passagemath-combinat 10.6.42__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

sage/combinat/regular_sequence_bounded.py

@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.modules
+r"""
+Boundedness of `k`-Regular Sequences
+
+This module contains a collection of algorithms to check for boundedness.
+This is done
+- based on eigenvalues and
+- by the criterion presented in [MS1977a]_.
+
+Various
+=======
+
+.. SEEALSO::
+
+    :mod:`sage.combinat.regular_sequence`,
+    :mod:`recognizable series <sage.combinat.recognizable_series>`,
+    :mod:`sage.rings.cfinite_sequence`,
+    :mod:`sage.combinat.binary_recurrence_sequences`.
+
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Gabriel Lipnik (2017)
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
+
+- Gabriel Lipnik is supported by the
+  Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 24644-N26.
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2017 Gabriel Lipnik <devel@gabriellipnik.at>
+#
+# This program is free software: You can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+
+def multiply_reduce(A, B):
+    r"""
+    Return the matrix `A\cdot B` with entries `\min{(A\cdot B)_{ij},2}`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``A`` -- an `m \times n` matrix
+    - ``B`` -- an `n \times p` matrix
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    An `m \times p` matrix with entries `\min{(A\cdot B)_{ij},2}`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import multiply_reduce
+        sage: A = Matrix([[2, 0], [0, 2]])
+        sage: B = Matrix([[-2, 0], [0, 2]])
+        sage: A*B
+        [-4  0]
+        [ 0  4]
+        sage: multiply_reduce(A, B)
+        [-4  0]
+        [ 0  2]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [-1, -2, -3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        sage: B = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3]])
+        sage: A*B
+        [  8  14  20]
+        [ -8 -14 -20]
+        [  8  14  20]
+        sage: multiply_reduce(A, B)
+        [  2   2   2]
+        [ -8 -14 -20]
+        [  2   2   2]
+    """
+    return (A*B).apply_map(lambda m: min(m, 2))
+
+
+def construct_phi(matrices):
+    r"""
+    Return the set `\phi(S)` as defined in [MS1977a]_.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of non-negative square matrices
+      in the same dimension
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of matrices.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import construct_phi
+        sage: L = [Matrix([[2, 2], [1, 3]]), Matrix([[0, 2], [1, 1]])]
+        sage: construct_phi(L)
+        [
+        [2 2]  [2 2]  [0 2]
+        [2 2], [1 2], [1 1]
+        ]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: L = [Matrix([[42, 1, 0], [5, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1, 1],
+        ....: [4, 1, 1], [1, 2, 2]]), Matrix([[5, 1, 1], [1, 7, 1], [0, 1, 32]])]
+        sage: construct_phi(L)
+        [
+        [2 2 1]  [1 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 0 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 2 1]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 1 2]
+        [0 0 1], [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [0 1 2], [2 0 2], [0 0 1], [2 1 2], [2 1 2],
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        [2 1 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 1 1]  [2 2 2]  [0 1 1]  [2 1 0]
+        [2 2 2]  [1 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [1 2 1]  [2 1 2]  [2 1 1]  [2 0 1]
+        [2 2 2], [1 2 2], [1 2 2], [2 1 2], [0 1 2], [2 0 2], [1 2 2], [0 0 1]
+        ]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: L = [Matrix([[20, 1, 0], [2, 0, 0], [117, 0, 8]]),
+        ....: Matrix([[0, 2, 1], [1, 0, 0], [1,1,2]]), Matrix([[8, 1, 0],
+        ....: [0, 0, 3], [0, 1, 0]])]
+        sage: construct_phi(L)
+        [
+        [2 1 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 1 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 0 2]  [1 2 2]  [2 1 2]
+        [2 0 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [0 2 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [0 2 1]
+        [2 0 2], [2 2 2], [2 1 0], [2 0 0], [0 0 2], [2 2 2], [1 0 0], [2 2 2],
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 0]  [2 2 2]  [0 2 2]  [2 0 2]  [2 1 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [0 1 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 0]  [0 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 1 0]  [2 0 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 2 2], [2 0 2], [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [2 1 2], [2 2 2], [2 1 0],
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        [2 2 2]  [2 2 0]  [2 2 2]  [0 1 2]  [2 2 2]  [1 2 2]  [2 2 0]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 2 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 0 0]  [2 1 0]  [2 2 2]  [0 2 2]  [2 0 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 2 0], [2 2 0], [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [0 1 2], [2 2 2], [2 0 0], [2 1 2],
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        [2 2 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 1 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 0 2]
+        [2 2 2]  [2 2 0]  [1 2 2]  [0 0 2]  [2 0 0]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 0]
+        [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [2 2 2], [0 1 0], [2 0 2], [0 2 1], [2 2 0], [2 2 2],
+        <BLANKLINE>
+        [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [0 2 1]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 0 2]  [0 0 2]  [2 2 2]  [1 0 0]  [2 0 2]  [2 1 2]  [2 2 2]
+        [2 2 2], [0 2 0], [0 2 2], [1 1 2], [2 0 0], [2 2 2], [1 2 2]
+        ]
+    """
+    from sage.arith.srange import srange
+    length = len(matrices)
+
+    def get_immutable(M):
+        M.set_immutable()
+        return M
+
+    phi = set(get_immutable(M.apply_map(lambda m: min(m, 2))) for M in matrices)
+    for counter in range(1000000):
+        phi.update([get_immutable(multiply_reduce(A, B)) for A in matrices for B in phi])
+        if len(phi) == length:
+            return list(phi)
+        else:
+            length = len(phi)
+    raise RuntimeError('Phi too large.')
+
+
+def is_integer_valued(matrices):
+    r"""
+    Return whether every matrix in ``matrices`` is integer-valued.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of square matrices in the same dimension
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A boolean.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import is_integer_valued
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 2], [-1, 0]]), Matrix([[42, -42], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: is_integer_valued(matrices)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, pi], [-1, 0]])]                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: is_integer_valued(matrices)                                               # needs sage.symbolic
+        False
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 1/2], [2/4, 0]])]
+        sage: is_integer_valued(matrices)
+        False
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 4/2], [-1, 0]])]
+        sage: is_integer_valued(matrices)
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+    from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+    M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, matrices[0].nrows(), matrices[0].ncols())
+    return all(mat in M for mat in matrices)
+
+
+def is_non_negative(matrices):
+    r"""
+    Return whether every matrix in ``matrices`` is non-negative.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of square matrices in the same dimension
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A boolean.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import is_non_negative
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 2], [1, 0]]), Matrix([[42, -42], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: is_non_negative(matrices)
+        False
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[0]])]
+        sage: is_non_negative(matrices)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 1/2], [2/4, 0]])]
+        sage: is_non_negative(matrices)
+        True
+    """
+    return all(min(mat.list()) >= 0 for mat in matrices)
+
+
+def is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(matrices):
+    r"""
+    Return whether the semigroup generated whether the semigroup of all
+    possible products of ``matrices`` is finite/bounded.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of non-negative square matrices
+      in the same dimension
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A boolean.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    A criterion based on [MS1977a]_ is used here.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm
+        sage: J = [Matrix([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0]])]
+        sage: is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(J)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm
+        sage: K = [Matrix([[1, 1], [1, 1]])]
+        sage: is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(K)
+        False
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: L = [Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(L)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: M = [Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 2]]), Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(M)
+        False
+
+    Non-integer-valued input::
+
+        sage: N = [Matrix([[0.5, 0], [1, 0]])]
+        sage: is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(N)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Not all matrices are integer-valued.
+    """
+    if not is_integer_valued(matrices):
+        raise ValueError('Not all matrices are integer-valued.')
+
+    phi = construct_phi(matrices)
+    return not any(multiply_reduce(M, M) == M and not M**2 == M**3
+                   for M in phi)
+
+
+def has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices) -> bool:
+    r"""
+    Return whether `M^n` is bounded for `n \to \infty`
+    for all `M` in ``matrices``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of square matrices
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    Eigenvalues are used for the check.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Maximum of the absolute value of the eigenvalues `=1`,
+    algebraic multiplicity equals geometric multiplicity
+    for all eigenvalues with absolute value `=1`::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import has_bounded_matrix_powers
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[-1, 1, 1], [-1, 1, 1], [1, -1, 1]]),
+        ....:             Matrix([[-1, 1, 1], [-1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]])]
+        sage: has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices)                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+
+    Maximum of the absolute value of the eigenvalues `>1`::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 1], [1/2, -1]])]
+        sage: has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices)                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Maximum of the absolute value of the eigenvalues `=1`,
+    algebraic and geometric multiplicities different for eigenvalue `1`::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1,1],[0,1]])]
+        sage: has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices)                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Maximum of the absolute value of the eigenvalues `<1`::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, -1], [1/2, -1]])]
+        sage: has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices)                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+    """
+    return all(abs(eVn[0]) < 1 or
+               (abs(eVn[0]) == 1 and len(eVn[1]) == eVn[2])
+               for mat in matrices
+               for eVn in mat.eigenvectors_right())
+
+
+def make_positive(matrices) -> list:
+    r"""
+    Return a list of non-negative matrices
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``matrices`` -- a list of matrices where every matrix is either
+      non-negative or non-positive.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A list of matrices containing every non-negative matrix of ``matrices``,
+    and `-M` if `M` is a non-positive matrix of ``matrices``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import make_positive
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 2], [1, 0]]), Matrix([[42, 42], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: make_positive(matrices)
+        [
+        [1 2]  [42 42]
+        [1 0], [ 0  0]
+        ]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 2], [1, 0]]), Matrix([[-42, -42], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: make_positive(matrices)
+        [
+        [1 2]  [42 42]
+        [1 0], [ 0  0]
+        ]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: matrices = [Matrix([[1, 2], [1, 0]]), Matrix([[42, -42], [0, 0]])]
+        sage: make_positive(matrices)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: There is a matrix which is neither non-negative nor non-positive.
+    """
+    from sage.arith.srange import srange
+
+    def do(mat):
+        if is_non_negative(mat):
+            return mat
+        elif is_non_negative(-mat):
+            return -mat
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('There is a matrix which is neither non-negative nor non-positive.')
+
+    return list(do(mat) for mat in matrices)
+
+
+def regular_sequence_is_bounded(S):
+    r"""
+    Return whether this `k`-regular sequence is bounded.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``S`` -- a `k`-regular sequence
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A boolean.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Thue--Morse Sequence::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.regular_sequence_bounded import regular_sequence_is_bounded
+        sage: Seq2 = RegularSequenceRing(2, ZZ)
+        sage: TM = Seq2([Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1], [1, 0]])],
+        ....:            left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(TM)
+        True
+
+    Binary Sum of Digits::
+
+        sage: SD = Seq2([Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, -1], [1, 2]])],
+        ....:           left=vector([0, 1]), right=vector([1, 0]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(SD)                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Sequence of All Natural Numbers::
+
+        sage: N = Seq2([Matrix([[2, 0], [2, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1], [-2, 3]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(N)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Indicator Function of Even Integers::
+
+        sage: E = Seq2([Matrix([[0, 1], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 0], [0, 1]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([1, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(E)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+
+    Indicator Function of Odd Integers::
+
+        sage: O = Seq2([Matrix([[0, 0], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1], [0, 1]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(O)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+
+    Number of Odd Entries in Pascal's Triangle::
+
+        sage: U = Seq2([Matrix([[3, 0], [6, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1], [-6, 5]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(U)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Counting '10' in the Binary Representation::
+
+        sage: C = Seq2([Matrix([[0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1],
+        ....:                   [-1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1]]),
+        ....:           Matrix([[0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0],
+        ....:                   [0, 0, 1, 0], [-1, 0, 1, 1]])],
+        ....:                  left=vector([1, 0, 0, 0]),
+        ....:                  right=vector([0, 0, 1, 0]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(C)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Numbers Starting with '10'::
+
+        sage: D = Seq2([Matrix([[0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0],
+        ....:                   [0, -2, 3, 0], [0, -2, 2, 1]]),
+        ....:           Matrix([[2, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1],
+        ....:                   [0, 2, 0, 1], [0, -2, 0, 3]])],
+        ....:                  left=vector([1, 0, 0, 0]),
+        ....:                  right=vector([2, 2, 2, 5]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(D)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    Signum Function::
+
+        sage: S = Seq2([Matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), Matrix([[0, 1], [0, 1]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0]), right=vector([0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(S)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+
+    Number of Digits from the Right to the First '1'::
+
+        sage: S = Seq2([Matrix([[0, 1, 0], [-1, 2, 0], [0, 0, 1]]),
+        ....:           Matrix([[0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 2], [0, 0, 1]])],
+        ....:          left=vector([1, 0, 0]), right=vector([0, 0, 1]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(S)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: S = Seq2((Matrix([[0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [-1, 2, 0]]),
+        ....: Matrix([[-1, 0, 0], [-3/4, -1/4, 3/4], [-1/4, 1/4, -3/4]])),
+        ....: left=vector([1, 0, 0]), right=vector([-4, -4, -4]))
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(S)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        False
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: S = Seq2((Matrix([[1, 0], [1, 0]]), Matrix([[0, 1],[1, 0]])),
+        ....:          left = vector([1, 1]), right = vector([1, 0]),
+        ....:          allow_degenerated_sequence=True)
+        sage: regular_sequence_is_bounded(S)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.arith.srange import srange
+
+    matrices = list(S.mu)
+    length = len(matrices)
+    try:
+        return is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(make_positive(matrices))
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    matrices = list(S.minimized().mu)
+    if not has_bounded_matrix_powers(matrices):
+        return False
+
+    matricesProd = list(ell*em for ell in matrices for em in matrices
+                        if ell != em)
+    if not has_bounded_matrix_powers(matricesProd):
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        if not is_bounded_via_mandel_simon_algorithm(make_positive(matricesProd)):
+            return False
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    raise RuntimeError('It is not decidable with this implementation ' +
+                       'whether the sequence is bounded or not.')

sage/combinat/restricted_growth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+"""
+Restricted growth arrays
+
+These combinatorial objects are in bijection with set partitions.
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+from sage.combinat.combinat import bell_number
+from sage.categories.finite_enumerated_sets import FiniteEnumeratedSets
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+import copy
+
+
+class RestrictedGrowthArrays(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    def __init__(self, n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.restricted_growth import RestrictedGrowthArrays
+            sage: R = RestrictedGrowthArrays(3)
+            sage: R == loads(dumps(R))
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(R).run(skip=['_test_an_element',                            # needs sage.libs.flint
+            ....:   '_test_enumerated_set_contains', '_test_some_elements'])
+        """
+        self._n = n
+        self._name = "Restricted growth arrays of size %s" % n
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=FiniteEnumeratedSets())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.restricted_growth import RestrictedGrowthArrays
+            sage: R = RestrictedGrowthArrays(3)
+            sage: R.list()
+            [[1, 0, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0], [2, 1, 1], [3, 1, 2]]
+        """
+        n = self._n
+        a = [1] + [0] * (n - 1)
+        m = [0] + [1] * (n - 1)
+        while True:
+            yield copy.copy(a)
+            # Search for maximum i with a[i] != m[i]
+            i = n - 1
+            while a[i] == m[i] and i >= 0:
+                i -= 1
+            if i == 0:
+                break
+            # Update arrays a and m
+            a[i] += 1
+            a[0] = a[i] + 1 if a[i] == m[i] else m[i]
+            mi = a[0]
+            for j in range(i + 1, n):
+                a[j] = 0
+                m[j] = mi
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.restricted_growth import RestrictedGrowthArrays
+            sage: R = RestrictedGrowthArrays(6)
+            sage: R.cardinality()                                                       # needs sage.libs.flint
+            203
+        """
+        return bell_number(self._n)

sage/combinat/ribbon.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-combinat
+r"""
+Ribbons
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007 Mike Hansen <mhansen@gmail.com>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from .ribbon_shaped_tableau import RibbonShapedTableau, StandardRibbonShapedTableaux