ruby2d 0.12.0 → 1.0.0

data/ext/ruby2d/ruby2d.c

@@ -1,1875 +1,493 @@
 // Native C extension for Ruby and MRuby
 
-#ifndef RUBY2D_IOS_TVOS
-#define RUBY2D_IOS_TVOS 0
-#endif
+#include "ruby2d.h"
 
-// Ruby 2D includes
-#if RUBY2D_IOS_TVOS
-#else
-  #include <ruby2d.h>
-#endif
 
-// Ruby includes
-#if MRUBY
-  #include <mruby.h>
-  #include <mruby/array.h>
-  #include <mruby/string.h>
-  #include <mruby/variable.h>
-  #include <mruby/numeric.h>
-  #include <mruby/data.h>
-  #include <mruby/irep.h>
-#else
-  #include <ruby.h>
-#endif
+// =============================================================================
+// Global Variables
+// =============================================================================
 
-// Define Ruby type conversions in MRuby
-#if MRUBY
-  // C to MRuby types
-  #define INT2FIX(val)   (mrb_fixnum_value(val))
-  #define INT2NUM(val)   (mrb_fixnum_value((mrb_int)(val)))
-  #define UINT2NUM(val)  (INT2NUM((unsigned mrb_int)(val)))
-  #define LL2NUM(val)    (INT2NUM(val))
-  #define ULL2NUM(val)   (INT2NUM((unsigned __int64)(val)))
-  #define DBL2NUM(val)   (mrb_float_value(mrb, (mrb_float)(val)))
-  // MRuby to C types
-  #define TO_PDT(val)    ((mrb_type(val) == MRB_TT_FLOAT) ? mrb_float(val) : mrb_int(mrb, (val)))
-  #define FIX2INT(val)   (mrb_fixnum(val))
-  #define NUM2INT(val)   ((mrb_int)TO_PDT(val))
-  #define NUM2UINT(val)  ((unsigned mrb_int)TO_PDT(val))
-  #define NUM2LONG(val)  (mrb_int(mrb, (val)))
-  #define NUM2LL(val)    ((__int64)(TO_PDT(val)))
-  #define NUM2ULL(val)   ((unsigned __int64)(TO_PDT(val)))
-  #define NUM2DBL(val)   (mrb_to_flo(mrb, (val)))
-  #define NUM2CHR(val)   ((mrb_string_p(val) && (RSTRING_LEN(val)>=1)) ? RSTRING_PTR(val)[0] : (char)(NUM2INT(val) & 0xff))
-  // Memory management
-  #define ALLOC(type)        ((type *)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(type)))
-  #define ALLOC_N(type, n)   ((type *)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(type) * (n)))
-  #define ALLOCA_N(type, n)  ((type *)alloca(sizeof(type) * (n)))
-  #define MEMCMP(p1, p2, type, n)  (memcmp((p1), (p2), sizeof(type)*(n)))
-#endif
+// Initialize shared data
+bool R2D_diagnostics = false;
 
-// Define common types and API calls, mapping to both Ruby and MRuby APIs
-#if MRUBY
-  // MRuby
-  #define R_VAL  mrb_value
-  #define R_NIL  (mrb_nil_value())
-  #define R_TRUE  (mrb_true_value())
-  #define R_FALSE  (mrb_false_value())
-  #define R_CLASS  struct RClass *
-  #define r_iv_get(self, var)  mrb_iv_get(mrb, self, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, var))
-  #define r_iv_set(self, var, val)  mrb_iv_set(mrb, self, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, var), val)
-  #define r_funcall(self, method, num_args, ...)  mrb_funcall(mrb, self, method, num_args, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-  #define r_str_new(str)  mrb_str_new(mrb, str, strlen(str))
-  #define r_test(val)  (mrb_test(val) == true)
-  #define r_ary_entry(ary, pos)  mrb_ary_entry(ary, pos)
-  #define r_ary_new()  mrb_ary_new(mrb)
-  #define r_ary_push(self, val)  mrb_ary_push(mrb, self, val)
-  #define r_data_wrap_struct(name, data)  mrb_obj_value(Data_Wrap_Struct(mrb, mrb->object_class, &name##_data_type, data))
-  #define r_data_get_struct(self, var, mrb_type, rb_type, data)  Data_Get_Struct(mrb, r_iv_get(self, var), mrb_type, data)
-  #define r_define_module(name)  mrb_define_module(mrb, name)
-  #define r_define_class(module, name)  mrb_define_class_under(mrb, module, name, mrb->object_class)
-  #define r_define_method(class, name, function, args)  mrb_define_method(mrb, class, name, function, args)
-  #define r_define_class_method(class, name, function, args)  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, class, name, function, args)
-  #define r_args_none  (MRB_ARGS_NONE())
-  #define r_args_req(n)  MRB_ARGS_REQ(n)
-  // Helpers
-  #define r_char_to_sym(str)  mrb_symbol_value(mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, str))
-#else
-  // Ruby
-  #define R_VAL  VALUE
-  #define R_NIL  Qnil
-  #define R_TRUE  Qtrue
-  #define R_FALSE  Qfalse
-  #define R_CLASS  R_VAL
-  #define r_iv_get(self, var)  rb_iv_get(self, var)
-  #define r_iv_set(self, var, val)  rb_iv_set(self, var, val)
-  #define r_funcall(self, method, num_args, ...)  rb_funcall(self, rb_intern(method), num_args, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-  #define r_str_new(str)  rb_str_new2(str)
-  #define r_test(val)  (val != Qfalse && val != Qnil)
-  #define r_ary_entry(ary, pos)  rb_ary_entry(ary, pos)
-  #define r_ary_new()  rb_ary_new()
-  #define r_ary_push(self, val)  rb_ary_push(self, val)
-  #define r_ary_len(self)  rb_ary_len(self)
-  #define r_data_wrap_struct(name, data)  Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cObject, NULL, (free_##name), data)
-  #define r_data_get_struct(self, var, mrb_type, rb_type, data)  Data_Get_Struct(r_iv_get(self, var), rb_type, data)
-  #define r_define_module(name)  rb_define_module(name)
-  #define r_define_class(module, name)  rb_define_class_under(module, name, rb_cObject)
-  #define r_define_method(class, name, function, args)  rb_define_method(class, name, function, args)
-  #define r_define_class_method(class, name, function, args)  rb_define_singleton_method(class, name, function, args)
-  #define r_args_none  0
-  #define r_args_req(n)  n
-  // Helpers
-  #define r_char_to_sym(str)  ID2SYM(rb_intern(str))
-#endif
+// Initialization status
+static bool initted = false;
 
-// Create the MRuby context
-#if MRUBY
+// MRuby context
+#ifdef MRUBY
   static mrb_state *mrb;
 #endif
 
-// Ruby 2D interpreter window
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window;
-
-// Ruby 2D native window
-static R2D_Window *ruby2d_c_window;
-
-
-// Method signatures and structures for Ruby 2D classes
-#if MRUBY
-  static void free_sound(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type sound_data_type = {
-    "sound", free_sound
-  };
-  static void free_music(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type music_data_type = {
-    "music", free_music
-  };
-static void free_font(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type font_data_type = {
-    "font", free_font
-  };
-static void free_surface(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type surface_data_type = {
-    "surface", free_surface
-  };
-static void free_sdl_texture(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type sdl_texture_data_type = {
-    "sdl_texture", free_sdl_texture
-  };
-static void free_renderer(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_);
-  static const struct mrb_data_type renderer_data_type = {
-    "renderer", free_renderer
-  };
-#else
-  static void free_sound(R2D_Sound *snd);
-  static void free_music(R2D_Music *mus);
-  static void free_font(TTF_Font *font);
-  static void free_surface(SDL_Surface *surface);
-  static void free_sdl_texture(SDL_Texture *surface);
-  static void free_renderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-#endif
-
-
-/*
- * Function pointer to free the Ruby 2D native window
- */
-static void free_window() {
-  R2D_FreeWindow(ruby2d_c_window);
-}
 
+// Pre-window display info — populated by R2D_Init, consumed by window_create
+static float r2d_init_content_scale = 1.0f;
+static float r2d_init_display_scale = 1.0f;
+static float r2d_init_refresh_rate = 60.0f;
+static int   r2d_init_display_width = 0;
+static int   r2d_init_display_height = 0;
+static int   r2d_init_display_pixel_width = 0;
+static int   r2d_init_display_pixel_height = 0;
 
-/*
- * Normalize controller axis values to 0.0...1.0
- */
-double normalize_controller_axis(int val) {
-  return val > 0 ? val / 32767.0 : val / 32768.0;
-}
+float R2D_GetInitDisplayScale(void)       { return r2d_init_display_scale; }
+float R2D_GetInitContentScale(void)       { return r2d_init_content_scale; }
+float R2D_GetInitRefreshRate(void)        { return r2d_init_refresh_rate; }
+int   R2D_GetInitDisplayWidth(void)       { return r2d_init_display_width; }
+int   R2D_GetInitDisplayHeight(void)      { return r2d_init_display_height; }
+int   R2D_GetInitDisplayPixelWidth(void)  { return r2d_init_display_pixel_width; }
+int   R2D_GetInitDisplayPixelHeight(void) { return r2d_init_display_pixel_height; }
 
+// Ruby 2D module
+R_CLASS ruby2d_module;
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D#self.ext_base_path
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_base_path(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_base_path(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  return r_str_new(SDL_GetBasePath());
-}
 
+// =============================================================================
+// Platform-Specific Code
+// =============================================================================
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Pixel#self.ext_draw
+ * Provide a `vasprintf()` implementation for Windows
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_pixel_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_pixel_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the pixel
-
-  R2D_DrawQuad(
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  0)),  // x1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  1)),  // y1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // color
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  2)),  // x2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  3)),  // y2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // color
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  4)),  // x3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  5)),  // y3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // color
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  6)),  // x4
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  7)),  // y4
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // color
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11))   // color
-  );
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Triangle#self.ext_draw
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_triangle_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_triangle_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the triangle
-
-  R2D_DrawTriangle(
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  0)),  // x1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  1)),  // y1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  2)),  // c1 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  3)),  // c1 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  4)),  // c1 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  5)),  // c1 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  6)),  // x2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  7)),  // y2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // c2 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // c2 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // c2 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // c2 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 12)),  // x3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 13)),  // y3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 14)),  // c3 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 15)),  // c3 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 16)),  // c3 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 17))  // c3 alpha
-  );
-
-  return R_NIL;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+  int r = -1, size = _vscprintf(fmt, ap);
+  if ((size >= 0) && (size < INT_MAX)) {
+    *strp = (char *)malloc(size + 1);
+    if (*strp) {
+      r = vsnprintf(*strp, size + 1, fmt, ap);
+      if (r == -1) { free(*strp); *strp = 0; }
+    }
+  } else { *strp = 0; }
+  return(r);
 }
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Quad#self.ext_draw
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_quad_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_quad_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
 #endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the quad
-
-  R2D_DrawQuad(
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  0)),  // x1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  1)),  // y1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  2)),  // c1 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  3)),  // c1 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  4)),  // c1 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  5)),  // c1 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  6)),  // x2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  7)),  // y2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // c2 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // c2 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // c2 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // c2 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 12)),  // x3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 13)),  // y3
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 14)),  // c3 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 15)),  // c3 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 16)),  // c3 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 17)),  // c3 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 18)),  // x4
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 19)),  // y4
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 20)),  // c4 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 21)),  // c4 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 22)),  // c4 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 23))   // c4 alpha
-  );
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
 
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Line#self.ext_draw
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_line_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_line_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the line
-
-  R2D_DrawLine(
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  0)),  // x1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  1)),  // y1
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  2)),  // x2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  3)),  // y2
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  4)),  // width
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  5)),  // c1 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  6)),  // c1 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  7)),  // c1 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  8)),  // c1 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a,  9)),  // c2 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 10)),  // c2 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 11)),  // c2 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 12)),  // c2 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 13)),  // c3 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 14)),  // c3 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 15)),  // c3 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 16)),  // c3 alpha
-
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 17)),  // c4 red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 18)),  // c4 green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 19)),  // c4 blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 20))   // c4 alpha
-  );
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
+// =============================================================================
+// Utility Functions
+// =============================================================================
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Circle#self.ext_draw
+ * Checks if a file exists and can be accessed
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_circle_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_circle_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the circle
-
-  R2D_DrawCircle(
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 0)),  // x
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 1)),  // y
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 2)),  // radius
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 3)),  // sectors
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 4)),  // red
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)),  // green
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)),  // blue
-    NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7))   // alpha
-  );
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Pixmap#ext_load_pixmap
- * Create an SDL surface from an image path, and ... 
- * TODO: store the surface, width, and height in the object
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_pixmap_ext_load_pixmap(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_pixmap_ext_load_pixmap(R_VAL self, R_VAL path) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Init();
+bool R2D_FileExists(const char *path) {
+  if (!path) return false;
 
-  SDL_Surface *surface = R2D_CreateImageSurface(RSTRING_PTR(path));
-  // initialize for later use
-  r_iv_set(self, "@ext_sdl_texture", R_NIL);
-
-  if (surface != NULL) {
-#if GLES
-    // OpenGL ES doesn't support BGR color order, so applying the
-    // conversion to the pixels. This will however render incorrect colours
-    // for BGR images when using Canvas. 
-    // TODO: A better solution one day?
-    R2D_ImageConvertToRGB(surface);
-#endif
-
-    r_iv_set(self, "@ext_pixel_data", r_data_wrap_struct(surface, surface));
-    r_iv_set(self, "@width", INT2NUM(surface->w));
-    r_iv_set(self, "@height", INT2NUM(surface->h));
-  }
-  else {
-    // TODO: consider raising an exception?
-    //       for docs: https://silverhammermba.github.io/emberb/c/#raise
-    r_iv_set(self, "@ext_pixel_data", R_NIL);
-    r_iv_set(self, "@width", INT2NUM(0));
-    r_iv_set(self, "@height", INT2NUM(0));
-  }
-  return R_NIL;
+  return access(path, F_OK) != -1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Text#ext_load_text
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_text_ext_load_text(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value font, message;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oo", &font, &message);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_text_ext_load_text(R_VAL self, R_VAL font, R_VAL message) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Init();
-
-  R_VAL result = r_ary_new();
-
-  TTF_Font *ttf_font;
-
-#if MRUBY
-  Data_Get_Struct(mrb, font, &font_data_type, ttf_font);
-#else
-  Data_Get_Struct(font, TTF_Font, ttf_font);
-#endif
-
-  SDL_Surface *surface = R2D_TextCreateSurface(ttf_font, RSTRING_PTR(message));
-  if (!surface) {
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  r_ary_push(result, r_data_wrap_struct(surface, surface));
-  r_ary_push(result, INT2NUM(surface->w));
-  r_ary_push(result, INT2NUM(surface->h));
-
-  return result;
-}
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_pixmap
+ * Logs standard messages to the console
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_pixmap(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value pixmap, src_rect, x, y, w, h;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oooooo", &pixmap, &src_rect, &x, &y, &w, &h);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_pixmap(R_VAL self, R_VAL pixmap, R_VAL src_rect, R_VAL x, R_VAL y, R_VAL w, R_VAL h) {
-#endif
-
-  if (r_test(pixmap)) {
-    // Retrieve pixmap's external pixel data (SDL_Surface)
-    SDL_Surface *pix_surface;
-    r_data_get_struct(pixmap, "@ext_pixel_data", &surface_data_type, SDL_Surface, pix_surface);
+void R2D_Log(int type, const char *msg, ...) {
 
-    SDL_Texture *pix_sdl_tex = NULL;
-    R_VAL pix_ext_sdl_tex = r_iv_get(pixmap, "@ext_sdl_texture");
-    if (r_test(pix_ext_sdl_tex)) {
-      r_data_get_struct(pixmap, "@ext_sdl_texture", &sdl_texture_data_type, SDL_Texture, pix_sdl_tex);
-    }
+  // Always log if diagnostics set, or if a warning or error message
+  if (R2D_diagnostics || type != R2D_INFO) {
 
-    SDL_Renderer *render;
-    r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, msg);
 
-    if (pix_sdl_tex == NULL) {
-      // create and cache an SDL_Texture for this Pixmap
-      pix_sdl_tex = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(render, pix_surface);
-      if (pix_sdl_tex != NULL) {
-        r_iv_set(pixmap, "@ext_sdl_texture", r_data_wrap_struct(sdl_texture, pix_sdl_tex));
-      }
-      else printf("*** Unable to create SDL_Texture: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
+    switch (type) {
+      case R2D_INFO:
+        fprintf(stderr, "\033[1;34m[INFO]\033[0m ");
+        break;
+      case R2D_WARN:
+        fprintf(stderr, "\033[1;33m[WARN]\033[0m ");
+        break;
+      case R2D_ERROR:
+        fprintf(stderr, "\033[1;31m[ERROR]\033[0m ");
+        break;
     }
 
-    // Draw if we have an SDL_Texture
-    if (pix_sdl_tex != NULL) {
-      SDL_bool src_set = SDL_FALSE;
-      SDL_Rect src;
-      if (r_test(src_rect)) {
-        src_set = SDL_TRUE;
-        // portion of pixmap
-        src = (SDL_Rect) {
-          .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(src_rect, 0)),
-          .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(src_rect, 1)),
-          .w = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(src_rect, 2)),
-          .h = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(src_rect, 3))
-        };
-      }
-      else {
-        // whole pixmap
-        src = (SDL_Rect){ .x = 0, .y = 0, .w = pix_surface->w, .h = pix_surface->h }; 
-      }
-      // use incoming size or source size or fallback to pixmap size
-      int pix_w = r_test(w) ? NUM2INT(w) : (src_set ? src.w : NUM2INT(r_iv_get(pixmap, "@width")));
-      int pix_h = r_test(h) ? NUM2INT(h) : (src_set ? src.h : NUM2INT(r_iv_get(pixmap, "@height")));
-      
-      SDL_Rect dst = { .x = NUM2INT(x), .y = NUM2INT(y), .w = pix_w, .h = pix_h };
-      SDL_RenderCopy (render, pix_sdl_tex, &src, &dst);
-    }
+    vfprintf(stderr, msg, args);
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    va_end(args);
   }
-  return R_NIL;
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Texture#ext_create
+ * Warn once per process if an SDL render call reported failure. The draw path
+ * calls these every frame, so a persistent GPU/driver fault would flood the
+ * console — this emits a single diagnostic instead of silently rendering
+ * nothing. `what` names the SDL function; the SDL error string is appended.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_create(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value rubySurface, width, height;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "ooo", &rubySurface, &width, &height);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_create(R_VAL self, R_VAL rubySurface, R_VAL width, R_VAL height) {
-#endif
-  GLuint texture_id = 0;
-  SDL_Surface *surface;
-
-  #if MRUBY
-    Data_Get_Struct(mrb, rubySurface, &surface_data_type, surface);
-  #else
-    Data_Get_Struct(rubySurface, SDL_Surface, surface);
-  #endif
-
-  // Detect image mode
-  GLint gl_internal_format, gl_format;
-  GLenum gl_type;  
-
-  switch (surface->format->BytesPerPixel) {
-    case 4:
-#if GLES
-      gl_internal_format = gl_format = GL_RGBA; 
-#else
-      gl_internal_format = GL_RGBA; 
-      gl_format = (surface->format->Rmask == 0xff0000) ? GL_BGRA : GL_RGBA;
-#endif
-      gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-      break;
-    case 3:
-#if GLES
-      gl_internal_format = gl_format = GL_RGB; 
-#else
-      gl_internal_format = GL_RGB; 
-      gl_format = (surface->format->Rmask == 0xff0000) ? GL_BGR : GL_RGB;
-#endif
-      gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-      break;
-    case 2:
-      gl_internal_format = gl_format = GL_RGB;
-      gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT_5_6_5;
-      break;
-    case 1:
-    default:
-      // this would be ideal for font glyphs which use luminance + alpha and colour
-      // is set when drawing
-      gl_internal_format = gl_format = GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA;
-      gl_type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-      break;
+void R2D_CheckSDL(bool ok, const char *what) {
+  static bool warned = false;
+  if (!ok && !warned) {
+    R2D_Log(R2D_WARN, "%s failed: %s", what, SDL_GetError());
+    warned = true;
   }
-  R2D_GL_CreateTexture(&texture_id, gl_internal_format, gl_format, gl_type,
-                       NUM2INT(width), NUM2INT(height),
-                       surface->pixels, GL_NEAREST);
-
-  return INT2NUM(texture_id);
 }
 
+
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Texture#ext_delete
+ * Logs Ruby 2D errors to the console, with caller and message body
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_delete(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value rubyTexture_id;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &rubyTexture_id);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_delete(R_VAL self, R_VAL rubyTexture_id) {
-#endif
-  GLuint texture_id = NUM2INT(rubyTexture_id);
+void R2D_Error(const char *caller, const char *msg, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, msg);
+  char *fmsg = NULL;
+  int len = vasprintf(&fmsg, msg, args);
+  va_end(args);
 
-  R2D_GL_FreeTexture(&texture_id);
-
-  return R_NIL;
+  // On failure vasprintf leaves fmsg undefined; fall back to the raw format
+  // string rather than log/free a garbage pointer while reporting an error.
+  if (len >= 0 && fmsg) {
+    R2D_Log(R2D_ERROR, "(%s) %s", caller, fmsg);
+    free(fmsg);
+  } else {
+    R2D_Log(R2D_ERROR, "(%s) %s", caller, msg);
+  }
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_create
+ * Enable/disable logging of diagnostics
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_create(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_create(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  SDL_Surface *surf = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(
-    0, NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)), NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)),
-    32, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ff00, 0x00ff0000, 0xff000000
-  );
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render = SDL_CreateSoftwareRenderer(surf);
-
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 2)) * 255, // r
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 3)) * 255, // g
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 4)) * 255, // b
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255  // a
-          );
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(render, SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE);
-  SDL_RenderClear(render);
-
-  SDL_SetSurfaceBlendMode(surf, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND);
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(render, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND);
-
-  r_iv_set(self, "@ext_pixel_data", r_data_wrap_struct(surface, surf));
-  r_iv_set(self, "@ext_renderer", r_data_wrap_struct(renderer, render));
-  return R_NIL;
+void R2D_Diagnostics(bool status) {
+  R2D_diagnostics = status;
+  R2D_Window *w = R2D_GetWindow();
+  if (w) w->diagnostics = status;
 }
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_clear
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_clear(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_clear(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the colour values
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 0)) * 255, // r
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 1)) * 255, // g
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 2)) * 255, // b
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 3)) * 255  // a
-          );
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(render, SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE);
-  SDL_RenderClear(render);
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(render, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND);
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_fill_rectangle
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_rectangle(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_rectangle(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the rectangle
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(render, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND);
-
-  SDL_Rect rect = { .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)),
-                    .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)),
-                    .w = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 2)),
-                    .h = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 3))
-                    };
-
-  SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 4)) * 255, // r
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255, // g
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255, // b
-          NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255  // a
-          );
-  SDL_RenderFillRect(render, &rect);
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_rectangle
+ * Enable/disable FPS display
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_rectangle(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_rectangle(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the rectangle
-  //   0, 1,   2,     3,       4,      5, 6, 7, 8
-  // [ x, y, width, height, thickness, r, g, b, a]
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  int thickness = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 4)); 
-  if (thickness == 1) {
-    SDL_Rect rect = { .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)),
-                      .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)),
-                      .w = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 2)),
-                      .h = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 3))
-                      };
-
-    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255, // r
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255, // g
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255, // b
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255  // a
-            );
-    SDL_RenderDrawRect(render, &rect);
-  }
-  else if (thickness > 1) {
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThickRect(render, 
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)), // x
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)), // y
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 2)), // width
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 3)), // height
-      thickness,
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255, // r
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255, // g
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255, // b
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255  // a
-    );
-  }
-  return R_NIL;
+void R2D_ShowFPS(bool status) {
+  if (R2D_GetWindow()) R2D_GetWindow()->show_fps = status;
 }
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_line
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_line(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_line(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the line
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  int thickness = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 4)); 
-  if (thickness == 1) {
-    // use the SDL_Renderer's draw line for single pixel lines
-    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255, // r
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255, // g
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255, // b
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255  // a
-            );
-    SDL_RenderDrawLine(render, 
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)), // x1
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)), // y1
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 2)), // x2
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 3))  // y2
-    );
-  }
-  else if (thickness > 1) {
-    // use a custom handler to convert a thick line into a 
-    // quad and draw using SDL_Renderer's geometry renderer
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThickLine(render, 
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 0)), // x1
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 1)), // y1
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 2)), // x2
-      NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a, 3)), // y2
-      thickness,
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255, // r
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255, // g
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255, // b
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255  // a
-    );
-  }
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
 
-#define MAX_POLY_POINTS 64
+// =============================================================================
+// Initialization and Cleanup
+// =============================================================================
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_polyline
+ * Initialize Ruby 2D subsystems
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polyline(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value config, coords;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oo", &config, &coords);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polyline(R_VAL self, R_VAL config, R_VAL coords) {
-#endif
-  // `config` is an array
-  //       0,        1, 2, 3, 4
-  //    [ thickness, r, g, b, a ]
-  //
-  // `coords` is an array of x, y values
-  //       0,  1,  2,  3, ...
-  //    [ x1, y1, x2, y2, ... ]
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  long coord_count = RARRAY_LEN(coords);
-  int thickness = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(config, 0)); 
-  if (thickness == 1) {
-    // use the SDL_Renderer's draw line for single pixel lines
-    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 1)) * 255, // r
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 2)) * 255, // g
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 3)) * 255, // b
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 4)) * 255  // a
-            );
-    int x1 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 0));
-    int y1 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 1));
-    for (int i = 2; i < coord_count; i+= 2) {
-      int x2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i));
-      int y2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i+1));
-      SDL_RenderDrawLine(render, x1, y1, x2, y2);
-      x1 = x2;
-      y1 = y2;
-    }
-  }
-  else if (thickness > 1) {
-    // use a custom handler to convert a thick line into a 
-    // quad and draw using SDL_Renderer's geometry renderer
-
-    SDL_FPoint points[MAX_POLY_POINTS];
-    int num_points = 0;
-
-    points[num_points++] = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-      .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 0)), 
-      .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 1))
-    };
-    for (int i = 2; i < coord_count && num_points < MAX_POLY_POINTS; i+= 2) {
-      points[num_points++] = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-        .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i)), 
-        .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i+1)) };
-    }
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThickPolyline(render,
-      points, num_points,
-      thickness,
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 1)) * 255, // r
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 2)) * 255, // g
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 3)) * 255, // b
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 4)) * 255, // a
-      false // don't skip first/last
-    );
-  }
+bool R2D_Init() {
+  if (initted) return true;
 
-  return R_NIL;
-}
+  R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "Initializing Ruby 2D");
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_polygon
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polygon(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value config, coords;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oo", &config, &coords);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polygon(R_VAL self, R_VAL config, R_VAL coords) {
-#endif
-  // `config` is an array
-  //       0,        1, 2, 3, 4
-  //    [ thickness, r, g, b, a ]
-  //
-  // `coords` is an array of x, y values
-  //       0,  1,  2,  3, ...
-  //    [ x1, y1, x2, y2, ... ]
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  long coord_count = RARRAY_LEN(coords);
-  int thickness = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(config, 0)); 
-  if (thickness == 1) {
-    // use the SDL_Renderer's draw line for single pixel lines
-    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(render,
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 1)) * 255, // r
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 2)) * 255, // g
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 3)) * 255, // b
-            NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 4)) * 255  // a
-            );
-    int x1 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 0));
-    int y1 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 1));
-    for (int i = 2; i < coord_count; i+= 2) {
-      int x2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i));
-      int y2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i+1));
-      SDL_RenderDrawLine(render, x1, y1, x2, y2);
-      x1 = x2;
-      y1 = y2;
-    }
-    // connect back to first point to close the shape
-    int x2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 0));
-    int y2 = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 1));
-    SDL_RenderDrawLine(render, x1, y1, x2, y2);
-  }
-  else if (thickness > 1) {
-    // use a custom handler to convert a thick line into a 
-    // quad and draw using SDL_Renderer's geometry renderer
-
-    SDL_FPoint points[MAX_POLY_POINTS+3];  // three extra slots to points 0, 1, 2
-    int num_points = 0;
-
-    points[num_points++] = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-      .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 0)), 
-      .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, 1))
-    };
-    for (int i = 2; i < coord_count && num_points < MAX_POLY_POINTS; i+= 2) {
-      points[num_points++] = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-        .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i)), 
-        .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i+1)) };
-    }
-    // repeat first three coordinates at the end
-    points[num_points++] = points[0];
-    points[num_points++] = points[1];
-    points[num_points++] = points[2];
-    // use polyline draw but ask it to skip first and last segments
-    // since we added three more points at the end, these produce the
-    // missing segments with proper joins
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThickPolyline(render,
-      points, num_points,
-      thickness,
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 1)) * 255, // r
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 2)) * 255, // g
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 3)) * 255, // b
-      NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(config, 4)) * 255, // a
-      true // skip first/last segments when drawing the polyline
-    );
+  // Initialize SDL (only needed subsystems)
+  if (!SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO | SDL_INIT_AUDIO | SDL_INIT_GAMEPAD)) {
+    R2D_Error("SDL_Init", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+    return false;
   }
 
-  return R_NIL;
-}
+  // Initialize SDL_ttf (SDL3 style: returns true on success)
+  if (!TTF_Init()) {
+    R2D_Error("TTF_Init", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+    return false;
+  }
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_fill_polygon
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_polygon(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value coords, rgbas;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oo", &coords, &rgbas);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_polygon(R_VAL self, R_VAL coords, R_VAL rgbas) {
-#endif
-  // `coords` is an array of x, y values
-  //       0,  1,  2,  3, ...
-  //    [ x1, y1, x2, y2, ... ]
-  //
-  // `rgbas` is an array of r, g, b, a values
-  //       0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7 ...
-  //    [ r1, g1, b1, a1, r2, g2, b2, a2, ... ]
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  long coord_len = RARRAY_LEN(coords);
-  long rgbas_len = RARRAY_LEN(rgbas);
-
-  if (coord_len >= 6 && rgbas_len > 0) {
-    SDL_FPoint points[MAX_POLY_POINTS];
-    int num_points = 0;
-
-    SDL_Color colors[MAX_POLY_POINTS];
-    int num_colors = 0;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < coord_len && num_points < MAX_POLY_POINTS; i+= 2) {
-      points[num_points++] = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-        .x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i)), 
-        .y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(coords, i+1)) };
+  // The audio mixer device is intentionally NOT opened here. Opening the default
+  // playback device fails on a headless/audio-blocked machine, and graphics must
+  // not depend on that. Audio entry points call R2D_InitAudio() lazily instead.
+
+  // Get display information (content scale, dimensions). Done early so Text and
+  // Image can use it before a window is created. The r2d_init_* statics keep
+  // their file-scope defaults until a display is found below.
+  int display_count = 0;
+  SDL_DisplayID *display_ids = SDL_GetDisplays(&display_count);
+  if (display_ids && display_count > 0) {
+    const SDL_DisplayMode *mode = SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode(display_ids[0]);
+    if (mode) {
+      r2d_init_content_scale = SDL_GetDisplayContentScale(display_ids[0]);
+      // SDL returns 0.0f if this query fails; clamp so it can't zero out
+      // display_scale or become a divide-by-zero in the resize handler.
+      if (r2d_init_content_scale <= 0.0f) r2d_init_content_scale = 1.0f;
+      r2d_init_display_scale = mode->pixel_density * r2d_init_content_scale;
+      r2d_init_refresh_rate = mode->refresh_rate;
+      r2d_init_display_width = mode->w;
+      r2d_init_display_height = mode->h;
+      r2d_init_display_pixel_width  = (int)(mode->w * mode->pixel_density);
+      r2d_init_display_pixel_height = (int)(mode->h * mode->pixel_density);
+
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "Display (%u of %d)", display_ids[0], display_count);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  width: %d", mode->w);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  height: %d", mode->h);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  pixel_width: %d", r2d_init_display_pixel_width);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  pixel_height: %d", r2d_init_display_pixel_height);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  pixel_density: %.2f", mode->pixel_density);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  content_scale: %.2f", r2d_init_content_scale);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  display_scale: %.2f", r2d_init_display_scale);
+      R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "  refresh_rate: %.2f", mode->refresh_rate);
     }
-    for (int i = 0; i < rgbas_len && num_colors < MAX_POLY_POINTS; i+= 4) {
-      colors[num_colors++] = (SDL_Color) { 
-        .r = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(rgbas, i)) * 255, // r
-        .g = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(rgbas, i+1)) * 255, // g
-        .b = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(rgbas, i+2)) * 255, // b
-        .a = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(rgbas, i+3)) * 255  // a
-      };
-    }
-
-    R2D_Canvas_FillPolygon(render, points, num_points, colors, num_colors);
+    SDL_free(display_ids);
   }
 
-  return R_NIL;
+  // All subsystems initted
+  initted = true;
+  return true;
 }
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#self.ext_fill_ellipse
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_ellipse(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_ellipse(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the filled circle
-  //   0  1     2        3        4     5  6  7  8
-  // [ x, y, xradius, yradius, sectors, r, g, b, a ]
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  SDL_Vertex verts[3];
-  // center
-  float x, y;
-  verts[0].position = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-    .x = x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  0)), 
-    .y = y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  1)) 
-  };
-  // dimensions
-  float xradius = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  2));
-  float yradius = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  3));
-  float sectors = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  4));
-  float unit_angle = 2 * M_PI / sectors;
-
-  // colour all vertices
-  verts[1].color = verts[2].color = verts[0].color = (SDL_Color) {
-      .r = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 5)) * 255,
-      .g = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255,
-      .b = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255,
-      .a = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255,
-  };
-
-  // point at 0 radians
-  verts[1].position = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-    .x = x + xradius * cosf(0), 
-    .y = y + yradius * sinf(0)
-  };
-  for (float i = 1; i <= sectors; i++) {
-    float angle = i * unit_angle;
-    // re-use from previous calculation
-    verts[2].position = verts[1].position;
-    // calculate new point
-    verts[1].position = (SDL_FPoint) { 
-      .x = x + xradius * cosf(angle), 
-      .y = y + yradius * sinf(angle)
-    };
-    SDL_RenderGeometry(render, NULL, verts, 3, NULL, 0);
-  }
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Canvas#self.ext_draw_ellipse
+ * Gets the primary display's dimensions
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_ellipse(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value a;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &a);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_ellipse(R_VAL self, R_VAL a) {
-#endif
-  // `a` is the array representing the ellipse to draw
-  //   0  1     2        3        4         5      6  7  8  9
-  // [ x, y, xradius, yradius, sectors, thickness, r, g, b, a ]
-
-  // thickness
-  int thickness = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  5));
-  if (thickness <= 0) return R_NIL;
-
-  SDL_Renderer *render;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@ext_renderer", &renderer_data_type, SDL_Renderer, render);
-
-  // center
-  float x = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  0));
-  float y = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  1)) ;
-  // dimensions
-  float xradius = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  2));
-  float yradius = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  3));
-  float sectors = NUM2INT(r_ary_entry(a,  4));
-  // colors
-  int clr_r = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 6)) * 255;
-  int clr_g = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 7)) * 255;
-  int clr_b = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 8)) * 255;
-  int clr_a = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(a, 9)) * 255;
-  
-  if (thickness > 1) {
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThickEllipse(render, 
-      x, y, xradius, yradius, sectors, thickness,
-      clr_r, clr_g, clr_b, clr_a);
+void R2D_GetDisplayDimensions(int *w, int *h) {
+  R2D_Init();
+  int display_count = 0;
+  SDL_DisplayID *display_ids = SDL_GetDisplays(&display_count);
+  if (!display_ids || display_count < 1) {
+    R2D_Error("SDL_GetDisplays", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+    *w = 0;
+    *h = 0;
+    return;
   }
-  else {
-    R2D_Canvas_DrawThinEllipse(render, 
-      x, y, xradius, yradius, sectors,
-      clr_r, clr_g, clr_b, clr_a);
+  const SDL_DisplayMode *mode = SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode(display_ids[0]);
+  if (!mode) {
+    R2D_Error("SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+    SDL_free(display_ids);
+    *w = 0;
+    *h = 0;
+    return;
   }
-
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Calculate the cross product of the two lines
- * connecting the three points clock-wise. A negative value
- * means the angle "to the right" is > 180. 
- */
-/* Unused
-static inline int cross_product_corner(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3) {
-  register int vec1_x = x1 - x2;
-  register int vec1_y = y1 - y2;
-  register int vec2_x = x2 - x3;
-  register int vec2_y = y2 - y3;
-
-  return (vec1_x * vec2_y) - (vec1_y * vec2_x);
-}
-*/
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_init
- * Initialize sound structure data
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_init(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_init(R_VAL self, R_VAL path) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd = R2D_CreateSound(RSTRING_PTR(path));
-  if (!snd) return R_FALSE;
-  r_iv_set(self, "@data", r_data_wrap_struct(sound, snd));
-  return R_TRUE;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_play
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_play(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_play(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &sound_data_type, R2D_Sound, snd);
-  R2D_PlaySound(snd, r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@loop")));
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_stop
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_stop(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_stop(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &sound_data_type, R2D_Sound, snd);
-  R2D_StopSound(snd);
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_length
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_length(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_length(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &sound_data_type, R2D_Sound, snd);
-  return INT2NUM(R2D_GetSoundLength(snd));
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Free sound structure attached to Ruby 2D `Sound` class
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_sound(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  R2D_Sound *snd = (R2D_Sound *)p_;
-#else
-static void free_sound(R2D_Sound *snd) {
-#endif
-  R2D_FreeSound(snd);
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_get_volume
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_get_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_get_volume(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &sound_data_type, R2D_Sound, snd);
-  return INT2NUM(ceil(Mix_VolumeChunk(snd->data, -1) * (100.0 / MIX_MAX_VOLUME)));
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_set_volume
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_set_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value volume;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &volume);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_set_volume(R_VAL self, R_VAL volume) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Sound *snd;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &sound_data_type, R2D_Sound, snd);
-  Mix_VolumeChunk(snd->data, (NUM2INT(volume) / 100.0) * MIX_MAX_VOLUME);
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Sound#ext_get_mix_volume
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_get_mix_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_get_mix_volume(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  return INT2NUM(ceil(Mix_Volume(-1, -1) * (100.0 / MIX_MAX_VOLUME)));
+  *w = mode->w;
+  *h = mode->h;
+  SDL_free(display_ids);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_set_mix_volume
+ * Add gamepad mappings from a file. Returns the number of mappings added,
+ * or -1 on error.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_set_mix_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value volume;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &volume);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_sound_ext_set_mix_volume(R_VAL self, R_VAL volume) {
-#endif
-  Mix_Volume(-1, (NUM2INT(volume) / 100.0) * MIX_MAX_VOLUME);
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_init
- * Initialize music structure data
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_init(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_init(R_VAL self, R_VAL path) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Music *mus = R2D_CreateMusic(RSTRING_PTR(path));
-  if (!mus) return R_FALSE;
-  r_iv_set(self, "@data", r_data_wrap_struct(music, mus));
-  return R_TRUE;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_play
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_play(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_play(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Music *mus;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &music_data_type, R2D_Music, mus);
-  R2D_PlayMusic(mus, r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@loop")));
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_pause
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_pause(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_pause(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_PauseMusic();
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_resume
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_resume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_resume(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_ResumeMusic();
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_stop
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_stop(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_stop(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_StopMusic();
-  return R_NIL;
+int R2D_AddGamepadMappingsFromFile(const char *path) {
+  if (!path) return -1;
+  int result = SDL_AddGamepadMappingsFromFile(path);
+  if (result < 0) {
+    R2D_Error("R2D_AddGamepadMappingsFromFile", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+  } else {
+    R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "Added %d gamepad mappings", result);
+  }
+  return result;
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_get_volume
+ * Add a single gamepad mapping from a string. Returns 1 if the mapping was
+ * added, 0 if it updated an existing one, or -1 on error.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_get_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_get_volume(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  return INT2NUM(R2D_GetMusicVolume());
+int R2D_AddGamepadMapping(const char *mapping) {
+  if (!mapping) return -1;
+  int result = SDL_AddGamepadMapping(mapping);
+  if (result < 0) {
+    R2D_Error("R2D_AddGamepadMapping", "%s", SDL_GetError());
+  }
+  return result;
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_set_volume
+ * Trigger whole-gamepad rumble.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_set_volume(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value volume;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &volume);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_set_volume(R_VAL self, R_VAL volume) {
-#endif
-  R2D_SetMusicVolume(NUM2INT(volume));
-  return R_NIL;
+bool R2D_RumbleGamepad(SDL_JoystickID id, double low, double high, double duration) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return false;
+  if (low  < 0.0) low  = 0.0; if (low  > 1.0) low  = 1.0;
+  if (high < 0.0) high = 0.0; if (high > 1.0) high = 1.0;
+  if (duration < 0.0) duration = 0.0;
+  Uint16 lo = (Uint16)(low  * 0xFFFF);
+  Uint16 hi = (Uint16)(high * 0xFFFF);
+  Uint32 ms = (Uint32)(duration * 1000.0);
+  return SDL_RumbleGamepad(pad, lo, hi, ms);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_fadeout
+ * Trigger trigger-only rumble.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_fadeout(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value ms;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &ms);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_fadeout(R_VAL self, R_VAL ms) {
-#endif
-  R2D_FadeOutMusic(NUM2INT(ms));
-  return R_NIL;
+bool R2D_RumbleGamepadTriggers(SDL_JoystickID id, double left, double right, double duration) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return false;
+  if (left  < 0.0) left  = 0.0; if (left  > 1.0) left  = 1.0;
+  if (right < 0.0) right = 0.0; if (right > 1.0) right = 1.0;
+  if (duration < 0.0) duration = 0.0;
+  Uint16 l = (Uint16)(left  * 0xFFFF);
+  Uint16 r = (Uint16)(right * 0xFFFF);
+  Uint32 ms = (Uint32)(duration * 1000.0);
+  return SDL_RumbleGamepadTriggers(pad, l, r, ms);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Music#ext_length
+ * Set the gamepad's LED color (PS4/PS5).
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_length(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_music_ext_length(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Music *ms;
-  r_data_get_struct(self, "@data", &music_data_type, R2D_Music, ms);
-  return INT2NUM(R2D_GetMusicLength(ms));
+bool R2D_SetGamepadLED(SDL_JoystickID id, int r, int g, int b) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return false;
+  if (r < 0) r = 0; if (r > 255) r = 255;
+  if (g < 0) g = 0; if (g > 255) g = 255;
+  if (b < 0) b = 0; if (b > 255) b = 255;
+  return SDL_SetGamepadLED(pad, (Uint8)r, (Uint8)g, (Uint8)b);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Font#ext_load
+ * Look up the gamepad's battery status. The high-level state and percent
+ * are returned separately so the Ruby side can map them into the
+ * documented :wired/:full/:medium/:low/:empty/nil vocabulary.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_font_ext_load(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path, size, style;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "ooo", &path, &size, &style);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_font_ext_load(R_VAL self, R_VAL path, R_VAL size, R_VAL style) {
-#endif
-  R2D_Init();
-
-  TTF_Font *font = R2D_FontCreateTTFFont(RSTRING_PTR(path), NUM2INT(size), RSTRING_PTR(style));
-  if (!font) {
-    return R_NIL;
+int R2D_GetGamepadBattery(SDL_JoystickID id, int *out_percent) {
+  if (out_percent) *out_percent = -1;
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return R2D_GAMEPAD_BATTERY_UNKNOWN;
+  int percent = -1;
+  SDL_PowerState ps = SDL_GetGamepadPowerInfo(pad, &percent);
+  if (out_percent) *out_percent = percent;
+  switch (ps) {
+    case SDL_POWERSTATE_NO_BATTERY:
+    case SDL_POWERSTATE_CHARGING:
+    case SDL_POWERSTATE_CHARGED:
+      return R2D_GAMEPAD_BATTERY_WIRED;
+    case SDL_POWERSTATE_ON_BATTERY:
+      return R2D_GAMEPAD_BATTERY_ON_BATTERY;
+    default:
+      return R2D_GAMEPAD_BATTERY_UNKNOWN;
   }
-
-  return r_data_wrap_struct(font, font);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Texture#ext_draw
+ * Capability checks for buttons / axes on a connected gamepad.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_draw(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value ruby_coordinates, ruby_texture_coordinates, ruby_color, texture_id;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oooo", &ruby_coordinates, &ruby_texture_coordinates, &ruby_color, &texture_id);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_texture_ext_draw(R_VAL self, R_VAL ruby_coordinates, R_VAL ruby_texture_coordinates, R_VAL ruby_color, R_VAL texture_id) {
-#endif
-  GLfloat coordinates[8];
-  GLfloat texture_coordinates[8];
-  GLfloat color[4];
-
-  for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { coordinates[i] = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(ruby_coordinates, i)); }
-  for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { texture_coordinates[i] = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(ruby_texture_coordinates, i)); }
-  for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { color[i] = NUM2DBL(r_ary_entry(ruby_color, i)); }
-  
-  R2D_GL_DrawTexture(coordinates, texture_coordinates, color, NUM2INT(texture_id));
-
-  return R_NIL;
+bool R2D_GamepadHasButton(SDL_JoystickID id, int button) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return false;
+  return SDL_GamepadHasButton(pad, (SDL_GamepadButton)button);
 }
 
 
-/*
- * Free font structure stored in the Ruby 2D `Font` class
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_font(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  TTF_Font *font = (TTF_Font *)p_;
-#else
-static void free_font(TTF_Font *font) {
-#endif
-  TTF_CloseFont(font);
+bool R2D_GamepadHasAxis(SDL_JoystickID id, int axis) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return false;
+  return SDL_GamepadHasAxis(pad, (SDL_GamepadAxis)axis);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * Free surface structure used within the Ruby 2D `Texture` class
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_surface(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  SDL_Surface *surface = (SDL_Surface *)p_;
-#else
-static void free_surface(SDL_Surface *surface) {
-#endif
-  SDL_FreeSurface(surface);
-}
-
-/*
- * Free SDL texture structure used within the Ruby 2D `Pixmap` class
+ * Returns a bitfield of feedback capabilities for the gamepad.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_sdl_texture(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  SDL_Texture *sdl_texure = (SDL_Texture *)p_;
-#else
-static void free_sdl_texture(SDL_Texture *sdl_texure) {
-#endif
-  SDL_DestroyTexture(sdl_texure);
+int R2D_GetGamepadCaps(SDL_JoystickID id) {
+  SDL_Gamepad *pad = SDL_GetGamepadFromID(id);
+  if (!pad) return 0;
+  SDL_PropertiesID props = SDL_GetGamepadProperties(pad);
+  if (!props) return 0;
+  int caps = 0;
+  if (SDL_GetBooleanProperty(props, SDL_PROP_GAMEPAD_CAP_RUMBLE_BOOLEAN, false))
+    caps |= R2D_GAMEPAD_CAP_RUMBLE;
+  if (SDL_GetBooleanProperty(props, SDL_PROP_GAMEPAD_CAP_TRIGGER_RUMBLE_BOOLEAN, false))
+    caps |= R2D_GAMEPAD_CAP_RUMBLE_TRIGGERS;
+  if (SDL_GetBooleanProperty(props, SDL_PROP_GAMEPAD_CAP_RGB_LED_BOOLEAN, false))
+    caps |= R2D_GAMEPAD_CAP_RGB_LED;
+  return caps;
 }
 
-/*
- * Free renderer structure used within the Ruby 2D `Canvas` class
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_renderer(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  SDL_Renderer *renderer = (SDL_Renderer *)p_;
-#else
-static void free_renderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer) {
-#endif
-  SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-}
 
+// =============================================================================
+// Module Methods
+// =============================================================================
 
 /*
- * Free music structure attached to Ruby 2D `Music` class
+ * Ruby2D.web?
+ * Whether this build targets the web. Emscripten defines `__EMSCRIPTEN__` for
+ * the WASM build and nothing else does, so the answer is settled at compile
+ * time: a native build reports false, as does the gem running under CRuby.
+ * Apps use it to size work to the target, which the web needs less of.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static void free_music(mrb_state *mrb, void *p_) {
-  R2D_Music *mus = (R2D_Music *)p_;
+static R_VAL ruby2d_web_p(RUBY2D_METHOD_ARGS_VARIADIC) {
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+  return R_TRUE;
 #else
-static void free_music(R2D_Music *mus) {
+  return R_FALSE;
 #endif
-  R2D_FreeMusic(mus);
 }
 
 
-/*
- * Ruby 2D native `on_key` input callback function
- */
-static void on_key(R2D_Event e) {
-
-  R_VAL type;
-
-  switch (e.type) {
-    case R2D_KEY_DOWN:
-      type = r_char_to_sym("down");
-      break;
-    case R2D_KEY_HELD:
-      type = r_char_to_sym("held");
-      break;
-    case R2D_KEY_UP:
-      type = r_char_to_sym("up");
-      break;
-  }
-
-  r_funcall(ruby2d_window, "key_callback", 2, type, r_str_new(e.key));
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby 2D native `on_mouse` input callback function
- */
-void on_mouse(R2D_Event e) {
-
-  R_VAL type = R_NIL; R_VAL button = R_NIL; R_VAL direction = R_NIL;
-
-  switch (e.type) {
-    case R2D_MOUSE_DOWN:
-      // type, button, x, y
-      type = r_char_to_sym("down");
-      break;
-    case R2D_MOUSE_UP:
-      // type, button, x, y
-      type = r_char_to_sym("up");
-      break;
-    case R2D_MOUSE_SCROLL:
-      // type, direction, delta_x, delta_y
-      type = r_char_to_sym("scroll");
-      direction = e.direction == R2D_MOUSE_SCROLL_NORMAL ?
-        r_char_to_sym("normal") : r_char_to_sym("inverted");
-      break;
-    case R2D_MOUSE_MOVE:
-      // type, x, y, delta_x, delta_y
-      type = r_char_to_sym("move");
-      break;
-  }
-
-  if (e.type == R2D_MOUSE_DOWN || e.type == R2D_MOUSE_UP) {
-    switch (e.button) {
-      case R2D_MOUSE_LEFT:
-        button = r_char_to_sym("left");
-        break;
-      case R2D_MOUSE_MIDDLE:
-        button = r_char_to_sym("middle");
-        break;
-      case R2D_MOUSE_RIGHT:
-        button = r_char_to_sym("right");
-        break;
-      case R2D_MOUSE_X1:
-        button = r_char_to_sym("x1");
-        break;
-      case R2D_MOUSE_X2:
-        button = r_char_to_sym("x2");
-        break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  r_funcall(
-    ruby2d_window, "mouse_callback", 7, type, button, direction,
-    INT2NUM(e.x), INT2NUM(e.y), INT2NUM(e.delta_x), INT2NUM(e.delta_y)
-  );
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby 2D native `on_controller` input callback function
- */
-static void on_controller(R2D_Event e) {
-
-  R_VAL type = R_NIL; R_VAL axis = R_NIL; R_VAL button = R_NIL;
-
-  switch (e.type) {
-    case R2D_AXIS:
-      type = r_char_to_sym("axis");
-      switch (e.axis) {
-        case R2D_AXIS_LEFTX:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("left_x");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_LEFTY:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("left_y");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_RIGHTX:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("right_x");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_RIGHTY:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("right_y");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_TRIGGERLEFT:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("trigger_left");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_TRIGGERRIGHT:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("trigger_right");
-          break;
-        case R2D_AXIS_INVALID:
-          axis = r_char_to_sym("invalid");
-          break;
-      }
-      break;
-    case R2D_BUTTON_DOWN: case R2D_BUTTON_UP:
-      type = e.type == R2D_BUTTON_DOWN ? r_char_to_sym("button_down") : r_char_to_sym("button_up");
-      switch (e.button) {
-        case R2D_BUTTON_A:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("a");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_B:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("b");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_X:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("x");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_Y:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("y");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_BACK:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("back");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_GUIDE:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("guide");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_START:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("start");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_LEFTSTICK:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("left_stick");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_RIGHTSTICK:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("right_stick");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_LEFTSHOULDER:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("left_shoulder");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_RIGHTSHOULDER:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("right_shoulder");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_DPAD_UP:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("up");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("down");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("left");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("right");
-          break;
-        case R2D_BUTTON_INVALID:
-          button = r_char_to_sym("invalid");
-          break;
-      }
-      break;
-  }
-
-  r_funcall(
-    ruby2d_window, "controller_callback", 5, INT2NUM(e.which),
-    type, axis, DBL2NUM(normalize_controller_axis(e.value)), button
-  );
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby 2D native `update` callback function
- */
-static void update() {
+// =============================================================================
+// Extension Initialization
+// =============================================================================
 
-  // Set the cursor
-  r_iv_set(ruby2d_window, "@mouse_x", INT2NUM(ruby2d_c_window->mouse.x));
-  r_iv_set(ruby2d_window, "@mouse_y", INT2NUM(ruby2d_c_window->mouse.y));
 
-  // Store frames
-  r_iv_set(ruby2d_window, "@frames", DBL2NUM(ruby2d_c_window->frames));
+#if defined(MRUBY) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
 
-  // Store frame rate
-  r_iv_set(ruby2d_window, "@fps", DBL2NUM(ruby2d_c_window->fps));
-
-  // Call update proc, `window.update`
-  r_funcall(ruby2d_window, "update_callback", 0);
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby 2D native `render` callback function
- */
-static void render() {
-
-  // Set background color
-  R_VAL bc = r_iv_get(ruby2d_window, "@background");
-  ruby2d_c_window->background.r = NUM2DBL(r_iv_get(bc, "@r"));
-  ruby2d_c_window->background.g = NUM2DBL(r_iv_get(bc, "@g"));
-  ruby2d_c_window->background.b = NUM2DBL(r_iv_get(bc, "@b"));
-  ruby2d_c_window->background.a = NUM2DBL(r_iv_get(bc, "@a"));
-
-  // Read window objects
-  R_VAL objects = r_iv_get(ruby2d_window, "@objects");
-  int num_objects = NUM2INT(r_funcall(objects, "length", 0));
-
-  // Switch on each object type
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_objects; ++i) {
-    R_VAL el = r_ary_entry(objects, i);
-    r_funcall(el, "render", 0);  // call the object's `render` function
-  }
-
-  // Call render proc, `window.render`
-  r_funcall(ruby2d_window, "render_callback", 0);
-}
-
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_diagnostics
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_diagnostics(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value enable;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &enable);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_diagnostics(R_VAL self, R_VAL enable) {
+#include <string.h>
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+  #include <mach-o/dyld.h>
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+  #include <windows.h>
+  #include <direct.h>
+  #define chdir _chdir
 #endif
-  // Set Ruby 2D native diagnostics
-  R2D_Diagnostics(r_test(enable));
-  return R_TRUE;
-}
-
 
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_get_display_dimensions
+ * Change the working directory to the one containing this executable, so
+ * relative resource paths (notably the bundled default font `ruby2d/fonts/…`)
+ * resolve no matter how the app was launched. A Finder-launched macOS .app
+ * starts with the working directory set to `/`, which would otherwise break
+ * the bundled-font lookup. Native builds only — the WASM build keeps its
+ * Emscripten-preloaded filesystem rooted at the working directory.
  */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_get_display_dimensions(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_get_display_dimensions(R_VAL self) {
-#endif
-  int w; int h;
-  R2D_GetDisplayDimensions(&w, &h);
-  r_iv_set(self, "@display_width" , INT2NUM(w));
-  r_iv_set(self, "@display_height", INT2NUM(h));
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
+static void R2D_ChdirToExeDir(void) {
+  char path[4096];
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_add_controller_mappings
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_add_controller_mappings(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+  uint32_t size = sizeof(path);
+  if (_NSGetExecutablePath(path, &size) != 0) return;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+  DWORD len = GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, path, sizeof(path));
+  if (len == 0 || len >= sizeof(path)) return;
 #else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_add_controller_mappings(R_VAL self, R_VAL path) {
+  ssize_t len = readlink("/proc/self/exe", path, sizeof(path) - 1);
+  if (len <= 0) return;
+  path[len] = '\0';
 #endif
-  R2D_Log(R2D_INFO, "Adding controller mappings from `%s`", RSTRING_PTR(path));
-  R2D_AddControllerMappingsFromFile(RSTRING_PTR(path));
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
 
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_show
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_show(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_show(R_VAL self) {
+  // Trim the trailing path component to get the containing directory
+  char *sep = strrchr(path, '/');
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+  char *backslash = strrchr(path, '\\');
+  if (backslash > sep) sep = backslash;
 #endif
-  ruby2d_window = self;
-
-  // Add controller mappings from file
-  r_funcall(self, "add_controller_mappings", 0);
-
-  // Get window attributes
-  char *title = RSTRING_PTR(r_iv_get(self, "@title"));
-  int width   = NUM2INT(r_iv_get(self, "@width"));
-  int height  = NUM2INT(r_iv_get(self, "@height"));
-  int fps_cap = NUM2INT(r_iv_get(self, "@fps_cap"));
-
-  // Get the window icon
-  char *icon = NULL;
-  R_VAL iv_icon = r_iv_get(self, "@icon");
-  if (r_test(iv_icon)) icon = RSTRING_PTR(iv_icon);
-
-  // Get window flags
-  int flags = 0;
-  if (r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@resizable"))) {
-    flags = flags | R2D_RESIZABLE;
-  }
-  if (r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@borderless"))) {
-    flags = flags | R2D_BORDERLESS;
-  }
-  if (r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@fullscreen"))) {
-    flags = flags | R2D_FULLSCREEN;
-  }
-  if (r_test(r_iv_get(self, "@highdpi"))) {
-    flags = flags | R2D_HIGHDPI;
-  }
-
-  // Check viewport size and set
-
-  R_VAL vp_w = r_iv_get(self, "@viewport_width");
-  int viewport_width = r_test(vp_w) ? NUM2INT(vp_w) : width;
-
-  R_VAL vp_h = r_iv_get(self, "@viewport_height");
-  int viewport_height = r_test(vp_h) ? NUM2INT(vp_h) : height;
+  if (!sep) return;
+  *sep = '\0';
 
-  // Create and show window
-
-  ruby2d_c_window = R2D_CreateWindow(
-    title, width, height, update, render, flags
-  );
-
-  ruby2d_c_window->viewport.width  = viewport_width;
-  ruby2d_c_window->viewport.height = viewport_height;
-  ruby2d_c_window->fps_cap         = fps_cap;
-  ruby2d_c_window->icon            = icon;
-  ruby2d_c_window->on_key          = on_key;
-  ruby2d_c_window->on_mouse        = on_mouse;
-  ruby2d_c_window->on_controller   = on_controller;
-
-  R2D_Show(ruby2d_c_window);
-
-  atexit(free_window);
-  return R_NIL;
+  if (chdir(path) != 0) R2D_Log(R2D_WARN, "Could not change directory to `%s`", path);
 }
 
-
-/*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_screenshot
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_screenshot(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-  mrb_value path;
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_ext_screenshot(R_VAL self, R_VAL path) {
 #endif
-  if (ruby2d_c_window) {
-    R2D_Screenshot(ruby2d_c_window, RSTRING_PTR(path));
-    return path;
-  } else {
-    return R_FALSE;
-  }
-}
 
 
+#ifdef MRUBY
 /*
- * Ruby2D::Window#ext_close
- */
-#if MRUBY
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_close(mrb_state* mrb, R_VAL self) {
-#else
-static R_VAL ruby2d_window_ext_close() {
-#endif
-  R2D_Close(ruby2d_c_window);
-  return R_NIL;
-}
-
-
-#if MRUBY
-/*
- * MRuby entry point
+ * MRuby entry point. This is the one sanctioned exception to the "never call
+ * `mrb_*` directly, use the `r_*` macros" rule (see AGENTS.md): it bootstraps,
+ * runs, and tears down the very interpreter the `r_*` layer runs inside, so the
+ * raw `mrb_open`/`mrb_load_irep`/`mrb_close` calls here have no abstraction to
+ * route through (CRuby has no equivalent — its VM calls `Init_ruby2d` instead).
+ *
+ * Raw calls only, though: never exchange a compile-time symbol id (`MRB_SYM`
+ * and friends, or vendored macros expanding to them) with `libmruby` here.
+ * Presym ids are assigned per build, so these vendored headers' numbering can
+ * be wrong for a cross-compiled target — intern at runtime with
+ * `mrb_intern_lit` instead. The `SystemExit` status read below is a live case.
  */
 int main() {
   // Open the MRuby environment
   mrb = mrb_open();
-  if (!mrb) { /* handle error */ }
+  if (!mrb) {
+    R2D_Error("mrb_open", "Could not initialize the mruby interpreter");
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
 
-  // Load the Ruby 2D library
-  mrb_load_irep(mrb, ruby2d_lib);
+#ifndef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+  R2D_ChdirToExeDir();
+#endif
 
 #else
 /*
@@ -1879,195 +497,61 @@ void Init_ruby2d() {
 #endif
 
   // Ruby2D
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_module = r_define_module("Ruby2D");
-
-  // Ruby2D#self.ext_base_path
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_module, "ext_base_path", ruby2d_ext_base_path, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Pixel
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_pixel_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Pixel");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Pixel#self.ext_draw
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_pixel_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_pixel_ext_draw, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Triangle
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_triangle_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Triangle");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Triangle#self.ext_draw
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_triangle_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_triangle_ext_draw, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Quad
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_quad_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Quad");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Quad#self.ext_draw
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_quad_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_quad_ext_draw, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Line
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_line_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Line");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Line#self.ext_draw
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_line_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_line_ext_draw, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Circle
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_circle_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Circle");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Circle#self.ext_draw
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_circle_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_circle_ext_draw, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Pixmap
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_pixmap_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Pixmap");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Pixmap#ext_load_pixmap
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_pixmap_class, "ext_load_pixmap", ruby2d_pixmap_ext_load_pixmap, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Text
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_text_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Text");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Text#ext_load_text
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_text_class, "ext_load_text", ruby2d_text_ext_load_text, r_args_req(2));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Sound
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_sound_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Sound");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_init
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_init", ruby2d_sound_ext_init, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_play
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_play", ruby2d_sound_ext_play, r_args_none);
-  
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_stop
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_stop", ruby2d_sound_ext_stop, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_get_volume
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_get_volume", ruby2d_sound_ext_get_volume, r_args_none);
-  
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_set_volume
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_set_volume", ruby2d_sound_ext_set_volume, r_args_req(1));
-  
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#self.ext_get_mix_volume
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_get_mix_volume", ruby2d_sound_ext_get_mix_volume, r_args_none);
-  
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#self.ext_set_mix_volume
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_set_mix_volume", ruby2d_sound_ext_set_mix_volume, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Sound#ext_length
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_sound_class, "ext_length", ruby2d_sound_ext_length, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Music
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_music_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Music");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_init
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_init", ruby2d_music_ext_init, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_play
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_play", ruby2d_music_ext_play, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_pause
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_pause", ruby2d_music_ext_pause, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_resume
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_resume", ruby2d_music_ext_resume, r_args_none);
+  ruby2d_module = r_define_module("Ruby2D");
+  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_module, "web?", ruby2d_web_p, r_args_variadic);
 
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_stop
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_stop", ruby2d_music_ext_stop, r_args_none);
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Ext bindings (must come before any module that uses them)
+  R2D_Ext_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Music#self.ext_get_volume
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_get_volume", ruby2d_music_ext_get_volume, r_args_none);
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Image native parts
+  R2D_Image_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Music#self.ext_set_volume
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_set_volume", ruby2d_music_ext_set_volume, r_args_req(1));
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Text native parts
+  R2D_Text_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_fadeout
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_fadeout", ruby2d_music_ext_fadeout, r_args_req(1));
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::BitmapText native parts
+  R2D_BitmapText_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Music#ext_length
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_music_class, "ext_length", ruby2d_music_ext_length, r_args_none);
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Canvas native parts
+  R2D_Canvas_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Font
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_font_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Font");
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Audio native parts
+  R2D_Audio_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Font#ext_load
-  r_define_class_method(ruby2d_font_class, "ext_load", ruby2d_font_ext_load, r_args_req(3));
+  // Initialize Ruby2D::Window native parts
+  R2D_Window_Init();
 
-  // Ruby2D::Texture
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_texture_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Texture");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Texture#ext_draw
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_texture_class, "ext_draw", ruby2d_texture_ext_draw, r_args_req(4));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Texture#ext_create
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_texture_class, "ext_create", ruby2d_texture_ext_create, r_args_req(3));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Texture#ext_delete
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_texture_class, "ext_delete", ruby2d_texture_ext_delete, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_canvas_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Canvas");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_create
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_create", ruby2d_canvas_ext_create, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_clear
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_clear", ruby2d_canvas_ext_clear, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_fill_rectangle
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_fill_rectangle", ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_rectangle, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_rectangle
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_rectangle", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_rectangle, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_line
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_line", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_line, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_polyline
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_polyline", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polyline, r_args_req(2));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_polygon
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_polygon", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_polygon, r_args_req(2));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_fill_polygon
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_fill_polygon", ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_polygon, r_args_req(2));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_fill_ellipse
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_fill_ellipse", ruby2d_canvas_ext_fill_ellipse, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_ellipse
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_ellipse", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_ellipse, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Canvas#ext_draw_pixmap
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_canvas_class, "ext_draw_pixmap", ruby2d_canvas_ext_draw_pixmap, r_args_req(6));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window
-  R_CLASS ruby2d_window_class = r_define_class(ruby2d_module, "Window");
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_diagnostics
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_diagnostics", ruby2d_ext_diagnostics, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_get_display_dimensions
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_get_display_dimensions", ruby2d_window_ext_get_display_dimensions, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_add_controller_mappings
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_add_controller_mappings", ruby2d_window_ext_add_controller_mappings, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_show
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_show", ruby2d_window_ext_show, r_args_none);
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_screenshot
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_screenshot", ruby2d_ext_screenshot, r_args_req(1));
-
-  // Ruby2D::Window#ext_close
-  r_define_method(ruby2d_window_class, "ext_close", ruby2d_window_ext_close, r_args_none);
+#ifdef MRUBY
+  // Load the Ruby 2D library
+  mrb_load_irep(mrb, ruby2d_lib);
+  if (mrb->exc) { mrb_print_error(mrb); mrb->exc = 0; }
 
-#if MRUBY
-  // Load the Ruby 2D app
+  // Load the Ruby 2D app. A clean run returns success; a `Kernel#exit`
+  // terminates with its own status; any other uncaught exception prints a
+  // backtrace and returns failure — so a crashing app reports non-zero to the
+  // shell/CI, matching CRuby and mruby's own `mruby` binary.
+  int exit_code = EXIT_SUCCESS;
   mrb_load_irep(mrb, ruby2d_app);
-
-  // If an exception, print error
-  if (mrb->exc) mrb_print_error(mrb);
+  if (mrb->exc) {
+    struct RException *e = (struct RException *)mrb->exc;
+    // `Kernel#exit` raises SystemExit with the exit flag set. Honor its status
+    // and terminate quietly, rather than printing a backtrace for what is an
+    // ordinary, deliberate exit. Read the status by interning "status" in the
+    // live interpreter instead of MRB_EXC_EXIT_STATUS's MRB_SYM(status): that
+    // presym id, baked into these vendored headers, matches the native libmruby
+    // but not the cross-compiled wasm one, where it reads back as nil and
+    // aborts. Default to success.
+    if (MRB_EXC_EXIT_P(e)) {
+      mrb_value status = mrb_iv_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(e), mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "status"));
+      exit(mrb_integer_p(status) ? (int)mrb_integer(status) : EXIT_SUCCESS);
+    }
+    mrb_print_error(mrb);
+    exit_code = EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
 
   // Close the MRuby environment
   mrb_close(mrb);
 
-  return 0;
+  return exit_code;
 #endif
 }