passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/monoids/free_monoid_element.py

@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+"""
+Elements of Free Monoids
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Kohel (2005-09-29)
+
+Elements of free monoids are represented internally as lists of
+pairs of integers.
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2005 David Kohel <kohel@maths.usyd.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+#    of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+#  See the GNU General Public License for more details; the full text
+#  is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.structure.element import MonoidElement
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp, richcmp_not_equal
+from sage.rings.semirings.non_negative_integer_semiring import NN
+
+
+def is_FreeMonoidElement(x):
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(38184,
+                "The function is_FreeMonoidElement is deprecated; "
+                "use 'isinstance(..., FreeMonoidElement)' instead.")
+    return isinstance(x, FreeMonoidElement)
+
+
+class FreeMonoidElement(MonoidElement):
+    """
+    Element of a free monoid.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: a = FreeMonoid(5, 'a').gens()
+        sage: x = a[0]*a[1]*a[4]**3
+        sage: x**3
+        a0*a1*a4^3*a0*a1*a4^3*a0*a1*a4^3
+        sage: x**0
+        1
+        sage: x**(-1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError
+    """
+    def __init__(self, F, x, check=True):
+        """
+        Create the element `x` of the FreeMonoid `F`.
+
+        This should typically be called by a FreeMonoid.
+        """
+        MonoidElement.__init__(self, F)
+        if isinstance(x, (int, Integer)):
+            if x == 1:
+                self._element_list = []
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("argument x (= %s) is of the wrong type" % x)
+        elif isinstance(x, list):
+            if check:
+                x2 = []
+                for v in x:
+                    if not (isinstance(v, tuple) and len(v) == 2):
+                        raise TypeError("x (= %s) must be a list of 2-tuples or 1" % x)
+                    if not (isinstance(v[0], (int, Integer)) and
+                            isinstance(v[1], (int, Integer))):
+                        raise TypeError("x (= %s) must be a list of 2-tuples of integers or 1" % x)
+                    if len(x2) > 0 and v[0] == x2[len(x2)-1][0]:
+                        x2[len(x2)-1] = (v[0], v[1]+x2[len(x2)-1][1])
+                    else:
+                        x2.append(v)
+                self._element_list = x2
+            else:
+                self._element_list = list(x)  # make copy, so user can't accidentally change monoid.
+
+        else:
+            # TODO: should have some other checks here...
+            raise TypeError("argument x (= %s) is of the wrong type" % x)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = FreeMonoid(2)
+            sage: hash(x) == hash(((0, 1),))
+            True
+            sage: hash(y) == hash(((1, 1),))
+            True
+            sage: hash(x*y) == hash(((0, 1), (1, 1)))
+            True
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self._element_list))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Return an iterator which yields tuples of variable and exponent.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = FreeMonoid(5, 'a').gens()
+            sage: list(a[0]*a[1]*a[4]**3*a[0])
+            [(a0, 1), (a1, 1), (a4, 3), (a0, 1)]
+        """
+        gens = self.parent().gens()
+        return ((gens[index], exponent)
+                for (index, exponent) in self._element_list)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        s = ""
+        v = self._element_list
+        x = self.parent().variable_names()
+        for i in range(len(v)):
+            if len(s) > 0:
+                s += "*"
+            g = x[int(v[i][0])]
+            e = v[i][1]
+            if e == 1:
+                s += "%s" % g
+            else:
+                s += f"{g}^{e}"
+        if len(s) == 0:
+            s = "1"
+        return s
+
+    def _latex_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: F = FreeMonoid(3, 'a')
+            sage: z = F([(0,5),(1,2),(0,10),(0,2),(1,2)])
+            sage: z._latex_()
+            'a_{0}^{5}a_{1}^{2}a_{0}^{12}a_{1}^{2}'
+            sage: F.<alpha,beta,gamma> = FreeMonoid(3)
+            sage: latex(alpha*beta*gamma)
+            \alpha \beta \gamma
+
+        Check that :issue:`14509` is fixed::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: K.< alpha,b > = FreeAlgebra(SR)
+            sage: latex(alpha*b)
+            \alpha b
+            sage: latex(b*alpha)
+            b \alpha
+            sage: "%s" % latex(alpha*b)
+            '\\alpha b'
+        """
+        s = ""
+        v = self._element_list
+        x = self.parent().latex_variable_names()
+        for i in range(len(v)):
+            g = x[int(v[i][0])]
+            e = v[i][1]
+            if e == 1:
+                s += f"{g} "
+            else:
+                s += f"{g}^{{{e}}}"
+        s = s.rstrip(" ")  # strip the trailing whitespace caused by adding a space after each element name
+        if len(s) == 0:
+            s = "1"
+        return s
+
+    def __call__(self, *x, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y> = FreeMonoid(2)
+            sage: (x*y).substitute(x=1)
+            y
+
+            sage: M.<a> = FreeMonoid(1)
+            sage: a.substitute(a=5)
+            5
+
+            sage: M.<x,y,z> = FreeMonoid(3)
+            sage: (x*y).subs(x=1,y=2,z=14)
+            2
+            sage: (x*y).subs({x:z,y:z})
+            z^2
+
+        It is still possible to substitute elements
+        that have no common parent::
+
+            sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ,1,2)                                              # needs sage.modules
+            sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,1)                                              # needs sage.modules
+            sage: (x*y).subs({x: M1([1,2]), y: M2([3,4])})                              # needs sage.modules
+            [11]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y> = FreeMonoid(2)
+            sage: (x*y)(QQ(4),QQ(5)).parent()
+            Rational Field
+
+        The codomain is by default the first parent::
+
+            sage: M.one()(QQ(4),QQ(5)).parent()
+            Rational Field
+
+        unless there is no variable and no substitution::
+
+            sage: M = FreeMonoid(0, [])
+            sage: M.one()().parent()
+            Free monoid on 0 generators ()
+
+        AUTHORS:
+
+        - Joel B. Mohler (2007-10-27)
+        """
+        if kwds and x:
+            raise ValueError("must not specify both a keyword and positional argument")
+
+        P = self.parent()
+
+        if kwds:
+            x = self.gens()
+            gens_dict = {name: i for i, name in enumerate(P.variable_names())}
+            for key, value in kwds.items():
+                if key in gens_dict:
+                    x[gens_dict[key]] = value
+
+        if x and isinstance(x[0], tuple):
+            x = x[0]
+
+        if len(x) != self.parent().ngens():
+            raise ValueError("must specify as many values as generators in parent")
+
+        # if no substitution, do nothing
+        if not x:
+            return self
+
+        try:
+            # This will land in the parent of the first element
+            result = x[0].parent().one()
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            # unless the parent has no unit
+            result = NN.one()
+        for var_index, exponent in self._element_list:
+            replacement = x[var_index]
+            if exponent > 1:
+                result *= replacement ** exponent
+            elif exponent == 1:
+                result *= replacement
+        return result
+
+    def _mul_(self, y):
+        """
+        Multiply two elements ``self`` and ``y`` of the
+        free monoid.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = FreeMonoid(5, 'a').gens()
+            sage: x = a[0] * a[1] * a[4]**3
+            sage: y = a[4] * a[0] * a[1]
+            sage: x*y
+            a0*a1*a4^4*a0*a1
+        """
+        M = self.parent()
+        z = M(1)
+        x_elt = self._element_list
+        y_elt = y._element_list
+        if not x_elt:
+            z._element_list = y_elt
+        elif not y_elt:
+            z._element_list = x_elt
+        else:
+            k = len(x_elt)-1
+            if x_elt[k][0] != y_elt[0][0]:
+                z._element_list = x_elt + y_elt
+            else:
+                m = (y_elt[0][0], x_elt[k][1]+y_elt[0][1])
+                z._element_list = x_elt[:k] + [m] + y_elt[1:]
+        return z
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = FreeMonoid(5, 'a').gens()
+            sage: x = a[0]*a[1]*a[4]**3
+            sage: x**(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the degree of the monoid element ``self``, where each
+        generator of the free monoid is given degree `1`.
+
+        For example, the length of the identity is `0`, and the
+        length of `x_0^2x_1` is `3`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: F = FreeMonoid(3, 'a')
+            sage: z = F(1)
+            sage: len(z)
+            0
+            sage: a = F.gens()
+            sage: len(a[0]**2 * a[1])
+            3
+        """
+        return sum(x[1] for x in self._element_list)
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op) -> bool:
+        """
+        Compare two free monoid elements with the same parents.
+
+        The ordering is first by increasing length, then lexicographically
+        on the underlying word.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = FreeMonoid(3, 'a')
+            sage: (x,y,z) = S.gens()
+            sage: x * y < y * x
+            True
+
+            sage: a = FreeMonoid(5, 'a').gens()
+            sage: x = a[0]*a[1]*a[4]**3
+            sage: x < x
+            False
+            sage: x == x
+            True
+            sage: x >= x*x
+            False
+        """
+        m = sum(i for x, i in self._element_list)
+        n = sum(i for x, i in other._element_list)
+        if m != n:
+            return richcmp_not_equal(m, n, op)
+        v = tuple([x for x, i in self._element_list for j in range(i)])
+        w = tuple([x for x, i in other._element_list for j in range(i)])
+        return richcmp(v, w, op)
+
+    def _acted_upon_(self, x, self_on_left):
+        """
+        Return the action of the integer 1 on this element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y,z>=FreeMonoid(3)
+            sage: 1*x
+            x
+        """
+        if x == 1:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def to_word(self, alph=None):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` as a word.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``alph`` -- (optional) the alphabet which the result should
+          be specified in
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y,z> = FreeMonoid(3)
+            sage: a = x * x * y * x
+            sage: w = a.to_word(); w
+            word: xxyx
+            sage: w.to_monoid_element() == a
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`to_list`
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.words.finite_word import Words
+        gens = self.parent().gens()
+        if alph is None:
+            alph = gens
+        alph = [str(c) for c in alph]
+        W = Words(alph, infinite=False)
+        return W(sum([[alph[gens.index(i[0])]] * i[1] for i in self], []))
+
+    def to_list(self, indices=False) -> list:
+        r"""
+        Return ``self`` as a list of generators.
+
+        If ``self`` equals `x_{i_1} x_{i_2} \cdots x_{i_n}`, with
+        `x_{i_1}, x_{i_2}, \ldots, x_{i_n}` being some of the
+        generators of the free monoid, then this method returns
+        the list `[x_{i_1}, x_{i_2}, \ldots, x_{i_n}]`.
+
+        If the optional argument ``indices`` is set to ``True``,
+        then the list `[i_1, i_2, \ldots, i_n]` is returned instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y,z> = FreeMonoid(3)
+            sage: a = x * x * y * x
+            sage: w = a.to_list(); w
+            [x, x, y, x]
+            sage: M.prod(w) == a
+            True
+            sage: w = a.to_list(indices=True); w
+            [0, 0, 1, 0]
+            sage: a = M.one()
+            sage: a.to_list()
+            []
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`to_word`
+        """
+        if not indices:
+            return sum(([i[0]] * i[1] for i in list(self)), [])
+        gens = self.parent().gens()
+        return sum(([gens.index(i[0])] * i[1] for i in list(self)), [])

sage/monoids/hecke_monoid.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.groups
+"""
+Hecke Monoids
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2015 Nicolas M. Thiéry <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_function
+from sage.sets.finite_set_maps import FiniteSetMaps
+
+
+@cached_function
+def HeckeMonoid(W):
+    r"""
+    Return the `0`-Hecke monoid of the Coxeter group `W`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``W`` -- a finite Coxeter group
+
+    Let `s_1,\ldots,s_n` be the simple reflections of `W`. The 0-Hecke
+    monoid is the monoid generated by projections `\pi_1,\ldots,\pi_n`
+    satisfying the same braid and commutation relations as the `s_i`.
+    It is of same cardinality as `W`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This is currently a very basic implementation as the submonoid
+        of sorting maps on `W` generated by the simple projections of
+        `W`. It's only functional for `W` finite.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :class:`CoxeterGroups`
+        - :class:`CoxeterGroups.ParentMethods.simple_projections`
+        - :class:`IwahoriHeckeAlgebra`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.monoids.hecke_monoid import HeckeMonoid
+        sage: W = SymmetricGroup(4)
+        sage: H = HeckeMonoid(W); H
+        0-Hecke monoid of the Symmetric group of order 4! as a permutation group
+        sage: pi = H.monoid_generators(); pi
+        Finite family {1: ..., 2: ..., 3: ...}
+        sage: all(pi[i]^2 == pi[i] for i in pi.keys())
+        True
+        sage: pi[1] * pi[2] * pi[1] == pi[2] * pi[1] * pi[2]
+        True
+        sage: pi[2] * pi[3] * pi[2] == pi[3] * pi[2] * pi[3]
+        True
+        sage: pi[1] * pi[3] == pi[3] * pi[1]
+        True
+        sage: H.cardinality()
+        24
+    """
+    ambient_monoid = FiniteSetMaps(W, action='right')
+    pi = W.simple_projections(length_increasing=True).map(ambient_monoid)
+    H = ambient_monoid.submonoid(pi)
+    H.rename("0-Hecke monoid of the %s" % W)
+    return H