passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/species/permutation_species.py

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.groups sage.libs.flint
+"""
+Permutation species
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from .species import GenericCombinatorialSpecies
+from .structure import GenericSpeciesStructure
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.combinat.permutation import Permutation, Permutations
+from sage.combinat.species.misc import accept_size
+
+
+class PermutationSpeciesStructure(GenericSpeciesStructure):
+    def canonical_label(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: S = P.structures(["a", "b", "c"])
+            sage: [s.canonical_label() for s in S]
+            [['a', 'b', 'c'],
+             ['b', 'a', 'c'],
+             ['b', 'a', 'c'],
+             ['b', 'c', 'a'],
+             ['b', 'c', 'a'],
+             ['b', 'a', 'c']]
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        return P._canonical_rep_from_partition(self.__class__, self._labels, Permutation(self._list).cycle_type())
+
+    def permutation_group_element(self):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` as a permutation group element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = PermutationGroupElement((2,3,4))
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: a = P.structures(["a", "b", "c", "d"])[2]; a
+            ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd']
+            sage: a.permutation_group_element()
+            (2,3)
+        """
+        return Permutation(self._list).to_permutation_group_element()
+
+    def transport(self, perm):
+        """
+        Return the transport of this structure along the permutation
+        perm.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = PermutationGroupElement((2,3,4))
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: a = P.structures(["a", "b", "c", "d"])[2]; a
+            ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd']
+            sage: a.transport(p)
+            ['a', 'd', 'c', 'b']
+        """
+        p = self.permutation_group_element()
+        p = perm*p*~perm
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), self._labels, p.domain())
+
+    def automorphism_group(self):
+        """
+        Return the group of permutations whose action on this structure
+        leave it fixed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: set_random_seed(0)
+            sage: p = PermutationGroupElement((2,3,4))
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: a = P.structures(["a", "b", "c", "d"])[2]; a
+            ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd']
+            sage: a.automorphism_group()
+            Permutation Group with generators [(2,3), (1,4)]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: [a.transport(perm) for perm in a.automorphism_group()]
+            [['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'],
+             ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'],
+             ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd'],
+             ['a', 'c', 'b', 'd']]
+        """
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named import SymmetricGroup
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup import PermutationGroup
+        S = SymmetricGroup(len(self._labels))
+        p = self.permutation_group_element()
+        return PermutationGroup(S.centralizer(p).gens())
+
+
+class PermutationSpecies(GenericCombinatorialSpecies, UniqueRepresentation):
+    @staticmethod
+    @accept_size
+    def __classcall__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies(); P
+            Permutation species
+        """
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, weight=None):
+        """
+        Return the species of permutations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: P.generating_series()[0:5]
+            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+            sage: P.isotype_generating_series()[0:5]
+            [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: c = P.generating_series()[0:3]
+            sage: P._check()
+            True
+            sage: P == loads(dumps(P))
+            True
+        """
+        GenericCombinatorialSpecies.__init__(self, min=min, max=max, weight=weight)
+        self._name = "Permutation species"
+
+    _default_structure_class = PermutationSpeciesStructure
+
+    def _structures(self, structure_class, labels):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: P.structures([1,2,3]).list()
+            [[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1]]
+        """
+        if labels == []:
+            yield structure_class(self, labels, [])
+        else:
+            for p in Permutations(len(labels)):
+                yield structure_class(self, labels, list(p))
+
+    def _isotypes(self, structure_class, labels):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: P.isotypes([1,2,3]).list()
+            [[2, 3, 1], [2, 1, 3], [1, 2, 3]]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.partition import Partitions
+        if labels == []:
+            yield structure_class(self, labels, [])
+            return
+
+        for p in Partitions(len(labels)):
+            yield self._canonical_rep_from_partition(structure_class, labels, p)
+
+    def _canonical_rep_from_partition(self, structure_class, labels, p):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: P._canonical_rep_from_partition(P._default_structure_class, ["a","b","c"], [2,1])
+            ['b', 'a', 'c']
+        """
+        indices = list(range(1, len(labels) + 1))
+        breaks = [sum(p[:i]) for i in range(len(p)+1)]
+        cycles = tuple(tuple(indices[breaks[i]:breaks[i+1]]) for i in range(len(p)))
+        perm = list(Permutation(cycles))
+        return structure_class(self, labels, perm)
+
+    def _gs_list(self, base_ring, n):
+        r"""
+        The generating series for the species of linear orders is
+        `\frac{1}{1-x}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: g = P.generating_series()
+            sage: g[0:10]
+            [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+        """
+        return base_ring.one()
+
+    def _itgs_callable(self, base_ring, n):
+        r"""
+        The isomorphism type generating series is given by
+        `\frac{1}{1-x}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: g = P.isotype_generating_series()
+            sage: [g.coefficient(i) for i in range(10)]
+            [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.partition import number_of_partitions
+        return base_ring(number_of_partitions(n))
+
+    def _cis(self, series_ring, base_ring):
+        r"""
+        The cycle index series for the species of permutations is given by.
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+             \prod{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{1-x_n}.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: g = P.cycle_index_series()                                            # needs sage.modules
+            sage: g[0:5]                                                                # needs sage.modules
+            [p[],
+             p[1],
+             p[1, 1] + p[2],
+             p[1, 1, 1] + p[2, 1] + p[3],
+             p[1, 1, 1, 1] + p[2, 1, 1] + p[2, 2] + p[3, 1] + p[4]]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.sf.sf import SymmetricFunctions
+        from sage.combinat.partition import Partitions
+        p = SymmetricFunctions(base_ring).p()
+        CIS = series_ring
+        return CIS(lambda n: sum(p(la) for la in Partitions(n)))
+
+    def _cis_gen(self, base_ring, m, n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: [P._cis_gen(QQ, 2, i) for i in range(10)]                             # needs sage.modules
+            [p[], 0, p[2], 0, p[2, 2], 0, p[2, 2, 2], 0, p[2, 2, 2, 2], 0]
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.sf.sf import SymmetricFunctions
+        p = SymmetricFunctions(base_ring).power()
+
+        pn = p([m])
+
+        if not n:
+            return p(1)
+        if m == 1:
+            if n % 2:
+                return base_ring.zero()
+            return pn**(n//2)
+        elif n % m:
+            return base_ring.zero()
+        return pn**(n//m)
+
+
+#Backward compatibility
+PermutationSpecies_class = PermutationSpecies

sage/combinat/species/product_species.py

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+"""
+Product species
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from .species import GenericCombinatorialSpecies
+from .structure import GenericSpeciesStructure
+from .subset_species import SubsetSpecies
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+class ProductSpeciesStructure(GenericSpeciesStructure):
+    def __init__(self, parent, labels, subset, left, right):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: a = F.structures(['a','b','c']).random_element()
+            sage: a == loads(dumps(a))
+            True
+        """
+        self._subset = subset
+        GenericSpeciesStructure.__init__(self, parent, labels, [left, right])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of this object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: (S*S).structures(['a','b','c'])[0]
+            {}*{'a', 'b', 'c'}
+            sage: (S*S*S).structures(['a','b','c'])[13]
+            ({'c'}*{'a'})*{'b'}
+        """
+        left, right = map(repr, self._list)
+        if "*" in left:
+            left = "(%s)" % left
+        if "*" in right:
+            right = "(%s)" % right
+        return "%s*%s" % (left, right)
+
+    def transport(self, perm):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: p = PermutationGroupElement((2,3))
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: a = F.structures(['a','b','c'])[4]; a
+            {'a', 'b'}*{'c'}
+            sage: a.transport(p)
+            {'a', 'c'}*{'b'}
+        """
+        left, right = self._list
+        new_subset = self._subset.transport(perm)
+        left_labels = new_subset.label_subset()
+        right_labels = new_subset.complement().label_subset()
+
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), self._labels,
+                              new_subset,
+                              left.change_labels(left_labels),
+                              right.change_labels(right_labels))
+
+    def canonical_label(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: S = F.structures(['a','b','c']).list(); S
+            [{}*{'a', 'b', 'c'},
+             {'a'}*{'b', 'c'},
+             {'b'}*{'a', 'c'},
+             {'c'}*{'a', 'b'},
+             {'a', 'b'}*{'c'},
+             {'a', 'c'}*{'b'},
+             {'b', 'c'}*{'a'},
+             {'a', 'b', 'c'}*{}]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: F.isotypes(['a','b','c']).cardinality()
+            4
+            sage: [s.canonical_label() for s in S]
+            [{}*{'a', 'b', 'c'},
+             {'a'}*{'b', 'c'},
+             {'a'}*{'b', 'c'},
+             {'a'}*{'b', 'c'},
+             {'a', 'b'}*{'c'},
+             {'a', 'b'}*{'c'},
+             {'a', 'b'}*{'c'},
+             {'a', 'b', 'c'}*{}]
+        """
+        left, right = self._list
+        new_subset = self._subset.canonical_label()
+        left_labels = new_subset.label_subset()
+        right_labels = new_subset.complement().label_subset()
+
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), self._labels,
+                              new_subset,
+                              left.canonical_label().change_labels(left_labels),
+                              right.canonical_label().change_labels(right_labels))
+
+    def change_labels(self, labels):
+        """
+        Return a relabelled structure.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``labels`` -- list of labels
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A structure with the `i`-th label of ``self`` replaced with the `i`-th
+        label of the list.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: a = F.structures(['a','b','c'])[0]; a
+            {}*{'a', 'b', 'c'}
+            sage: a.change_labels([1,2,3])
+            {}*{1, 2, 3}
+        """
+        left, right = self._list
+        new_subset = self._subset.change_labels(labels)
+        left_labels = new_subset.label_subset()
+        right_labels = new_subset.complement().label_subset()
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), labels,
+                              new_subset,
+                              left.change_labels(left_labels),
+                              right.change_labels(right_labels))
+
+    def automorphism_group(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: p = PermutationGroupElement((2,3))
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: a = F.structures([1,2,3,4])[1]; a
+            {1}*{2, 3, 4}
+            sage: a.automorphism_group()
+            Permutation Group with generators [(2,3), (2,3,4)]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: [a.transport(g) for g in a.automorphism_group()]                      # needs sage.groups
+            [{1}*{2, 3, 4},
+             {1}*{2, 3, 4},
+             {1}*{2, 3, 4},
+             {1}*{2, 3, 4},
+             {1}*{2, 3, 4},
+             {1}*{2, 3, 4}]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: a = F.structures([1,2,3,4])[8]; a                                     # needs sage.groups
+            {2, 3}*{1, 4}
+            sage: [a.transport(g) for g in a.automorphism_group()]                      # needs sage.groups
+            [{2, 3}*{1, 4}, {2, 3}*{1, 4}, {2, 3}*{1, 4}, {2, 3}*{1, 4}]
+        """
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.constructor import PermutationGroupElement
+        from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup import PermutationGroup
+        from sage.combinat.species.misc import change_support
+
+        left, right = self._list
+
+        # Get the supports for each of the sides
+        l_support = self._subset._list
+        r_support = self._subset.complement()._list
+
+        # Get the automorphism group for the left object and
+        # make it have the correct support. Do the same to the
+        # right side.
+        l_aut = change_support(left.automorphism_group(), l_support)
+        r_aut = change_support(right.automorphism_group(), r_support)
+
+        identity = PermutationGroupElement([])
+
+        gens = l_aut.gens() + r_aut.gens()
+        gens = [g for g in gens if g != identity]
+        gens = sorted(set(gens)) if gens else [[]]
+        return PermutationGroup(gens)
+
+
+class ProductSpecies(GenericCombinatorialSpecies, UniqueRepresentation):
+    def __init__(self, F, G, min=None, max=None, weight=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies()
+            sage: A = X*X
+            sage: A.generating_series()[0:4]
+            [0, 0, 1, 0]
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: F = P * P; F
+            Product of (Permutation species) and (Permutation species)
+            sage: F == loads(dumps(F))
+            True
+            sage: F._check()                                                            # needs sage.libs.flint
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies()
+            sage: X*X is X*X
+            True
+        """
+        self._F = F
+        self._G = G
+        self._state_info = [F, G]
+        GenericCombinatorialSpecies.__init__(self, min=None, max=None, weight=weight)
+
+    _default_structure_class = ProductSpeciesStructure
+
+    def left_factor(self):
+        """
+        Return the left factor of this product.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies()
+            sage: F = P*X
+            sage: F.left_factor()
+            Permutation species
+        """
+        return self._F
+
+    def right_factor(self):
+        """
+        Return the right factor of this product.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies()
+            sage: F = P*X
+            sage: F.right_factor()
+            Singleton species
+        """
+        return self._G
+
+    def _name(self):
+        """
+        Note that we use a function to return the name of this species
+        because we can't do it in the __init__ method due to it
+        requiring that self.left_factor() and self.right_factor()
+        already be unpickled.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: F = P * P
+            sage: F._name()
+            'Product of (Permutation species) and (Permutation species)'
+        """
+        return "Product of (%s) and (%s)" % (self.left_factor(), self.right_factor())
+
+    def _structures(self, structure_class, labels):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: F.structures([1,2]).list()
+            [{}*{1, 2}, {1}*{2}, {2}*{1}, {1, 2}*{}]
+        """
+        return self._times_gen(structure_class, "structures", labels)
+
+    def _isotypes(self, structure_class, labels):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: F.isotypes([1,2,3]).list()
+            [{}*{1, 2, 3}, {1}*{2, 3}, {1, 2}*{3}, {1, 2, 3}*{}]
+        """
+        return self._times_gen(structure_class, "isotypes", labels)
+
+    def _times_gen(self, structure_class, attr, labels):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: F = S * S
+            sage: list(F._times_gen(F._default_structure_class, 'structures',[1,2]))
+            [{}*{1, 2}, {1}*{2}, {2}*{1}, {1, 2}*{}]
+        """
+        def c(F, n):
+            return F.generating_series().coefficient(n)
+        S = SubsetSpecies()
+
+        for u in getattr(S, attr)(labels):
+            vl = u.complement().label_subset()
+            ul = u.label_subset()
+            if c(self.left_factor(), len(ul)) == 0 or c(self.right_factor(), len(vl)) == 0:
+                continue
+            for x in getattr(self.left_factor(), attr)(ul):
+                for y in getattr(self.right_factor(), attr)(vl):
+                    yield structure_class(self, labels, u, x, y)
+
+    def _gs(self, series_ring, base_ring):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: F = P * P
+            sage: F.generating_series()[0:5]
+            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        """
+        res = (self.left_factor().generating_series(base_ring) *
+               self.right_factor().generating_series(base_ring))
+        if self.is_weighted():
+            res = self._weight * res
+        return res
+
+    def _itgs(self, series_ring, base_ring):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: F = P * P
+            sage: F.isotype_generating_series()[0:5]                                    # needs sage.libs.flint
+            [1, 2, 5, 10, 20]
+        """
+        res = (self.left_factor().isotype_generating_series(base_ring) *
+               self.right_factor().isotype_generating_series(base_ring))
+        if self.is_weighted():
+            res = self._weight * res
+        return res
+
+    def _cis(self, series_ring, base_ring):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: P = species.PermutationSpecies()
+            sage: F = P * P
+            sage: F.cycle_index_series()[0:5]                                           # needs sage.modules
+            [p[],
+             2*p[1],
+             3*p[1, 1] + 2*p[2],
+             4*p[1, 1, 1] + 4*p[2, 1] + 2*p[3],
+             5*p[1, 1, 1, 1] + 6*p[2, 1, 1] + 3*p[2, 2] + 4*p[3, 1] + 2*p[4]]
+        """
+        res = (self.left_factor().cycle_index_series(base_ring) *
+               self.right_factor().cycle_index_series(base_ring))
+        if self.is_weighted():
+            res = self._weight * res
+        return res
+
+    def weight_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the weight ring for this species. This is determined by
+        asking Sage's coercion model what the result is when you multiply
+        (and add) elements of the weight rings for each of the operands.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: C = S*S
+            sage: C.weight_ring()
+            Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies(weight=QQ['t'].gen())
+            sage: C = S*S
+            sage: C.weight_ring()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: S = species.SetSpecies()
+            sage: C = (S*S).weighted(QQ['t'].gen())
+            sage: C.weight_ring()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._common_parent([self.left_factor().weight_ring(),
+                                    self.right_factor().weight_ring(),
+                                    self._weight.parent()])
+
+    def _equation(self, var_mapping):
+        """
+        Return the right hand side of an algebraic equation satisfied by
+        this species. This is a utility function called by the
+        algebraic_equation_system method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = species.SingletonSpecies()
+            sage: S = X * X
+            sage: S.algebraic_equation_system()                                         # needs sage.graphs
+            [node0 + (-z^2)]
+        """
+        from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+        return prod(var_mapping[operand] for operand in self._state_info)
+
+
+# Backward compatibility
+ProductSpecies_class = ProductSpecies