passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/sf/hall_littlewood.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1028 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+r"""
+Hall-Littlewood polynomials
+
+Notation used in the definitions follows mainly [Mac1995]_.
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+import sage.combinat.partition
+from sage.categories.homset import Hom
+from sage.categories.morphism import SetMorphism
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+from . import sfa
+
+lazy_import('sage.libs.symmetrica.all', 'hall_littlewood')
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.constructor', 'matrix')
+
+
+# P basis cache
+p_to_s_cache = {}
+s_to_p_cache = {}
+# Qp basis cache
+qp_to_s_cache = {}
+s_to_qp_cache = {}
+
+QQt = QQ['t'].fraction_field()
+
+# TODO: optimize! which is the fastest way of computing HL's and kostka-polynomials?
+# Qp basis is computed using symmetrica, while P basis is computed using rigged
+# configurations
+
+
+class HallLittlewood(UniqueRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    The family of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases.
+
+    The Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions are a family of symmetric
+    functions that depend on a parameter `t`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    By default the parameter for these functions is `t`, and
+    whatever the parameter is, it must be in the base ring.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(1)
+        Hall-Littlewood polynomials with t=1 over Rational Field
+        sage: SymmetricFunctions(QQ['t'].fraction_field()).hall_littlewood()
+        Hall-Littlewood polynomials over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing the family of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases.
+
+        OUTPUT: string representing the class
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(1)
+            Hall-Littlewood polynomials with t=1 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._name + " over %s" % self._sym.base_ring()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, Sym, t='t'):
+        """
+        Normalize the arguments.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<q, t> = QQ[]
+            sage: B1 = SymmetricFunctions(R).hall_littlewood()
+            sage: B2 = SymmetricFunctions(R).hall_littlewood(t)
+            sage: B3 = SymmetricFunctions(R).hall_littlewood(q)
+            sage: B1 is B2
+            True
+            sage: B1 == B3
+            False
+        """
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, Sym, Sym.base_ring()(t))
+
+    def __init__(self, Sym, t):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: HL = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t'])).hall_littlewood()
+            sage: TestSuite(HL).run()
+        """
+        self._sym = Sym
+        self.t = Sym.base_ring()(t)
+        self._name_suffix = ""
+        if str(t) != 't':
+            self._name_suffix += " with t=%s" % t
+        self._name = "Hall-Littlewood polynomials"+self._name_suffix
+
+    def symmetric_function_ring( self ):
+        r"""
+        Return the ring of symmetric functions associated to the class of
+        Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: HL = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t'])).hall_littlewood()
+            sage: HL.symmetric_function_ring()
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._sym
+
+    def base_ring( self ):
+        r"""
+        Return the base ring of the symmetric functions where the
+        Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions live.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: HL = SymmetricFunctions(QQ['t'].fraction_field()).hall_littlewood(t=1)
+            sage: HL.base_ring()
+            Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._sym.base_ring()
+
+    def P(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the algebra of symmetric functions in the Hall-Littlewood
+        `P` basis. This is the same as the `HL` basis in John Stembridge's
+        SF examples file.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases
+
+        OUTPUT: the class of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P(); HLP
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood P basis
+            sage: SP = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=-1).P(); SP
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood P with t=-1 basis
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: s(HLP([2,1]))
+            (-t^2-t)*s[1, 1, 1] + s[2, 1]
+
+        The Hall-Littlewood polynomials in the `P` basis at `t = 0` are the
+        Schur functions::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(QQ)
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=0).P()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: s(HLP([2,1])) == s([2,1])
+            True
+
+        The Hall-Littlewood polynomials in the `P` basis at `t = 1` are the
+        monomial symmetric functions::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(QQ)
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=1).P()
+            sage: m = Sym.monomial()
+            sage: m(HLP([2,2,1])) == m([2,2,1])
+            True
+
+        We end with some examples of coercions between:
+
+            1. Hall-Littlewood `P` basis.
+
+            2. Hall-Littlewood polynomials in the `Q` basis
+
+            3. Hall-Littlewood polynomials in the `Q^\prime` basis (via the Schurs)
+
+            4. Classical symmetric functions
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP  = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLQ  = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: p = Sym.power()
+            sage: HLP(HLQ([2])) # indirect doctest
+            (-t+1)*HLP[2]
+            sage: HLP(HLQp([2]))
+            t*HLP[1, 1] + HLP[2]
+            sage: HLP(s([2]))
+            t*HLP[1, 1] + HLP[2]
+            sage: HLP(p([2]))
+            (t-1)*HLP[1, 1] + HLP[2]
+            sage: s = HLQp.symmetric_function_ring().s()
+            sage: HLQp.transition_matrix(s,3)
+            [      1       0       0]
+            [      t       1       0]
+            [    t^3 t^2 + t       1]
+            sage: s.transition_matrix(HLP,3)
+            [      1       t     t^3]
+            [      0       1 t^2 + t]
+            [      0       0       1]
+
+        The method :meth:`sage.combinat.sf.sfa.SymmetricFunctionAlgebra_generic_Element.hl_creation_operator`
+        is a creation operator for the `Q` basis::
+
+            sage: HLQp[1].hl_creation_operator([3]).hl_creation_operator([3])           # needs lrcalc_python
+            HLQp[3, 3, 1]
+
+        Transitions between bases with the parameter `t` specialized::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['y','z']))
+            sage: (y,z) = Sym.base_ring().gens()
+            sage: HLy = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=y)
+            sage: HLz = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=z)
+            sage: Qpy = HLy.Qp()
+            sage: Qpz = HLz.Qp()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: s( Qpy[3,1] + z*Qpy[2,2] )
+            z*s[2, 2] + (y*z+1)*s[3, 1] + (y^2*z+y)*s[4]
+            sage: s( Qpy[3,1] + y*Qpz[2,2] )
+            y*s[2, 2] + (y*z+1)*s[3, 1] + (y*z^2+y)*s[4]
+            sage: s( Qpy[3,1] + y*Qpy[2,2] )
+            y*s[2, 2] + (y^2+1)*s[3, 1] + (y^3+y)*s[4]
+
+            sage: Qy = HLy.Q()
+            sage: Qz = HLz.Q()
+            sage: Py = HLy.P()
+            sage: Pz = HLz.P()
+            sage: Pz(Qpy[2,1])
+            (y*z^3+z^2+z)*HLP[1, 1, 1] + (y*z+1)*HLP[2, 1] + y*HLP[3]
+            sage: Pz(Qz[2,1])
+            (z^2-2*z+1)*HLP[2, 1]
+            sage: Qz(Py[2])
+            -((y-z)/(z^3-z^2-z+1))*HLQ[1, 1] + (1/(-z+1))*HLQ[2]
+            sage: Qy(Pz[2])
+            ((y-z)/(y^3-y^2-y+1))*HLQ[1, 1] + (1/(-y+1))*HLQ[2]
+            sage: Qy.hall_littlewood_family() == HLy
+            True
+            sage: Qy.hall_littlewood_family() == HLz
+            False
+            sage: Qz.symmetric_function_ring() == Qy.symmetric_function_ring()
+            True
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['q']))
+            sage: q = Sym.base_ring().gen()
+            sage: HL = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=q)
+            sage: HLQp = HL.Qp()
+            sage: HLQ = HL.Q()
+            sage: HLP = HL.P()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: s(HLQp[3,2].plethysm((1-q)*s[1]))/(1-q)^2
+            (-q^5-q^4)*s[1, 1, 1, 1, 1] + (q^3+q^2)*s[2, 1, 1, 1] - q*s[2, 2, 1] - q*s[3, 1, 1] + s[3, 2]
+            sage: s(HLP[3,2])
+            (-q^5-q^4)*s[1, 1, 1, 1, 1] + (q^3+q^2)*s[2, 1, 1, 1] - q*s[2, 2, 1] - q*s[3, 1, 1] + s[3, 2]
+
+        The `P` and `Q`-Schur at `t=-1` indexed by strict partitions are a basis for
+        the space algebraically generated by the odd power sum symmetric functions::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['q']))
+            sage: SP = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=-1).P()
+            sage: SQ = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=-1).Q()
+            sage: p = Sym.power()
+            sage: SP(SQ[3,2,1])
+            8*HLP[3, 2, 1]
+            sage: SP(SQ[2,2,1])
+            0
+            sage: p(SP[3,2,1])
+            1/45*p[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] - 1/9*p[3, 1, 1, 1] - 1/9*p[3, 3] + 1/5*p[5, 1]
+            sage: SP(p[3,3])
+            -4*HLP[3, 2, 1] + 2*HLP[4, 2] - 2*HLP[5, 1] + HLP[6]
+            sage: SQ( SQ[1]*SQ[3] -2*(1-q)*SQ[4] )                                      # needs lrcalc_python
+            HLQ[3, 1] + 2*q*HLQ[4]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: HLP(s[[]])
+            HLP[]
+            sage: HLQ(s[[]])
+            HLQ[]
+            sage: HLQp(s[[]])
+            HLQp[]
+        """
+        return HallLittlewood_p(self)
+
+    def Q(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the algebra of symmetric functions in Hall-Littlewood `Q`
+        basis. This is the same as the `Q` basis in John Stembridge's SF
+        examples file.
+
+        More extensive examples can be found in the documentation for the
+        Hall-Littlewood `P` basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases
+
+        OUTPUT: the class of the Hall-Littlewood `Q` basis
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q(); HLQ
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood Q basis
+            sage: SQ = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(t=-1).Q(); SQ
+            Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood Q with t=-1 basis
+        """
+        return HallLittlewood_q(self)
+
+    def Qp(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the algebra of symmetric functions in Hall-Littlewood `Q^\prime` (Qp)
+        basis. This is dual to the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis with respect to
+        the standard scalar product.
+
+        More extensive examples can be found in the documentation for the
+        Hall-Littlewood P basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood symmetric function bases
+
+        OUTPUT: the class of the Hall-Littlewood `Qp`-basis
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp(); HLQp
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood Qp basis
+        """
+        return HallLittlewood_qp(self)
+
+
+class HallLittlewood_generic(sfa.SymmetricFunctionAlgebra_generic):
+    def __init__(self, hall_littlewood):
+        r"""
+        A class with methods for working with Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions which
+        are common to all bases.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+        - ``hall_littlewood`` -- a class of Hall-Littlewood bases
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SymmetricFunctions(QQ['t'].fraction_field()).hall_littlewood().P()
+            Symmetric Functions over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood P basis
+            sage: SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(t=2).P()
+            Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Hall-Littlewood P with t=2 basis
+        """
+        s = self.__class__.__name__[15:].capitalize()
+        sfa.SymmetricFunctionAlgebra_generic.__init__(
+            self, hall_littlewood._sym,
+            basis_name="Hall-Littlewood " + s + hall_littlewood._name_suffix,
+            prefix="HL" + s)
+        self.t = hall_littlewood.t
+        self._sym = hall_littlewood._sym
+        self._hall_littlewood = hall_littlewood
+        self._s = self._sym.schur()
+
+        # This coercion is broken: HLP = HallLittlewoodP(QQ); HLP(HLP._s[1])
+
+        # Bases defined by orthotriangularity should inherit from some
+        # common category BasesByOrthotriangularity (shared with Jack, HL, orthotriang, Mcdo)
+        if hasattr(self, "_s_cache"):
+            # temporary until Hom(GradedHopfAlgebrasWithBasis work better)
+            category = sage.categories.all.ModulesWithBasis(self._sym.base_ring())
+            self   .register_coercion(SetMorphism(Hom(self._s, self, category), self._s_to_self))
+            self._s.register_coercion(SetMorphism(Hom(self, self._s, category), self._self_to_s))
+
+    def construction(self):
+        """
+        Return a pair ``(F, R)``, where ``F`` is a
+        :class:`SymmetricFunctionsFunctor` and `R` is a ring, such
+        that ``F(R)`` returns ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(t=2).P()
+            sage: P.construction()
+            (SymmetricFunctionsFunctor[Hall-Littlewood P with t=2], Rational Field)
+        """
+
+        return (sfa.SymmetricFunctionsFamilyFunctor(self,
+                                                    HallLittlewood,
+                                                    self.basis_name(),
+                                                    self.t),
+                self.base_ring())
+
+    def _s_to_self(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Isomorphism from the Schur basis into ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the Schur basis
+
+        OUTPUT: an element of ``self`` equivalent to ``x``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).hall_littlewood(t=2).P()
+            sage: s = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).schur()
+            sage: P._s_to_self(s[2,1])
+            6*HLP[1, 1, 1] + HLP[2, 1]
+
+        This is for internal use only. Please use instead::
+
+            sage: P(s[2,1])
+            6*HLP[1, 1, 1] + HLP[2, 1]
+        """
+        return self._from_cache(x, self._s_cache, self._s_to_self_cache,
+                                t=self.t)
+
+    def _self_to_s(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Isomorphism from ``self`` to the Schur basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the basis ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT: an element of the Schur basis equivalent to ``x``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(QQ)
+            sage: P = Sym.hall_littlewood(t=2).P()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur()
+            sage: P._self_to_s(P[2,1])
+            -6*s[1, 1, 1] + s[2, 1]
+
+        This is for internal use only. Please use instead::
+
+            sage: s(P[2,1])
+            -6*s[1, 1, 1] + s[2, 1]
+        """
+        return self._s._from_cache(x, self._s_cache, self._self_to_s_cache,
+                                   t=self.t)
+
+    def transition_matrix(self, basis, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the transitions matrix between ``self`` and ``basis`` for the
+        homogeneous component of degree ``n``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+        - ``basis`` -- another symmetric function basis
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer representing the degree
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - Returns a `r \times r` matrix of elements of the base ring of ``self``
+          where `r` is the number of partitions of ``n``.
+          The entry corresponding to row `\mu`, column `\nu` is the
+          coefficient of ``basis`` `(\nu)` in ``self`` `(\mu)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: s   = Sym.schur()
+            sage: HLP.transition_matrix(s, 4)
+            [             1             -t              0            t^2           -t^3]
+            [             0              1             -t             -t      t^3 + t^2]
+            [             0              0              1             -t            t^3]
+            [             0              0              0              1 -t^3 - t^2 - t]
+            [             0              0              0              0              1]
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQ.transition_matrix(s,3)
+            [                        -t + 1                        t^2 - t                     -t^3 + t^2]
+            [                             0                  t^2 - 2*t + 1           -t^4 + t^3 + t^2 - t]
+            [                             0                              0 -t^6 + t^5 + t^4 - t^2 - t + 1]
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: HLQp.transition_matrix(s,3)
+            [      1       0       0]
+            [      t       1       0]
+            [    t^3 t^2 + t       1]
+        """
+        P = sage.combinat.partition.Partitions_n(n)
+        Plist = P.list()
+        m = []
+        for row_part in Plist:
+            z = basis(self(row_part))
+            m.append( [z.coefficient(col_part) for col_part in Plist] )
+        return matrix(m)
+
+    def product(self, left, right):
+        r"""
+        Multiply an element of the Hall-Littlewood symmetric function
+        basis ``self`` and another symmetric function
+
+        Convert to the Schur basis, do the multiplication there, and
+        convert back to ``self`` basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+        - ``left`` -- an element of the basis ``self``
+        - ``right`` -- another symmetric function
+
+        OUTPUT: the product of ``left`` and ``right`` expanded in the basis ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLP([2])^2  # indirect doctest                                        # needs lrcalc_python
+            (t+1)*HLP[2, 2] + (-t+1)*HLP[3, 1] + HLP[4]
+
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQ([2])^2  # indirect doctest                                        # needs lrcalc_python
+            HLQ[2, 2] + (-t+1)*HLQ[3, 1] + (-t+1)*HLQ[4]
+
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: HLQp([2])^2  # indirect doctest                                       # needs lrcalc_python
+            HLQp[2, 2] + (-t+1)*HLQp[3, 1] + (-t+1)*HLQp[4]
+        """
+        return self(self._s(left) * self._s(right))
+
+    def hall_littlewood_family(self):
+        r"""
+        The family of Hall-Littlewood bases associated to ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- a Hall-Littlewood symmetric function basis
+
+        OUTPUT: the class of Hall-Littlewood bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: HLP = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t'])).hall_littlewood(1).P()
+            sage: HLP.hall_littlewood_family()
+            Hall-Littlewood polynomials with t=1 over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._hall_littlewood
+
+    class Element(sfa.SymmetricFunctionAlgebra_generic.Element):
+        r"""
+        Methods for elements of a Hall-Littlewood basis that are common to all bases.
+        """
+
+        def expand(self, n, alphabet='x'):
+            r"""
+            Expand the symmetric function as a symmetric polynomial in ``n`` variables.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an element of a Hall-Littlewood basis
+            - ``n`` -- positive integer
+            - ``alphabet`` -- string representing a variable name (default: ``'x'``)
+
+            OUTPUT: a symmetric polynomial of ``self`` in ``n`` variables
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+                sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+                sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+                sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+                sage: HLP([2]).expand(2)
+                x0^2 + (-t + 1)*x0*x1 + x1^2
+                sage: HLQ([2]).expand(2)
+                (-t + 1)*x0^2 + (t^2 - 2*t + 1)*x0*x1 + (-t + 1)*x1^2
+                sage: HLQp([2]).expand(2)
+                x0^2 + x0*x1 + x1^2
+                sage: HLQp([2]).expand(2, 'y')
+                y0^2 + y0*y1 + y1^2
+                sage: HLQp([2]).expand(1)
+                x^2
+            """
+            s = self.parent().realization_of().schur()
+            return s(self).expand(n, alphabet=alphabet)
+
+        def scalar(self, x, zee=None):
+            r"""
+            Return standard scalar product between ``self`` and ``x``.
+
+            This is the default implementation that converts both ``self`` and ``x``
+            into Schur functions and performs the scalar product that basis.
+
+            The Hall-Littlewood `P` basis is dual to the `Qp` basis with respect to
+            this scalar product.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an element of a Hall-Littlewood basis
+            - ``x`` -- another symmetric element of the symmetric functions
+
+            OUTPUT: the scalar product between ``self`` and ``x``
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+                sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+                sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+                sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar(HLQp([2]))
+                1
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar(HLQp([1,1]))
+                0
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar(HLQ([2]), lambda mu: mu.centralizer_size(t = HLP.t))
+                1
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar(HLQ([1,1]), lambda mu: mu.centralizer_size(t = HLP.t))
+                0
+            """
+            s = self.parent().realization_of().schur()
+            s_self = s(self)
+            s_x = s(x)
+            return s_self.scalar(s_x, zee)
+
+        def scalar_hl(self, x, t=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the Hall-Littlewood (with parameter ``t``) scalar product
+            of ``self`` and ``x``.
+
+            The Hall-Littlewood scalar product is defined in Macdonald's
+            book [Mac1995]_.  The power sum basis is orthogonal and
+            `\langle p_\mu, p_\mu \rangle = z_\mu \prod_{i} 1/(1-t^{\mu_i})`
+
+            The Hall-Littlewood `P` basis is dual to the `Q` basis with respect to
+            this scalar product.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an element of a Hall-Littlewood basis
+            - ``x`` -- another symmetric element of the symmetric functions
+            - ``t`` -- an optional parameter, if this parameter is not specified then
+              the value of the ``t`` from the basis is used in the calculation
+
+            OUTPUT: the Hall-Littlewood scalar product between ``self`` and ``x``
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+                sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+                sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar_hl(HLQ([2]))
+                1
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar_hl(HLQ([1,1]))
+                0
+                sage: HLQ([2]).scalar_hl(HLQ([2]))
+                -t + 1
+                sage: HLQ([2]).scalar_hl(HLQ([1,1]))
+                0
+                sage: HLP([2]).scalar_hl(HLP([2]))
+                -1/(t - 1)
+            """
+            parent = self.parent()
+            if t is None:
+                t = parent.t
+            p = parent.realization_of().power()
+            f = lambda part1, part2: part1.centralizer_size(t=t)
+            return parent._apply_multi_module_morphism(p(self), p(x), f,
+                                                       orthogonal=True)
+
+
+###########
+# P basis #
+###########
+
+class HallLittlewood_p(HallLittlewood_generic):
+    r"""
+    A class representing the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis of symmetric functions
+    """
+
+    class Element(HallLittlewood_generic.Element):
+        pass
+
+    def __init__(self, hall_littlewood):
+        r"""
+        A class with methods for working with the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis.
+
+        The `P` basis is calculated from the Schur basis using the functions
+        in :meth:`sage.combinat.sf.kfpoly`.  These functions calculate Kostka-Foulkes polynomials
+        using rigged configuration formulas.
+
+        This change of basis is inverted to convert to the Schur basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``hall_littlewood`` -- a class for the family of Hall-Littlewood bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs lrcalc_python
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: P = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run(skip=['_test_associativity', '_test_distributivity', '_test_prod']) # products are too expensive
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run(elements = [P.t*P[1,1]+P[2], P[1]+(1+P.t)*P[1,1]])
+        """
+        HallLittlewood_generic.__init__(self, hall_littlewood)
+        self._self_to_s_cache = p_to_s_cache
+        self._s_to_self_cache = s_to_p_cache
+
+    def _q_to_p_normalization(self, m):
+        r"""
+        The coefficient relating the `Q` and the `P` bases.
+
+        Returns the scalar coefficient that is used when converting from the
+        `Q` basis to the `P` basis. Note that this assumes that ``m`` is a
+        Partition object.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``m`` -- a partition
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - returns the coefficient equal to `Q(m)/P(m)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLP._q_to_p_normalization(Partition([2,1]))
+            t^2 - 2*t + 1
+        """
+        t = self.t
+        coeff = (1-t)**len(m)
+        for i in m.to_exp():
+            for j in range(1,i+1):
+                coeff *= (1-t**j)/(1-t)
+        return coeff
+
+    def _s_to_self_base(self, part):
+        r"""
+        Return a function which gives the coefficient of a partition
+        in the expansion of the Schur functions ``s(part)`` in the Hall-Littlewood
+        `P` basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``part`` -- a partition
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - returns a function which accepts a partition ``part2`` and returns
+          the coefficient of ``P(part2)`` in ``s(part)``
+          This coefficient is the t-Kostka-Foulkes polynomial  `K_{part,part2}(t)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: f21 = HLP._s_to_self_base(Partition([2,1]))
+            sage: [f21(p) for p in Partitions(3)]
+            [0, 1, t^2 + t]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.sf.kfpoly import schur_to_hl
+        t = QQt.gen()
+        zero = self.base_ring().zero()
+        res_dict = schur_to_hl(part, t)
+        f = lambda part2: res_dict.get(part2,zero)
+        return f
+
+    def _s_cache(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Compute the change of basis between the `P` polynomials and the
+        Schur functions for partitions of size ``n``.
+
+        Uses the fact that the transformation matrix is upper-triangular in
+        order to obtain the inverse transformation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLP._s_cache(2)
+            sage: l = lambda c: [ (i[0],[j for j in sorted(i[1].items())]) for i in sorted(c.items())]
+            sage: l(HLP._s_to_self_cache[2])
+            [([1, 1], [([1, 1], 1)]), ([2], [([1, 1], t), ([2], 1)])]
+            sage: l(HLP._self_to_s_cache[2])
+            [([1, 1], [([1, 1], 1)]), ([2], [([1, 1], -t), ([2], 1)])]
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood(10).P()
+            sage: HLP._s_cache(2)
+            sage: l(HLP._s_to_self_cache[2])
+            [([1, 1], [([1, 1], 1)]), ([2], [([1, 1], t), ([2], 1)])]
+        """
+        self._invert_morphism(n, QQt, self._self_to_s_cache,
+                              self._s_to_self_cache, to_self_function=self._s_to_self_base,
+                              upper_triangular=True, ones_on_diagonal=True)
+
+
+###########
+# Q basis #
+###########
+
+class HallLittlewood_q(HallLittlewood_generic):
+    class Element(HallLittlewood_generic.Element):
+        pass
+
+    def __init__(self, hall_littlewood):
+        r"""
+        The `Q` basis is defined as a normalization of the `P` basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``hall_littlewood`` -- a class for the family of Hall-Littlewood bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: Q = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: TestSuite(Q).run(skip=['_test_associativity', '_test_distributivity', '_test_prod']) # products are too expensive, long time (3s on sage.math, 2012)
+            sage: TestSuite(Q).run(elements = [Q.t*Q[1,1]+Q[2], Q[1]+(1+Q.t)*Q[1,1]])  # long time (depends on previous)
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur(); p = Sym.power()
+            sage: HLQ( HLP([2,1]) + HLP([3]) )
+            (1/(t^2-2*t+1))*HLQ[2, 1] - (1/(t-1))*HLQ[3]
+            sage: HLQ(HLQp([2])) # indirect doctest
+            (t/(t^3-t^2-t+1))*HLQ[1, 1] - (1/(t-1))*HLQ[2]
+            sage: HLQ(s([2]))
+            (t/(t^3-t^2-t+1))*HLQ[1, 1] - (1/(t-1))*HLQ[2]
+            sage: HLQ(p([2]))
+            (1/(t^2-1))*HLQ[1, 1] - (1/(t-1))*HLQ[2]
+        """
+        HallLittlewood_generic.__init__(self, hall_littlewood)
+
+        self._P = self._hall_littlewood.P()
+        # temporary until Hom(GradedHopfAlgebrasWithBasis work better)
+        category = sage.categories.all.ModulesWithBasis(self.base_ring())
+
+        phi = self.module_morphism(diagonal=self._P._q_to_p_normalization,
+                                   codomain=self._P, category=category)
+        self._P.register_coercion(phi)
+        self.register_coercion(~phi)
+
+    def _p_to_q_normalization(self, m):
+        r"""
+        Return the scalar coefficient on self(m) when converting from the
+        `Q` basis to the `P` basis. Note that this assumes that ``m`` is a
+        Partition object.
+
+        Note: this is not used anymore!
+
+        Returns the scalar coefficient that is used when converting from the
+        `P` basis to the `Q` basis. Note that this assumes that ``m`` is a
+        Partition object.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``m`` -- a partition
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - returns the coefficient equal to `P(m)/Q(m)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQ._p_to_q_normalization(Partition([2,1]))
+            1/(t^2 - 2*t + 1)
+        """
+        t = self.t
+        coeff = 1/(1-t)**len(m)
+        for i in m.to_exp():
+            for j in range(1,i+1):
+                coeff *= (1-t)/(1-t**j)
+        return coeff
+
+
+############
+# Qp basis #
+############
+
+class HallLittlewood_qp(HallLittlewood_generic):
+
+    class Element(HallLittlewood_generic.Element):
+        pass
+
+    def __init__(self, hall_littlewood):
+        r"""
+        The Hall-Littlewood `Qp` basis is calculated through the symmetrica
+        library (see the function :meth:`HallLittlewood_qp._to_s`).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``hall_littlewood`` -- a class for the family of Hall-Littlewood bases
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: Qp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: TestSuite(Qp).run(skip=['_test_passociativity', '_test_distributivity', '_test_prod']) # products are too expensive, long time (3s on sage.math, 2012)
+            sage: TestSuite(Qp).run(elements = [Qp.t*Qp[1,1]+Qp[2], Qp[1]+(1+Qp.t)*Qp[1,1]])  # long time (depends on previous)
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLP = Sym.hall_littlewood().P()
+            sage: HLQ = Sym.hall_littlewood().Q()
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: s = Sym.schur(); p = Sym.power()
+            sage: HLQp(HLP([2])) # indirect doctest
+            -t*HLQp[1, 1] + (t^2+1)*HLQp[2]
+            sage: HLQp(s(HLQ([2]))) # work around bug reported in issue #12969
+            (t^2-t)*HLQp[1, 1] + (-t^3+t^2-t+1)*HLQp[2]
+            sage: HLQp(s([2]))
+            HLQp[2]
+            sage: HLQp(p([2]))
+            -HLQp[1, 1] + (t+1)*HLQp[2]
+            sage: s = HLQp.symmetric_function_ring().s()
+            sage: HLQp.transition_matrix(s,3)
+            [      1       0       0]
+            [      t       1       0]
+            [    t^3 t^2 + t       1]
+            sage: s.transition_matrix(HLP,3)
+            [      1       t     t^3]
+            [      0       1 t^2 + t]
+            [      0       0       1]
+        """
+        HallLittlewood_generic.__init__(self, hall_littlewood)
+        self._self_to_s_cache = qp_to_s_cache
+        self._s_to_self_cache = s_to_qp_cache
+
+    def _to_s(self, part):
+        r"""
+        Return a function which gives the coefficient of a partition
+        in the Schur expansion of ``self(part)``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``part`` -- a partition
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - returns a function which accepts a second partition ``part2``
+          and returns the coefficient of the expansion of the `Qp`
+          in the Schur basis.  This is the `t`-Kostka-Foulkes polynomial
+          `K_{part2,part}(t)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: f21 = HLQp._to_s(Partition([2,1]))
+            sage: [f21(p) for p in Partitions(3)]
+            [t, 1, 0]
+        """
+        t = QQt.gen()
+
+        if not part:
+            return lambda part2: QQt.one()
+
+        res = hall_littlewood(part) # call to symmetrica (returns in variable x)
+        f = lambda part2: res.coefficient(part2).subs(x=t)
+        return f
+
+    def _s_cache(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Compute the change of basis between the `Q^\prime` polynomials and the
+        Schur functions for partitions of size ``n``.
+
+        Uses the fact that the transformation matrix is lower-triangular in
+        order to obtain the inverse transformation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``self`` -- an instance of the Hall-Littlewood `P` basis
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(FractionField(QQ['t']))
+            sage: HLQp = Sym.hall_littlewood().Qp()
+            sage: HLQp._s_cache(2)
+            sage: l = lambda c: [ (i[0],[j for j in sorted(i[1].items())]) for i in sorted(c.items())]
+            sage: l(HLQp._s_to_self_cache[2])
+            [([1, 1], [([1, 1], 1), ([2], -t)]), ([2], [([2], 1)])]
+            sage: l(HLQp._self_to_s_cache[2])
+            [([1, 1], [([1, 1], 1), ([2], t)]), ([2], [([2], 1)])]
+        """
+        self._invert_morphism(n, QQt, self._self_to_s_cache,
+                              self._s_to_self_cache,
+                              to_other_function=self._to_s,
+                              lower_triangular=True, ones_on_diagonal=True)
+
+
+# Unpickling backward compatibility
+sage.misc.persist.register_unpickle_override('sage.combinat.sf.hall_littlewood', 'HallLittlewoodElement_p', HallLittlewood_p.Element)
+sage.misc.persist.register_unpickle_override('sage.combinat.sf.hall_littlewood', 'HallLittlewoodElement_q', HallLittlewood_q.Element)
+sage.misc.persist.register_unpickle_override('sage.combinat.sf.hall_littlewood', 'HallLittlewoodElement_qp', HallLittlewood_qp.Element)