@woosh/meep-engine 3.55.0 → 3.57.0

package/src/generation/foliage/presets/make_tree_species_preset.js

@@ -1,870 +1,1648 @@
-import { AnimationCurve } from "../../../engine/animation/curve/AnimationCurve.js";
-import { CrownEnvelopeType } from "../config/CrownEnvelopeType.js";
-import { FoliageBarkType } from "../config/FoliageBarkType.js";
-import { FoliageCardType } from "../config/FoliageCardType.js";
-import { PhyllotaxisMode } from "../config/PhyllotaxisMode.js";
-import { TreePreset } from "../config/TreePreset.js";
-import { TreeSpeciesConfig } from "../config/TreeSpeciesConfig.js";
-
-/**
- * Returns a rich, botanically tuned `TreeSpeciesConfig` for one of the 9 built-in
- * `TreePreset` archetypes (`Oak`, `Pine`, `Birch`, `Willow`, `Maple`, `Spruce`, `Palm`, `Shrub`, `Fern`),
- * with optional deep parameter overrides.
- *
- * @param {TreePreset|string} [preset=TreePreset.Oak]
- * @param {Object} [overrides]
- * @returns {TreeSpeciesConfig}
- */
-export function make_tree_species_preset(preset = TreePreset.Oak, overrides = {}) {
-	const config = new TreeSpeciesConfig();
-	const key = typeof preset === "string" ? preset.toLowerCase() : TreePreset.Oak;
-
-	switch (key) {
-		case TreePreset.Pine: {
-			config.name = "pine";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Pine;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Conical,
-				height: 8.6,
-				radius: 4.2,
-				base_height: 2.2,
-				prune_ratio: 0.25,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.08,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.4,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.55,
-				sky_phototropism_mix: 0.35
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 12,
-					radial_segments_max: 14,
-					radial_segments_min: 8,
-					length: 11.2,
-					length_variance: 0.05,
-					radius_ratio: 0.038,
-					taper: 0.88,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.24,
-					child_count: 32,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.Whorled,
-					whorl_count: 4,
-					azimuth_jitter: 0.16,
-					insertion_angle: 1.34,
-					insertion_angle_variation: 0.08,
-					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.52),
-					curvature: 0.16,
-					curve_back: -0.10,
-					spiral_twist: 0.22,
-					gravitropism: -0.06,
-					phototropism: 0.10,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.09,
-					gnarl_frequency: 0.32,
-					basal_lean: 0.015,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.18,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.04,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.48,
-					bark_displacement: 0.08,
-					parent_collar_bulge: 0.26,
-					knot_count: 6,
-					knot_strength: 0.16,
-					split_probability: 0.0,
-					flare_amplitude: 0.28,
-					flare_height_ratio: 0.15,
-					flare_lobes: 4,
-					flare_sharpness: 3.0,
-					flute_amplitude: 0.015,
-					flute_frequency: 3,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 7,
-					radial_segments_max: 7,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 3.8,
-					length_variance: 0.10,
-					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.72),
-					radius_ratio: 0.035,
-					taper: 0.85,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.12,
-					child_count: 7,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
-					azimuth_jitter: 0.14,
-					insertion_angle: 0.88,
-					insertion_angle_variation: 0.10,
-					curvature: 0.16,
-					curve_back: -0.12,
-					gravitropism: 0.22,
-					phototropism: 0.16,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.42,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.09,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.55,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.34,
-					oval_eccentricity: 0.16,
-					bark_displacement: 0.06,
-					knot_count: 2,
-					knot_strength: 0.12,
-					collar_weld_rings: 2
-				},
-				{
-					level: 2,
-					segments: 5,
-					radial_segments_max: 5,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 1.4,
-					length_variance: 0.14,
-					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 0.95, 1, 0.48),
-					radius_ratio: 0.032,
-					taper: 0.85,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.08,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.78,
-					curvature: 0.14,
-					gravitropism: 0.08,
-					phototropism: 0.24,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.12,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.32,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.TriStarCluster,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 8,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 3,
-				bare_ratio: 0.18,
-				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
-				card_width: 0.82,
-				card_length: 0.88,
-				phototropism: 0.45,
-				gravitropism: 0.12
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Plated,
-				primary_color: [0.39, 0.28, 0.21],
-				secondary_color: [0.14, 0.11, 0.09],
-				inner_bark_color: [0.46, 0.31, 0.21],
-				fissure_frequency: 6,
-				fissure_depth: 0.76,
-				plate_terrace: 0.52,
-				knot_amount: 0.45,
-				roughness: 0.90
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.13, 0.32, 0.14],
-				secondary_color: [0.08, 0.22, 0.09],
-				leaf_shape: "needle",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 9,
-				roughness: 0.55,
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.46,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.35,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.0,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.30
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Birch: {
-			config.name = "birch";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Birch;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Flame,
-				height: 12.5,
-				radius: 3.4,
-				base_height: 2.5,
-				prune_ratio: 0.3,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.25,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.15,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.6
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 12,
-					radial_segments_max: 14,
-					radial_segments_min: 8,
-					length: 11.5,
-					length_variance: 0.08,
-					radius_ratio: 0.032,
-					taper: 0.86,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.24,
-					child_count: 12,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
-					insertion_angle: 0.58,
-					insertion_angle_variation: 0.14,
-					curvature: 0.32,
-					curve_back: -0.22,
-					spiral_twist: 0.28,
-					gravitropism: -0.06,
-					phototropism: 0.20,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.15,
-					gnarl_frequency: 0.36,
-					basal_lean: 0.04,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.48,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.07,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.62,
-					bark_displacement: 0.075,
-					parent_collar_bulge: 0.30,
-					knot_count: 6,
-					knot_strength: 0.16,
-					split_probability: 0.28,
-					split_count: 2,
-					split_angle: 0.38,
-					flare_amplitude: 0.24,
-					flare_height_ratio: 0.15,
-					flare_lobes: 4,
-					flute_amplitude: 0.010,
-					flute_frequency: 3,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 8,
-					radial_segments_max: 7,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 3.6,
-					length_variance: 0.15,
-					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 0.85, 1, 0.45),
-					radius_ratio: 0.034,
-					taper: 0.86,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.15,
-					child_count: 6,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
-					insertion_angle: 0.58,
-					curvature: 0.28,
-					curve_back: -0.18,
-					gravitropism: 0.22,
-					phototropism: 0.24,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.20,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.72,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.15,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.65,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.20,
-					oval_eccentricity: 0.15,
-					bark_displacement: 0.06,
-					knot_count: 3,
-					knot_strength: 0.14,
-					collar_weld_rings: 2
-				},
-				{
-					level: 2,
-					segments: 6,
-					radial_segments_max: 5,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 1.7,
-					length_variance: 0.18,
-					radius_ratio: 0.028,
-					taper: 0.9,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.1,
-					child_count: 0,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
-					insertion_angle: 0.52,
-					curvature: 0.32,
-					gravitropism: 0.42,
-					phototropism: 0.12,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.18,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.18,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.58,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.06,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.FoldedVCard,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 8,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 3,
-				card_width: 0.75,
-				card_length: 0.85,
-				fold_angle: 0.24,
-				gravitropism: 0.35,
-				phototropism: 0.55
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Birch,
-				primary_color: [0.85, 0.83, 0.80],
-				secondary_color: [0.17, 0.16, 0.15],
-				inner_bark_color: [0.52, 0.35, 0.23],
-				moss_color: [0.24, 0.30, 0.19],
-				moss_amount: 0.04,
-				fissure_frequency: 4,
-				fissure_depth: 0.62,
-				lenticel_amount: 0.78,
-				peel_amount: 0.35,
-				knot_amount: 0.58,
-				roughness: 0.88
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.32, 0.52, 0.18],
-				secondary_color: [0.22, 0.40, 0.12],
-				leaf_shape: "serrated",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 5,
-				roughness: 0.52,
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.42,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.94,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.06,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.16
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Willow: {
-			config.name = "willow";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Willow;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Weeping,
-				height: 11.0,
-				radius: 5.5,
-				base_height: 1.6,
-				prune_ratio: 0.2,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.2,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.25,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.65
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 11,
-					radial_segments_max: 13,
-					radial_segments_min: 7,
-					length: 7.5,
-					radius_ratio: 0.065,
-					taper: 0.75,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.25,
-					child_count: 9,
-					insertion_angle: 0.68,
-					curvature: 0.32,
-					curve_back: -0.18,
-					spiral_twist: 0.38,
-					gravitropism: -0.05,
-					phototropism: 0.15,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.18,
-					basal_lean: 0.05,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.55,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.08,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.65,
-					bark_displacement: 0.11,
-					parent_collar_bulge: 0.35,
-					knot_count: 6,
-					knot_strength: 0.20,
-					split_probability: 0.35,
-					split_count: 2,
-					split_angle: 0.52,
-					flare_amplitude: 0.38,
-					flare_lobes: 5,
-					flute_amplitude: 0.055,
-					flute_frequency: 5,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 8,
-					radial_segments_max: 8,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 4.8,
-					radius_ratio: 0.042,
-					taper: 0.84,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.15,
-					child_count: 9,
-					insertion_angle: 0.65,
-					curvature: 0.38,
-					curve_back: -0.15,
-					gravitropism: 0.32,
-					phototropism: 0.22,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.22,
-					nodal_kink_strength: 0.72,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.14,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.60,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.10,
-					oval_eccentricity: 0.18,
-					bark_displacement: 0.08,
-					knot_count: 3,
-					knot_strength: 0.15,
-					collar_weld_rings: 2
-				},
-				{
-					level: 2,
-					segments: 8,
-					radial_segments_max: 4,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 3.4,
-					radius_ratio: 0.02,
-					taper: 0.92,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.08,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.55,
-					curvature: 0.45,
-					gravitropism: 0.88,
-					phototropism: 0.04,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
-					internode_zigzag: 0.09,
-					kink_sharpness: 0.25,
-					tip_upcurl: 0.0,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.RibbedFrond,
-				attach_min_level: 2,
-				cards_per_branch: 9,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 2,
-				card_width: 0.55,
-				card_length: 1.35,
-				arch_height: 0.12,
-				camber_droop: 0.28,
-				frond_segments: 5,
-				gravitropism: 0.72,
-				phototropism: 0.25
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Fissured,
-				primary_color: [0.35, 0.32, 0.27],
-				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.13, 0.11],
-				inner_bark_color: [0.39, 0.32, 0.25],
-				fissure_frequency: 8,
-				fissure_depth: 0.76,
-				roughness: 0.91
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.34, 0.50, 0.20],
-				secondary_color: [0.24, 0.38, 0.14],
-				leaf_shape: "frond",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 9,
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.44,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.84,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.04,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.22
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Maple: {
-			config.name = "maple";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Maple;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Spherical,
-				height: 11.5,
-				radius: 4.8,
-				base_height: 2.2,
-				prune_ratio: 0.35,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.3,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.25,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.65
-			});
-			config.levels[0].applyOverrides({
-				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate,
-				child_count: 10,
-				flare_amplitude: 0.3,
-				flare_lobes: 5
-			});
-			config.levels[1].applyOverrides({
-				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate,
-				child_count: 8,
-				insertion_angle: 0.68
-			});
-			config.levels[2].applyOverrides({
-				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate
-			});
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.OctagonalCutoutHull,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 8,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 3,
-				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate,
-				card_width: 0.9,
-				card_length: 0.95,
-				fold_angle: 0.25
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Fissured,
-				primary_color: [0.36, 0.34, 0.31],
-				secondary_color: [0.16, 0.15, 0.14],
-				inner_bark_color: [0.38, 0.32, 0.27],
-				fissure_frequency: 7,
-				fissure_depth: 0.66,
-				roughness: 0.90
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.24, 0.45, 0.15],
-				secondary_color: [0.42, 0.28, 0.12],
-				autumn_tint: 0.22,
-				leaf_shape: "palmate",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 5,
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.40,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.18,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.88,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.90,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.18
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Spruce: {
-			config.name = "spruce";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Spruce;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Conical,
-				height: 9.5,
-				radius: 3.6,
-				base_height: 1.4,
-				prune_ratio: 0.3,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.08,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.45,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.55,
-				sky_phototropism_mix: 0.3
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 10,
-					radial_segments_max: 10,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 11.8,
-					radius_ratio: 0.036,
-					taper: 0.92,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.12,
-					child_count: 35,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.Whorled,
-					whorl_count: 5,
-					insertion_angle: 1.38,
-					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.56),
-					curvature: 0.02,
-					gravitropism: -0.08,
-					phototropism: 0.06,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.02,
-					flare_amplitude: 0.2,
-					flare_lobes: 4,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 5,
-					radial_segments_max: 6,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 3.6,
-					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.68),
-					radius_ratio: 0.032,
-					taper: 0.86,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.1,
-					child_count: 6,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
-					insertion_angle: 0.9,
-					curvature: 0.18,
-					curve_back: -0.10,
-					gravitropism: 0.16,
-					phototropism: 0.12,
-					collar_weld_rings: 2
-				},
-				{
-					level: 2,
-					segments: 3,
-					radial_segments_max: 4,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 1.1,
-					radius_ratio: 0.03,
-					taper: 0.85,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.08,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.8,
-					curvature: 0.15,
-					gravitropism: 0.18,
-					phototropism: 0.2,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.CrossCard,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 7,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 2,
-				card_width: 0.68,
-				card_length: 0.75
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Plated,
-				primary_color: [0.36, 0.29, 0.24],
-				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.12, 0.10],
-				inner_bark_color: [0.42, 0.30, 0.22],
-				fissure_frequency: 8,
-				fissure_depth: 0.72,
-				roughness: 0.91
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.11, 0.27, 0.15],
-				secondary_color: [0.07, 0.18, 0.10],
-				leaf_shape: "needle",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 9,
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.46,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.35,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.0,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.30
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Palm: {
-			config.name = "palm";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Palm;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Hemispherical,
-				height: 11.0,
-				radius: 4.2,
-				base_height: 7.5,
-				prune_ratio: 0.1,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.0,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.15
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 10,
-					radial_segments_max: 10,
-					radial_segments_min: 7,
-					length: 9.5,
-					radius_ratio: 0.038,
-					taper: 0.35,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.92,
-					child_count: 12,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
-					insertion_angle: 0.95,
-					insertion_angle_variation: 0.25,
-					curvature: 0.28,
-					curve_back: -0.12,
-					gravitropism: -0.08,
-					phototropism: 0.22,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.04,
-					flare_amplitude: 0.25,
-					flare_height_ratio: 0.12,
-					flare_lobes: 6,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 5,
-					radial_segments_max: 5,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 2.8,
-					radius_ratio: 0.025,
-					taper: 0.9,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.05,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.85,
-					curvature: 0.55,
-					gravitropism: 0.48,
-					phototropism: 0.15,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.RibbedFrond,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 4,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 3,
-				bare_ratio: 0.05,
-				card_width: 0.95,
-				card_length: 1.85,
-				fold_angle: 0.32,
-				arch_height: 0.22,
-				camber_droop: 0.32,
-				frond_segments: 6,
-				gravitropism: 0.45,
-				phototropism: 0.4
-			});
-			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
-				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Ringed,
-				primary_color: [0.54, 0.46, 0.36],
-				secondary_color: [0.26, 0.21, 0.15],
-				fissure_frequency: 5,
-				fissure_depth: 0.62,
-				lenticel_amount: 0.45
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.22, 0.46, 0.14],
-				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.34, 0.09],
-				leaf_shape: "frond",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 11
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Shrub: {
-			config.name = "shrub";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Shrub;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Hemispherical,
-				height: 2.8,
-				radius: 2.2,
-				base_height: 0.15,
-				prune_ratio: 0.25,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.3,
-				pipe_model_exponent: 2.1,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.55
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 5,
-					radial_segments_max: 7,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 1.8,
-					radius_ratio: 0.055,
-					taper: 0.8,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.08,
-					child_count: 8,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
-					insertion_angle: 0.82,
-					curvature: 0.25,
-					gravitropism: -0.05,
-					phototropism: 0.28,
-					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
-					split_probability: 0.45,
-					split_count: 3,
-					split_angle: 0.52,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 4,
-					radial_segments_max: 5,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 1.2,
-					radius_ratio: 0.04,
-					taper: 0.85,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.1,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.72,
-					curvature: 0.2,
-					gravitropism: 0.06,
-					phototropism: 0.35,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.FoldedVCard,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 9,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 4,
-				card_width: 0.55,
-				card_length: 0.62,
-				phototropism: 0.7
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.22, 0.44, 0.16],
-				secondary_color: [0.14, 0.30, 0.10],
-				leaf_shape: "ovate",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 7
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Fern: {
-			config.name = "fern";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Fern;
-			config.crown.applyOverrides({
-				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.InverseConical,
-				height: 1.6,
-				radius: 1.5,
-				base_height: 0.05,
-				prune_ratio: 0.05,
-				space_colonization_weight: 0.0,
-				pipe_model_weight: 0.2
-			});
-			config.levels = [
-				{
-					level: 0,
-					segments: 3,
-					radial_segments_max: 6,
-					radial_segments_min: 4,
-					length: 0.35,
-					radius_ratio: 0.18,
-					taper: 0.6,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.1,
-					child_count: 9,
-					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
-					insertion_angle: 0.95,
-					curvature: 0.1,
-					collar_weld_rings: 0
-				},
-				{
-					level: 1,
-					segments: 5,
-					radial_segments_max: 4,
-					radial_segments_min: 3,
-					length: 1.15,
-					radius_ratio: 0.025,
-					taper: 0.92,
-					bare_length_ratio: 0.05,
-					child_count: 0,
-					insertion_angle: 0.85,
-					curvature: 0.48,
-					gravitropism: 0.38,
-					phototropism: 0.2,
-					collar_weld_rings: 1
-				}
-			];
-			config.applyOverrides({ levels: config.levels, replace_levels: true });
-			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
-				enabled: true,
-				card_type: FoliageCardType.RibbedFrond,
-				attach_min_level: 1,
-				cards_per_branch: 3,
-				terminal_rosette_count: 2,
-				bare_ratio: 0.05,
-				card_width: 0.48,
-				card_length: 0.95,
-				fold_angle: 0.28,
-				arch_height: 0.16,
-				camber_droop: 0.24,
-				frond_segments: 6,
-				gravitropism: 0.35,
-				phototropism: 0.55
-			});
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				primary_color: [0.24, 0.50, 0.16],
-				secondary_color: [0.16, 0.36, 0.10],
-				leaf_shape: "frond",
-				leaflets_per_cluster: 11
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-
-		case TreePreset.Oak:
-		default: {
-			config.name = "oak";
-			config.preset = TreePreset.Oak;
-			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
-				juvenile_color_shift: 0.38,
-				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.14,
-				carotenoid_density: 0.72,
-				anthocyanin_potential: 0.52,
-				tannin_oxidation: 0.68
-			});
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (overrides !== undefined && overrides !== null) {
-		config.applyOverrides(overrides);
-	}
-
-	return config;
-}
+import { AnimationCurve } from "../../../engine/animation/curve/AnimationCurve.js";
+import { CrownEnvelopeType } from "../config/CrownEnvelopeType.js";
+import { FoliageBarkType } from "../config/FoliageBarkType.js";
+import { FoliageCardType } from "../config/FoliageCardType.js";
+import { PhyllotaxisMode } from "../config/PhyllotaxisMode.js";
+import { TreePreset } from "../config/TreePreset.js";
+import { TreeSpeciesConfig } from "../config/TreeSpeciesConfig.js";
+import { BranchGeneratorConfig } from "../config/BranchGeneratorConfig.js";
+import { BranchSpawnRule } from "../config/BranchSpawnRule.js";
+import { FoliageSpawnRule } from "../config/FoliageSpawnRule.js";
+import { FoliageTileContent } from "../config/FoliageTileContent.js";
+import { LeafApexShape } from "../config/LeafApexShape.js";
+import { LeafBaseShape } from "../config/LeafBaseShape.js";
+import { LeafLobation } from "../config/LeafLobation.js";
+import { ShootBudZone } from "../config/ShootBudZone.js";
+import { ShootSystemRule } from "../config/ShootSystemRule.js";
+import { shoot_expected_yield } from "../skeleton/shoot_demography.js";
+
+/**
+ * Structural surface roots: thick, fast-tapering, they leave the trunk on its basal flare crests and creep along
+ * the ground, sinking into it about halfway out.
+ * @param {number} length nominal root length (meters)
+ * @returns {BranchGeneratorConfig}
+ */
+function make_surface_roots(length) {
+	return BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+		root: true,
+		segments: 3,
+		radial_segments_max: 9,
+		radial_segments_min: 4,
+		length: length,
+		length_variance: 0.3,
+		radius_ratio: 0.11,
+		taper: 0.95,
+		curvature: 0.0,
+		gravitropism: 0.0,
+		phototropism: 0.35,
+		gnarl_strength: 0.3,
+		gnarl_frequency: 0.8,
+		nodal_kink_strength: 0.0,
+		internode_zigzag: 0.05,
+		tip_upcurl: 0.0,
+		oval_eccentricity: 0.0,
+		bark_displacement: 0.1,
+		parent_collar_bulge: 0.0,
+		collar_weld_rings: 2,
+		collar_length_ratio: 0.14,
+		collar_spread_upper: 0.3,
+		collar_spread_lower: 0.5
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Trunk -> surface roots: one on each crest of the trunk's basal flare lobes, at the very base, outside the crown.
+ * @param {number} target surface roots generator
+ * @param {number} flare_lobes the trunk generator's `flare_lobes`
+ * @returns {BranchSpawnRule}
+ */
+function make_surface_roots_rule(target, flare_lobes) {
+	return BranchSpawnRule.from({
+		source: 0,
+		target: target,
+		count: flare_lobes,
+		attach_min: 0.0,
+		attach_max: 0.03,
+		phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.FlareLobes,
+		azimuth_jitter: 0.04,
+		insertion_angle: 1.7,
+		insertion_angle_variation: 0.08,
+		insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.constant(0, 1, 1),
+		parent_kink: 0.0,
+		crown_envelope: false
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Long shoots of a species' peripheral twig system, grown year by year (`TreeSpeciesConfig.shoot_rules`): one segment
+ * a year, thin and lightly bent; how they turn is the species'.
+ * @param {Partial<BranchGeneratorConfig>} overrides
+ * @returns {BranchGeneratorConfig}
+ */
+function make_twig_generator(overrides) {
+	return BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+		segments: 1,
+		radial_segments_max: 4,
+		radial_segments_min: 3,
+		length: 0.1,
+		radius_ratio: 0.03,
+		taper: 0.6,
+		gravitropism: 0.1,
+		phototropism: 0.3,
+		internode_zigzag: 0.15,
+		collar_weld_rings: 0,
+		...overrides
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Short shoots of a species' twig system: a few millimetres of growth a year, straight, no laterals.
+ * @returns {BranchGeneratorConfig}
+ */
+function make_short_shoot_generator() {
+	return BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+		segments: 1,
+		radial_segments_max: 3,
+		radial_segments_min: 3,
+		length: 0.01,
+		radius_ratio: 0.03,
+		taper: 0.8,
+		gravitropism: 0.0,
+		phototropism: 0.0,
+		internode_zigzag: 0.0,
+		collar_weld_rings: 0
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scots pine's twig system after Kellomäki & Kurttio (1991), A model for the structural development of a Scots pine
+ * crown based on modular growth, For. Ecol. Manage. 43: 103-123 [KK1991], with the whorl branch as order 1. Norway
+ * spruce has no such fit, so it borrows these counts and ratios with its own shoot length.
+ * @param {number} source
+ * @param {number} target
+ * @param {Partial<ShootSystemRule>} overrides
+ * @returns {ShootSystemRule}
+ */
+function make_conifer_shoot_rule(source, target, overrides) {
+	return ShootSystemRule.from({
+		source,
+		target,
+		max_order: 6,
+		// a terminal follows the unit before it: 0.995, 0.913, 0.938, 0.999 of it by order [KK1991 Table 4]
+		terminal_length: [0],
+		terminal_length_slope: [0.995, 0.913, 0.938, 0.999],
+		length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+		zones: [
+			// pine is uninodal: its laterals grow from the whorl of buds under the terminal bud. Daughters, the terminal
+			// among them, are k + c L of a parent L cm long: 0.992 + 0.161 L, 0.544 + 0.149 L, 0.861 + 0.041 L by parent
+			// order 1-3 [KK1991 Table 3]; a lateral is 0.458, 0.355, 0.475 of its parent [KK1991 Table 4]
+			ShootBudZone.from({
+				u_min: 0.92,
+				u_max: 0.99,
+				buds: [0.992 - 1, 0.544 - 1, 0.861 - 1],
+				buds_per_metre: [16.1, 14.9, 4.1],
+				long: [1],
+				length: [0],
+				length_slope: [0.458, 0.355, 0.475]
+			})
+		],
+		...overrides
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * A conifer leader's own annual units, so the top of the stem keeps its needles as the branches do: no laterals (the
+ * whorl branches are the framework's); its units are the leader's yearly growth (`ShootGrowthConfig.leader_growth`).
+ * @param {number} target
+ * @returns {ShootSystemRule}
+ */
+function make_conifer_leader_rule(target) {
+	return ShootSystemRule.from({
+		source: 0,
+		target,
+		mean_unit_length: 0.475,
+		max_unit_length: [0.475],
+		length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+		zones: []
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a rich, botanically tuned `TreeSpeciesConfig` for one of the 9 built-in
+ * `TreePreset` archetypes (`Oak`, `Pine`, `Birch`, `Willow`, `Maple`, `Spruce`, `Palm`, `Shrub`, `Fern`),
+ * with optional deep parameter overrides.
+ *
+ * @param {TreePreset|string} [preset=TreePreset.Oak]
+ * @param {Object} [overrides]
+ * @returns {TreeSpeciesConfig}
+ */
+export function make_tree_species_preset(preset = TreePreset.Oak, overrides = {}) {
+	const config = new TreeSpeciesConfig();
+	const key = typeof preset === "string" ? preset.toLowerCase() : TreePreset.Oak;
+
+	switch (key) {
+		case TreePreset.Pine: {
+			// Pinus follows Rauh's model (Pfisterer 2000): its branches are orthotropic, built like the trunk, so they carry no
+			// plagiotropism.
+			// The tiers come from one whorl of branches a year.
+			config.name = "pine";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Pine;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Conical,
+				height: 8.6,
+				radius: 4.2,
+				base_height: 2.2,
+				prune_ratio: 0.25,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.08,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.4,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.55,
+				sky_phototropism_mix: 0.35
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					excurrent: true,
+					segments: 12,
+					radial_segments_max: 14,
+					radial_segments_min: 8,
+					length: 11.2,
+					length_variance: 0.05,
+					radius_ratio: 0.038,
+					taper: 0.88,
+					curvature: 0.16,
+					curve_back: -0.10,
+					spiral_twist: 0.22,
+					gravitropism: -0.06,
+					phototropism: 0.10,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.09,
+					gnarl_frequency: 0.32,
+					basal_lean: 0.015,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.18,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.04,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.48,
+					bark_displacement: 0.08,
+					parent_collar_bulge: 0.26,
+					split_probability: 0.0,
+					flare_amplitude: 0.28,
+					flare_height_ratio: 0.15,
+					flare_lobes: 4,
+					flare_sharpness: 3.0,
+					flute_amplitude: 0.015,
+					flute_frequency: 3,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.55, // open-grown Scots pine holds dead lower branches for a while
+					segments: 7,
+					radial_segments_max: 7,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 3.8,
+					length_variance: 0.10,
+					radius_ratio: 0.035,
+					taper: 0.85,
+					curvature: 0.16,
+					curve_back: -0.12,
+					gravitropism: 0.22,
+					phototropism: 0.16,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.42,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.09,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.55,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.34,
+					oval_eccentricity: 0.16,
+					bark_displacement: 0.06,
+					collar_weld_rings: 2
+				}),
+				// Inter-whorl branches: short laterals spiralling along the internodes between whorls
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.55, // open-grown Scots pine holds dead lower branches for a while
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.9,
+					length_variance: 0.18,
+					radius_ratio: 0.034,
+					taper: 0.86,
+					curvature: 0.14,
+					curve_back: -0.10,
+					gravitropism: 0.26,
+					phototropism: 0.14,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.30,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.10,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.55,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.30,
+					oval_eccentricity: 0.12,
+					bark_displacement: 0.05,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.4,
+					length_variance: 0.14,
+					radius_ratio: 0.032,
+					taper: 0.85,
+					curvature: 0.14,
+					gravitropism: 0.08,
+					phototropism: 0.24,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.12,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.32,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 32,
+					attach_min: 0.24,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.Whorled,
+					whorl_count: 4,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.16,
+					insertion_angle: 1.34,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.08,
+					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.52),
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.72),
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 2,
+					count: 14,
+					attach_min: 0.30,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.30,
+					insertion_angle: 1.22,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.12,
+					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.55),
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.6),
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				}),
+				// Whorl boughs and inter-whorl branches both carry the same twigs
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					target: 3,
+					count: 7,
+					attach_min: 0.12,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.14,
+					insertion_angle: 0.88,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.10,
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 0.95, 1, 0.48)
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 2,
+					target: 3,
+					count: 4,
+					attach_min: 0.15,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.14,
+					insertion_angle: 0.88,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.10,
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 0.8, 1, 0.45)
+				})
+			];
+			// 4: surface roots on the flare crests
+			config.branches.push(make_surface_roots(1.8));
+			config.branch_rules.push(make_surface_roots_rule(4, config.branches[0].flare_lobes));
+			// 5: the twig system, grown year by year on the boughs, inter-whorl branches and twigs
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.08, phototropism: 0.24, tip_upcurl: 0.3 }));
+			// Shoots average 11.02 cm on the whorl branches, at most 47.5 cm [KK1991 Table 4, Eq. 6]; branching angles 61,
+			// 59, 65 degrees by the lateral's order 2-4 [KK1991 Fig. 2]
+			config.shoot_rules = [1, 2, 3].map(source => make_conifer_shoot_rule(source, 5, {
+				carrier_order: source === 3 ? 2 : 1,
+				mean_unit_length: 0.1102,
+				max_unit_length: [0.475],
+				insertion_angle: [1.065, 1.030, 1.134]
+			}));
+			config.shoot_rules.push(make_conifer_leader_rule(5));
+			// Scots pine stops branching below a relative light of 0.20-0.25 [Ilonen et al. 1979, Silva Fennica 13: 319-321];
+			// Rb in full light is the example branch's 1.867 [Niinemets & Lukjanova 2003, New Phytol. 158: 75-89, Fig. 2];
+			// where it saturates is spruce's (below). A shoot's needles are bunched: its silhouette is 0.146 of its needle
+			// area against a random 0.25 [Smolander, Stenberg & Linder 1994, Tree Physiol. 14: 971-980]
+			// a Scots pine leader grows 47.5 cm a year once the tree is past 3.5-4.5 m [KK1991 Eq. 6, p. 111]
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.475,
+				vigour: 1.867,
+				compensation_light: 0.22,
+				saturation_light: 0.30,
+				leaf_clumping: 0.146 / 0.25
+			});
+			// Needles 52 mm long [Niinemets & Lukjanova 2003, Ann. For. Sci. 60: 195-208, Table I], in fascicles of two,
+			// 7.8 fascicles a cm [Salminen & Jalkanen 2006, Silva Fennica 40: 183-194, Table 3]; of a year's needles 1,
+			// 0.90, 0.69, 0.22 are alive at ages 1-4, none after [KK1991 p. 113]. A card is a stretch of shoot as long as a
+			// needle with the needles the shoot bears there, on three planes round it (foliage_tile_layout)
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.TriStarCluster,
+				leaves_per_unit: 0,
+				leaves_per_metre: 1560,
+				leaf_survival: [1, 0.90, 0.69, 0.22],
+				phototropism: 0.45,
+				gravitropism: 0.12
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5].map(source => FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+				source,
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden
+			}));
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Plated,
+				primary_color: [0.39, 0.28, 0.21],
+				secondary_color: [0.14, 0.11, 0.09],
+				inner_bark_color: [0.46, 0.31, 0.21],
+				fissure_frequency: 6,
+				fissure_depth: 0.76,
+				plate_terrace: 0.52,
+				knot_amount: 0.45,
+				roughness: 0.90
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.13, 0.32, 0.14],
+				secondary_color: [0.08, 0.22, 0.09],
+				tile_content: FoliageTileContent.NeedleShoot,
+				// the needle, 52 mm [Niinemets & Lukjanova 2003]; no width was found: 1.6 mm is chosen
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.052,
+					length_width_ratio: 0.052 / 0.0016,
+					widest_at: 0.3,
+					apex_angle: 0.4,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Straight,
+					base_angle: 0.6,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					secondary_veins: 0,
+					petiole_length: 0
+				},
+				roughness: 0.55,
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.46,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.35,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.0,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.30
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Birch: {
+			config.name = "birch";
+			// Betula follows Rauh's model (Millet et al. 1999): orthotropic, radially branched axes, so no plagiotropism
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Birch;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Flame,
+				height: 12.5,
+				radius: 3.4,
+				base_height: 2.5,
+				prune_ratio: 0.3,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.25,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.15,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.6
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 12,
+					radial_segments_max: 14,
+					radial_segments_min: 8,
+					length: 11.5,
+					length_variance: 0.08,
+					radius_ratio: 0.032,
+					taper: 0.86,
+					curvature: 0.32,
+					curve_back: -0.22,
+					spiral_twist: 0.28,
+					gravitropism: -0.06,
+					phototropism: 0.20,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.15,
+					gnarl_frequency: 0.36,
+					basal_lean: 0.04,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.48,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.07,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.62,
+					bark_displacement: 0.075,
+					parent_collar_bulge: 0.30,
+					split_probability: 0.28,
+					split_count: 2,
+					split_angle: 0.38,
+					flare_amplitude: 0.24,
+					flare_height_ratio: 0.15,
+					flare_lobes: 4,
+					flute_amplitude: 0.010,
+					flute_frequency: 3,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.85, // birch sheds its shaded branches cleanly
+					segments: 8,
+					radial_segments_max: 7,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 3.6,
+					length_variance: 0.15,
+					radius_ratio: 0.034,
+					taper: 0.86,
+					curvature: 0.28,
+					curve_back: -0.18,
+					gravitropism: 0.22,
+					phototropism: 0.24,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.20,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.72,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.15,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.65,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.20,
+					oval_eccentricity: 0.15,
+					bark_displacement: 0.06,
+					collar_weld_rings: 2
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 6,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.7,
+					length_variance: 0.18,
+					radius_ratio: 0.028,
+					taper: 0.9,
+					curvature: 0.32,
+					gravitropism: 0.42,
+					phototropism: 0.12,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.18,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.18,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.58,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.06,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 12,
+					attach_min: 0.24,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					insertion_angle: 0.58,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.14,
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 0.85, 1, 0.45)
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					target: 2,
+					count: 6,
+					attach_min: 0.15,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
+					insertion_angle: 0.58
+				})
+			];
+			// 3: surface roots on the flare crests
+			config.branches.push(make_surface_roots(1.7));
+			config.branch_rules.push(make_surface_roots_rule(3, config.branches[0].flare_lobes));
+			// 4: long shoots and 5: short shoots of the twig system, grown year by year on the boughs and branches
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.42, phototropism: 0.12, internode_zigzag: 0.18 }), make_short_shoot_generator());
+			// Silver birch's long and short shoots, from Maillette (1982), Structural dynamics of silver birch I-II, J. Appl.
+			// Ecol. 19: 203-238 [M1982]; Jones & Harper (1987), Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 232: 19-33 [JH1987]; and Lintunen et al.
+			// (2011), Can. J. For. Res. 41: 1779-1794 [L2011]:
+			// - a long shoot's apex always aborts, and the 4 buds (mode) on its late leaves carry the axis on [M1982 I p. 206,
+			//   213]: the terminal and 3 laterals;
+			// - about 50% of a long shoot's buds grow long shoots on young branches, falling to 16-26% on older ones, nearly
+			//   all the rest surviving the year [JH1987 pp. 21-22] as short shoots. The fall tracks local shoot density and
+			//   light [JH1987 p. 32], which the light field gives, so every order takes the young branches' shares;
+			// - a long shoot in the branches is 14.6 cm [L2011 Table A2]; the modal class is 51-100 mm [M1982 Fig. 6a], taken
+			//   for higher orders;
+			// - a short shoot grows under 3 mm a year and carries 2 leaves [M1982 I p. 205-209, L2011]; buds survive a year at
+			//   about 60% [JH1987 p. 26];
+			// - the bud population grows 1.52 a year in the top of the crown, 0.999 at its bottom [M1982 II Table 1]: the
+			//   vigour in full light, and a shoot that just replaces itself in the shade. Where in the light those are was
+			//   not measured: the compensation light is Scots pine's, another pioneer's, the saturation spruce's.
+			// a long shoot of the stem is 26.3 cm [L2011 Table A2, B20]: the leader's growth
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.263,
+				vigour: 1.52,
+				compensation_light: 0.22,
+				saturation_light: 0.30
+			});
+			config.shoot_rules = [1, 2].map(source => ShootSystemRule.from({
+				source,
+				target: 4,
+				short_target: 5,
+				max_order: 6,
+				mean_unit_length: 0.146,
+				terminal_length: [0.146, 0.075],
+				max_unit_length: [1.2],
+				length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+				zones: [
+					ShootBudZone.from({
+						u_min: 0.5,
+						u_max: 0.99,
+						buds: [3],
+						long: [0.5],
+						short: [0.49],
+						length: [0.075]
+					})
+				],
+				short_shoot_growth: 0.002,
+				short_shoot_survival: 0.6,
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous
+			}));
+			// a leaf every 20 mm of long shoot [JH1987 p. 20], 2 a short shoot [M1982 I p. 205-209]; a card a leaf
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CutoutHull,
+				leaves_per_unit: 0,
+				leaves_per_metre: 50,
+				leaves_per_short_shoot: 2,
+				fold_angle: 0.24,
+				gravitropism: 0.35,
+				phototropism: 0.55
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+				}),
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 2,
+				}),
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 4,
+				}),
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 5,
+					short_shoot: true
+				})
+			];
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Birch,
+				primary_color: [0.85, 0.83, 0.80],
+				secondary_color: [0.17, 0.16, 0.15],
+				inner_bark_color: [0.52, 0.35, 0.23],
+				moss_color: [0.24, 0.30, 0.19],
+				moss_amount: 0.04,
+				fissure_frequency: 4,
+				fissure_depth: 0.62,
+				lenticel_amount: 0.78,
+				peel_amount: 0.35,
+				knot_amount: 0.58,
+				roughness: 0.88
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.32, 0.52, 0.18],
+				secondary_color: [0.22, 0.40, 0.12],
+				// Betula pendula's leaf [Flora of North America vol. 3; Flora of China vol. 4]: 3-7 x 2.5-5 cm, taken at the
+				// middle, broadly ovate to rhombic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, coarsely and sharply doubly serrate, 6-8 lateral
+				// veins a side (FoC), petiole 2-3 cm (FoC). A primary tooth ends each lateral vein. No angles, tooth sizes or
+				// position of the widest point were found: those are estimates from the shape terms
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.05,
+					length_width_ratio: 5 / 3.75,
+					widest_at: 0.35,
+					apex_angle: 1.05,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Acuminate,
+					base_angle: 1.75,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					teeth_per_cm: 1.3,
+					tooth_depth: 0.0015,
+					tooth_orders: 2,
+					secondary_veins: 7,
+					secondary_angle: 0.8,
+					petiole_length: 0.025
+				},
+				roughness: 0.52,
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.42,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.94,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.06,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.16
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Willow: {
+			config.name = "willow";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Willow;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Weeping,
+				height: 11.0,
+				radius: 5.5,
+				base_height: 1.6,
+				prune_ratio: 0.2,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.2,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.25,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.65
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 11,
+					radial_segments_max: 13,
+					radial_segments_min: 7,
+					length: 7.5,
+					radius_ratio: 0.065,
+					taper: 0.75,
+					curvature: 0.32,
+					curve_back: -0.18,
+					spiral_twist: 0.38,
+					gravitropism: -0.05,
+					phototropism: 0.15,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.18,
+					basal_lean: 0.05,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.55,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.08,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.65,
+					bark_displacement: 0.11,
+					parent_collar_bulge: 0.35,
+					split_probability: 0.35,
+					split_count: 2,
+					split_angle: 0.52,
+					flare_amplitude: 0.38,
+					flare_lobes: 5,
+					flute_amplitude: 0.055,
+					flute_frequency: 5,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.75, // willow wood is brittle: dead branches snap off early
+					segments: 8,
+					radial_segments_max: 8,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 4.8,
+					radius_ratio: 0.042,
+					taper: 0.84,
+					curvature: 0.38,
+					curve_back: -0.15,
+					gravitropism: 0.32,
+					phototropism: 0.22,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.22,
+					nodal_kink_strength: 0.72,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.14,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.60,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.10,
+					oval_eccentricity: 0.18,
+					bark_displacement: 0.08,
+					collar_weld_rings: 2
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 8,
+					radial_segments_max: 4,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 3.4,
+					radius_ratio: 0.02,
+					taper: 0.92,
+					curvature: 0.45,
+					gravitropism: 0.88,
+					phototropism: 0.04,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.09,
+					kink_sharpness: 0.25,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.0,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 9,
+					attach_min: 0.25,
+					insertion_angle: 0.68
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					target: 2,
+					count: 9,
+					attach_min: 0.15,
+					insertion_angle: 0.65
+				})
+			];
+			// 3: surface roots on the flare crests
+			config.branches.push(make_surface_roots(2.5));
+			config.branch_rules.push(make_surface_roots_rule(3, config.branches[0].flare_lobes));
+			// 4: the twig system on the hanging branchlets; this year's shoots hang at -80 to -88 degrees in summer
+			// [Remphrey & Pearn 2006, Can. J. Bot. 84: 1531-1541, Fig. 7]
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.9, phototropism: 0.04, internode_zigzag: 0.09 }));
+			// A pendulous willow's buds, by quarter of their unit from its base: 51, 69, 40, 0% grow sylleptic shoots and 37,
+			// 24, 36, 21% proleptic ones; the terminal aborts [Remphrey & Pearn 2006 Table 1, p. 1532], 42 nodes on 1.104 m
+			// [p. 1533]. Those shares are of first-order shoots: of their own laterals' buds 2% are sylleptic [p. 1534], so
+			// the higher orders keep their proleptic shares with 2% syllepsis. Annual shoots of mature Salix alba are 5-25
+			// cm, at 30-60 degrees [Héja 2007, Tilia 13: 77-94, p. 82]. Of a year's laterals 46% are still there in their
+			// fourth year [Remphrey & Pearn 2006 p. 1535]: with 69% of buds growing out, on the 5.7 nodes of a 15 cm unit, a
+			// shoot leaves 1 + 0.69 x 0.46 x 5.7 = 2.8 shoots, the vigour (young trees). No light response was found: the
+			// compensation light is Scots pine's (willows are as light-demanding), the saturation spruce's.
+			const willow_quarter = (u_min, u_max, sylleptic, long) => ShootBudZone.from({
+				u_min,
+				u_max,
+				buds: [0],
+				buds_per_metre: [42 / 1.104 / 4],
+				sylleptic: [sylleptic, 0.02],
+				long: [long],
+				length: [0.15]
+			});
+			// young pendulous willows grow 1.0-1.3 m main-stem shoots a year [Remphrey & Pearn 2006 Table 3]; a mature
+			// tree's leader slower, 0.5 m chosen
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.5,
+				vigour: 1 + 0.69 * 0.46 * (0.15 * 42 / 1.104),
+				compensation_light: 0.22,
+				saturation_light: 0.30
+			});
+			// the boughs and the hanging branchlets both carry twigs
+			config.shoot_rules = [1, 2].map(source => ShootSystemRule.from({
+					source,
+					target: 4,
+					max_order: 6,
+					mean_unit_length: 0.15,
+					terminal_length: [0.15],
+					max_unit_length: [0.25],
+					length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+					zones: [
+						willow_quarter(0.0, 0.25, 0.512, 0.366),
+						willow_quarter(0.25, 0.5, 0.690, 0.238),
+						willow_quarter(0.5, 0.75, 0.405, 0.357),
+						willow_quarter(0.75, 0.99, 0.0, 0.214)
+					],
+					insertion_angle: [0.785]
+				}));
+			// a leaf a node, 42 nodes on 1.104 m [Remphrey & Pearn 2006 p. 1533]; a card a leaf
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CutoutHull,
+				leaves_per_unit: 0,
+				leaves_per_metre: 42 / 1.104,
+				arch_height: 0.12,
+				camber_droop: 0.28,
+				gravitropism: 0.72,
+				phototropism: 0.25
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [1, 2, 4].map(source => FoliageSpawnRule.from({ source }));
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Fissured,
+				primary_color: [0.35, 0.32, 0.27],
+				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.13, 0.11],
+				inner_bark_color: [0.39, 0.32, 0.25],
+				fissure_frequency: 8,
+				fissure_depth: 0.76,
+				roughness: 0.91
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.34, 0.50, 0.20],
+				secondary_color: [0.24, 0.38, 0.14],
+				// a weeping willow's leaf [Flora of North America vol. 7, S. babylonica]: 90-160 x 5-20 mm, taken at 12.5 cm,
+				// 5.5-10.5 times as long as wide (8), lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, serrulate
+				// but entire near the base, petiole 7-9 mm. No angles, tooth sizes or vein counts were found: those are
+				// estimates from the shape terms
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.125,
+					length_width_ratio: 8,
+					widest_at: 0.4,
+					apex_angle: 0.44,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Acuminate,
+					base_angle: 0.52,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					teeth_per_cm: 5,
+					tooth_depth: 0.0003,
+					secondary_veins: 12,
+					secondary_angle: 0.9,
+					petiole_length: 0.008
+				},
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.44,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.84,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.04,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.22
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Maple: {
+			config.name = "maple";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Maple;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Spherical,
+				height: 11.5,
+				radius: 4.8,
+				base_height: 2.2,
+				prune_ratio: 0.35,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.3,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.25,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.65
+			});
+			config.branches[0].applyOverrides({
+				flare_amplitude: 0.3,
+				flare_lobes: 5
+			});
+			config.branch_rules[0].applyOverrides({
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate,
+				count: 10
+			});
+			config.branch_rules[1].applyOverrides({
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate,
+				count: 8,
+				insertion_angle: 0.68
+			});
+			// maples are shade-tolerant, and with that poor self-pruners in open growth: dead lower limbs persist
+			config.branches[1].self_pruning = 0.5;
+			// Acer follows Rauh's model (Pfisterer 2000): orthotropic branches built like the trunk, so no plagiotropism
+			// 3: surface roots on the flare crests
+			config.branches.push(make_surface_roots(2.2));
+			config.branch_rules.push(make_surface_roots_rule(3, config.branches[0].flare_lobes));
+			// 4: long shoots and 5: short shoots of the twig system, grown year by year on the boughs and branches
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.06, phototropism: 0.3 }), make_short_shoot_generator());
+			// Red maple's long and short shoots, from Wilson (1966), Development of the shoot system of Acer rubrum L.,
+			// Harvard Forest Paper 14 [W1966], and Critchfield (1971), J. Arnold Arboretum 52: 240-266 [C1971], in Wilson's
+			// orders (the stem is 1): a bough is his 2nd order, a branch his 3rd:
+			// - a long shoot's top pairs grow long shoots, its middle pairs short ones [W1966 p. 3, Fig. 1]: net, 1.8, 1.5,
+			//   0.1, 0.03 long and 4 short laterals a year from orders 1-4 [W1966 p. 10, Table 2]. These are net counts, so
+			//   nothing is shed past them in light: the vigour, 2.8, is above every order's yield. Red maple bears shade, so
+			//   its compensation light is spruce's, as is its saturation; neither was measured for maple;
+			// - long shoots grow 8.8, 4.5, 3.6, 3.4, 2.7 cm a year at orders 2-6 [W1966 p. 6], the leader about 30 cm
+			//   [W1966 p. 6], at most 54 cm [C1971 p. 242];
+			// - a short shoot grows under 2 cm a year and bears 2 leaf pairs [W1966 p. 2; C1971 Table 1]. Its yearly survival
+			//   is fitted so short shoots are 85-95% of all shoots [W1966 p. 10]. Its growth is chosen within that bound.
+			const MAPLE_TERMINAL_LENGTH = [0.30, 0.088, 0.045, 0.036, 0.034, 0.027];
+			// the leader grows about 30 cm a year for 40 years [W1966 p. 6]
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.30,
+				vigour: 2.8,
+				compensation_light: 0.16,
+				saturation_light: 0.30
+			});
+			config.shoot_rules = [1, 2].map(source => ShootSystemRule.from({
+				source,
+				target: 4,
+				short_target: 5,
+				max_order: 7,
+				carrier_order: source + 1,
+				terminal_length: MAPLE_TERMINAL_LENGTH,
+				mean_unit_length: MAPLE_TERMINAL_LENGTH[source],
+				max_unit_length: [0.54],
+				length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+				zones: [
+					ShootBudZone.from({
+						u_min: 0.8,
+						u_max: 0.99,
+						buds: [2],
+						long: [0.9, 0.75, 0.05, 0.015],
+						length: [0.088, 0.045, 0.036, 0.034, 0.027]
+					}),
+					ShootBudZone.from({
+						u_min: 0.3,
+						u_max: 0.8,
+						buds: [4],
+						short: [1]
+					})
+				],
+				short_shoot_growth: 0.005,
+				short_shoot_survival: 0.85,
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate
+			}));
+			// A long shoot bears 2 preformed leaf pairs [C1971 p. 244] and 7.8 pairs at 8.8 cm [C1971 Table 1; W1966 p. 6];
+			// a short shoot 2 pairs [W1966 p. 2; C1971 Table 1]; a card a leaf
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CutoutHull,
+				leaves_per_unit: 4,
+				leaves_per_metre: (15.6 - 4) / 0.088,
+				leaves_per_short_shoot: 4,
+				fold_angle: 0.25
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [1, 2, 4].map(source => FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+				source,
+				phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.OppositeDecussate
+			}));
+			config.foliage_rules.push(FoliageSpawnRule.from({ source: 5, short_shoot: true }));
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Fissured,
+				primary_color: [0.36, 0.34, 0.31],
+				secondary_color: [0.16, 0.15, 0.14],
+				inner_bark_color: [0.38, 0.32, 0.27],
+				fissure_frequency: 7,
+				fissure_depth: 0.66,
+				roughness: 0.90
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.24, 0.45, 0.15],
+				secondary_color: [0.42, 0.28, 0.12],
+				autumn_tint: 0.22,
+				// Red maple's leaf: 6.8 cm long, a long-shoot leaf of 39 cm^2 [W1966 p. 6, Table 4]; palmately 3-lobed, the
+				// early leaves' lobes nearly equal, the lateral lobes' axes 73-86 degrees apart, the midlobe 46-56% of the blade
+				// (its sinuses about half way to the petiole), the petiole 60-114% of the blade [C1971]; lobes acute and coarsely
+				// doubly serrate (Gleason & Cronquist); base truncate to cordate (Trees and Shrubs Online). The lobes' own
+				// shape, the lateral lobes' length and the teeth are estimates
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.068,
+					length_width_ratio: 1.2,
+					widest_at: 0.3,
+					apex_angle: 1.2,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Straight,
+					base_angle: 2.0,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Rounded,
+					lobation: LeafLobation.Palmate,
+					lobes: 3,
+					lobe_spread: 80 * Math.PI / 180,
+					lateral_lobe_length: 0.85,
+					sinus_depth: 0.5,
+					teeth_per_cm: 3,
+					tooth_depth: 0.0015,
+					tooth_orders: 2,
+					secondary_veins: 3,
+					secondary_angle: 0.8,
+					petiole_length: 0.87 * 0.068
+				},
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.40,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.18,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.88,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.90,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.18
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Spruce: {
+			config.name = "spruce";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Spruce;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Conical,
+				height: 9.5,
+				radius: 3.6,
+				base_height: 1.4,
+				prune_ratio: 0.3,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.08,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.45,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.55,
+				sky_phototropism_mix: 0.3
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					excurrent: true,
+					segments: 10,
+					radial_segments_max: 10,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 11.8,
+					radius_ratio: 0.036,
+					taper: 0.92,
+					curvature: 0.02,
+					gravitropism: -0.08,
+					phototropism: 0.06,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.02,
+					flare_amplitude: 0.2,
+					flare_lobes: 4,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.2, // Norway spruce keeps a skirt of dead branches for decades
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 6,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 3.6,
+					radius_ratio: 0.032,
+					taper: 0.86,
+					curvature: 0.18,
+					curve_back: -0.10,
+					gravitropism: 0.16,
+					plagiotropism: 0.7, // Massart's model (Pfisterer 2000): tiers of plagiotropic branches
+					phototropism: 0.12,
+					collar_weld_rings: 2
+				}),
+				// Inter-whorl branches: short laterals spiralling along the internodes between whorls
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					self_pruning: 0.2, // Norway spruce keeps a skirt of dead branches for decades
+					segments: 4,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.7,
+					length_variance: 0.18,
+					radius_ratio: 0.031,
+					taper: 0.86,
+					curvature: 0.16,
+					curve_back: -0.08,
+					gravitropism: 0.20,
+					plagiotropism: 0.7, // Massart's model (Pfisterer 2000): tiers of plagiotropic branches
+					phototropism: 0.12,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 3,
+					radial_segments_max: 4,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.1,
+					radius_ratio: 0.03,
+					taper: 0.85,
+					curvature: 0.15,
+					gravitropism: 0.18,
+					plagiotropism: 0.7, // Massart's model (Pfisterer 2000): tiers of plagiotropic branches
+					phototropism: 0.2,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 35,
+					attach_min: 0.12,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.Whorled,
+					whorl_count: 5,
+					insertion_angle: 1.38,
+					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.56),
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.68),
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 2,
+					count: 16,
+					attach_min: 0.16,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.30,
+					insertion_angle: 1.25,
+					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.05, 1, 0.58),
+					length_profile: AnimationCurve.linear(0, 1.0, 1, 0.55),
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				}),
+				// Whorl boughs and inter-whorl branches both carry the same twigs
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					target: 3,
+					count: 6,
+					attach_min: 0.1,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
+					insertion_angle: 0.9
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 2,
+					target: 3,
+					count: 3,
+					attach_min: 0.15,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous,
+					insertion_angle: 0.9
+				})
+			];
+			// 4: surface roots on the flare crests
+			config.branches.push(make_surface_roots(1.7));
+			config.branch_rules.push(make_surface_roots_rule(4, config.branches[0].flare_lobes));
+			// 5: the twig system, grown year by year on the boughs, inter-whorl branches and twigs, in their plane
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.18, phototropism: 0.2, plagiotropism: 0.7 }));
+			// No fit of spruce's bud counts was found: each shoot grows one lateral from its whorl, the top 20% of a unit
+			// [Colin & Houllier 1992, Ann. Sci. For. 49: 511-538], and shedding by light keeps Rb. Its new
+			// shoots are 4.8 cm (2.2-11.3) [Bellan et al. 2019, Austrian J. For. Sci. 136: 1-26], at 40-70 degrees [Fabrika
+			// et al. 2019, BioResources 14: 908-921, Table 7]; how lengths fall with order is Scots pine's [KK1991]
+			// Rb, the net shoots a shoot leaves a year, rises with light from about 0.65 at 0.12 of full light to 2.2 at 0.30,
+			// up to 2.19 measured [Niinemets & Lukjanova 2003, New Phytol. 158: 75-89, Fig. 5b, Table 1]: 1 at 0.16. A
+			// shoot's needles are bunched: its silhouette is 0.164 of its needle area against a random 0.25 (Stenberg et al.
+			// 1995, Tree Physiol. 15: 705-712, as recalculated in later work; second-hand)
+			// no spruce leader growth was found: Scots pine's [KK1991 Eq. 6]
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.475,
+				vigour: 2.19,
+				compensation_light: 0.16,
+				saturation_light: 0.30,
+				leaf_clumping: 0.164 / 0.25
+			});
+			config.shoot_rules = [1, 2, 3].map(source => make_conifer_shoot_rule(source, 5, {
+				carrier_order: source === 3 ? 2 : 1,
+				mean_unit_length: 0.048,
+				max_unit_length: [0.113],
+				insertion_angle: [0.96],
+				zones: [
+					ShootBudZone.from({
+						u_min: 0.8,
+						u_max: 0.99,
+						buds: [1],
+						long: [1],
+						length: [0],
+						length_slope: [0.458, 0.355, 0.475]
+					})
+				]
+			}));
+			// the leader as Scots pine's: no spruce leader growth was found
+			config.shoot_rules.push(make_conifer_leader_rule(5));
+			// Needles 18-31 a cm [Bellan et al. 2019]; of a year's needles about 1, 0.93, 0.93, 0.80, 0.76, 0.70, 0.57, 0.55,
+			// 0.19 are alive at ages 1-9 [Niinemets & Lukjanova 2003 Fig. 4]. No needle length was found: 18 mm is chosen
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CrossCard,
+				leaves_per_unit: 0,
+				leaves_per_metre: 2450,
+				leaf_survival: [1, 0.93, 0.93, 0.80, 0.76, 0.70, 0.57, 0.55, 0.19]
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5].map(source => FoliageSpawnRule.from({ source }));
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Plated,
+				primary_color: [0.36, 0.29, 0.24],
+				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.12, 0.10],
+				inner_bark_color: [0.42, 0.30, 0.22],
+				fissure_frequency: 8,
+				fissure_depth: 0.72,
+				roughness: 0.91
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.11, 0.27, 0.15],
+				secondary_color: [0.07, 0.18, 0.10],
+				// a card is a stretch of shoot as long as a needle with the needles the shoot bears there, on two planes
+				tile_content: FoliageTileContent.NeedleShoot,
+				// the needle, 18 mm (chosen, above); no width was found: 1 mm is chosen
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.018,
+					length_width_ratio: 18,
+					widest_at: 0.4,
+					apex_angle: 0.5,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Straight,
+					base_angle: 0.6,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					secondary_veins: 0,
+					petiole_length: 0
+				},
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.46,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.0,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.35,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.0,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.30
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Palm: {
+			config.name = "palm";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Palm;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Hemispherical,
+				height: 11.0,
+				radius: 4.2,
+				base_height: 7.5,
+				prune_ratio: 0.1,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.0,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.15
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 10,
+					radial_segments_max: 10,
+					radial_segments_min: 7,
+					length: 9.5,
+					radius_ratio: 0.038,
+					taper: 0.35,
+					curvature: 0.28,
+					curve_back: -0.12,
+					gravitropism: -0.08,
+					phototropism: 0.22,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.04,
+					flare_amplitude: 0.25,
+					flare_height_ratio: 0.12,
+					flare_lobes: 6,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 2.8,
+					radius_ratio: 0.025,
+					taper: 0.9,
+					curvature: 0.55,
+					gravitropism: 0.48,
+					phototropism: 0.15,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 12,
+					attach_min: 0.92,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					insertion_angle: 0.95,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.25,
+					// a palm is a monocot: its fronds leave ringed scars but never deflect the stem
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				})
+			];
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.RibbedFrond,
+				fold_angle: 0.32,
+				arch_height: 0.22,
+				camber_droop: 0.32,
+				frond_segments: 6,
+				gravitropism: 0.45,
+				phototropism: 0.4
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					attach_min: 0.05
+				})
+			];
+			config.bark_material.applyOverrides({
+				bark_type: FoliageBarkType.Ringed,
+				primary_color: [0.54, 0.46, 0.36],
+				secondary_color: [0.26, 0.21, 0.15],
+				fissure_frequency: 5,
+				fissure_depth: 0.62,
+				lenticel_amount: 0.45
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.22, 0.46, 0.14],
+				secondary_color: [0.15, 0.34, 0.09],
+				// a pinnate frond, its leaflets in pairs along the rachis. The palm is no particular species: its sizes are
+				// chosen
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.74,
+					length_width_ratio: 2.8,
+					widest_at: 0.45,
+					apex_angle: 0.7,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Straight,
+					base_angle: 0.7,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					secondary_veins: 0,
+					petiole_length: 0.07,
+					leaflets: 11,
+					rachis_length: 1.0
+				}
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Shrub: {
+			config.name = "shrub";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Shrub;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.Hemispherical,
+				height: 2.8,
+				radius: 2.2,
+				base_height: 0.15,
+				prune_ratio: 0.25,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.3,
+				pipe_model_exponent: 2.1,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.55
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 7,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 1.8,
+					radius_ratio: 0.055,
+					taper: 0.8,
+					curvature: 0.25,
+					gravitropism: -0.05,
+					phototropism: 0.28,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.12,
+					split_probability: 0.45,
+					split_count: 3,
+					split_angle: 0.52,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 4,
+					radial_segments_max: 5,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.2,
+					radius_ratio: 0.04,
+					taper: 0.85,
+					curvature: 0.2,
+					gravitropism: 0.06,
+					phototropism: 0.35,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 8,
+					attach_min: 0.08,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					insertion_angle: 0.82
+				})
+			];
+			// 2: the twig system, grown year by year on the branches
+			config.branches.push(make_twig_generator({ gravitropism: 0.05, phototropism: 0.35 }));
+			// The shrub is a hazel (Corylus avellana). Its numbers are Grisafi et al. (2024), in silico Plants 6(1) diae004,
+			// on an orchard cultivar, as read through a summary of the paper: not yet checked against its tables. A node
+			// holds 1.13 buds; a vegetative bud bursts at 0.97 distally to 0.62 proximally, 86% of nodes bearing one (40%
+			// vegetative, 46% mixed); its shoot is 6.84 cm distally to 0.58 cm proximally; 8 nodes on a 10-25 cm shoot. The
+			// apical bud dies: growth is sympodial. Shoot length is chosen; hazel grows in woodland shade, so its
+			// compensation light is spruce's, as is its saturation. No net shoot yield was found for hazel: in full light a
+			// shoot keeps every shoot its buds grow, the gross yield Grisafi et al. measured on orchard trees in full sun,
+			// so only shade sheds them (Alex's pick, 2026-10-26).
+			const hazel_third = (u_min, u_max, burst, length) => ShootBudZone.from({
+				u_min,
+				u_max,
+				buds: [0],
+				buds_per_metre: [8 / 0.175 * 1.13 / 3],
+				long: [burst * 0.86],
+				length: [length]
+			});
+			// the stems and their branches both carry twigs
+			config.shoot_rules = [0, 1].map(source => ShootSystemRule.from({
+					source,
+					target: 2,
+					max_order: 5,
+					mean_unit_length: 0.175,
+					terminal_length: [0.175],
+					max_unit_length: [0.7],
+					length_negative_binomial_p: [],
+					zones: [
+						hazel_third(0.66, 0.99, 0.97, 0.0684),
+						hazel_third(0.33, 0.66, 0.80, 0.0414),
+						hazel_third(0.0, 0.33, 0.62, 0.0058)
+					],
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.AlternateDistichous
+				}));
+			// a hazel stem soon stops gaining height; 0.1 m a year is chosen, so the stool's stems are about 18 years old
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.1,
+				vigour: shoot_expected_yield(config.shoot_rules[0]),
+				compensation_light: 0.16,
+				saturation_light: 0.30
+			});
+			// 8 leaves a 17.5 cm shoot [Grisafi et al. 2024]; a card a leaf
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CutoutHull,
+				leaves_per_unit: 0,
+				leaves_per_metre: 8 / 0.175,
+				phototropism: 0.7
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [0, 1, 2].map(source => FoliageSpawnRule.from({ source }));
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.22, 0.44, 0.16],
+				secondary_color: [0.14, 0.30, 0.10],
+				// Corylus avellana's leaf [Flora of North America vol. 3; Trees and Shrubs Online]: 5-12 x 4-12 cm, broadly
+				// ovate to elliptic, apex abruptly acuminate, base narrowly cordate, coarsely doubly serrate, 8 or fewer pairs
+				// of lateral veins, petiole 6-12 mm. 8 cm long gives about the 41 cm^2 of a sun leaf [Catoni et al. 2015,
+				// Photosynthetica 53: 35-46, Table 2]. The angles, the lobes' depth below the petiole and the teeth are
+				// estimates from the shape terms
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.08,
+					length_width_ratio: 8.5 / 8,
+					widest_at: 0.55,
+					apex_angle: 1.6,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Acuminate,
+					base_angle: 2.6,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Cordate,
+					base_lobe_depth: 0.06,
+					teeth_per_cm: 0.7,
+					tooth_depth: 0.0025,
+					tooth_orders: 2,
+					secondary_veins: 7,
+					secondary_angle: 0.8,
+					petiole_length: 0.009
+				}
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Fern: {
+			config.name = "fern";
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Fern;
+			config.crown.applyOverrides({
+				envelope_type: CrownEnvelopeType.InverseConical,
+				height: 1.6,
+				radius: 1.5,
+				base_height: 0.05,
+				prune_ratio: 0.05,
+				space_colonization_weight: 0.0,
+				pipe_model_weight: 0.2
+			});
+			config.branches = [
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 3,
+					radial_segments_max: 6,
+					radial_segments_min: 4,
+					length: 0.35,
+					radius_ratio: 0.18,
+					taper: 0.6,
+					curvature: 0.1,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				}),
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 5,
+					radial_segments_max: 4,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.15,
+					radius_ratio: 0.025,
+					taper: 0.92,
+					curvature: 0.48,
+					gravitropism: 0.38,
+					phototropism: 0.2,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				})
+			];
+			config.branch_rules = [
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 1,
+					count: 9,
+					attach_min: 0.1,
+					phyllotaxis_mode: PhyllotaxisMode.SpiralGolden,
+					insertion_angle: 0.95,
+					// fern fronds rise from the rhizome crown without deflecting it
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				})
+			];
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.RibbedFrond,
+				fold_angle: 0.28,
+				arch_height: 0.16,
+				camber_droop: 0.24,
+				frond_segments: 6,
+				gravitropism: 0.35,
+				phototropism: 0.55
+			});
+			config.foliage_rules = [
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					attach_min: 0.05
+				})
+			];
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				primary_color: [0.24, 0.50, 0.16],
+				secondary_color: [0.16, 0.36, 0.10],
+				// a pinnate frond, its pinnae in pairs along the rachis. The fern is no particular species: its sizes are
+				// chosen
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.38,
+					length_width_ratio: 2.8,
+					widest_at: 0.45,
+					apex_angle: 0.7,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Straight,
+					base_angle: 0.7,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Straight,
+					secondary_veins: 0,
+					petiole_length: 0.04,
+					leaflets: 11,
+					rachis_length: 0.53
+				}
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case TreePreset.Oak:
+		default: {
+			config.name = "oak";
+			// Quercus follows Rauh's model (Pfisterer 2000): orthotropic branches built like the trunk, so no plagiotropism
+			config.preset = TreePreset.Oak;
+			// Default trunk (0) -> primary boughs (1) -> secondary branches (2), plus a mature oak's base and bole.
+			// Oak is a moderate self-pruner.
+			config.branches[1].self_pruning = 0.7;
+			config.branches.push(
+				// 3: structural surface roots continuing the trunk's buttress lobes
+				make_surface_roots(2.4),
+				// 4: epicormic water sprouts on the bole and boughs
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 4,
+					radial_segments_max: 4,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 1.6,
+					length_variance: 0.3,
+					radius_ratio: 0.03,
+					taper: 0.9,
+					curvature: 0.25,
+					gravitropism: -0.12,
+					phototropism: 0.5,
+					gnarl_strength: 0.15,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.12,
+					tip_upcurl: 0.2,
+					collar_weld_rings: 1
+				}),
+				// 5: the peripheral twig system, grown year by year on the boughs, branches and sprouts (shoot_rules)
+				BranchGeneratorConfig.from({
+					segments: 1,
+					radial_segments_max: 4,
+					radial_segments_min: 3,
+					length: 0.1,
+					radius_ratio: 0.03,
+					taper: 0.6,
+					gravitropism: 0.1,
+					phototropism: 0.3,
+					internode_zigzag: 0.15,
+					collar_weld_rings: 0
+				})
+			);
+			// Oak's twigs and leaves from the shoot demography of mature oak crowns (Buck-Sorlin & Bell 2000, Forestry
+			// 73(1): 1-19; 1998, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 127: 371-391): ShootSystemRule's defaults, on every peripheral axis.
+			// No light response was found for oak: the vigour is chosen, the compensation light is Scots pine's (oak is as
+			// light-demanding), the saturation spruce's.
+			// no oak leader growth was found: 0.3 m a year is chosen
+			config.shoot_growth.applyOverrides({
+				leader_growth: 0.3,
+				vigour: 1.3,
+				compensation_light: 0.22,
+				saturation_light: 0.30
+			});
+			config.shoot_rules = [
+				ShootSystemRule.from({ source: 1, target: 5 }),
+				ShootSystemRule.from({ source: 2, target: 5 }),
+				ShootSystemRule.from({ source: 4, target: 5 })
+			];
+			config.branch_rules.push(
+				make_surface_roots_rule(3, config.branches[0].flare_lobes),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 0,
+					target: 4,
+					count: 5,
+					attach_min: 0.15,
+					attach_max: 0.6,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.5,
+					insertion_angle: 0.75,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.25,
+					insertion_angle_profile: AnimationCurve.constant(0, 1, 1),
+					parent_kink: 0.0,
+					crown_envelope: false
+				}),
+				BranchSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 1,
+					target: 4,
+					count: 2,
+					attach_min: 0.1,
+					attach_max: 0.5,
+					azimuth_jitter: 0.5,
+					insertion_angle: 0.6,
+					insertion_angle_variation: 0.25,
+					parent_kink: 0.0
+				})
+			);
+			config.foliage_rules = [
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 2
+				}),
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 4,
+				}),
+				FoliageSpawnRule.from({
+					source: 5
+				})
+			];
+			// a leaf in the axil of each bud, FoliageConfig's default leaves per unit (Buck-Sorlin & Bell 2000); a card a leaf
+			config.foliage.applyOverrides({
+				card_type: FoliageCardType.CutoutHull
+			});
+			config.foliage_material.applyOverrides({
+				// Quercus robur's leaf. Mean blade 10.6 and 12.0 cm long, 1.8 and 1.64 times as long as wide, 0.81-0.85 of its
+				// greatest width at mid-length and 0.47-0.50 at 90% of it, the petiole 7.4-8.0% of the blade [Boratynski et al.
+				// 2008, Silva Fennica 42: 115-124, Table 4]: the widest point, the apex and the base angles are fitted to those
+				// widths. Obovate, apex broadly rounded, sinuses 1/3-7/8 of the way to the midrib (the middle taken), entire
+				// [Flora of North America vol. 3]; 5-7 rounded lobes a side [Flora of China], up to 5 pairs [BSBI Plant Crib],
+				// one secondary vein to each; auricles at the base usually strong [BSBI]. The auricles' size and the veins'
+				// angle are estimates
+				leaf: {
+					blade_length: 0.113,
+					length_width_ratio: 1.72,
+					widest_at: 0.675,
+					apex_angle: 1.2,
+					apex_shape: LeafApexShape.Rounded,
+					base_angle: 0.8,
+					base_shape: LeafBaseShape.Lobate,
+					base_lobe_depth: 0.05,
+					lobation: LeafLobation.Pinnate,
+					lobes: 5,
+					sinus_depth: 0.6,
+					secondary_veins: 5,
+					secondary_angle: 0.95,
+					petiole_length: 0.077 * 0.113
+				},
+				juvenile_color_shift: 0.38,
+				juvenile_anthocyanin: 0.14,
+				carotenoid_density: 0.72,
+				anthocyanin_potential: 0.52,
+				tannin_oxidation: 0.68
+			});
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (overrides !== undefined && overrides !== null) {
+		config.applyOverrides(overrides);
+	}
+
+	return config;
+}