passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/crystals/mv_polytopes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.graphs sage.modules
+r"""
+Crystal of Mirković-Vilonen polytopes
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Dinakar Muthiah, Travis Scrimshaw (2015-05-11): initial version
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Dinakar Muthiah <muthiah at ualberta.ca>
+#                     2015 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh at umn.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+from sage.combinat.crystals.pbw_crystal import PBWCrystalElement, PBWCrystal
+
+
+class MVPolytope(PBWCrystalElement):
+    """
+    A Mirković-Vilonen (MV) polytope.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We can create an animation showing how the MV polytope changes
+    under a string of crystal operators::
+
+        sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 2])
+        sage: u = MV.highest_weight_vector()
+        sage: L = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).ambient_space()
+        sage: s = [1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,1,2]
+        sage: BB = [[-9, 2], [-10, 2]]
+        sage: p = L.plot(reflection_hyperplanes=False, bounding_box=BB)  # long time
+        sage: frames = [p + L.plot_mv_polytope(u.f_string(s[:i]),  # long time
+        ....:                                  circle_size=0.1,
+        ....:                                  wireframe='green',
+        ....:                                  fill='purple',
+        ....:                                  bounding_box=BB)
+        ....:           for i in range(len(s))]
+        sage: for f in frames:  # long time
+        ....:     f.axes(False)
+        sage: animate(frames).show(delay=60) # optional -- ImageMagick # long time
+    """
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['E', 6])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,6,4,3,2,5,2])
+            sage: b
+            MV polytope with Lusztig datum (0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1)
+        """
+        pbw_datum = self._pbw_datum.convert_to_new_long_word(self.parent()._default_word)
+        return "MV polytope with Lusztig datum {}".format(pbw_datum.lusztig_datum)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 2])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,1,2])
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (0, -2) -- (-1, -3) -- (-1, -3) -- (-2, -2);
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (-1, 1) -- (-1, 1) -- (-2, 0) -- (-2, -2);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, 0) circle (0.1);
+            \draw[fill=black] (-2, -2) circle (0.1);
+            \end{tikzpicture}
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['D',4])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,1,2])
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \text{\texttt{MV{ }polytope{ }...}}
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['A',2])
+            sage: u = MV.highest_weight_vector()
+            sage: b = u.f_string([1,2,2,1])
+            sage: latex(b)                                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+            \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (3/2, -989/1142) -- (3/2, -2967/1142) -- (0, -1978/571);
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (-3/2, -989/1142) -- (-3/2, -2967/1142) -- (0, -1978/571);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, 0) circle (0.1);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, -1978/571) circle (0.1);
+            \end{tikzpicture}
+        """
+        latex_options = self.parent()._latex_options
+        P = latex_options['P']
+        plot_options = P.plot_parse_options(projection=latex_options["projection"])
+        proj = plot_options.projection
+        if proj(P.zero()).parent().dimension() != 2:
+            from sage.misc.latex import latex
+            return latex(repr(self))
+
+        # We need this to use tikz
+        from sage.graphs.graph_latex import setup_latex_preamble
+        setup_latex_preamble()
+
+        pbw_data = self._pbw_datum.parent
+        W = pbw_data.weyl_group
+        w0 = W.long_element()
+        al = P.simple_roots()
+        ret = "\\begin{tikzpicture}\n"
+
+        final = None
+        for red in sorted(w0.reduced_words()):
+            ret += "\\draw "
+            cur = proj(P.zero())
+            red = tuple(red)
+            ret += str(cur)
+            roots = [proj(P.sum(c*al[a] for a,c in root))
+                     for root in pbw_data._root_list_from(red)]
+            datum = pbw_data.convert_to_new_long_word(self._pbw_datum, red)
+            for i in reversed(range(len(datum.lusztig_datum))):
+                cur -= roots[i] * datum.lusztig_datum[i]
+                ret += " -- " + str(cur)
+            final = cur
+            ret += ";\n"
+
+        if latex_options["mark_endpoints"]:
+            circle_size = latex_options["circle_size"]
+            ret += "\\draw[fill=black] {} circle ({});\n".format(proj(P.zero()), circle_size)
+            ret += "\\draw[fill=black] {} circle ({});\n".format(final, circle_size)
+        ret += "\\end{tikzpicture}"
+        return ret
+
+    def _polytope_vertices(self, P):
+        """
+        Return a list of the vertices of ``self`` in ``P``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 3])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,1,2])
+            sage: sorted(b._polytope_vertices(MV.weight_lattice_realization()), key=attrcall('to_vector'))
+            [(0, 0, 0), (0, 2, -2), (2, 0, -2)]
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['D', 4])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,3,4])
+            sage: P = RootSystem(['D',4]).weight_lattice()
+            sage: sorted(b._polytope_vertices(P), key=attrcall('to_vector'))  # long time
+            [-Lambda[1] + Lambda[3] + Lambda[4],
+             -2*Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[3] + 2*Lambda[4],
+             -Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[4],
+             -Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[3],
+             0,
+             Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] + Lambda[3] + Lambda[4]]
+        """
+        pbw_data = self._pbw_datum.parent
+        W = pbw_data.weyl_group
+        w0 = W.long_element()
+        al = P.simple_roots()
+
+        vertices = set([P.zero()])
+        for red in sorted(w0.reduced_words()):
+            cur = P.zero()
+            red = tuple(red)
+            roots = [P.sum(c*al[a] for a,c in root)
+                     for root in pbw_data._root_list_from(red)]
+            datum = pbw_data.convert_to_new_long_word(self._pbw_datum, red)
+            for i,c in enumerate(datum.lusztig_datum):
+                cur = cur + roots[i] * c
+                vertices.add(cur)
+        return list(vertices)
+
+    def polytope(self, P=None):
+        """
+        Return a polytope of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``P`` -- (optional) a space to realize the polytope; default is
+          the weight lattice realization of the crystal
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 3])
+            sage: b = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([3,2,3,2,1])
+            sage: P = b.polytope(); P
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
+            sage: P.vertices()
+            (A vertex at (0, 0, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, 1, -1),
+             A vertex at (0, 1, 1),
+             A vertex at (1, -1, 0),
+             A vertex at (1, 1, -2),
+             A vertex at (1, 1, 2))
+        """
+        if P is None:
+            P = self.parent().weight_lattice_realization()
+
+        from sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor import Polyhedron
+        return Polyhedron([v.to_vector() for v in self._polytope_vertices(P)])
+
+    def plot(self, P=None, **options):
+        """
+        Plot ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``P`` -- (optional) a space to realize the polytope; default is
+          the weight lattice realization of the crystal
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realizations.RootLatticeRealizations.ParentMethods.plot_mv_polytope`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 2])
+            sage: b = MV.highest_weight_vector().f_string([1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1])
+            sage: b.plot()                                                              # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 12 graphics primitives
+
+        Here is the above example placed inside the ambient space
+        of type `C_2`:
+
+        .. PLOT::
+            :width: 300 px
+
+            MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 2])
+            b = MV.highest_weight_vector().f_string([1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1])
+            L = RootSystem(['C', 2, 1]).ambient_space()
+            p = L.plot(reflection_hyperplanes=False, bounding_box=[[-8,2], [-8,2]])
+            p += b.plot()
+            p.axes(False)
+            sphinx_plot(p)
+        """
+        if P is None:
+            P = self.parent().weight_lattice_realization()
+        return P.plot_mv_polytope(self, **options)
+
+
+class MVPolytopes(PBWCrystal):
+    r"""
+    The crystal of Mirković-Vilonen (MV) polytopes.
+
+    Let `W` denote the corresponding Weyl group and `P_{\RR} = \RR \otimes P`.
+    Let `\Gamma = \{ w \Lambda_i \mid w \in W, i \in I \}`. Consider
+    `M = (M_{\gamma} \in \ZZ)_{\gamma \in \Gamma}` that satisfy the
+    *tropical Plücker relations* (see Proposition 7.1 of [BZ01]_).
+    The *MV polytope* is defined as
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        P(M) = \{ \alpha \in P_{\RR} \mid
+        \langle \alpha, \gamma \rangle \geq M_{\gamma}
+        \text{ for all } \gamma \in \Gamma \}.
+
+    The vertices `\{\mu_w\}_{w \in W}` are given by
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \langle \mu_w, \gamma \rangle = M_{\gamma}
+
+    and are known as the GGMS datum of the MV polytope.
+
+    Each path from `\mu_e` to `\mu_{w_0}` corresponds to a reduced
+    expression `\mathbf{i} = (i_1, \ldots, i_m)` for `w_0` and the
+    corresponding edge lengths `(n_k)_{k=1}^m` from the Lusztig datum
+    with respect to `\mathbf{i}`. Explicitly, we have
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        n_k & = -M_{w_{k-1} \Lambda_{i_k}} - M_{w_k \Lambda_{i_k}}
+        - \sum_{j \neq i} a_{ji} M_{w_k \Lambda_j},
+        \\ \mu_{w_k} - \mu_{w_{k-1}} & = n_k w_{k-1} \alpha_{i_k},
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    where `w_k = s_{i_1} \cdots s_{i_k}` and `(a_{ji})` is the Cartan matrix.
+
+    MV polytopes have a crystal structure that corresponds to the
+    crystal structure, which is isomorphic to `\mathcal{B}(\infty)`
+    with `\mu_{w_0} = 0`, on
+    :class:`PBW data <sage.combinat.crystals.pbw_crystal.PBWCrystal>`.
+    Specifically, we have `f_j P(M)` as being the unique MV polytope
+    given by shifting `\mu_e` by `-\alpha_j` and fixing the vertices
+    `\mu_w` when `s_j w < w` (in Bruhat order) and the weight is given by
+    `\mu_e`. Furthermore, the `*`-involution is given by negating `P(M)`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cartan_type`` -- a Cartan type
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['B', 3])
+        sage: hw = MV.highest_weight_vector()
+        sage: x = hw.f_string([1,2,2,3,3,1,3,3,2,3,2,1,3,1,2,3,1,2,1,3,2]); x
+        MV polytope with Lusztig datum (1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1)
+
+    Elements are expressed in terms of Lusztig datum for a fixed
+    reduced expression of `w_0`::
+
+        sage: MV.default_long_word()
+        [1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+        sage: MV.set_default_long_word([2,1,3,2,1,3,2,3,1])
+        sage: x
+        MV polytope with Lusztig datum (3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 4)
+        sage: MV.set_default_long_word([1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2])
+
+    We can construct elements by giving it Lusztig data (with respect
+    to the default long word reduced expression)::
+
+        sage: MV([1,1,1,3,1,0,0,1,1])
+        MV polytope with Lusztig datum (1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1)
+
+    We can also construct elements by passing in a reduced expression
+    for a long word::
+
+        sage: x = MV([1,1,1,3,1,0,0,1,1], [3,2,1,3,2,3,2,1,2]); x
+        MV polytope with Lusztig datum (1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 5, 1, 1)
+        sage: x.to_highest_weight()[1]
+        [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 3]
+
+    The highest weight crystal `B(\lambda) \subseteq B(\infty)` is
+    characterized by the MV polytopes that sit inside of `W \lambda`
+    (translating `\mu_{w_0} \mapsto \lambda`)::
+
+        sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['A',2])
+        sage: La = MV.weight_lattice_realization().fundamental_weights()
+        sage: R = crystals.elementary.R(La[1]+La[2])
+        sage: T = tensor([R, MV])
+        sage: x = T(R.module_generators[0], MV.highest_weight_vector())
+        sage: lw = x.to_lowest_weight()[0]; lw
+        [(2, 1, 0), MV polytope with Lusztig datum (1, 1, 1)]
+        sage: lw[1].polytope().vertices()
+        (A vertex at (0, 0, 0),
+         A vertex at (0, 1, -1),
+         A vertex at (1, -1, 0),
+         A vertex at (1, 1, -2),
+         A vertex at (2, -1, -1),
+         A vertex at (2, 0, -2))
+
+    .. PLOT::
+        :width: 300 px
+
+        MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['A',2])
+        x = MV.module_generators[0].f_string([1,2,2,1])
+        L = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).ambient_space()
+        p = L.plot(bounding_box=[[-2,2],[-4,2]]) + x.plot()
+        p.axes(False)
+        sphinx_plot(x.plot())
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [Kam2007]_
+    - [Kam2010]_
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cartan_type):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['B', 2])
+            sage: TestSuite(MV).run()
+        """
+        PBWCrystal.__init__(self, cartan_type)
+        self._latex_options = {"projection": True,
+                               "mark_endpoints": True,
+                               "P": self.weight_lattice_realization(),
+                               "circle_size": 0.1}
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['F', 4])
+            MV polytopes of type ['F', 4]
+        """
+        return "MV polytopes of type {}".format(self._cartan_type)
+
+    def set_latex_options(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Set the latex options for the elements of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``projection`` -- the projection; set to ``True`` to use the
+          default projection of the specified weight lattice realization
+          (initial: ``True``)
+        - ``P`` -- the weight lattice realization to use (initial: the
+          weight lattice realization of ``self``)
+        - ``mark_endpoints`` -- whether to mark the endpoints (initial: ``True``)
+        - ``circle_size`` -- the size of the endpoint circles (initial: 0.1)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C', 2])
+            sage: P = RootSystem(['C', 2]).weight_lattice()
+            sage: b = MV.highest_weight_vector().f_string([1,2,1,2])
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (0, -2) -- (-1, -3) -- (-1, -3) -- (-2, -2);
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (-1, 1) -- (-1, 1) -- (-2, 0) -- (-2, -2);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, 0) circle (0.1);
+            \draw[fill=black] (-2, -2) circle (0.1);
+            \end{tikzpicture}
+            sage: MV.set_latex_options(P=P, circle_size=float(0.2))
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (2, -2) -- (2, -3) -- (2, -3) -- (0, -2);
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (-2, 1) -- (-2, 1) -- (-2, 0) -- (0, -2);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, 0) circle (0.2);
+            \draw[fill=black] (0, -2) circle (0.2);
+            \end{tikzpicture}
+            sage: MV.set_latex_options(mark_endpoints=False)
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \begin{tikzpicture}
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (2, -2) -- (2, -3) -- (2, -3) -- (0, -2);
+            \draw (0, 0) -- (-2, 1) -- (-2, 1) -- (-2, 0) -- (0, -2);
+            \end{tikzpicture}
+            sage: MV.set_latex_options(P=MV.weight_lattice_realization(),
+            ....:                      circle_size=0.2,
+            ....:                      mark_endpoints=True)
+        """
+        if "projection" in kwds:
+            self._latex_options["projection"] = True
+            del kwds["projection"]
+
+        if 'P' in kwds:
+            self._latex_options['P'] = kwds['P']
+            del kwds['P']
+
+        if "mark_endpoints" in kwds:
+            self._latex_options["mark_endpoints"] = kwds["mark_endpoints"]
+            del kwds["mark_endpoints"]
+
+        if "circle_size" in kwds:
+            self._latex_options["circle_size"] = kwds["circle_size"]
+            del kwds["circle_size"]
+
+        if kwds:
+            raise ValueError("invalid latex option")
+
+    def latex_options(self):
+        """
+        Return the latex options of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MV = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['F', 4])
+            sage: MV.latex_options()
+            {'P': Ambient space of the Root system of type ['F', 4],
+             'circle_size': 0.1,
+             'mark_endpoints': True,
+             'projection': True}
+        """
+        from copy import copy
+        return copy(self._latex_options)
+
+    Element = MVPolytope