passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/partition_algebra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1998 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+r"""
+Partition/diagram algebras
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.arith.misc import binomial, factorial, integer_ceil as ceil
+from sage.categories.algebras_with_basis import AlgebrasWithBasis
+from sage.combinat.combinat import catalan_number
+from sage.combinat.free_module import CombinatorialFreeModule
+from sage.combinat.permutation import Permutations
+from sage.combinat.set_partition import SetPartition, SetPartitions, SetPartitions_set
+from sage.combinat.subset import Subsets
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.sets.set import Set, Set_generic
+
+lazy_import('sage.graphs.graph', 'Graph')
+
+
+def _int_or_half_int(k):
+    r"""
+    Check if ``k`` is an integer or half integer.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    If ``k`` is not in `1/2 \ZZ`, then this raises a :exc:`ValueError`.
+    Otherwise, we return the pair:
+
+    - boolean; ``True`` if ``k`` is an integer and ``False`` if a half integer
+    - integer; the floor of ``k``
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import _int_or_half_int
+        sage: _int_or_half_int(2)
+        (True, 2)
+        sage: _int_or_half_int(3/2)
+        (False, 1)
+        sage: _int_or_half_int(1.5)
+        (False, 1)
+        sage: _int_or_half_int(2.)
+        (True, 2)
+        sage: _int_or_half_int(2.1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: k must be an integer or an integer + 1/2
+    """
+    if k in ZZ:
+        return True, ZZ(k)
+    # Try to see if it is a half integer
+    try:
+        k = QQ(k)
+        if k.denominator() == 2:
+            return False, k.floor()
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("k must be an integer or an integer + 1/2")
+
+
+class SetPartitionsXkElement(SetPartition):
+    """
+    An element for the classes of ``SetPartitionXk`` where ``X`` is some
+    letter.
+    """
+
+    def check(self):
+        """
+        Check to make sure this is a set partition.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A2p5 = SetPartitionsAk(2.5)
+            sage: x = A2p5.first(); x
+            {{-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3}}
+            sage: x.check()
+            sage: y = A2p5.next(x); y
+            {{-3, 3}, {-2, -1, 1, 2}}
+            sage: y.check()
+        """
+        # Check to make sure each element of x is a set
+        for s in self:
+            assert isinstance(s, (set, frozenset, Set_generic))
+
+
+#######
+# A_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsAk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `A_k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3); A3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3}
+
+        sage: A3.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: A3.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {3}, {1}, {-3}, {2}}
+        sage: A3.random_element()  #random                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, 3, -3, -1}, {2, -2}}
+
+        sage: A3.cardinality()                                                          # needs sage.libs.flint
+        203
+
+        sage: A2p5 = SetPartitionsAk(2.5); A2p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block
+        sage: A2p5.cardinality()
+        52
+
+        sage: A2p5.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: A2p5.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {2}, {3, -3}, {1}}
+        sage: A2p5.random_element() #random                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {3, -3}, {1, 2}}
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsAk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsAk_k(SetPartitions_set):
+    def __init__(self, k):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3); A3
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3}
+            sage: A3 == loads(dumps(A3))
+            True
+        """
+        self.k = k
+        set_k = frozenset(list(range(1, k + 1)) +
+                          [-x for x in range(1, k + 1)])
+        SetPartitions_set.__init__(self, set_k)
+
+    Element = SetPartitionsXkElement
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3}
+        """
+        return "Set partitions of {1, ..., %s, -1, ..., -%s}" % (self.k, self.k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsAkhalf_k(SetPartitions_set):
+    def __init__(self, k):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A2p5 = SetPartitionsAk(2.5); A2p5
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block
+            sage: A2p5 == loads(dumps(A2p5))
+            True
+        """
+        self.k = k
+        set_k = frozenset(list(range(1, k + 2)) + [-x for x in range(1, k + 1)])
+        SetPartitions_set.__init__(self, set_k)
+
+    Element = SetPartitionsXkElement
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsAk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block
+        """
+        s = self.k + 1
+        return "Set partitions of {1, ..., %s, -1, ..., -%s} with %s and -%s in the same block" % (s, s, s, s)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A2p5 = SetPartitionsAk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in A2p5 for sp in A2p5)
+            True
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in A2p5])
+            52
+            sage: A2p5.cardinality()
+            52
+        """
+        if x not in SetPartitionsAk_k(self.k + 1):
+            return False
+
+        for part in x:
+            if self.k + 1 in part and -self.k - 1 not in part:
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsAk(1.5).list() #random
+            [{{1, 2, -2, -1}},
+             {{2, -2, -1}, {1}},
+             {{2, -2}, {1, -1}},
+             {{-1}, {1, 2, -2}},
+             {{-1}, {2, -2}, {1}}]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: ks = [ 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 ]
+            sage: aks = map(SetPartitionsAk, ks)
+            sage: all(ak.cardinality() == len(ak.list()) for ak in aks)
+            True
+        """
+        kp = frozenset([-self.k - 1])
+        for sp in SetPartitions_set.__iter__(self):
+            res = []
+            for part in sp:
+                if self.k + 1 in part:
+                    res.append(part.union(kp))
+                else:
+                    res.append(part)
+            yield self.element_class(self, res)
+
+
+#######
+# S_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsSk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `S_k`.
+
+    There is a bijection between these set partitions and the
+    permutations of `1, \ldots, k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: S3 = SetPartitionsSk(3); S3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with propagating number 3
+        sage: S3.cardinality()
+        6
+
+        sage: S3.list()  #random
+        [{{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}},
+         {{1, -1}, {2, -3}, {3, -2}},
+         {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}},
+         {{1, -2}, {2, -3}, {3, -1}},
+         {{1, -3}, {2, -1}, {3, -2}},
+         {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {3, -1}}]
+        sage: S3.first() #random
+        {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}}
+        sage: S3.last() #random
+        {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {3, -1}}
+        sage: S3.random_element() #random                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, -3}, {2, -1}, {3, -2}}
+
+        sage: S3p5 = SetPartitionsSk(3.5); S3p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 4, -1, ..., -4} with 4 and -4 in the same block and propagating number 4
+        sage: S3p5.cardinality()
+        6
+
+        sage: S3p5.list() #random
+        [{{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+         {{2, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+         {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}},
+         {{2, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}},
+         {{1, -3}, {2, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+         {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}}]
+        sage: S3p5.first() #random
+        {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}}
+        sage: S3p5.last() #random
+        {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}}
+        sage: S3p5.random_element() #random                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}}
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsSkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsSk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsSk_k(SetPartitionsAk_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with propagating number 3
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAk_k._repr_(self) + " with propagating number %s" % self.k
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: S3 = SetPartitionsSk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in S3 for sp in S3)
+            True
+            sage: S3.cardinality()
+            6
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in S3])
+            6
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        if propagating_number(x) != self.k:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        Return k!.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(2).cardinality()
+            2
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(3).cardinality()
+            6
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(4).cardinality()
+            24
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(5).cardinality()
+            120
+        """
+        return factorial(self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(3).list() #random
+            [{{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, -1}, {2, -3}, {3, -2}},
+             {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}},
+             {{1, -2}, {2, -3}, {3, -1}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, -1}, {3, -2}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {3, -1}}]
+            sage: ks = list(range(1, 6))
+            sage: sks = map(SetPartitionsSk, ks)
+            sage: all(sk.cardinality() == len(sk.list()) for sk in sks)
+            True
+        """
+        for p in Permutations(self.k):
+            res = [Set([i, -pi]) for i, pi in enumerate(p, start=1)]
+            yield self.element_class(self, res)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsSkhalf_k(SetPartitionsAkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: S2p5 = SetPartitionsSk(2.5)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in S2p5 for sp in S2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in S2p5])
+            2
+            sage: S2p5.cardinality()
+            2
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        if propagating_number(x) != self.k + 1:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and propagating number 3
+        """
+        s = self.k + 1
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and propagating number %s" % s
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(2.5).cardinality()
+            2
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(3.5).cardinality()
+            6
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(4.5).cardinality()
+            24
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: ks = [2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5]
+            sage: sks = [SetPartitionsSk(k) for k in ks]
+            sage: all(sk.cardinality() == len(sk.list()) for sk in sks)
+            True
+        """
+        return factorial(self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsSk(3.5).list() #random indirect test
+            [{{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{2, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+             {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}},
+             {{2, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}}]
+        """
+        for p in Permutations(self.k):
+            res = [Set([i, -pi]) for i, pi in enumerate(p, start=1)]
+            res.append(Set([self.k + 1, -self.k - 1]))
+            yield self.element_class(self, res)
+
+
+#######
+# I_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsIk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `I_k`.
+
+    These are set partitions with a propagating number of less than `k`.
+    Note that the identity set partition `\{\{1, -1\}, \ldots, \{k, -k\}\}`
+    is not in `I_k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: I3 = SetPartitionsIk(3); I3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with propagating number < 3
+        sage: I3.cardinality()
+        197
+
+        sage: I3.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: I3.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {3}, {1}, {-3}, {2}}
+        sage: I3.random_element() #random                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{-1}, {-3, -2}, {2, 3}, {1}}
+
+        sage: I2p5 = SetPartitionsIk(2.5); I2p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and propagating number < 3
+        sage: I2p5.cardinality()
+        50
+
+        sage: I2p5.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: I2p5.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {2}, {3, -3}, {1}}
+        sage: I2p5.random_element() #random                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {1, 3, -3}, {2}}
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsIkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsIk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsIk_k(SetPartitionsAk_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with propagating number < 3
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAk_k._repr_(self) + " with propagating number < %s" % self.k
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I3 = SetPartitionsIk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in I3 for sp in I3)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in I3])
+            197
+            sage: I3.cardinality()
+            197
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        if propagating_number(x) >= self.k:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(2).cardinality()
+            13
+        """
+        return len(self.list())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(2).list() #random indirect test
+                [{{1, 2, -1, -2}},
+                 {{2, -1, -2}, {1}},
+                 {{2}, {1, -1, -2}},
+                 {{-1}, {1, 2, -2}},
+                 {{-2}, {1, 2, -1}},
+                 {{1, 2}, {-1, -2}},
+                 {{2}, {-1, -2}, {1}},
+                 {{-1}, {2, -2}, {1}},
+                 {{-2}, {2, -1}, {1}},
+                 {{-1}, {2}, {1, -2}},
+                 {{-2}, {2}, {1, -1}},
+                 {{-1}, {-2}, {1, 2}},
+                 {{-1}, {-2}, {2}, {1}}]
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitionsAk_k.__iter__(self):
+            if propagating_number(sp) < self.k:
+                yield sp
+
+
+class SetPartitionsIkhalf_k(SetPartitionsAkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I2p5 = SetPartitionsIk(2.5)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in I2p5 for sp in I2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in I2p5])
+            50
+            sage: I2p5.cardinality()
+            50
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        if propagating_number(x) >= self.k + 1:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and propagating number < 3
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and propagating number < %s" % (self.k + 1)
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(1.5).cardinality()
+            4
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(2.5).cardinality()
+            50
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(3.5).cardinality()
+            871
+        """
+        return len(self.list())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsIk(1.5).list() #random
+            [{{1, 2, -2, -1}},
+             {{2, -2, -1}, {1}},
+             {{-1}, {1, 2, -2}},
+             {{-1}, {2, -2}, {1}}]
+        """
+
+        for sp in SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__iter__(self):
+            if propagating_number(sp) < self.k + 1:
+                yield sp
+
+
+#######
+# B_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsBk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `B_k`.
+
+    These are the set partitions where every block has size 2.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: B3 = SetPartitionsBk(3); B3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with block size 2
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: B3.first() #random
+        {{2, -2}, {1, -3}, {3, -1}}
+        sage: B3.last() #random
+        {{1, 2}, {3, -2}, {-3, -1}}
+        sage: B3.random_element() #random                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{2, -1}, {1, -3}, {3, -2}}
+
+        sage: B3.cardinality()
+        15
+
+        sage: B2p5 = SetPartitionsBk(2.5); B2p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with block size 2
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: B2p5.first() #random
+        {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}}
+        sage: B2p5.last() #random
+        {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {-1, -2}}
+        sage: B2p5.random_element() #random                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}}
+
+        sage: B2p5.cardinality()
+        3
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsBkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsBk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsBk_k(SetPartitionsAk_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with block size 2
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAk_k._repr_(self) + " with block size 2"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: B3 = SetPartitionsBk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in B3])
+            15
+            sage: B3.cardinality()
+            15
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        for part in x:
+            if len(part) != 2:
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of set partitions in `B_k` where `k` is an integer.
+
+        This is given by (2k)!! = (2k-1)\*(2k-3)\*...\*5\*3\*1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(3).cardinality()
+            15
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(2).cardinality()
+            3
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(1).cardinality()
+            1
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(4).cardinality()
+            105
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(5).cardinality()
+            945
+        """
+        c = 1
+        for i in range(1, 2 * self.k, 2):
+            c *= i
+        return c
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(1).list()                                             # needs sage.graphs
+            [{{-1, 1}}]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(2).list() #random                                     # needs sage.graphs
+            [{{2, -1}, {1, -2}}, {{2, -2}, {1, -1}}, {{1, 2}, {-1, -2}}]
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(3).list() #random                                     # needs sage.graphs
+            [{{2, -2}, {1, -3}, {3, -1}},
+             {{2, -1}, {1, -3}, {3, -2}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{3, -1}, {1, -2}, {2, -3}},
+             {{3, -2}, {1, -1}, {2, -3}},
+             {{1, 3}, {2, -3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}},
+             {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{-3, -2}, {2, 3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, 3}, {-3, -2}, {2, -1}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -1}, {-3, -2}},
+             {{-3, -1}, {2, 3}, {1, -2}},
+             {{1, 3}, {-3, -1}, {2, -2}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -2}, {-3, -1}}]
+
+        Check to make sure that the number of elements generated is the
+        same as what is given by cardinality()
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: bks = [SetPartitionsBk(i) for i in range(1, 6)]
+            sage: all(bk.cardinality() == len(bk.list()) for bk in bks)                 # needs sage.graphs
+            True
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitions(self._set, [2] * (len(self._set) // 2)):
+            yield self.element_class(self, sp)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsBkhalf_k(SetPartitionsAkhalf_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsBk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with block size 2
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and with block size 2"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: B2p5 = SetPartitionsBk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in B2p5 for sp in B2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in B2p5])
+            3
+            sage: B2p5.cardinality()
+            3
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        for part in x:
+            if len(part) != 2:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: B3p5 = SetPartitionsBk(3.5)
+            sage: B3p5.cardinality()
+            15
+        """
+        return len(self.list())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: B3p5 = SetPartitionsBk(3.5)
+            sage: B3p5.cardinality()
+            15
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: B3p5.list() #random
+            [{{2, -2}, {1, -3}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}},
+             {{2, -1}, {1, -3}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+             {{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {4, -4}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}},
+             {{2, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}},
+             {{1, 3}, {4, -4}, {2, -3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}},
+             {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {4, -4}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{-3, -2}, {2, 3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 3}, {-3, -2}, {2, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 2}, {-3, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}},
+             {{-3, -1}, {2, 3}, {1, -2}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 3}, {-3, -1}, {2, -2}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 2}, {-3, -1}, {4, -4}, {3, -2}}]
+        """
+        set = list(range(1, self.k + 1)) + [-x for x in range(1, self.k + 1)]
+        for sp in SetPartitions(set, [2] * (len(set) // 2)):
+            yield self.element_class(self, Set(list(sp)) + Set([Set([self.k + 1, -self.k - 1])]))
+
+
+#######
+# P_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsPk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `P_k`.
+
+    These are the planar set partitions.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: P3 = SetPartitionsPk(3); P3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} that are planar
+        sage: P3.cardinality()
+        132
+
+        sage: P3.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: P3.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {3}, {1}, {-3}, {2}}
+        sage: P3.random_element() #random                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, 2, -1}, {-3}, {3, -2}}
+
+        sage: P2p5 = SetPartitionsPk(2.5); P2p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and that are planar
+        sage: P2p5.cardinality()
+        42
+
+        sage: P2p5.first() #random
+        {{1, 2, 3, -1, -3, -2}}
+        sage: P2p5.last() #random
+        {{-1}, {-2}, {2}, {3, -3}, {1}}
+        sage: P2p5.random_element() #random                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, 2, 3, -3}, {-1, -2}}
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsPkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsPk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsPk_k(SetPartitionsAk_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} that are planar
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAk_k._repr_(self) + " that are planar"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: P3 = SetPartitionsPk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in P3])
+            132
+            sage: P3.cardinality()
+            132
+            sage: all(sp in P3 for sp in P3)
+            True
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(2).cardinality()
+            14
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(3).cardinality()
+            132
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(4).cardinality()
+            1430
+        """
+        return catalan_number(2 * self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(2).list() #random indirect test
+            [{{1, 2, -1, -2}},
+             {{2, -1, -2}, {1}},
+             {{2}, {1, -1, -2}},
+             {{-1}, {1, 2, -2}},
+             {{-2}, {1, 2, -1}},
+             {{2, -2}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, 2}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2}, {-1, -2}, {1}},
+             {{-1}, {2, -2}, {1}},
+             {{-2}, {2, -1}, {1}},
+             {{-1}, {2}, {1, -2}},
+             {{-2}, {2}, {1, -1}},
+             {{-1}, {-2}, {1, 2}},
+             {{-1}, {-2}, {2}, {1}}]
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitionsAk_k.__iter__(self):
+            if is_planar(sp):
+                yield self.element_class(self, sp)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsPkhalf_k(SetPartitionsAkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: P2p5 = SetPartitionsPk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in P2p5 for sp in P2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in P2p5])
+            42
+            sage: P2p5.cardinality()
+            42
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: repr( SetPartitionsPk(2.5) )
+            'Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and that are planar'
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and that are planar"
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(2.5).cardinality()
+            42
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(1.5).cardinality()
+            5
+        """
+        return len(self.list())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPk(1.5).list() #random
+            [{{1, 2, -2, -1}},
+             {{2, -2, -1}, {1}},
+             {{2, -2}, {1, -1}},
+             {{-1}, {1, 2, -2}},
+             {{-1}, {2, -2}, {1}}]
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__iter__(self):
+            if is_planar(sp):
+                yield self.element_class(self, sp)
+
+
+#######
+# T_k #
+#######
+
+def SetPartitionsTk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `T_k`.
+
+    These are planar set partitions where every block is of size 2.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: T3 = SetPartitionsTk(3); T3
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with block size 2 and that are planar
+        sage: T3.cardinality()
+        5
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: T3.first()             # random
+        {{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {-1, -2}}
+        sage: T3.last()              # random
+        {{1, 2}, {3, -1}, {-3, -2}}
+        sage: T3.random_element()    # random                                           # needs sage.symbolic
+        {{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {-1, -2}}
+
+        sage: T2p5 = SetPartitionsTk(2.5); T2p5
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with block size 2 and that are planar
+        sage: T2p5.cardinality()
+        2
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: T2p5.first()           # random
+        {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}}
+        sage: T2p5.last()            # random
+        {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {-1, -2}}
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsTkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsTk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsTk_k(SetPartitionsBk_k):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with block size 2 and that are planar
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsBk_k._repr_(self) + " and that are planar"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: T3 = SetPartitionsTk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in T3 for sp in T3)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in T3])
+            5
+            sage: T3.cardinality()
+            5
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsBk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(2).cardinality()
+            2
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(3).cardinality()
+            5
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(4).cardinality()
+            14
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(5).cardinality()
+            42
+        """
+        return catalan_number(self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(3).list()  # random
+            [{{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{-3, -2}, {2, 3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -1}, {-3, -2}}]
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitionsBk_k.__iter__(self):
+            if is_planar(sp):
+                yield self.element_class(self, sp)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsTkhalf_k(SetPartitionsBkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: T2p5 = SetPartitionsTk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in T2p5 for sp in T2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in T2p5])
+            2
+            sage: T2p5.cardinality()
+            2
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsBkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with block size 2 and that are planar
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsBkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and that are planar"
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(2.5).cardinality()
+            2
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(3.5).cardinality()
+            5
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(4.5).cardinality()
+            14
+        """
+        return catalan_number(self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsTk(3.5).list() #random
+            [{{1, -3}, {2, 3}, {4, -4}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 2}, {3, -3}, {4, -4}, {-1, -2}},
+             {{-3, -2}, {2, 3}, {1, -1}, {4, -4}},
+             {{1, 2}, {-3, -2}, {4, -4}, {3, -1}}]
+        """
+        for sp in SetPartitionsBkhalf_k.__iter__(self):
+            if is_planar(sp):
+                yield self.element_class(self, sp)
+
+
+def SetPartitionsRk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `R_k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: SetPartitionsRk(3)
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive
+         and negative entry in each block
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsRkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsRk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsRk_k(SetPartitionsAk_k):
+    def __init__(self, k):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R3 = SetPartitionsRk(3); R3
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block
+            sage: R3 == loads(dumps(R3))
+            True
+        """
+        self.k = k
+        SetPartitionsAk_k.__init__(self, k)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAk_k._repr_(self) + " with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R3 = SetPartitionsRk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in R3 for sp in R3)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in R3])
+            34
+            sage: R3.cardinality()
+            34
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        for block in x:
+            if len(block) > 2:
+                return False
+
+            negatives = 0
+            positives = 0
+            for i in block:
+                if i < 0:
+                    negatives += 1
+                else:
+                    positives += 1
+
+                if negatives > 1 or positives > 1:
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(2).cardinality()
+            7
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(3).cardinality()
+            34
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(4).cardinality()
+            209
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(5).cardinality()
+            1546
+        """
+        return sum(binomial(self.k, l)**2 * factorial(l)
+                   for l in range(self.k + 1))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: len(SetPartitionsRk(3).list() ) == SetPartitionsRk(3).cardinality()
+            True
+        """
+        # The number of blocks with at most two things
+        positives = Set(range(1, self.k + 1))
+        negatives = Set(-i for i in positives)
+
+        yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition([], self.k))
+        for n in range(1, self.k + 1):
+            for top in Subsets(positives, n):
+                t = list(top)
+                for bottom in Subsets(negatives, n):
+                    b = list(bottom)
+                    for permutation in Permutations(n):
+                        l = [[t[i], b[permutation[i] - 1]] for i in range(n)]
+                        yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition(l, k=self.k))
+
+
+class SetPartitionsRkhalf_k(SetPartitionsAkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: R2p5 = SetPartitionsRk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in R2p5 for sp in R2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in R2p5])
+            7
+            sage: R2p5.cardinality()
+            7
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsAkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        for block in x:
+            if len(block) > 2:
+                return False
+
+            negatives = 0
+            positives = 0
+            for i in block:
+                if i < 0:
+                    negatives += 1
+                else:
+                    positives += 1
+
+                if negatives > 1 or positives > 1:
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsAkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block"
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(2.5).cardinality()
+            7
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(3.5).cardinality()
+            34
+            sage: SetPartitionsRk(4.5).cardinality()
+            209
+        """
+        return sum(binomial(self.k, l)**2 * factorial(l)
+                   for l in range(self.k + 1))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R2p5 = SetPartitionsRk(2.5)
+            sage: L = list(R2p5); L #random due to sets
+            [{{-2}, {-1}, {3, -3}, {2}, {1}},
+             {{-2}, {3, -3}, {2}, {1, -1}},
+             {{-1}, {3, -3}, {2}, {1, -2}},
+             {{-2}, {2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1}},
+             {{-1}, {2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1}},
+             {{2, -2}, {3, -3}, {1, -1}},
+             {{2, -1}, {3, -3}, {1, -2}}]
+            sage: len(L)
+            7
+        """
+        positives = Set(range(1, self.k + 1))
+        negatives = Set(-i for i in positives)
+
+        yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition([[self.k + 1, -self.k - 1]], self.k + 1))
+        for n in range(1, self.k + 1):
+            for top in Subsets(positives, n):
+                t = list(top)
+                for bottom in Subsets(negatives, n):
+                    b = list(bottom)
+                    for permutation in Permutations(n):
+                        l = [[t[i], b[permutation[i] - 1]] for i in range(n)] + [[self.k + 1, -self.k - 1]]
+                        yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition(l, k=self.k + 1))
+
+
+def SetPartitionsPRk(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the combinatorial class of set partitions of type `PR_k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: SetPartitionsPRk(3)
+        Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive
+         and negative entry in each block and that are planar
+    """
+    is_int, k = _int_or_half_int(k)
+    if not is_int:
+        return SetPartitionsPRkhalf_k(k)
+    return SetPartitionsPRk_k(k)
+
+
+class SetPartitionsPRk_k(SetPartitionsRk_k):
+    def __init__(self, k):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: PR3 = SetPartitionsPRk(3); PR3
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block and that are planar
+            sage: PR3 == loads(dumps(PR3))
+            True
+        """
+        self.k = k
+        SetPartitionsRk_k.__init__(self, k)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(3)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block and that are planar
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsRk_k._repr_(self) + " and that are planar"
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: PR3 = SetPartitionsPRk(3)
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: all(sp in PR3 for sp in PR3)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in PR3])
+            20
+            sage: PR3.cardinality()
+            20
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsRk_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(2).cardinality()
+            6
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(3).cardinality()
+            20
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(4).cardinality()
+            70
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(5).cardinality()
+            252
+        """
+        return binomial(2 * self.k, self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: len(SetPartitionsPRk(3).list() ) == SetPartitionsPRk(3).cardinality()
+            True
+        """
+        # The number of blocks with at most two things
+        positives = Set(range(1, self.k + 1))
+        negatives = Set(-i for i in positives)
+
+        yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition([], self.k))
+        for n in range(1, self.k + 1):
+            for top in Subsets(positives, n):
+                t = sorted(top)
+                for bottom in Subsets(negatives, n):
+                    b = list(bottom)
+                    b.sort(reverse=True)
+                    l = [[t[i], b[i]] for i in range(n)]
+                    yield self.element_class(self, to_set_partition(l, k=self.k))
+
+
+class SetPartitionsPRkhalf_k(SetPartitionsRkhalf_k):
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A3 = SetPartitionsAk(3)
+            sage: PR2p5 = SetPartitionsPRk(2.5)
+            sage: all(sp in PR2p5 for sp in PR2p5)
+            True
+            sage: len([x for x in A3 if x in PR2p5])
+            6
+            sage: PR2p5.cardinality()
+            6
+        """
+        if not SetPartitionsRkhalf_k.__contains__(self, x):
+            return False
+
+        if not is_planar(x):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(2.5)
+            Set partitions of {1, ..., 3, -1, ..., -3} with 3 and -3 in the same block and with at most 1 positive and negative entry in each block and that are planar
+        """
+        return SetPartitionsRkhalf_k._repr_(self) + " and that are planar"
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(2.5).cardinality()
+            6
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(3.5).cardinality()
+            20
+            sage: SetPartitionsPRk(4.5).cardinality()
+            70
+        """
+        return binomial(2 * self.k, self.k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: next(iter(SetPartitionsPRk(2.5)))
+            {{-3, 3}, {-2}, {-1}, {1}, {2}}
+            sage: len(list(SetPartitionsPRk(2.5)))
+            6
+        """
+        positives = Set(range(1, self.k + 1))
+        negatives = Set(-i for i in positives)
+
+        yield self.element_class(self,
+                                 to_set_partition([[self.k + 1, -self.k - 1]],
+                                                  k=self.k + 1))
+        for n in range(1, self.k + 1):
+            for top in Subsets(positives, n):
+                t = sorted(top)
+                for bottom in Subsets(negatives, n):
+                    b = list(bottom)
+                    b.sort(reverse=True)
+                    l = [[t[i], b[i]] for i in range(n)] + [[self.k + 1, -self.k - 1]]
+                    yield self.element_class(self,
+                                             to_set_partition(l, k=self.k + 1))
+
+
+#########################################################
+# Algebras
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_generic(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    def __init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=None, prefix=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: s = PartitionAlgebra_sk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(s).run()                                                    # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: s == loads(dumps(s))
+            True
+        """
+        self.k = k
+        self.n = n
+        self._indices = cclass
+        self._name = "Generic partition algebra with k = %s and n = %s and basis %s" % (self.k, self.n, cclass) if name is None else name
+        self._prefix = "" if prefix is None else prefix
+        CombinatorialFreeModule.__init__(self, R, cclass, category=AlgebrasWithBasis(R))
+
+    def one_basis(self):
+        """
+        Return the basis index for the unit of the algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: s = PartitionAlgebra_sk(ZZ, 3, 1)
+            sage: len(s.one().support())   # indirect doctest
+            1
+        """
+        return self.basis().keys()(identity(ceil(self.k)))
+
+    def product_on_basis(self, left, right):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: s = PartitionAlgebra_sk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: t12 = s(Set([Set([1,-2]),Set([2,-1]),Set([3,-3])]))
+            sage: t12^2 == s(1)  # indirect doctest                                     # needs sage.graphs
+            True
+        """
+        sp, l = set_partition_composition(left, right)
+        sp = self.basis().keys()(sp)
+        return self.term(sp, self.n**l)
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_generic(CombinatorialFreeModule.Element):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_ak(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_ak(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_ak(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra A_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsAk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_ak
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='A')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_bk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_bk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_bk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra B_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsBk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_bk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='B')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_sk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_sk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_sk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra S_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsSk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_sk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='S')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_pk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_pk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_pk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra P_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsPk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_pk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='P')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_tk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_tk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_tk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra T_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsTk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_tk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='T')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_rk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_rk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_rk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra R_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsRk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_rk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='R')
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebraElement_prk(PartitionAlgebraElement_generic):
+    pass
+
+
+class PartitionAlgebra_prk(PartitionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, R, k, n, name=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import *
+            sage: p = PartitionAlgebra_prk(QQ, 3, 1)
+            sage: p == loads(dumps(p))
+            True
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = "Partition algebra PR_%s(%s)" % (k, n)
+        cclass = SetPartitionsPRk(k)
+        self._element_class = PartitionAlgebraElement_prk
+        PartitionAlgebra_generic.__init__(self, R, cclass, n, k, name=name, prefix='PR')
+
+
+##########################################################
+
+def is_planar(sp):
+    """
+    Return ``True`` if the diagram corresponding to the set partition is
+    planar; otherwise, it returns ``False``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: pa.is_planar( pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]]))
+        False
+        sage: pa.is_planar( pa.to_set_partition([[1,-1],[2,-2]]))
+        True
+    """
+    # Singletons don't affect planarity
+    to_consider = [x for x in map(list, sp) if len(x) > 1]
+    n = len(to_consider)
+
+    for i in range(n):
+        # Get the positive and negative entries of this
+        # part
+        ap = [x for x in to_consider[i] if x > 0]
+        an = [-x for x in to_consider[i] if x < 0]
+
+        # Check if a includes numbers in both the top and bottom rows
+        if ap and an:
+            for j in range(n):
+                if i == j:
+                    continue
+                # Get the positive and negative entries of this part
+                bp = [x for x in to_consider[j] if x > 0]
+                bn = [-x for x in to_consider[j] if x < 0]
+
+                # Skip the ones that don't involve numbers in both
+                # the bottom and top rows
+                if not bn or not bp:
+                    continue
+
+                # Make sure that if min(bp) > max(ap)
+                # then min(bn) >  max(an)
+                if max(bp) > max(ap):
+                    if min(bn) < min(an):
+                        return False
+
+        # Go through the bottom and top rows
+        for row in [ap, an]:
+            if len(row) > 1:
+                row.sort()
+                for s in range(len(row) - 1):
+                    if row[s] + 1 == row[s + 1]:
+                        # No gap, continue on
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        rng = list(range(row[s] + 1, row[s + 1]))
+
+                        # Go through and make sure any parts that
+                        # contain numbers in this range are completely
+                        # contained in this range
+                        for j in range(n):
+                            if i == j:
+                                continue
+
+                            # Make sure we make the numbers negative again
+                            # if we are in the bottom row
+                            if row is ap:
+                                sr = Set(rng)
+                            else:
+                                sr = Set(-x for x in rng)
+
+                            sj = Set(to_consider[j])
+                            intersection = sr.intersection(sj)
+                            if intersection:
+                                if sj != intersection:
+                                    return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def to_graph(sp):
+    """
+    Return a graph representing the set partition ``sp``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: g = pa.to_graph(pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2], [2,-1]])); g
+        Graph on 4 vertices
+        sage: g.vertices(sort=False)    # random
+        [1, 2, -2, -1]
+        sage: g.edges(sort=False)       # random
+        [(1, -2, None), (2, -1, None)]
+    """
+    g = Graph()
+    for part in sp:
+        part_list = list(part)
+        if part_list:
+            g.add_vertex(part_list[0])
+        for i in range(1, len(part_list)):
+            g.add_vertex(part_list[i])
+            g.add_edge(part_list[i - 1], part_list[i])
+    return g
+
+
+def pair_to_graph(sp1, sp2):
+    """
+    Return a graph consisting of the disjoint union of the graphs of set
+    partitions ``sp1`` and ``sp2`` along with edges joining the bottom
+    row (negative numbers) of ``sp1`` to the top row (positive numbers)
+    of ``sp2``.
+
+    The vertices of the graph ``sp1`` appear in the result as pairs
+    ``(k, 1)``, whereas the vertices of the graph ``sp2`` appear as
+    pairs ``(k, 2)``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: sp1 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]])
+        sage: sp2 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]])
+        sage: g = pa.pair_to_graph( sp1, sp2 ); g
+        Graph on 8 vertices
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: g.vertices(sort=False) #random
+        [(1, 2), (-1, 1), (-2, 2), (-1, 2), (-2, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 1)]
+        sage: g.edges(sort=False) #random
+        [((1, 2), (-1, 1), None),
+         ((1, 2), (-2, 2), None),
+         ((-1, 1), (2, 1), None),
+         ((-1, 2), (2, 2), None),
+         ((-2, 1), (1, 1), None),
+         ((-2, 1), (2, 2), None)]
+
+    Another example which used to be wrong until :issue:`15958`::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: sp3 = pa.to_set_partition([[1, -1], [2], [-2]])
+        sage: sp4 = pa.to_set_partition([[1], [-1], [2], [-2]])
+        sage: g = pa.pair_to_graph( sp3, sp4 ); g
+        Graph on 8 vertices
+        sage: g.vertices(sort=True)
+        [(-2, 1), (-2, 2), (-1, 1), (-1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)]
+        sage: g.edges(sort=True)
+        [((-2, 1), (2, 2), None), ((-1, 1), (1, 1), None),
+         ((-1, 1), (1, 2), None)]
+    """
+    g = Graph()
+
+    # Add the first set partition to the graph
+    for part in sp1:
+        part_list = list(part)
+        if part_list:
+            g.add_vertex((part_list[0], 1))
+
+            # Add the edge to the second part of the graph
+            if part_list[0] < 0:
+                g.add_edge((part_list[0], 1), (-part_list[0], 2))
+
+        for i in range(1, len(part_list)):
+            g.add_vertex((part_list[i], 1))
+
+            # Add the edge to the second part of the graph
+            if part_list[i] < 0:
+                g.add_edge((part_list[i], 1), (-part_list[i], 2))
+
+            # Add the edge between adjacent elements of a part
+            g.add_edge((part_list[i - 1], 1), (part_list[i], 1))
+
+    # Add the second set partition to the graph
+    for part in sp2:
+        part_list = list(part)
+        if part_list:
+            g.add_vertex((part_list[0], 2))
+        for i in range(1, len(part_list)):
+            g.add_vertex((part_list[i], 2))
+            g.add_edge((part_list[i - 1], 2), (part_list[i], 2))
+
+    return g
+
+
+def propagating_number(sp):
+    """
+    Return the propagating number of the set partition ``sp``.
+
+    The propagating number is the number of blocks with both a
+    positive and negative number.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: sp1 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]])
+        sage: sp2 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,2],[-2,-1]])
+        sage: pa.propagating_number(sp1)
+        2
+        sage: pa.propagating_number(sp2)
+        0
+    """
+    return sum(1 for part in sp if min(part) < 0 < max(part))
+
+
+def to_set_partition(l, k=None):
+    """
+    Convert a list of a list of numbers to a set partitions.
+
+    Each list of numbers in the outer list specifies the numbers
+    contained in one of the blocks in the set partition.
+
+    If k is specified, then the set partition will be a set partition
+    of 1, ..., k, -1, ..., -k. Otherwise, k will default to the minimum
+    number needed to contain all of the specified numbers.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: pa.to_set_partition([[1,-1],[2,-2]]) == pa.identity(2)
+        True
+    """
+    if k is None:
+        if not l:
+            return Set([])
+        else:
+            k = max(max(map(abs, x)) for x in l)
+
+    to_be_added = Set(list(range(1, k + 1)) + [-x for x in range(1, k + 1)])
+
+    sp = []
+    for part in l:
+        spart = Set(part)
+        to_be_added -= spart
+        sp.append(spart)
+
+    sp.extend(Set([singleton])
+              for singleton in to_be_added)
+
+    return Set(sp)
+
+
+def identity(k):
+    r"""
+    Return the identity set partition `1, -1, \ldots, k, -k`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: pa.identity(2)
+        {{2, -2}, {1, -1}}
+    """
+    return Set(Set([i, -i]) for i in range(1, k + 1))
+
+
+def set_partition_composition(sp1, sp2):
+    """
+    Return a tuple consisting of the composition of the set partitions
+    sp1 and sp2 and the number of components removed from the middle
+    rows of the graph.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: import sage.combinat.partition_algebra as pa
+        sage: sp1 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]])
+        sage: sp2 = pa.to_set_partition([[1,-2],[2,-1]])
+        sage: pa.set_partition_composition(sp1, sp2) == (pa.identity(2), 0)
+        True
+    """
+    g = pair_to_graph(sp1, sp2)
+    connected_components = g.connected_components(sort=False)
+
+    res = []
+    total_removed = 0
+    for cc in connected_components:
+        # Remove the vertices that live in the middle two rows
+        new_cc = [x for x in cc if not ((x[0] < 0 and x[1] == 1) or
+                                       (x[0] > 0 and x[1] == 2))]
+
+        if not new_cc:
+            if len(cc) > 1:
+                total_removed += 1
+        else:
+            res.append(Set(x[0] for x in new_cc))
+
+    return (Set(res), total_removed)