input.
+
+        """
+        half_x, gate = x.chunk(2, dim=self.dim)
+        return half_x * self.act_fn(gate)
+
+
+# TODO: Abdel, this can be improved using GLU module
+class GLUPointWiseConv(nn.Module):
+    """GLUPointWiseConv module
+    used for conformer architecture,
+    for more details see:
+    https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08100v1.pdf
+
+    Args:
+        input_dim: int
+            input channel size.
+        output_dim: int
+            output channel size.
+        kernel_size: int
+            kernel size
+        glu_type: str, optional
+            activation function one of
+             ["sigmoid", "relu", "gelu"]
+              default "sigmoid".
+        bias_in_glu: bool, optional
+            use addtive bias in glu
+        causal: bool, optional
+            if set to True, padding is set to the half of
+             kernel size, ie, convolution can't see future frames.
+              default False.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_dim,
+        output_dim,
+        kernel_size,
+        glu_type="sigmoid",
+        bias_in_glu=True,
+        causal=False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.glu_type = glu_type
+        self.output_dim = output_dim
+        self.bias_in_glu = bias_in_glu
+        if causal:
+            self.ext_pw_conv_1d = nn.Conv1d(
+                input_dim,
+                output_dim * 2,
+                kernel_size,
+                1,
+                padding=(kernel_size - 1),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.ext_pw_conv_1d = nn.Conv1d(
+                input_dim,
+                output_dim * 2,
+                kernel_size,
+                1,
+                padding=(kernel_size - 1) // 2,
+            )
+
+        if glu_type == "sigmoid":
+            self.glu_act = nn.Sigmoid()
+        elif glu_type == "relu":
+            self.glu_act = nn.ReLU()
+        elif glu_type == "gelu":
+            self.glu_act = nn.GELU()
+        elif glu_type == "swish":
+            self.glu_act = Swish()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported activation type {self.glu_act}")
+
+        if bias_in_glu:
+            self.b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, output_dim, 1))
+            self.b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, output_dim, 1))
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor
+        """
+        # to be consistent with GLULinear, we assume the input always has the
+        # #channel (#dim) in the last dimension of the tensor, so need to
+        # switch the dimension first for 1D-Conv case
+        x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+        x = self.ext_pw_conv_1d(x)
+        if self.glu_type == "bilinear":
+            if self.bias_in_glu:
+                x = (x[:, 0:self.output_dim, :] + self.b1) * (
+                    x[:, self.output_dim:self.output_dim * 2, :] + self.b2)
+            else:
+                x = (x[:, 0:self.output_dim, :]) * (
+                    x[:, self.output_dim:self.output_dim * 2, :])
+        else:
+            if self.bias_in_glu:
+                x = (x[:, 0:self.output_dim, :] + self.b1) * self.glu_act(
+                    x[:, self.output_dim:self.output_dim * 2, :] + self.b2)
+            else:
+                x = (x[:, 0:self.output_dim, :]) * self.glu_act(
+                    x[:, self.output_dim:self.output_dim * 2, :])
+
+        x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+        return x
+
+
+class DepthWiseSeperableConv1d(nn.Module):
+    """DepthWiseSeperableConv1d module used in Convnet module
+    for the conformer, for more details see:
+    https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08100v1.pdf
+
+    Args:
+        input_dim: int
+            input channel size.
+        depthwise_seperable_out_channel: int
+            if set different to 0, the number of 
+             depthwise_seperable_out_channel will be used as a channel_out
+             of the second conv1d layer.
+             otherwise, it equal to 0, the second conv1d layer is skipped.
+        kernel_size: int
+            kernel_size
+        depthwise_multiplier: int
+            number of input_dim channels duplication. this value
+            will be used to compute the hidden channels of the Conv1D.
+        padding: int, optional
+            padding for the conv1d,
+             default: 0.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_dim,
+        depthwise_seperable_out_channel,
+        kernel_size,
+        depthwise_multiplier,
+        padding=0,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.dw_conv = nn.Conv1d(
+            input_dim,
+            input_dim * depthwise_multiplier,
+            kernel_size,
+            1,
+            padding=padding,
+            groups=input_dim,
+        )
+
+        if depthwise_seperable_out_channel != 0:
+            self.pw_conv = nn.Conv1d(
+                input_dim * depthwise_multiplier,
+                depthwise_seperable_out_channel,
+                1,
+                1,
+                0,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.pw_conv = nn.Identity()
+        self.depthwise_seperable_out_channel = depthwise_seperable_out_channel
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor
+        """
+        x = self.dw_conv(x)
+        if self.depthwise_seperable_out_channel != 0:
+            x = self.pw_conv(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class ConvModule(nn.Module):
+    """ConvModule Module for the conformer block.
+    for more details see:
+    https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08100v1.pdf
+
+    Args:
+        input_dim: int
+            input channel size.
+        ext_pw_out_channel: int
+            if > 0, ext_pw_out_channel is a dim channel size
+             for the last pointwise conv after swish activation.
+        depthwise_seperable_out_channel: int
+            if set different to 0, the number of 
+             depthwise_seperable_out_channel
+             will be used as a channel_out of the second conv1d layer.
+             otherwise, it equal to 0, the second conv1d layer is skipped.
+        ext_pw_kernel_size: int
+            kernel size of the conv pointwise of the conformer.
+        kernel_size: int
+            kernel size.
+        depthwise_multiplier: int
+            number of input_dim channels duplication. this value
+             will be used to compute the hidden channels of the Conv1D.
+        dropout_rate: float
+            dropout rate.
+        causal: bool, optional
+            if set to True, convolution have no access
+             to future frames. default False.
+        batch_norm: bool, optional
+            if set to True, apply batchnorm before activation.
+            default False
+        chunk_se: int, optional
+            0 for offline SE.
+            1 for streaming SE, where mean is computed
+             by accumulated history until current chunk_se.
+            2 for streaming SE, where mean is computed
+             by only the current chunk.
+        chunk_size: int, optional
+            chunk size for cnn. default 18
+        activation: str, optional
+            activation function used in ConvModule,
+            default: "relu".
+        glu_type: str, optional
+            activation function used for the glu,
+            default: "sigmoid".
+        bias_in_glu: bool, optional
+            if set to True, use additive bias in the weight module
+             before GLU.
+        linear_glu_in_convm: bool, optional
+            if set to True, use GLULinear module,
+             otherwise, used GLUPointWiseConv module.
+              default to False.
+        export: bool, optional,
+            if set to True, padding is equal to 0.  This is for inference,
+             or onnx export.  Typically this is set by the export program or
+             the decoder program, and it isn't present in your config file.
+             default False
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_dim,
+        ext_pw_out_channel,
+        depthwise_seperable_out_channel,
+        ext_pw_kernel_size,
+        kernel_size,
+        depthwise_multiplier,
+        dropout_rate,
+        causal=False,
+        batch_norm=False,
+        chunk_se=0,
+        chunk_size=18,
+        activation="relu",
+        glu_type="sigmoid",
+        bias_in_glu=True,
+        linear_glu_in_convm=False,
+        export=False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(input_dim)
+        self.input_dim = input_dim
+        self.ext_pw_out_channel = ext_pw_out_channel
+        self.ext_pw_kernel_size = ext_pw_kernel_size
+        self.depthwise_seperable_out_channel = depthwise_seperable_out_channel
+        self.glu_type = glu_type
+        self.bias_in_glu = bias_in_glu
+        self.linear_glu_in_convm = linear_glu_in_convm
+        self.causal = causal
+
+        self._add_ext_pw_layer()
+
+        self.batch_norm = batch_norm
+        self.kernel_size = kernel_size
+
+        if batch_norm:
+            self.bn_layer = nn.BatchNorm1d(input_dim)
+
+        self.act = get_activation(activation)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout_rate)
+        self.export = export
+
+        if causal:
+            padding = 0 if export else kernel_size - 1
+        else:
+            padding = (kernel_size - 1) // 2
+
+        self.dw_sep_conv_1d = DepthWiseSeperableConv1d(
+            input_dim,
+            depthwise_seperable_out_channel,
+            kernel_size,
+            depthwise_multiplier,
+            padding=padding,
+        )
+
+        if depthwise_seperable_out_channel != 0:
+            if input_dim != depthwise_seperable_out_channel:
+                self.ln2 = nn.Linear(depthwise_seperable_out_channel,
+                                     input_dim)
+        else:
+            if depthwise_multiplier != 1:
+                self.ln2 = nn.Linear(input_dim * depthwise_multiplier,
+                                     input_dim)
+
+    def _add_ext_pw_layer(self):
+        """
+        This function is an extension of __init__ function
+        and dedicated to the convolution module creation
+        of the conformer.
+        """
+        self.ln1 = self.glu = self.bn_layer = self.ext_pw_conv_1d = (
+            nn.Identity())  # jit hacks.
+        self.squeeze_excitation = nn.Identity()  # jit.
+        self.apply_ln1 = self.fix_len1 = False  # jit.
+
+        if self.ext_pw_out_channel != 0:
+            if self.causal:
+                self.ext_pw_conv_1d = nn.Conv1d(
+                    self.input_dim,
+                    self.ext_pw_out_channel,
+                    self.ext_pw_kernel_size,
+                    1,
+                    padding=(self.ext_pw_kernel_size - 1),
+                )
+                if self.ext_pw_kernel_size > 1:
+                    self.fix_len1 = True
+                else:
+                    self.fix_len1 = False
+            else:
+                self.ext_pw_conv_1d = nn.Conv1d(
+                    self.input_dim,
+                    self.ext_pw_out_channel,
+                    self.ext_pw_kernel_size,
+                    1,
+                    padding=(self.ext_pw_kernel_size - 1) // 2,
+                )
+                self.fix_len1 = False
+
+            if self.linear_glu_in_convm:
+                self.glu = GLULinear(
+                    self.input_dim,
+                    self.ext_pw_out_channel,
+                    self.glu_type,
+                    self.bias_in_glu,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.glu = GLUPointWiseConv(
+                    self.input_dim,
+                    self.ext_pw_out_channel,
+                    self.ext_pw_kernel_size,
+                    self.glu_type,
+                    self.bias_in_glu,
+                    self.causal,
+                )
+
+            if self.input_dim != self.ext_pw_out_channel:
+                self.apply_ln1 = True
+                self.ln1 = nn.Linear(self.ext_pw_out_channel, self.input_dim)
+            else:
+                self.apply_ln1 = False
+        else:
+            self.pw_conv_simplify_w = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.ones(3))
+            self.pw_conv_simplify_b = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(3))
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """ConvModule Forward.
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor.
+        """
+        x = self.layer_norm(x)
+
+        if self.ext_pw_out_channel != 0:
+            x = self.glu(x)
+            if self.causal and self.ext_pw_kernel_size > 1:
+                x = x[:, :-(self.ext_pw_kernel_size - 1), :]
+            if self.apply_ln1:
+                x = self.ln1(x)
+        else:
+            x_0 = x * self.pw_conv_simplify_w[0] + self.pw_conv_simplify_b[0]
+            x_1 = x * self.pw_conv_simplify_w[1] + self.pw_conv_simplify_b[1]
+            x = x_0 + x_1
+
+        x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+
+        x = self.dw_sep_conv_1d(x)
+        if self.causal and self.kernel_size > 1:
+            x = x[:, :, :-(self.kernel_size - 1)]
+        if hasattr(self, "ln2"):
+            x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+            x = self.ln2(x)
+            x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+        if self.batch_norm:
+            x = self.bn_layer(x)
+        x = self.act(x)
+
+        if self.ext_pw_out_channel != 0:
+            x = self.ext_pw_conv_1d(x)
+            if self.fix_len1:
+                x = x[:, :, :-(self.ext_pw_kernel_size - 1)]
+
+            if self.apply_ln1:
+                x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+                x = self.ln1(x)
+                x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+
+            x = x.permute([0, 2, 1])
+        else:
+            x = x.unsqueeze(1).permute([0, 1, 3, 2])
+            x = x * self.pw_conv_simplify_w[2] + self.pw_conv_simplify_b[2]
+            x = x.squeeze(1)
+
+        x = self.dropout(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class GLULinear(nn.Module):
+    """Linear + GLU module
+
+    Args:
+        input_dim: int
+            input size
+        output_dim: int
+            output size.
+        glu_type:
+            activation function name used in glu module.
+            default "sigmoid" (swish function).
+        bias_in_glu: bool, optional
+            If True, the addtive bias is added. Default False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_dim,
+        output_dim,
+        glu_type="sigmoid",
+        bias_in_glu=True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.linear = nn.Linear(input_dim, output_dim * 2, bias_in_glu)
+        self.glu_act = GLU(-1, glu_type)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """GLULinear forward
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                inpute tensor.
+        """
+        x = self.linear(x)
+        return self.glu_act(x)
+
+
+class FeedForward(nn.Module):
+    """FeedForward Module.
+    For more details see Conformer paper:
+        https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08100.pdf
+
+    Args:
+        d_model: int
+            input size.
+        d_inner: int
+            output size.
+        dropout_rate: float,
+            dropout rate.
+        activation: str,
+            activation function name,
+            one of ["relu", "swish", "sigmoid"],
+            sigmoid activation is only used with "glu_in_fnn=True",
+            default "sigmoid".
+        bias_in_glu: bool, optional
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model,
+        d_inner,
+        dropout_rate,
+        activation="sigmoid",
+        bias_in_glu=True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.d_inner = d_inner
+
+        self.layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        module = GLULinear(d_model, d_inner, activation, bias_in_glu)
+        self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            module,
+            nn.Dropout(dropout_rate),
+            nn.Linear(d_inner, d_model),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout_rate),
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        """FeedForward forward function.
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor.
+        """
+        out = self.net(self.layer_norm(x))
+
+        return out
+
+
+#### positional encoding starts here
+def _pre_hook(
+    state_dict,
+    prefix,
+    local_metadata,
+    strict,
+    missing_keys,
+    unexpected_keys,
+    error_msgs,
+):
+    """Perform pre-hook in load_state_dict for backward compatibility.
+
+    Note:
+        We saved self.pe until v.0.5.2 but we have omitted it later.
+        Therefore, we remove the item "pe" from `state_dict` for backward 
+        compatibility.
+
+    """
+    k = prefix + "pe"
+    if k in state_dict:
+        state_dict.pop(k)
+
+
+class T5RelativeAttentionLogitBias(nn.Module):
+    """
+    This module implements the relative position bias described in Section 
+    2.1 of the T5 paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10683.pdf
+
+    The Huggingface implementation is used as a reference
+    https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.30.0/src/
+    transformers/models/t5/modeling_t5.py#L435
+
+    Modifies attention as Q*K^T + B, where B is a learned scalar bias based
+    on relative position of the query and key. It is HxNxN, where H is the 
+    number of heads, N is the sequence length.
+
+    I've made these modifications to the original T5 bias:
+    - Skipping of the bucketing step. Original T5 bias converted rel 
+      position distances into logarithmically increasing buckets. This is 
+      supposed to help with length generalization.
+    - I just directly use rel position index as bias values, as we don't 
+      need length generalization (40s max is good enough for ASR encoder), 
+      and it keeps ONNX export simple.
+    - I've also extended it so that biases can be asymmetric, the default 
+      implementation treats L->R and R->L the same. Asymmetric was found to 
+      yield better results in my experiments.
+
+    Args:
+        num_heads: int
+            Number of attention heads
+        num_buckets: int
+            Number of buckets to use for relative attention bias. This is the
+            size of the learnable bias parameter. Bucketing is not yet 
+            supported, so this defaults to -1 which means no bucketing is
+            used (max_distance determines size of bias param).
+        max_distance: int
+            Maximum distance to use for relative attention bias. With 
+            num_buckets=-1, this directly controls the max size of the bias 
+            parameter. When num_buckets > 0 is supported, this will control 
+            the maximum distance for logarithmic bucketing after which all 
+            positions are in the same bucket.
+        symmetric: bool
+            Whether to use symmetric or asymmetric biases. symmetric=False uses
+            2x number of bias params to distinguish L->R from R->L. This was 
+            found to be better for the encoder.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 num_heads,
+                 num_buckets=-1,
+                 max_distance=1000,
+                 symmetric=False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.num_buckets = num_buckets
+        self.max_distance = max_distance
+        self.symmetric = symmetric
+        self._skip_bucketing = self.num_buckets < 0
+        if self._skip_bucketing:
+            self.num_buckets = max_distance
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "T5 attention bias with bucketed positions is not yet tested")
+        if not self.symmetric:
+            self.num_buckets *= 2
+        self.bias_values = nn.Embedding(self.num_buckets, self.num_heads)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        # instantiate bias compatible with shape of x
+        maxpos = x.size(1)
+        context_position = torch.arange(maxpos,
+                                        device=x.device,
+                                        dtype=torch.long)[:, None]
+        memory_position = torch.arange(maxpos,
+                                       device=x.device,
+                                       dtype=torch.long)[None, :]
+        relative_position = memory_position - context_position
+        # clipping to a maximum distance using ops that play well with ONNX
+        # export
+        relative_position = relative_position.masked_fill(
+            relative_position < -self.max_distance, -self.max_distance)
+        relative_position = relative_position.masked_fill(
+            relative_position > self.max_distance - 1, self.max_distance - 1)
+
+        # mapping from relative position to index in the bias parameter
+        if self._skip_bucketing:
+            bias_idx = relative_position
+        else:
+            bias_idx = self._bucket_relative_position(relative_position)
+        if self.symmetric:
+            bias_idx = bias_idx.abs()
+        else:
+            bias_idx += self.num_buckets // 2
+
+        t5_rel_att_bias = self.bias_values(bias_idx)  # [L, L, H]
+        t5_rel_att_bias = t5_rel_att_bias.permute(2, 0, 1).unsqueeze(
+            0)  # [1, H, L, L]
+
+        return t5_rel_att_bias
+
+    def _bucket_relative_position(self, relative_position):
+        # this is a placeholder (isn't tested, likely buggy) using HuggingFace
+        # implem as a reference this also needs to be extended to support
+        # asymmetric +/- ve positions
+        relative_buckets = 0
+        if not self.causal:
+            self.num_buckets //= 2
+            relative_buckets += (relative_position > 0).to(
+                torch.long) * self.num_buckets
+            relative_position = torch.abs(relative_position)
+        else:
+            relative_position = -torch.min(relative_position,
+                                           torch.zeros_like(relative_position))
+        # now relative_position is in the range [0, inf)
+
+        # half of the buckets are for exact increments in positions
+        max_exact = self.num_buckets // 2
+        is_small = relative_position < max_exact
+
+        # The other half of the buckets are for logarithmically bigger bins in
+        # positions up to max_distance
+        relative_position_if_large = max_exact + (
+            torch.log(relative_position.float() / max_exact) /
+            math.log(self.max_distance / max_exact) *
+            (self.num_buckets - max_exact)).to(torch.long)
+        relative_position_if_large = torch.min(
+            relative_position_if_large,
+            torch.full_like(relative_position_if_large, self.num_buckets - 1),
+        )
+
+        relative_buckets += torch.where(is_small, relative_position,
+                                        relative_position_if_large)
+        return relative_buckets
+
+
+class AbsolutePositionalEncoding(nn.Module):
+    """Absolute Positional encoding module.
+    This module implement Absolute sinusoidal positional encoding
+    from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762.pdf
+
+    Args:
+        d_model: int
+            Input embedding size.
+        dropout_rate: float
+            dropout rate
+        max_len: int, optional
+            Maximum input length sequence, Default 5000
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, d_model, dropout_rate, max_len=5000):
+        """Construct an PositionalEncoding object."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.xscale = math.sqrt(self.d_model)
+        self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=dropout_rate)
+        self.pe = None
+        self.extend_pe(torch.tensor(0.0).expand(1, max_len))
+        self._register_load_state_dict_pre_hook(_pre_hook)
+
+    def extend_pe(self, x):
+        """Reset the positional encodings.
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+        """
+        if self.pe is not None and self.pe.size(1) >= x.size(1):
+            if self.pe.dtype != x.dtype or self.pe.device != x.device:
+                self.pe = self.pe.to(dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
+            return
+        pe = torch.zeros(x.size(1), self.d_model)
+        position = torch.arange(0, x.size(1), dtype=torch.float32).unsqueeze(1)
+        div_term = torch.exp(
+            torch.arange(0, self.d_model, 2, dtype=torch.float32) *
+            -(math.log(10000.0) / self.d_model))
+        pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term)
+        pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term)
+        pe = pe.unsqueeze(0)
+        self.pe = pe.to(device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
+        """Add positional encoding.
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                Input tensor. shape is (batch, time, ...)
+
+        Returns:
+            torch.Tensor: Encoded tensor. Its shape is (batch, time, ...)
+
+        """
+        self.extend_pe(x)
+        x = x * self.xscale + self.pe[:, :x.size(1)]
+        return self.dropout(x)
+
+
+#### forward embedding layers starts here
+class MeanVarianceNormLayer(nn.Module):
+    """Mean/variance normalization layer.
+
+    Will subtract mean and multiply input by inverted standard deviation.
+    Typically used as a very first layer in a model.
+
+    Args:
+        input_size: int
+            layer input size.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, input_size):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.input_size = input_size
+        self.global_mean = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(input_size))
+        self.global_invstd = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(input_size))
+
+    def forward(self, input_: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """MeanVarianceNormLayer Forward
+
+        Args:
+            input_: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor.
+        """
+        return (input_ - self.global_mean) * self.global_invstd
+
+
+class CausalConv1D(nn.Conv1d):
+    """
+    A causal version of nn.Conv1d where each step would have limited access to
+    locations on its right or left
+    All arguments are the same as nn.Conv1d except padding.
+
+    If padding is set None, then paddings are set automatically to make it a 
+    causal convolution where each location would not see any steps on its right.
+
+    If padding is set as a list (size of 2), then padding[0] would be used as 
+    left padding and padding[1] as right padding.
+    It would make it possible to control the number of steps to be accessible
+    on the right and left.
+    This mode is not supported when stride > 1. padding[0]+padding[1] should 
+    be equal to (kernel_size - 1).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        in_channels: int,
+        out_channels: int,
+        kernel_size: int,
+        stride: int = 1,
+        padding: Union[str, int] = 0,
+        dilation: int = 1,
+        groups: int = 1,
+        bias: bool = True,
+        padding_mode: str = "zeros",
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.cache_drop_size = None
+        if padding is None:
+            self._left_padding = kernel_size - 1
+            self._right_padding = stride - 1
+        else:
+            if stride != 1 and padding != kernel_size - 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No striding allowed for non-symmetric convolutions!")
+            if isinstance(padding, int):
+                self._left_padding = padding
+                self._right_padding = padding
+            elif (isinstance(padding, list) and len(padding) == 2
+                  and padding[0] + padding[1] == kernel_size - 1):
+                self._left_padding = padding[0]
+                self._right_padding = padding[1]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid padding param: {padding}!")
+
+        self._max_cache_len = self._left_padding
+
+        super().__init__(
+            in_channels=in_channels,
+            out_channels=out_channels,
+            kernel_size=kernel_size,
+            stride=stride,
+            padding=0,
+            dilation=dilation,
+            groups=groups,
+            bias=bias,
+            padding_mode=padding_mode,
+            device=device,
+            dtype=dtype,
+        )
+
+    def update_cache(self, x, cache=None):
+        if cache is None:
+            new_x = F.pad(x, pad=(self._left_padding, self._right_padding))
+            next_cache = cache
+        else:
+            new_x = F.pad(x, pad=(0, self._right_padding))
+            new_x = torch.cat([cache, new_x], dim=-1)
+            if self.cache_drop_size > 0:
+                next_cache = new_x[:, :, :-self.cache_drop_size]
+            else:
+                next_cache = new_x
+            next_cache = next_cache[:, :, -cache.size(-1):]
+        return new_x, next_cache
+
+    def forward(self, x, cache=None):
+        x, cache = self.update_cache(x, cache=cache)
+        x = super().forward(x)
+        if cache is None:
+            return x
+        else:
+            return x, cache
+
+
+class CausalConv2D(nn.Conv2d):
+    """
+    A causal version of nn.Conv2d where each location in the 2D matrix would
+    have no access to locations on its right or down
+    All arguments are the same as nn.Conv2d except padding which should be 
+    set as None
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        in_channels: int,
+        out_channels: int,
+        kernel_size: int,
+        stride: int = 1,
+        padding: Union[str, int] = 0,
+        dilation: int = 1,
+        groups: int = 1,
+        bias: bool = True,
+        padding_mode: str = "zeros",
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if padding is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Argument padding should be set to None for CausalConv2D.")
+        self._left_padding = kernel_size - 1
+        self._right_padding = stride - 1
+
+        padding = 0
+        super().__init__(
+            in_channels,
+            out_channels,
+            kernel_size,
+            stride,
+            padding,
+            dilation,
+            groups,
+            bias,
+            padding_mode,
+            device,
+            dtype,
+        )
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x,
+    ):
+        x = F.pad(
+            x,
+            pad=(self._left_padding, self._right_padding, 0, 0),
+        )
+        x = super().forward(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class NemoConvSubsampling(torch.nn.Module):
+    """Convlutional subsampling module, taken from NeMo ASR
+    (https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/b367413645d5c72db3c2c96e46e95a
+    34501479cf/nemo/collections/asr/parts/submodules/subsampling.py)
+
+    Striding Subsampling: "Speech-Transformer: A No-Recurrence 
+    Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Speech Recognition" by Linhao Dong 
+    et al. (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8462506)
+
+
+    Compared with the EncoderConv2D (`input_layer: custom`), this is a 
+    much simplified approach, and uses no LayerNorm and far fewer Conv2Ds.
+    Moreover, depthwise convolutions are used to reduce FLOPs, but the first
+      layer is kept as a regular convolution so as not to degrade accuracy.
+
+    `Striding` and `dw_striding` are the same except that the latter uses 
+    depthwise convolutions after the first layer, whereas the former does not.
+
+    Args:
+        subsampling_factor (int): Time reduction factor
+        feat_in (int): size of the input features
+        feat_out (int): size of the output features
+        subsampling (str): The subsampling technique, choose from
+            {"striding", "dw-striding", "striding_conv1d", 
+            "dw_striding_conv1d"}
+        conv_channels (int): Number of channels for the convolution layers, 
+                            default is 256.
+        subsampling_conv_chunking_factor (int): Input chunking factor which 
+            can be -1 (no chunking) 1 (auto) or a power of 2. Default is 1
+        activation (Module): activation function, default is nn.ReLU()
+        is_causal (bool): whether to use causal Conv1/2D, where each step will
+            have limited access to locations on its right or left
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            feat_in,
+            feat_out,
+            subsampling_factor=4,
+            subsampling="dw_striding",
+            conv_channels=256,
+            subsampling_conv_chunking_factor=1,
+            activation=nn.ReLU(),  # noqa: B008
+            is_causal=False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._subsampling = subsampling
+        self._conv_channels = conv_channels
+        self._feat_in = feat_in
+        self._feat_out = feat_out
+
+        if subsampling_factor % 2 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("Sampling factor should be a multiply of 2!")
+        self._sampling_num = int(math.log(subsampling_factor, 2))
+        self.subsampling_factor = subsampling_factor
+        self.is_causal = is_causal
+        self.subsampling_causal_cond = subsampling in (
+            "dw_striding",
+            "striding",
+            "striding_conv1d",
+        )
+
+        if (subsampling_conv_chunking_factor != -1
+                and subsampling_conv_chunking_factor != 1
+                and subsampling_conv_chunking_factor % 2 != 0):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "subsampling_conv_chunking_factor should be -1, 1, or a "\
+                    "power of 2"
+            )
+        self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor = \
+            subsampling_conv_chunking_factor
+
+        in_channels = 1
+        layers = []
+
+        if subsampling == "dw_striding":
+            self._stride = 2
+            self._kernel_size = 3
+            self._ceil_mode = False
+
+            if self.is_causal:
+                self._left_padding = self._kernel_size - 1
+                self._right_padding = self._stride - 1
+                self._max_cache_len = subsampling_factor + 1
+            else:
+                self._left_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._right_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._max_cache_len = 0
+
+            # Layer 1
+            if self.is_causal:
+                layers.append(
+                    CausalConv2D(
+                        in_channels=in_channels,
+                        out_channels=conv_channels,
+                        kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                        stride=self._stride,
+                        padding=None,
+                    ))
+            else:
+                layers.append(
+                    torch.nn.Conv2d(
+                        in_channels=in_channels,
+                        out_channels=conv_channels,
+                        kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                        stride=self._stride,
+                        padding=self._left_padding,
+                    ))
+            in_channels = conv_channels
+            layers.append(activation)
+
+            for i in range(self._sampling_num - 1):
+                if self.is_causal:
+                    layers.append(
+                        CausalConv2D(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=in_channels,
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=None,
+                            groups=in_channels,
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    layers.append(
+                        torch.nn.Conv2d(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=in_channels,
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=self._left_padding,
+                            groups=in_channels,
+                        ))
+
+                layers.append(
+                    torch.nn.Conv2d(
+                        in_channels=in_channels,
+                        out_channels=conv_channels,
+                        kernel_size=1,
+                        stride=1,
+                        padding=0,
+                        groups=1,
+                    ))
+                layers.append(activation)
+                in_channels = conv_channels
+
+        elif subsampling == "striding":
+            self._stride = 2
+            self._kernel_size = 3
+            self._ceil_mode = False
+
+            if self.is_causal:
+                self._left_padding = self._kernel_size - 1
+                self._right_padding = self._stride - 1
+                self._max_cache_len = subsampling_factor + 1
+            else:
+                self._left_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._right_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._max_cache_len = 0
+
+            for i in range(self._sampling_num):
+                if self.is_causal:
+                    layers.append(
+                        CausalConv2D(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=conv_channels,
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=None,
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    layers.append(
+                        torch.nn.Conv2d(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=conv_channels,
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=self._left_padding,
+                        ))
+                layers.append(activation)
+                in_channels = conv_channels
+
+        elif subsampling == "striding_conv1d":
+            in_channels = feat_in
+
+            self._stride = 2
+            self._kernel_size = 5
+            self._ceil_mode = False
+
+            if self.is_causal:
+                self._left_padding = self._kernel_size - 1
+                self._right_padding = self._stride - 1
+                self._max_cache_len = subsampling_factor + 1
+            else:
+                self._left_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._right_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+                self._max_cache_len = 0
+
+            for i in range(self._sampling_num):
+                if self.is_causal:
+                    layers.append(
+                        CausalConv1D(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=(feat_out if self._sampling_num == i +
+                                          1 else conv_channels),
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=None,
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    layers.append(
+                        torch.nn.Conv1d(
+                            in_channels=in_channels,
+                            out_channels=(feat_out if self._sampling_num == i +
+                                          1 else conv_channels),
+                            kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                            stride=self._stride,
+                            padding=self._left_padding,
+                        ))
+                layers.append(activation)
+                in_channels = conv_channels
+
+        elif subsampling == "dw_striding_conv1d":
+            in_channels = feat_in
+
+            self._stride = 2
+            self._kernel_size = 5
+            self._ceil_mode = False
+
+            self._left_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+            self._right_padding = (self._kernel_size - 1) // 2
+
+            # Layer 1
+            layers.extend([
+                torch.nn.Conv1d(
+                    in_channels=in_channels,
+                    out_channels=in_channels,
+                    kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                    stride=self._stride,
+                    padding=self._left_padding,
+                    groups=in_channels,
+                ),
+                torch.nn.Conv1d(
+                    in_channels=in_channels,
+                    out_channels=(feat_out if self._sampling_num == 1 else
+                                  conv_channels),
+                    kernel_size=1,
+                    stride=1,
+                    padding=0,
+                    groups=1,
+                ),
+            ])
+            in_channels = conv_channels
+            layers.append(activation)
+
+            for i in range(self._sampling_num - 1):
+                layers.extend([
+                    torch.nn.Conv1d(
+                        in_channels=in_channels,
+                        out_channels=in_channels,
+                        kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                        stride=self._stride,
+                        padding=self._left_padding,
+                        groups=in_channels,
+                    ),
+                    torch.nn.Conv1d(
+                        in_channels=in_channels,
+                        out_channels=(feat_out if self._sampling_num == i +
+                                      2 else conv_channels),
+                        kernel_size=1,
+                        stride=1,
+                        padding=0,
+                        groups=1,
+                    ),
+                ])
+                layers.append(activation)
+                in_channels = conv_channels
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Not valid sub-sampling: {subsampling}!")
+
+        if subsampling in ["dw_striding", "striding"]:
+            in_length = torch.tensor(feat_in, dtype=torch.float)
+            out_length = calc_length(
+                lengths=in_length,
+                all_paddings=self._left_padding + self._right_padding,
+                kernel_size=self._kernel_size,
+                stride=self._stride,
+                ceil_mode=self._ceil_mode,
+                repeat_num=self._sampling_num,
+            )
+            self.out = torch.nn.Linear(conv_channels * int(out_length),
+                                       feat_out)
+            self.conv2d_subsampling = True
+        elif subsampling in ["striding_conv1d", "dw_striding_conv1d"]:
+            self.out = None
+            self.conv2d_subsampling = False
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Not valid sub-sampling: {subsampling}!")
+
+        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(*layers)
+
+    def get_sampling_frames(self):
+        return [1, self.subsampling_factor]
+
+    def get_streaming_cache_size(self):
+        return [0, self.subsampling_factor + 1]
+
+    def forward(self, x, mask):
+        """
+        Forward method for NeMo subsampling.
+
+        Args:
+            x[Batch, Time, Filters]: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor
+            x_mask: torch.Tensor
+                input mask
+
+        Returns:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                Resulting tensor from subsampling (B, T // 
+                time_reduction_factor, feat_out)
+            pad_mask: torch.Tensor
+                tensor of padded hidden state sequences (B, 1, T // 
+                time_reduction_factor)
+        """
+        x = x.unsqueeze(1) if self.conv2d_subsampling else x.transpose(1, 2)
+
+        # split inputs if chunking_factor is set
+        if (self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor != -1
+                and self.conv2d_subsampling):
+            if self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor == 1:
+                # if subsampling_conv_chunking_factor is 1, we split only
+                # if needed.
+                # avoiding a bug / feature limiting indexing of tensors
+                # to 2**31.
+                # see https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/80020
+                x_ceil = (2**31 / self._conv_channels * self._stride *
+                          self._stride)
+                need_to_split = torch.numel(x) > x_ceil
+            else:
+                # if subsampling_conv_chunking_factor > 1 we always split
+                need_to_split = True
+
+            if need_to_split:
+                x, success = self.conv_split_by_batch(x)
+                if not success:  # if unable to split by batch, try by channel
+                    if self._subsampling == "dw_striding":
+                        x = self.conv_split_by_channel(x)
+                    else:
+                        x = self.conv(x)  # try anyway
+            else:
+                x = self.conv(x)
+        else:
+            x = self.conv(x)
+
+        # Flatten Channel and Frequency Axes
+        if self.conv2d_subsampling:
+            b, c, t, f = x.size()
+            x = self.out(x.transpose(1, 2).reshape(b, t, -1))
+        # Transpose to Channel Last mode
+        else:
+            x = x.transpose(1, 2)
+
+        if mask is None:
+            return x, None
+
+        max_audio_length = x.shape[1]
+        feature_lens = mask.sum(1)
+        padding_length = torch.ceil(feature_lens / self.subsampling_factor)
+        if self.is_causal and self.subsampling_causal_cond:
+            feature_lens_remainder = feature_lens % self.subsampling_factor
+            padding_length[feature_lens_remainder != 1] += 1
+        pad_mask = torch.arange(0, max_audio_length, device=x.device).expand(
+            padding_length.size(0), -1) < padding_length.unsqueeze(1)
+        return x, pad_mask.unsqueeze(1)
+
+    def reset_parameters(self):
+        # initialize weights
+        if self._subsampling == "dw_striding":
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                # init conv
+                scale = 1.0 / self._kernel_size
+                dw_max = (self._kernel_size**2)**-0.5
+                pw_max = self._conv_channels**-0.5
+
+                torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[0].weight, -scale, scale)
+                torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[0].bias, -scale, scale)
+
+                for idx in range(2, len(self.conv), 3):
+                    torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[idx].weight, -dw_max,
+                                           dw_max)
+                    torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[idx].bias, -dw_max,
+                                           dw_max)
+                    torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[idx + 1].weight, -pw_max,
+                                           pw_max)
+                    torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.conv[idx + 1].bias, -pw_max,
+                                           pw_max)
+
+                # init fc (80 * 64 = 5120 from https://github.com/kssteven418/
+                # Squeezeformer/blob/13c97d6cf92f2844d2cb3142b4c5bfa9ad1a8951/
+                # src/models/conformer_encoder.py#L487
+                fc_scale = (self._feat_out * self._feat_in /
+                            self._sampling_num)**-0.5
+                torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.out.weight, -fc_scale, fc_scale)
+                torch.nn.init.uniform_(self.out.bias, -fc_scale, fc_scale)
+
+    def conv_split_by_batch(self, x):
+        """Tries to split input by batch, run conv and concat results"""
+        b, _, _, _ = x.size()
+        if b == 1:  # can't split if batch size is 1
+            return x, False
+
+        if self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor > 1:
+            cf = self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor
+        else:
+            # avoiding a bug / feature limiting indexing of tensors to 2**31
+            # see https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/80020
+            x_ceil = 2**31 / self._conv_channels * self._stride * self._stride
+            p = math.ceil(math.log(torch.numel(x) / x_ceil, 2))
+            cf = 2**p
+
+        new_batch_size = b // cf
+        if new_batch_size == 0:  # input is too big
+            return x, False
+
+        return (
+            torch.cat([
+                self.conv(chunk)
+                for chunk in torch.split(x, new_batch_size, 0)
+            ]),
+            True,
+        )
+
+    def conv_split_by_channel(self, x):
+        """For dw convs, tries to split input by time, run conv and concat 
+        results"""
+        x = self.conv[0](x)  # full conv2D
+        x = self.conv[1](x)  # activation
+
+        for i in range(self._sampling_num - 1):
+            _, c, t, _ = x.size()
+
+            if self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor > 1:
+                cf = self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor
+            else:
+                # avoiding a bug / feature limiting indexing of tensors
+                # to 2**31
+                # see https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/80020
+                p = math.ceil(math.log(torch.numel(x) / 2**31, 2))
+                cf = 2**p
+
+            new_c = int(c // cf)
+            if new_c == 0:
+                new_c = 1
+
+            new_t = int(t // cf)
+            if new_t == 0:
+                new_t = 1
+
+            x = self.channel_chunked_conv(self.conv[i * 3 + 2], new_c,
+                                          x)  # conv2D, depthwise
+
+            # splitting pointwise convs by time
+            x = torch.cat(
+                [
+                    self.conv[i * 3 + 3](chunk)
+                    for chunk in torch.split(x, new_t, 2)
+                ],
+                2,
+            )  # conv2D, pointwise
+            x = self.conv[i * 3 + 4](x)  # activation
+        return x
+
+    def channel_chunked_conv(self, conv, chunk_size, x):
+        """Performs channel chunked convolution"""
+
+        ind = 0
+        out_chunks = []
+        for chunk in torch.split(x, chunk_size, 1):
+            step = chunk.size()[1]
+
+            if self.is_causal:
+                chunk = nn.functional.pad(
+                    chunk,
+                    pad=(
+                        self._kernel_size - 1,
+                        self._stride - 1,
+                        self._kernel_size - 1,
+                        self._stride - 1,
+                    ),
+                )
+                ch_out = nn.functional.conv2d(
+                    chunk,
+                    conv.weight[ind:ind + step, :, :, :],
+                    bias=conv.bias[ind:ind + step],
+                    stride=self._stride,
+                    padding=0,
+                    groups=step,
+                )
+            else:
+                ch_out = nn.functional.conv2d(
+                    chunk,
+                    conv.weight[ind:ind + step, :, :, :],
+                    bias=conv.bias[ind:ind + step],
+                    stride=self._stride,
+                    padding=self._left_padding,
+                    groups=step,
+                )
+            out_chunks.append(ch_out)
+            ind += step
+
+        return torch.cat(out_chunks, 1)
+
+    def change_subsampling_conv_chunking_factor(
+            self, subsampling_conv_chunking_factor: int):
+        if (subsampling_conv_chunking_factor != -1
+                and subsampling_conv_chunking_factor != 1
+                and subsampling_conv_chunking_factor % 2 != 0):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "subsampling_conv_chunking_factor should be -1, 1, or a "\
+                    "power of 2"
+            )
+        self.subsampling_conv_chunking_factor = subsampling_conv_chunking_factor
+
+
+def calc_length(lengths,
+                all_paddings,
+                kernel_size,
+                stride,
+                ceil_mode,
+                repeat_num=1):
+    """Calculates the output length of a Tensor passed through a convolution or
+      max pooling layer"""
+    add_pad: float = all_paddings - kernel_size
+    one: float = 1.0
+    for i in range(repeat_num):
+        lengths = (torch.div(lengths.to(dtype=torch.float) + add_pad, stride) +
+                   one)
+        lengths = torch.ceil(lengths) if ceil_mode else torch.floor(lengths)
+    return lengths.to(dtype=torch.int)
+
+
+####  multihead attention starts here
+class AttModule(nn.Module):
+    """Attention abstraction module"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.export_mode = False
+
+    def set_export(self, mode=True):
+        """set the export mode"""
+        self.export_mode = mode
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: Tensor,
+        memory: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        pos_emb: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        att_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Optional[Tensor], Optional[Tensor]]:
+        """AttModule forward
+
+        Args:
+            x: torch.Tensor
+                input tensor.
+            memory: torch.Tensor, optional
+                memory tensor.
+            pos_emb: torch.Tensor, optional
+                positional encoder embedding.
+            att_mask: torch.Tensor, optional
+                attention mask tensor.
+        """
+        return x, memory, pos_emb, att_mask
+
+
+class AttBlock(Block, AttModule):
+    """Attention Block module to support both Attention and Block module."""
+
+    def memory_dims(self, max_len=False):
+        """memory dimensions"""
+        return (1, self.input_size)
+
+
+def masked_softmax(
+    scores,
+    mask: Optional[Tensor],
+):
+    if mask is not None:
+        mask = mask.unsqueeze(1).eq(0)  # (batch, 1, time1, time2)
+        scores = scores.masked_fill(mask, -torch.inf)
+        attn = torch.softmax(scores, dim=-1).masked_fill(
+            mask, 0.0)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+    else:
+        attn = torch.softmax(scores, dim=-1)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+    return attn
+
+
+class MultiHeadedAttention(nn.Module):
+    """Multi-Head Attention layer with optional relative position embedding 
+    and GLU.
+
+    Args:
+        n_head: int
+            the number of heads.
+        n_feat: int
+            input size features.
+        dropout_rate: float
+            dropout rate.
+        use_LN: bool
+            apply layer norm or not
+        dropout_at_output: bool
+            whether to apply dropout at output
+        attention_inner_dim: int, optional
+            the attention dimension used in the class,
+            it can be different from the input dimension n_feat.
+            default: -1 (equal to n_feat).
+        use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention: bool, optional
+            if set True, use pytorch scaled dot product attention in training.
+            NOTE: this will NOT be used in ONNX decoding due to a lack of 
+            support.  In that case, we use the original attention 
+            implementation, which shows no regression.
+            default: False.
+        n_value: int, optional
+            if set to values other than -1, use a different dimension for 
+            value. With the default value (i.e. -1), it is backward compatible.
+        group_size: int, optional. must divide `n_head`
+            if group_size > 1:       GQA
+            if group_size = 1:       MHA
+            if group_size = n_head:  MQA
+    """
+
+    inv_sqrt_d_k: torch.jit.Final[float]
+    h: torch.jit.Final[int]
+    h_k: torch.jit.Final[int]
+    g: torch.jit.Final[int]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        n_head,
+        n_feat,
+        dropout_rate,
+        attention_inner_dim=-1,
+        glu_type="swish",
+        bias_in_glu=True,
+        use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention=False,
+        n_value=-1,
+        group_size: int = 1,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        if n_value == -1:
+            n_value = n_feat
+        if attention_inner_dim == -1:
+            attention_inner_dim = n_feat
+        assert attention_inner_dim % n_head == 0
+
+        # We assume d_v always equals d_k
+        self.d_k = attention_inner_dim // n_head
+        self.inv_sqrt_d_k = 1.0 / math.sqrt(self.d_k)
+        self.h = n_head
+        assert n_head % group_size == 0, "group_size must divide n_head"
+        self.g = group_size
+        self.h_k = n_head // group_size
+
+        self.linear_q = nn.Linear(n_feat, attention_inner_dim)
+        self.linear_k = nn.Linear(n_feat, attention_inner_dim // group_size)
+        self.linear_v = nn.Linear(n_value, attention_inner_dim // group_size)
+        self.linear_out = nn.Linear(attention_inner_dim // group_size, n_value)
+
+        self.attn = torch.jit.Attribute(None, Optional[Tensor])
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=dropout_rate)
+        self.dropout_rate = dropout_rate
+        self.use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention = (
+            use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention)
+
+        if use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention and group_size > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot use PT Scaled Attention with GQA")
+
+        # Torchscript eager quantization.  Note that these functions below are
+        # NOOPs and have very little impact on performance unless quantization
+        # is enabled.
+        self.quant_q = torch.ao.quantization.QuantStub()
+        self.quant_x = torch.ao.quantization.QuantStub()
+        self.dequant = torch.ao.quantization.DeQuantStub()
+        self.ffunc = torch.ao.nn.quantized.FloatFunctional()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        query: Tensor,
+        key: Tensor,
+        value: Tensor,
+        pos_k: Tensor,
+        pos_v: Tensor,
+        mask: Optional[Tensor],
+        relative_attention_bias: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ):
+        """Compute 'Scaled Dot Product Attention'.
+
+        Args:
+            query: torch.Tensor
+                query tensor (batch, time1, size)
+            key: torch.Tensor
+                key tensor (batch, time2, size)
+            value: torch.Tensor
+                value tensor (batch, time1, size)
+            pos_k: torch.Tensor
+                key tensor used for relative positional embedding.
+            pos_v: torch.Tensor
+                value tensor used for relative positional embedding.
+            mask: torch.Tensor
+                mask tensor (batch, time1, time2)
+            relative_attention_bias: torch.Tensor
+                bias added to attention logits w.r.t. relative positions
+                (1, n_head, time1, time2)
+        """
+        n_batch = query.size(0)
+
+        q = self.linear_q(query).view(n_batch, -1, self.h,
+                                      self.d_k)  # (b, t, d)
+        k = self.linear_k(key).view(n_batch, -1, self.h_k,
+                                    self.d_k)  # (b, t, d)
+        v = self.linear_v(value).view(n_batch, -1, self.h_k, self.d_k)
+        q = (q.transpose(1, 2) if self.use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention
+             and not torch.jit.is_scripting() else q.transpose(1, 2) *
+             self.inv_sqrt_d_k)
+        k = k.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head_k, time2, d_k)
+        v = v.transpose(1, 2)  # (batch, head_k, time2, d_k)
+
+        if (self.use_pt_scaled_dot_product_attention
+                and not torch.jit.is_scripting()):
+            attn_mask = None
+            if mask is not None:
+                mask = mask.unsqueeze(1)
+                if relative_attention_bias is not None:
+                    attn_mask = mask + relative_attention_bias
+                else:
+                    attn_mask = mask
+                if mask.dtype != q.dtype:
+                    attn_mask = attn_mask.to(q.dtype)
+
+            with torch.nn.attention.sdpa_kernel([
+                    torch.nn.attention.SDPBackend.FLASH_ATTENTION,
+                    torch.nn.attention.SDPBackend.EFFICIENT_ATTENTION,
+                    torch.nn.attention.SDPBackend.MATH,
+                    torch.nn.attention.SDPBackend.CUDNN_ATTENTION,
+            ]):
+                x = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(
+                    q,
+                    k,
+                    v,
+                    attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                    dropout_p=self.dropout_rate,
+                )
+        else:
+            if self.h != self.h_k:
+                q = q.reshape(n_batch, self.g, self.h_k, -1, self.d_k)
+                A = torch.einsum("b g h t d, b h s d -> b h t s", q, k)
+            else:
+                A = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-2, -1))
+            if pos_k is not None:
+                if self.h != self.h_k:
+                    B = torch.einsum("b g h t d, t s d -> b h t s", q, pos_k)
+                else:
+                    reshape_q = (q.contiguous().view(n_batch * self.h, -1,
+                                                     self.d_k).transpose(0, 1)
+                                 )  # (t1,nh,dk)
+                    B = torch.matmul(reshape_q,
+                                     pos_k.transpose(-2,
+                                                     -1))  # pos_k: (t1,dk,t2)
+                    B = B.transpose(0, 1).view(n_batch, self.h, pos_k.size(0),
+                                               pos_k.size(1))
+                scores = A + B
+            else:
+                scores = A
+
+            if relative_attention_bias is not None:
+                scores = scores + relative_attention_bias
+
+            attn = masked_softmax(scores, mask)  # (batch, head, time1, time2)
+
+            self.attn = attn
+
+            p_attn = self.dropout(attn)
+            x = torch.matmul(p_attn.to(v.dtype),
+                             v)  # (batch, head, time1, d_k)
+            if pos_v is not None:
+                reshape_attn = (p_attn.contiguous().view(
+                    n_batch * self.h, pos_v.size(0),
+                    pos_v.size(1)).transpose(0, 1))  # (t1, bh, t2)
+
+                attn_v = (torch.matmul(reshape_attn, pos_v).transpose(
+                    0, 1).contiguous().view(n_batch, self.h, pos_v.size(0),
+                                            self.d_k))
+                x = x + attn_v
+        x = (x.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(n_batch, -1,
+                                                 self.h_k * self.d_k)
+             )  # (batch, time1, d_model)
+
+        return self.linear_out(x)  # (batch, time1, d_model)
+
+
+class MultiSequential(torch.nn.Sequential):
+    """Multi-input multi-output torch.nn.Sequential"""
+
+    @torch.jit.ignore
+    def forward(self, *args):
+        """Forward method implementation."""
+        for m in self:
+            args = m(*args)
+        return args
+
+
+def get_offset(input_layer: str, time_reduction: int):
+    """Get an offset. We will use the offset for determining #frames of a 
+    subsampled feature.
+
+    Args:
+        input_layer (str): Type of an input layer
+        time_reduction (int): time reduction factor for downsampling a feature
+    Returns:
+        int: offset
+    """
+    if input_layer in ("conv2d", "nemo_conv") and time_reduction == 4:
+        return 3
+    if input_layer in ("conv2d", ) and time_reduction == 6:
+        return 1
+    if input_layer in ("conv2d", "nemo_conv") and time_reduction == 8:
+        return 7
+    return 0
+
+
+def unfold_tensor(xs_pad, max_seq_len):
+    """
+    For a given tensor with shape of (N, T, D), if sequence length T is 
+    longer than max_seq_len, this function unfold it to a 
+    (NT', max_seq_len, D) where T' is T // max_seq_len.
+    Args:
+        xs_pad: N, T, D
+    """
+    _, _, D = xs_pad.shape
+    xs_pad = xs_pad.transpose(-1, -2)  # convert to N, D, T
+    # N x D x 1 x T => N x (D x max_seq_len) x T'
+    xs_pad = F.unfold(
+        xs_pad[..., None, :],
+        kernel_size=(1, max_seq_len),
+        stride=(1, max_seq_len),
+    )
+    new_bsz, _, slen = xs_pad.shape
+    # N x D x max_seq_len x T'
+    xs_pad = xs_pad.view(new_bsz, -1, max_seq_len, slen)
+    # N x T' x max_seq_len x D
+    xs_pad = xs_pad.permute(0, 3, 2, 1).contiguous()
+    # NT' x max_seq_len x D
+    xs_pad = xs_pad.view(-1, max_seq_len, D)
+    return xs_pad