passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/crystals/tensor_product.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1177 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.graphs sage.modules
+"""
+Tensor products of crystals
+
+Main entry points:
+
+- :class:`~sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.TensorProductOfCrystals`
+- :class:`~sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.CrystalOfTableaux`
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Anne Schilling, Nicolas Thiery (2007): initial version
+- Ben Salisbury, Travis Scrimshaw (2013): refactored tensor products to handle
+  non-regular crystals and created new subclass to take advantage of
+  the regularity
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2020): added queer crystal
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 Anne Schilling <anne at math.ucdavis.edu>
+#                          Nicolas Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#                     2020 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#                          Ben Salisbury <salis1bt at cmich.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#****************************************************************************
+
+import operator
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.structure.global_options import GlobalOptions
+from sage.categories.category import Category
+from sage.categories.cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+from sage.categories.classical_crystals import ClassicalCrystals
+from sage.categories.regular_crystals import RegularCrystals
+from sage.categories.sets_cat import Sets
+from sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type import CartanType, SuperCartanType_standard
+from sage.combinat.partition import _Partitions
+from .letters import CrystalOfLetters
+from .spins import CrystalOfSpins, CrystalOfSpinsMinus, CrystalOfSpinsPlus
+from sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product_element import (TensorProductOfCrystalsElement,
+        TensorProductOfRegularCrystalsElement, CrystalOfTableauxElement,
+        TensorProductOfSuperCrystalsElement, TensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystalsElement)
+from sage.misc.flatten import flatten
+from sage.structure.element import get_coercion_model
+from sage.rings.semirings.non_negative_integer_semiring import NN
+from sage.arith.misc import integer_trunc as trunc
+
+
+##############################################################################
+# Support classes
+##############################################################################
+
+class CrystalOfWords(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    """
+    Auxiliary class to provide a call method to create tensor product elements.
+    This class is shared with several tensor product classes and is also used
+    in :class:`~sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.CrystalOfTableaux`
+    to allow tableaux of different tensor product structures in
+    column-reading (and hence different shapes) to be considered elements
+    in the same crystal.
+    """
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, *crystalElements):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: T(1,1)
+            [1, 1]
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Full tensor product of the crystals [The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2], The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2]]
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)]])
+            sage: T(C(2), C(1), C(1))
+            [2, 1, 1]
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, list(crystalElements))
+
+    class Element(TensorProductOfCrystalsElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class TensorProductOfCrystals(CrystalOfWords):
+    r"""
+    Tensor product of crystals.
+
+    Given two crystals `B` and `B'` of the same Cartan type,
+    one can form the tensor product `B \otimes B^{\prime}`. As a set
+    `B \otimes B^{\prime}` is the Cartesian product
+    `B \times B^{\prime}`. The crystal operators `f_i` and
+    `e_i` act on `b \otimes b^{\prime} \in B \otimes B^{\prime}` as
+    follows:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        f_i(b \otimes b^{\prime}) = \begin{cases}
+        f_i(b) \otimes b^{\prime} & \text{if } \varepsilon_i(b) \geq
+        \varphi_i(b^{\prime}) \\
+        b \otimes f_i(b^{\prime}) & \text{otherwise}
+        \end{cases}
+
+    and
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        e_i(b \otimes b') = \begin{cases}
+        e_i(b) \otimes b' & \text{if } \varepsilon_i(b) >
+        \varphi_i(b') \\ b \otimes e_i(b') & \text{otherwise.}
+        \end{cases}
+
+    We also define:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        \varphi_i(b \otimes b') & = \max\left( \varphi_i(b),
+        \varphi_i(b') + \langle \alpha_i^{\vee}, \mathrm{wt}(b) \rangle
+        \right),
+        \\ \varepsilon_i(b \otimes b') & = \max\left( \varepsilon_i(b'),
+        \varepsilon_i(b) - \langle \alpha_i^{\vee}, \mathrm{wt}(b') \rangle
+        \right).
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This is the opposite of Kashiwara's convention for tensor
+        products of crystals.
+
+    Since tensor products are associative `(\mathcal{B} \otimes \mathcal{C})
+    \otimes \mathcal{D} \cong \mathcal{B} \otimes (\mathcal{C} \otimes
+    \mathcal{D})` via the natural isomorphism `(b \otimes c) \otimes d \mapsto
+    b \otimes (c \otimes d)`, we can generalizing this to arbitrary tensor
+    products. Thus consider `B_N \otimes \cdots \otimes B_1`, where each
+    `B_k` is an abstract crystal. The underlying set of the tensor product is
+    `B_N \times \cdots \times B_1`, while the crystal structure is given
+    as follows. Let `I` be the index set, and fix some `i \in I` and `b_N
+    \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1 \in B_N \otimes \cdots \otimes B_1`. Define
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        a_i(k) := \varepsilon_i(b_k) - \sum_{j=1}^{k-1} \langle
+        \alpha_i^{\vee}, \mathrm{wt}(b_j) \rangle.
+
+    Then
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        \mathrm{wt}(b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1) &=
+        \mathrm{wt}(b_N) + \cdots + \mathrm{wt}(b_1),
+        \\ \varepsilon_i(b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1) &= \max_{1 \leq k
+        \leq n}\left( \sum_{j=1}^k \varepsilon_i(b_j) - \sum_{j=1}^{k-1}
+        \varphi_i(b_j) \right)
+        \\ & = \max_{1 \leq k \leq N}\bigl( a_i(k) \bigr),
+        \\ \varphi_i(b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1) &= \max_{1 \leq k \leq N}
+        \left( \varphi_i(b_N) + \sum_{j=k}^{N-1} \big( \varphi_i(b_j) -
+        \varepsilon_i(b_{j+1}) \big) \right)
+        \\ & = \max_{1 \leq k \leq N}\bigl( \lambda_i + a_i(k) \bigr)
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    where `\lambda_i = \langle \alpha_i^{\vee}, \mathrm{wt}(b_N \otimes \cdots
+    \otimes b_1) \rangle`. Then for `k = 1, \ldots, N` the action of the
+    Kashiwara operators is determined as follows.
+
+    - If `a_i(k) > a_i(j)` for `1 \leq j < k` and `a_i(k) \geq a_i(j)`
+      for `k < j \leq N`:
+
+      .. MATH::
+
+          e_i(b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1) = b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes
+          e_i b_k \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1.
+
+    - If `a_i(k) \geq a_i(j)` for `1 \leq j < k` and `a_i(k) > a_i(j)`
+      for `k < j \leq N`:
+
+      .. MATH::
+
+          f_i(b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1) = b_N \otimes \cdots \otimes
+          f_i b_k \otimes \cdots \otimes b_1.
+
+    Note that this is just recursively applying the definition of the tensor
+    product on two crystals. Recall that `\langle \alpha_i^{\vee},
+    \mathrm{wt}(b_j) \rangle = \varphi_i(b_j) - \varepsilon_i(b_j)` by the
+    definition of a crystal.
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Regular crystals
+
+    Now if all crystals `B_k` are regular crystals, all `\varepsilon_i` and
+    `\varphi_i` are nonnegative and we can
+    define tensor product by the *signature rule*. We start by writing a word
+    in `+` and `-` as follows:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \underbrace{- \cdots -}_{\varphi_i(b_N) \text{ times}} \quad
+        \underbrace{+ \cdots +}_{\varepsilon_i(b_N) \text{ times}}
+        \quad \cdots \quad
+        \underbrace{- \cdots -}_{\varphi_i(b_1) \text{ times}} \quad
+        \underbrace{+ \cdots +}_{\varepsilon_i(b_1) \text{ times}},
+
+    and then canceling ordered pairs of `+-` until the word is in the reduced
+    form:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \underbrace{- \cdots -}_{\varphi_i \text{ times}} \quad
+        \underbrace{+ \cdots +}_{\varepsilon_i \text{ times}}.
+
+    Here `e_i` acts on the factor corresponding to the leftmost `+` and `f_i`
+    on the factor corresponding to the rightmost `-`. If there is no `+` or
+    `-` respectively, then the result is `0` (``None``).
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We construct the type `A_2`-crystal generated by `2 \otimes 1 \otimes 1`::
+
+        sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)]])
+
+    It has `8` elements::
+
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[2, 1, 1], [2, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3], [3, 1, 3],
+         [3, 2, 3], [3, 1, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 2]]
+
+    One can also check the Cartan type of the crystal::
+
+        sage: T.cartan_type()
+        ['A', 2]
+
+    Other examples include crystals of tableaux (which internally are
+    represented as tensor products obtained by reading the tableaux
+    columnwise)::
+
+        sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,1,0])
+        sage: D = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape=[1,0,0])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,D, generators=[[C(rows=[[1], [2]]), D(rows=[[1]])], [C(rows=[[2], [3]]), D(rows=[[1]])]])
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        24
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+        sage: T.module_generators
+        ([[[1], [2]], [[1]]], [[[2], [3]], [[1]]])
+        sage: [x.weight() for x in T.module_generators]
+        [(2, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1, 0)]
+
+    If no module generators are specified, we obtain the full tensor
+    product::
+
+        sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 1], [2, 2], [2, 3], [3, 1], [3, 2], [3, 3]]
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        9
+
+    For a tensor product of crystals without module generators, the
+    default implementation of ``module_generators`` contains all elements
+    in the tensor product of the crystals. If there is a subset of
+    elements in the tensor product that still generates the crystal,
+    this needs to be implemented for the specific crystal separately::
+
+        sage: T.module_generators.list()
+        [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 1], [2, 2], [2, 3], [3, 1], [3, 2], [3, 3]]
+
+    For classical highest weight crystals, it is also possible to list
+    all highest weight elements::
+
+        sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)],[C(1),C(2),C(1)]])
+        sage: T.highest_weight_vectors()
+        ([2, 1, 1], [1, 2, 1])
+
+    Examples with non-regular and infinite crystals (these did not work
+    before :issue:`14402`)::
+
+        sage: B = crystals.infinity.Tableaux(['D',10])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(B,B)
+        sage: T
+        Full tensor product of the crystals
+        [The infinity crystal of tableaux of type ['D', 10],
+         The infinity crystal of tableaux of type ['D', 10]]
+
+        sage: B = crystals.infinity.GeneralizedYoungWalls(15)
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(B,B,B)
+        sage: T
+        Full tensor product of the crystals
+        [Crystal of generalized Young walls of type ['A', 15, 1],
+         Crystal of generalized Young walls of type ['A', 15, 1],
+         Crystal of generalized Young walls of type ['A', 15, 1]]
+
+        sage: La = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True).fundamental_weights()
+        sage: B = crystals.GeneralizedYoungWalls(2,La[0]+La[1])
+        sage: C = crystals.GeneralizedYoungWalls(2,2*La[2])
+        sage: D = crystals.GeneralizedYoungWalls(2,3*La[0]+La[2])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(B,C,D)
+        sage: T
+        Full tensor product of the crystals
+        [Highest weight crystal of generalized Young walls of Cartan type ['A', 2, 1] and highest weight Lambda[0] + Lambda[1],
+         Highest weight crystal of generalized Young walls of Cartan type ['A', 2, 1] and highest weight 2*Lambda[2],
+         Highest weight crystal of generalized Young walls of Cartan type ['A', 2, 1] and highest weight 3*Lambda[0] + Lambda[2]]
+
+    There is also a global option for setting the convention (by default Sage
+    uses anti-Kashiwara)::
+
+        sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+        sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+        sage: elt = T(C(1), C(2)); elt
+        [1, 2]
+        sage: crystals.TensorProduct.options.convention = "Kashiwara"
+        sage: elt
+        [2, 1]
+        sage: crystals.TensorProduct.options._reset()
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, *crystals, **options):
+        """
+        Create the correct parent object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C, C)
+            sage: T2 = crystals.TensorProduct(C, C, cartan_type=['A',2])
+            sage: T is T2
+            True
+            sage: T.category()
+            Category of tensor products of classical crystals
+
+            sage: T3 = crystals.TensorProduct(C, C, C)
+            sage: T3p = crystals.TensorProduct(T, C)
+            sage: T3 is T3p
+            True
+            sage: B1 = crystals.TensorProduct(T, C)
+            sage: B2 = crystals.TensorProduct(C, T)
+            sage: B3 = crystals.TensorProduct(C, C, C)
+            sage: B1 is B2 and B2 is B3
+            True
+
+            sage: B = crystals.infinity.Tableaux(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(B, B)
+            sage: T.category()
+            Category of infinite tensor products of highest weight crystals
+
+        Check that we get a tensor product of super crystals when given
+        a super Cartan type (:issue:`33518`)::
+
+            sage: L = crystals.Letters(['A',[1,2]])
+            sage: type(crystals.TensorProduct(L, L))
+            <class 'sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.FullTensorProductOfSuperCrystals_with_category'>
+
+            sage: L = crystals.Letters(['Q',2])
+            sage: type(crystals.TensorProduct(L, L))
+            <class 'sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.FullTensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystals_with_category'>
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that mismatched Cartan types raise an error::
+
+            sage: A2 = crystals.Letters(['A', 2])
+            sage: A3 = crystals.Letters(['A', 3])
+            sage: crystals.TensorProduct(A2, A3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: all crystals must be of the same Cartan type
+        """
+        crystals = tuple(crystals)
+        if "cartan_type" in options:
+            cartan_type = CartanType(options.pop("cartan_type"))
+        else:
+            if not crystals:
+                raise ValueError("you need to specify the Cartan type if the tensor product list is empty")
+            else:
+                cartan_type = crystals[0].cartan_type()
+
+        if any(c.cartan_type() != cartan_type for c in crystals):
+            raise ValueError("all crystals must be of the same Cartan type")
+
+        if cartan_type.type() == 'Q':
+            return FullTensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystals(crystals, **options)
+        if isinstance(cartan_type, SuperCartanType_standard):
+            return FullTensorProductOfSuperCrystals(crystals, **options)
+
+        if "generators" in options:
+            generators = tuple(tuple(x) if isinstance(x, list) else x for x in options["generators"])
+
+            if all(c in RegularCrystals() for c in crystals):
+                return TensorProductOfRegularCrystalsWithGenerators(crystals, generators, cartan_type)
+            return TensorProductOfCrystalsWithGenerators(crystals, generators, cartan_type)
+
+        # Flatten out tensor products
+        tp = sum([B.crystals if isinstance(B, FullTensorProductOfCrystals) else (B,)
+                  for B in crystals], ())
+
+        if all(c in RegularCrystals() for c in crystals):
+            return FullTensorProductOfRegularCrystals(tp, cartan_type=cartan_type)
+        return FullTensorProductOfCrystals(tp, cartan_type=cartan_type)
+
+    # add options to class
+    class options(GlobalOptions):
+        r"""
+        Set the global options for tensor products of crystals. The default is to
+        use the anti-Kashiwara convention.
+
+        There are two conventions for how `e_i` and `f_i` act on tensor products,
+        and the difference between the two is the order of the tensor factors
+        are reversed. This affects both the input and output. See the example
+        below.
+
+        @OPTIONS@
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Changing the ``convention`` also changes how the input is handled.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            Internally, the crystals are always stored using the anti-Kashiwara
+            convention.
+
+        If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the
+        options dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: elt = T(C(1), C(2)); elt
+            [1, 2]
+            sage: crystals.TensorProduct.options.convention = "Kashiwara"
+            sage: elt
+            [2, 1]
+            sage: T(C(1), C(2)) == elt
+            False
+            sage: T(C(2), C(1)) == elt
+            True
+            sage: crystals.TensorProduct.options._reset()
+        """
+        NAME = 'TensorProductOfCrystals'
+        module = 'sage.combinat.crystals'
+        convention = dict(default='antiKashiwara',
+                        description='Sets the convention used for displaying/inputting tensor product of crystals',
+                        values=dict(antiKashiwara='use the anti-Kashiwara convention',
+                                    Kashiwara='use the Kashiwara convention'),
+                            alias=dict(anti='antiKashiwara', opposite='antiKashiwara'),
+                            case_sensitive=False)
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, *crystalElements):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: T(1,1)
+            [1, 1]
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Full tensor product of the crystals [The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2], The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2]]
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)]])
+            sage: T(C(2), C(1), C(1))
+            [2, 1, 1]
+        """
+        if self.options.convention == "Kashiwara":
+            crystalElements = reversed(crystalElements)
+        return self.element_class(self, list(crystalElements))
+
+
+class TensorProductOfCrystalsWithGenerators(TensorProductOfCrystals):
+    """
+    Tensor product of crystals with a generating set.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Deprecate this class in favor of using
+        :meth:`~sage.categories.crystals.Crystals.ParentMethods.subcrystal`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, crystals, generators, cartan_type):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1),C(1)]])
+            sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+        """
+        assert isinstance(crystals, tuple)
+        assert isinstance(generators, tuple)
+        category = Category.meet([crystal.category() for crystal in crystals])
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=category)
+        self.crystals = crystals
+        self._cartan_type = cartan_type
+        self.module_generators = tuple([self(*x) for x in generators])
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: crystals.TensorProduct(C,C,generators=[[C(2),C(1)]])
+            The tensor product of the crystals [The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2], The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2]]
+        """
+        if self.options.convention == "Kashiwara":
+            st = repr(list(reversed(self.crystals)))
+        else:
+            st = repr(list(self.crystals))
+        return "The tensor product of the crystals {}".format(st)
+
+
+class FullTensorProductOfCrystals(TensorProductOfCrystals):
+    """
+    Full tensor product of crystals.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Merge this into :class:`TensorProductOfCrystals`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, crystals, **options):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product import FullTensorProductOfCrystals
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: isinstance(T, FullTensorProductOfCrystals)
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+        """
+        category = Category.meet([crystal.category() for crystal in crystals])
+        category = category.TensorProducts()
+        if any(c in Sets().Infinite() for c in crystals):
+            category = category.Infinite()
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=category)
+        self.crystals = crystals
+        if 'cartan_type' in options:
+            self._cartan_type = CartanType(options['cartan_type'])
+        else:
+            if not crystals:
+                raise ValueError("you need to specify the Cartan type if the tensor product list is empty")
+            else:
+                self._cartan_type = crystals[0].cartan_type()
+        self.cartesian_product = cartesian_product(self.crystals)
+        self.module_generators = self
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            Full tensor product of the crystals [The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2], The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2]]
+        """
+        if self.options.convention == "Kashiwara":
+            st = repr(list(reversed(self.crystals)))
+        else:
+            st = repr(list(self.crystals))
+        return "Full tensor product of the crystals {}".format(st)
+
+    # TODO: __iter__ and cardinality should be inherited from EnumeratedSets().CartesianProducts()
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: list(T)
+            [[1, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 1], [2, 2], [2, 3], [3, 1], [3, 2], [3, 3]]
+            sage: _[0].parent()
+            Full tensor product of the crystals [The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2], The crystal of letters for type ['A', 2]]
+        """
+        for x in self.cartesian_product:
+            yield self(*x)
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        Return the cardinality of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: C = crystals.Letters(['A',2])
+            sage: T = crystals.TensorProduct(C,C)
+            sage: T.cardinality()
+            9
+        """
+        return self.cartesian_product.cardinality()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def weight_lattice_realization(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the weight lattice realization used to express weights.
+
+        The weight lattice realization is the common parent which all
+        weight lattice realizations of the crystals of ``self`` coerce
+        into.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = crystals.elementary.B(['A',4], 2)
+            sage: B.weight_lattice_realization()
+            Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+            sage: T = crystals.infinity.Tableaux(['A',4])
+            sage: T.weight_lattice_realization()
+            Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+            sage: TP = crystals.TensorProduct(B, T)
+            sage: TP.weight_lattice_realization()
+            Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+        """
+        cm = get_coercion_model()
+        return cm.common_parent(*[crystal.weight_lattice_realization()
+                                  for crystal in self.crystals])
+
+
+class FullTensorProductOfRegularCrystals(FullTensorProductOfCrystals):
+    """
+    Full tensor product of regular crystals.
+    """
+    class Element(TensorProductOfRegularCrystalsElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class TensorProductOfRegularCrystalsWithGenerators(TensorProductOfCrystalsWithGenerators):
+    """
+    Tensor product of regular crystals with a generating set.
+    """
+    class Element(TensorProductOfRegularCrystalsElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class FullTensorProductOfSuperCrystals(FullTensorProductOfCrystals):
+    r"""
+    Tensor product of super crystals.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = crystals.Letters(['A', [1,1]])
+        sage: T = tensor([L,L,L])
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        64
+    """
+    class Element(TensorProductOfSuperCrystalsElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class QueerSuperCrystalsMixin:
+    """
+    Mixin class with methods for a finite queer supercrystal.
+    """
+    @cached_method
+    def index_set(self):
+        """
+        Return the enlarged index set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = crystals.Letters(['Q',3])
+            sage: T = tensor([Q,Q])
+            sage: T.index_set()
+            (-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2)
+        """
+        n = self.cartan_type().n
+        return tuple(range(-2*n, 0)) + tuple(range(1, n+1))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _long_element(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the long element in `S_n`.
+
+        This method is used in the construction of the crystal operators
+        `e_i` and `f_i`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = crystals.Letters(['Q', 4])
+            sage: T = tensor([Q,Q,Q,Q])
+            sage: T._long_element()
+            (3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3)
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.permutation import Permutations
+        n = self.cartan_type().n
+        return tuple(Permutations(n+1).long_element().reduced_word())
+
+
+class FullTensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystals(FullTensorProductOfCrystals, QueerSuperCrystalsMixin):
+    r"""
+    Tensor product of queer super crystals.
+    """
+    class Element(TensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystalsElement):
+        pass
+
+
+#########################################################
+## Crystal of tableaux
+
+class CrystalOfTableaux(CrystalOfWords):
+    r"""
+    A class for crystals of tableaux with integer valued shapes.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cartan_type`` -- a Cartan type
+    - ``shape`` -- a partition of length at most ``cartan_type.rank()``
+    - ``shapes`` -- list of such partitions
+
+    This constructs a classical crystal with the given Cartan type and
+    highest weight(s) corresponding to the given shape(s).
+
+    If the type is `D_r`, the shape is permitted to have a negative
+    value in the `r`-th position. Thus if the shape equals `[s_1,\ldots,s_r]`,
+    then `s_r` may be negative but in any case `s_1 \geq \cdots \geq s_{r-1}
+    \geq |s_r|`. This crystal is related to that of shape
+    `[s_1,\ldots,|s_r|]` by the outer automorphism of `SO(2r)`.
+
+    If the type is `D_r` or `B_r`, the shape is permitted to be of
+    length `r` with all parts of half integer value. This corresponds
+    to having one spin column at the beginning of the tableau. If
+    several shapes are provided, they currently should all or none
+    have this property.
+
+    Crystals of tableaux are constructed using an embedding into
+    tensor products following Kashiwara and Nakashima [KN1994]_. Sage's tensor
+    product rule for crystals differs from that of Kashiwara and Nakashima
+    by reversing the order of the tensor factors. Sage produces the same
+    crystals of tableaux as Kashiwara and Nakashima. With Sage's convention,
+    the tensor product of crystals is the same as the monoid operation on
+    tableaux and hence the plactic monoid.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :mod:`sage.combinat.crystals.crystals` for general help on
+        crystals, and in particular plotting and `\LaTeX` output.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We create the crystal of tableaux for type `A_2`, with
+    highest weight given by the partition `[2,1,1]`::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,1,1])
+
+    Here is the list of its elements::
+
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[[1, 1], [2], [3]], [[1, 2], [2], [3]], [[1, 3], [2], [3]],
+         [[1, 4], [2], [3]], [[1, 4], [2], [4]], [[1, 4], [3], [4]],
+         [[2, 4], [3], [4]], [[1, 1], [2], [4]], [[1, 2], [2], [4]],
+         [[1, 3], [2], [4]], [[1, 3], [3], [4]], [[2, 3], [3], [4]],
+         [[1, 1], [3], [4]], [[1, 2], [3], [4]], [[2, 2], [3], [4]]]
+
+    Internally, a tableau of a given Cartan type is represented as a
+    tensor product of letters of the same type. The order in which the
+    tensor factors appear is by reading the columns of the tableaux
+    left to right, top to bottom (in French notation). As an example::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape = [3,2])
+        sage: T.module_generators[0]
+        [[1, 1, 1], [2, 2]]
+        sage: list(T.module_generators[0])
+        [2, 1, 2, 1, 1]
+
+    To create a tableau, one can use::
+
+        sage: Tab = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,2])
+        sage: Tab(rows=[[1,2],[3,4]])
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+        sage: Tab(columns=[[3,1],[4,2]])
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        FIXME:
+
+        - Do we want to specify the columns increasingly or
+          decreasingly? That is, should this be
+          ``Tab(columns = [[1,3],[2,4]])``?
+        - Make this fully consistent with
+          :func:`~sage.combinat.tableau.Tableau`!
+
+    We illustrate the use of a shape with a negative last entry in
+    type `D`::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4],shape=[1,1,1,-1])
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        35
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+
+    We illustrate the construction of crystals of spin tableaux when
+    the partitions have half integer values in type `B` and `D`::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3],shape=[3/2,1/2,1/2]); T
+        The crystal of tableaux of type ['B', 3] and shape(s) [[3/2, 1/2, 1/2]]
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        48
+        sage: T.module_generators
+        ([+++, [[1]]],)
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['D',3],shape=[3/2,1/2,-1/2]); T
+        The crystal of tableaux of type ['D', 3] and shape(s) [[3/2, 1/2, -1/2]]
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        20
+        sage: T.module_generators
+        ([++-, [[1]]],)
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+
+    We can also construct the tableaux for `\mathfrak{gl}(m|n)` as
+    given by [BKK2000]_::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A', [1,2]], shape=[4,2,1,1,1])
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        1392
+
+    We can also construct the tableaux for `\mathfrak{q}(n)` as
+    given by [GJK+2014]_::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['Q', 3], shape=[3,1])
+        sage: T.cardinality()
+        24
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Base cases::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape = [])
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[]]
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['C',2], shape = [1])
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[[1]], [[2]], [[-2]], [[-1]]]
+        sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shapes = [[],[1],[2]])
+        sage: T.list()
+        [[], [[1]], [[2]], [[3]], [[1, 1]], [[1, 2]], [[2, 2]], [[1, 3]], [[2, 3]], [[3, 3]]]
+        sage: T.module_generators
+        ([], [[1]], [[1, 1]])
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['B',2], shape=[3])
+        sage: T(rows=[[1,1,0]])
+        [[1, 1, 0]]
+
+    Input tests::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,2])
+        sage: C = T.letters
+        sage: list(Tab(rows    = [[1,2],[3,4]])) == [C(3),C(1),C(4),C(2)]
+        True
+        sage: list(Tab(columns = [[3,1],[4,2]])) == [C(3),C(1),C(4),C(2)]
+        True
+
+    For compatibility with
+    :func:`~sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.TensorProductOfCrystals` we
+    need to accept as input the internal list or sequence of elements::
+
+        sage: list(Tab(list    = [3,1,4,2]))     == [C(3),C(1),C(4),C(2)]
+        True
+        sage: list(Tab(3,1,4,2))                 == [C(3),C(1),C(4),C(2)]
+        True
+
+    The next example checks whether a given tableau is in fact a valid
+    type `C` tableau or not::
+
+        sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['C',3], shape = [2,2,2])
+        sage: Tab = T(rows=[[1,3],[2,-3],[3,-1]])
+        sage: Tab in T.list()
+        True
+        sage: Tab = T(rows=[[2,3],[3,-3],[-3,-2]])
+        sage: Tab in T.list()
+        False
+
+    Check that entries are weakly decreasing also in the spin case::
+
+        sage: crystals.Tableaux(['D',4], shape=[-1/2,1/2,1/2,-1/2])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: entries of each shape must be weakly decreasing
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, cartan_type, shapes=None, shape=None):
+        """
+        Normalize the input arguments to ensure unique representation,
+        and to delegate the construction of spin tableaux.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T1 = crystals.Tableaux(CartanType(['A',3]), shape  = [2,2])
+            sage: T2 = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3],             shape  = (2,2))
+            sage: T3 = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3],             shapes = ([2,2],))
+            sage: T2 is T1, T3 is T1
+            (True, True)
+
+            sage: T1 = crystals.Tableaux(['A', [1,1]], shape=[3,1,1,1])
+            sage: T1
+            Crystal of BKK tableaux of shape [3, 1, 1, 1] of gl(2|2)
+            sage: T2 = crystals.Tableaux(['A', [1,1]], [3,1,1,1])
+            sage: T1 is T2
+            True
+        """
+        cartan_type = CartanType(cartan_type)
+        if cartan_type.letter == 'A' and isinstance(cartan_type, SuperCartanType_standard):
+            if shape is None:
+                shape = shapes
+            shape = _Partitions(shape)
+            from sage.combinat.crystals.bkk_crystals import CrystalOfBKKTableaux
+            return CrystalOfBKKTableaux(cartan_type, shape=shape)
+        if cartan_type.letter == 'Q':
+            if any(shape[i] == shape[i+1] for i in range(len(shape)-1)):
+                raise ValueError("not a strict partition")
+            shape = _Partitions(shape)
+            return CrystalOfQueerTableaux(cartan_type, shape=shape)
+        n = cartan_type.rank()
+        # standardize shape/shapes input into a tuple of tuples
+        # of length n, or n+1 in type A
+        assert operator.xor(shape is not None, shapes is not None)
+        if shape is not None:
+            shapes = (shape,)
+        if cartan_type.type() == "A":
+            n1 = n + 1
+        else:
+            n1 = n
+        if not all(i == 0 for shape in shapes for i in shape[n1:]):
+            raise ValueError("shapes should all have length at most equal to the rank or the rank + 1 in type A")
+        spin_shapes = tuple((tuple(shape) + (0,)*(n1-len(shape)))[:n1] for shape in shapes)
+        try:
+            shapes = tuple(tuple(trunc(i) for i in shape) for shape in spin_shapes)
+        except Exception:
+            raise ValueError("shapes should all be partitions or half-integer partitions")
+        if spin_shapes == shapes:
+            shapes = tuple(_Partitions(shape) if shape[n1-1] in NN else shape for shape in shapes)
+            return super().__classcall__(cls, cartan_type, shapes)
+
+        # Handle the construction of a crystals of spin tableaux
+        # Caveat: this currently only supports all shapes being half
+        # integer partitions of length the rank for type B and D. In
+        # particular, for type D, the spins all have to be plus or all
+        # minus spins
+        if any(len(sh) != n for sh in shapes):
+            raise ValueError("the length of all half-integer partition shapes should be the rank")
+        if any(2*i % 2 != 1 for shape in spin_shapes for i in shape):
+            raise ValueError("shapes should be either all partitions or all half-integer partitions")
+        if any(any(i < j for i, j in zip(shape, shape[1:-1] + (abs(shape[-1]),))) for shape in spin_shapes):
+            raise ValueError("entries of each shape must be weakly decreasing")
+        if cartan_type.type() == 'D':
+            if all(i >= 0 for shape in spin_shapes for i in shape):
+                S = CrystalOfSpinsPlus(cartan_type)
+            elif all(shape[-1] < 0 for shape in spin_shapes):
+                S = CrystalOfSpinsMinus(cartan_type)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("in type D spins should all be positive or negative")
+        else:
+            if any(i < 0 for shape in spin_shapes for i in shape):
+                raise ValueError("shapes should all be partitions")
+            S = CrystalOfSpins(cartan_type)
+        B = CrystalOfTableaux(cartan_type, shapes=shapes)
+        T = TensorProductOfCrystals(S, B, generators=[[S.module_generators[0],x] for x in B.module_generators])
+        T.rename("The crystal of tableaux of type %s and shape(s) %s" % (cartan_type, list(list(shape) for shape in spin_shapes)))
+        T.shapes = spin_shapes
+        return T
+
+    def __init__(self, cartan_type, shapes):
+        """
+        Construct the crystal of all tableaux of the given shapes.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cartan_type`` -- (data coercible into) a Cartan type
+        - ``shapes`` -- list (or iterable) of shapes
+        - ``shape`` -- a shape
+
+        Shapes themselves are lists (or iterable) of integers.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,2])
+            sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+        """
+#        super().__init__(category = FiniteEnumeratedSets())
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=ClassicalCrystals())
+        self.letters = CrystalOfLetters(cartan_type)
+        self.shapes = shapes
+        self.module_generators = tuple(self.module_generator(la) for la in shapes)
+        self.rename("The crystal of tableaux of type %s and shape(s) %s"
+                    % (cartan_type, list(list(shape) for shape in shapes)))
+
+    def cartan_type(self):
+        """
+        Return the Cartan type of the associated crystal.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,2])
+            sage: T.cartan_type()
+            ['A', 3]
+        """
+        return self.letters.cartan_type()
+
+    def module_generator(self, shape):
+        """
+        This yields the module generator (or highest weight element) of a classical
+        crystal of given shape. The module generator is the unique tableau with equal
+        shape and content.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['D',3], shape = [1,1])
+            sage: T.module_generator([1,1])
+            [[1], [2]]
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4],shape=[2,2,2,-2])
+            sage: T.module_generator(tuple([2,2,2,-2]))
+            [[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3], [-4, -4]]
+            sage: T.cardinality()
+            294
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['D',4],shape=[2,2,2,2])
+            sage: T.module_generator(tuple([2,2,2,2]))
+            [[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3], [4, 4]]
+            sage: T.cardinality()
+            294
+        """
+        type = self.cartan_type()
+        if type[0] == 'D' and len(shape) == type[1] and shape[type[1]-1] < 0:
+            invert = True
+            shape = shape[:-1] + (-shape[type[1]-1],)
+        else:
+            invert = False
+        p = _Partitions(shape).conjugate()
+        # The column canonical tableau, read by columns
+        module_generator = flatten([[val-i for i in range(val)] for val in p])
+        if invert:
+            module_generator = [(-x if x == type[1] else x) for x in module_generator]
+        return self(list=[self.letters(x) for x in module_generator])
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Return a
+        :class:`~sage.combinat.crystals.tensor_product.CrystalOfTableauxElement`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['A',3], shape = [2,2])
+            sage: T(rows=[[1,2],[3,4]])
+            [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+            sage: T(columns=[[3,1],[4,2]])
+            [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, *args, **options)
+
+    class Element(CrystalOfTableauxElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class CrystalOfQueerTableaux(CrystalOfWords, QueerSuperCrystalsMixin):
+    """
+    A queer crystal of the semistandard decomposition tableaux of a given shape.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cartan_type`` -- a Cartan type
+    - ``shape`` -- a shape
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cartan_type, shape):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[4,2])
+            sage: TestSuite(T).run()
+            sage: T = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',4], shape=[4,1])
+            sage: TestSuite(T).run()  # long time
+        """
+        from sage.categories.regular_supercrystals import RegularSuperCrystals
+        from sage.categories.finite_enumerated_sets import FiniteEnumeratedSets
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=(RegularSuperCrystals(), FiniteEnumeratedSets()))
+        self.shape = shape
+        self._cartan_type = cartan_type
+        self.letters = CrystalOfLetters(cartan_type)
+        n = cartan_type.rank() + 1
+        data = sum(([self.letters(n-i)] * row_len for i,row_len in enumerate(shape)), [])
+        mg = self.element_class(self, list=data)
+        self.module_generators = (mg,)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[4,2])
+            The crystal of tableaux of type ['Q', 3] and shape [4, 2]
+        """
+        return "The crystal of tableaux of type {} and shape {}".format(self._cartan_type, self.shape)
+
+    class Element(TensorProductOfQueerSuperCrystalsElement):
+        def _repr_(self):
+            """
+            Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[3,2,1])
+                sage: B.an_element()
+                [[3, 3, 3], [2, 2], [1]]
+            """
+            return repr([list(reversed(row)) for row in self.rows()])
+
+        def _ascii_art_(self):
+            r"""
+            Return an ASCII art representation of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[3,2,1])
+                sage: t = B.an_element()
+                sage: t._ascii_art_()
+                  3  3  3
+                     2  2
+                        1
+            """
+            from sage.typeset.ascii_art import AsciiArt
+            ret = [" "*(3*i) + "".join("%3s" % str(x) for x in reversed(row))
+                   for i, row in enumerate(self.rows())]
+            return AsciiArt(ret)
+
+        def _latex_(self):
+            r"""
+            Return latex code for ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[3,2,1])
+                sage: t = B.an_element()
+                sage: latex(t)
+                {\def\lr#1{\multicolumn{1}{|@{\hspace{.6ex}}c@{\hspace{.6ex}}|}{\raisebox{-.3ex}{$#1$}}}
+                \raisebox{-.6ex}{$\begin{array}[b]{*{3}c}\cline{1-3}
+                \lr{3}&\lr{3}&\lr{3}\\\cline{1-3}
+                &\lr{2}&\lr{2}\\\cline{2-3}
+                &&\lr{1}\\\cline{3-3}
+                \end{array}$}
+                }
+            """
+            from sage.combinat.output import tex_from_array
+            return tex_from_array([[None]*i + list(reversed(row))
+                                  for i, row in enumerate(self.rows())])
+
+        def rows(self):
+            """
+            Return the list of rows of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.Tableaux(['Q',3], shape=[3,2,1])
+                sage: t = B.an_element()
+                sage: t.rows()
+                [[3, 3, 3], [2, 2], [1]]
+            """
+            ret = []
+            pos = 0
+            for l in self.parent().shape:
+                ret.append(self[pos:pos+l])
+                pos += l
+            return ret