dgenerate-ultralytics-headless 8.3.134__py3-none-any.whl

ultralytics/solutions/analytics.py

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+# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
+
+from itertools import cycle
+
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+from ultralytics.solutions.solutions import BaseSolution, SolutionResults  # Import a parent class
+
+
+class Analytics(BaseSolution):
+    """
+    A class for creating and updating various types of charts for visual analytics.
+
+    This class extends BaseSolution to provide functionality for generating line, bar, pie, and area charts
+    based on object detection and tracking data.
+
+    Attributes:
+        type (str): The type of analytics chart to generate ('line', 'bar', 'pie', or 'area').
+        x_label (str): Label for the x-axis.
+        y_label (str): Label for the y-axis.
+        bg_color (str): Background color of the chart frame.
+        fg_color (str): Foreground color of the chart frame.
+        title (str): Title of the chart window.
+        max_points (int): Maximum number of data points to display on the chart.
+        fontsize (int): Font size for text display.
+        color_cycle (cycle): Cyclic iterator for chart colors.
+        total_counts (int): Total count of detected objects (used for line charts).
+        clswise_count (Dict[str, int]): Dictionary for class-wise object counts.
+        fig (Figure): Matplotlib figure object for the chart.
+        ax (Axes): Matplotlib axes object for the chart.
+        canvas (FigureCanvasAgg): Canvas for rendering the chart.
+        lines (dict): Dictionary to store line objects for area charts.
+        color_mapping (Dict[str, str]): Dictionary mapping class labels to colors for consistent visualization.
+
+    Methods:
+        process: Process image data and update the chart.
+        update_graph: Update the chart with new data points.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> analytics = Analytics(analytics_type="line")
+        >>> frame = cv2.imread("image.jpg")
+        >>> results = analytics.process(frame, frame_number=1)
+        >>> cv2.imshow("Analytics", results.plot_im)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize Analytics class with various chart types for visual data representation."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # scope for faster 'import ultralytics'
+        from matplotlib.backends.backend_agg import FigureCanvasAgg
+        from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+
+        self.type = self.CFG["analytics_type"]  # type of analytics i.e "line", "pie", "bar" or "area" charts.
+        self.x_label = "Classes" if self.type in {"bar", "pie"} else "Frame#"
+        self.y_label = "Total Counts"
+
+        # Predefined data
+        self.bg_color = "#F3F3F3"  # background color of frame
+        self.fg_color = "#111E68"  # foreground color of frame
+        self.title = "Ultralytics Solutions"  # window name
+        self.max_points = 45  # maximum points to be drawn on window
+        self.fontsize = 25  # text font size for display
+        figsize = self.CFG["figsize"]  # set output image size i.e (12.8, 7.2) -> w = 1280, h = 720
+        self.color_cycle = cycle(["#DD00BA", "#042AFF", "#FF4447", "#7D24FF", "#BD00FF"])
+
+        self.total_counts = 0  # count variable for storing total counts i.e. for line
+        self.clswise_count = {}  # dictionary for class-wise counts
+
+        # Ensure line and area chart
+        if self.type in {"line", "area"}:
+            self.lines = {}
+            self.fig = Figure(facecolor=self.bg_color, figsize=figsize)
+            self.canvas = FigureCanvasAgg(self.fig)  # Set common axis properties
+            self.ax = self.fig.add_subplot(111, facecolor=self.bg_color)
+            if self.type == "line":
+                (self.line,) = self.ax.plot([], [], color="cyan", linewidth=self.line_width)
+        elif self.type in {"bar", "pie"}:
+            # Initialize bar or pie plot
+            self.fig, self.ax = plt.subplots(figsize=figsize, facecolor=self.bg_color)
+            self.canvas = FigureCanvasAgg(self.fig)  # Set common axis properties
+            self.ax.set_facecolor(self.bg_color)
+            self.color_mapping = {}
+
+            if self.type == "pie":  # Ensure pie chart is circular
+                self.ax.axis("equal")
+
+    def process(self, im0, frame_number):
+        """
+        Process image data and run object tracking to update analytics charts.
+
+        Args:
+            im0 (np.ndarray): Input image for processing.
+            frame_number (int): Video frame number for plotting the data.
+
+        Returns:
+            (SolutionResults): Contains processed image `plot_im`, 'total_tracks' (int, total number of tracked objects)
+                and 'classwise_count' (dict, per-class object count).
+
+        Raises:
+            ModuleNotFoundError: If an unsupported chart type is specified.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> analytics = Analytics(analytics_type="line")
+            >>> frame = np.zeros((480, 640, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+            >>> results = analytics.process(frame, frame_number=1)
+        """
+        self.extract_tracks(im0)  # Extract tracks
+        if self.type == "line":
+            for _ in self.boxes:
+                self.total_counts += 1
+            plot_im = self.update_graph(frame_number=frame_number)
+            self.total_counts = 0
+        elif self.type in {"pie", "bar", "area"}:
+            self.clswise_count = {}
+            for cls in self.clss:
+                if self.names[int(cls)] in self.clswise_count:
+                    self.clswise_count[self.names[int(cls)]] += 1
+                else:
+                    self.clswise_count[self.names[int(cls)]] = 1
+            plot_im = self.update_graph(frame_number=frame_number, count_dict=self.clswise_count, plot=self.type)
+        else:
+            raise ModuleNotFoundError(f"{self.type} chart is not supported ❌")
+
+        # return output dictionary with summary for more usage
+        return SolutionResults(plot_im=plot_im, total_tracks=len(self.track_ids), classwise_count=self.clswise_count)
+
+    def update_graph(self, frame_number, count_dict=None, plot="line"):
+        """
+        Update the graph with new data for single or multiple classes.
+
+        Args:
+            frame_number (int): The current frame number.
+            count_dict (Dict[str, int] | None): Dictionary with class names as keys and counts as values for multiple
+                classes. If None, updates a single line graph.
+            plot (str): Type of the plot. Options are 'line', 'bar', 'pie', or 'area'.
+
+        Returns:
+            (np.ndarray): Updated image containing the graph.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> analytics = Analytics(analytics_type="bar")
+            >>> frame_num = 10
+            >>> results_dict = {"person": 5, "car": 3}
+            >>> updated_image = analytics.update_graph(frame_num, results_dict, plot="bar")
+        """
+        if count_dict is None:
+            # Single line update
+            x_data = np.append(self.line.get_xdata(), float(frame_number))
+            y_data = np.append(self.line.get_ydata(), float(self.total_counts))
+
+            if len(x_data) > self.max_points:
+                x_data, y_data = x_data[-self.max_points :], y_data[-self.max_points :]
+
+            self.line.set_data(x_data, y_data)
+            self.line.set_label("Counts")
+            self.line.set_color("#7b0068")  # Pink color
+            self.line.set_marker("*")
+            self.line.set_markersize(self.line_width * 5)
+        else:
+            labels = list(count_dict.keys())
+            counts = list(count_dict.values())
+            if plot == "area":
+                color_cycle = cycle(["#DD00BA", "#042AFF", "#FF4447", "#7D24FF", "#BD00FF"])
+                # Multiple lines or area update
+                x_data = self.ax.lines[0].get_xdata() if self.ax.lines else np.array([])
+                y_data_dict = {key: np.array([]) for key in count_dict.keys()}
+                if self.ax.lines:
+                    for line, key in zip(self.ax.lines, count_dict.keys()):
+                        y_data_dict[key] = line.get_ydata()
+
+                x_data = np.append(x_data, float(frame_number))
+                max_length = len(x_data)
+                for key in count_dict.keys():
+                    y_data_dict[key] = np.append(y_data_dict[key], float(count_dict[key]))
+                    if len(y_data_dict[key]) < max_length:
+                        y_data_dict[key] = np.pad(y_data_dict[key], (0, max_length - len(y_data_dict[key])))
+                if len(x_data) > self.max_points:
+                    x_data = x_data[1:]
+                    for key in count_dict.keys():
+                        y_data_dict[key] = y_data_dict[key][1:]
+
+                self.ax.clear()
+                for key, y_data in y_data_dict.items():
+                    color = next(color_cycle)
+                    self.ax.fill_between(x_data, y_data, color=color, alpha=0.7)
+                    self.ax.plot(
+                        x_data,
+                        y_data,
+                        color=color,
+                        linewidth=self.line_width,
+                        marker="o",
+                        markersize=self.line_width * 5,
+                        label=f"{key} Data Points",
+                    )
+            if plot == "bar":
+                self.ax.clear()  # clear bar data
+                for label in labels:  # Map labels to colors
+                    if label not in self.color_mapping:
+                        self.color_mapping[label] = next(self.color_cycle)
+                colors = [self.color_mapping[label] for label in labels]
+                bars = self.ax.bar(labels, counts, color=colors)
+                for bar, count in zip(bars, counts):
+                    self.ax.text(
+                        bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2,
+                        bar.get_height(),
+                        str(count),
+                        ha="center",
+                        va="bottom",
+                        color=self.fg_color,
+                    )
+                # Create the legend using labels from the bars
+                for bar, label in zip(bars, labels):
+                    bar.set_label(label)  # Assign label to each bar
+                self.ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=13, facecolor=self.fg_color, edgecolor=self.fg_color)
+            if plot == "pie":
+                total = sum(counts)
+                percentages = [size / total * 100 for size in counts]
+                start_angle = 90
+                self.ax.clear()
+
+                # Create pie chart and create legend labels with percentages
+                wedges, _ = self.ax.pie(
+                    counts, labels=labels, startangle=start_angle, textprops={"color": self.fg_color}, autopct=None
+                )
+                legend_labels = [f"{label} ({percentage:.1f}%)" for label, percentage in zip(labels, percentages)]
+
+                # Assign the legend using the wedges and manually created labels
+                self.ax.legend(wedges, legend_labels, title="Classes", loc="center left", bbox_to_anchor=(1, 0, 0.5, 1))
+                self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.75)  # Adjust layout to fit the legend
+
+        # Common plot settings
+        self.ax.set_facecolor("#f0f0f0")  # Set to light gray or any other color you like
+        self.ax.set_title(self.title, color=self.fg_color, fontsize=self.fontsize)
+        self.ax.set_xlabel(self.x_label, color=self.fg_color, fontsize=self.fontsize - 3)
+        self.ax.set_ylabel(self.y_label, color=self.fg_color, fontsize=self.fontsize - 3)
+
+        # Add and format legend
+        legend = self.ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=13, facecolor=self.bg_color, edgecolor=self.bg_color)
+        for text in legend.get_texts():
+            text.set_color(self.fg_color)
+
+        # Redraw graph, update view, capture, and display the updated plot
+        self.ax.relim()
+        self.ax.autoscale_view()
+        self.canvas.draw()
+        im0 = np.array(self.canvas.renderer.buffer_rgba())
+        im0 = cv2.cvtColor(im0[:, :, :3], cv2.COLOR_RGBA2BGR)
+        self.display_output(im0)
+
+        return im0  # Return the image

ultralytics/solutions/config.py

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+# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import cv2
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SolutionConfig:
+    """
+    Manages configuration parameters for Ultralytics Vision AI solutions.
+
+    The SolutionConfig class serves as a centralized configuration container for all the
+    Ultralytics solution modules: https://docs.ultralytics.com/solutions/#solutions.
+    It leverages Python `dataclass` for clear, type-safe, and maintainable parameter definitions.
+
+    Attributes:
+        source (Optional[str]): Path to the input source (video, RTSP, etc.). Only usable with Solutions CLI.
+        model (Optional[str]): Path to the Ultralytics YOLO model to be used for inference.
+        classes (Optional[List[int]]): List of class indices to filter detections.
+        show_conf (bool): Whether to show confidence scores on the visual output.
+        show_labels (bool): Whether to display class labels on visual output.
+        region (Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]]): Polygonal region or line for object counting.
+        colormap (Optional[int]): OpenCV colormap constant for visual overlays (e.g., cv2.COLORMAP_JET).
+        show_in (bool): Whether to display count number for objects entering the region.
+        show_out (bool): Whether to display count number for objects leaving the region.
+        up_angle (float): Upper angle threshold used in pose-based workouts monitoring.
+        down_angle (int): Lower angle threshold used in pose-based workouts monitoring.
+        kpts (List[int]): Keypoint indices to monitor, e.g., for pose analytics.
+        analytics_type (str): Type of analytics to perform ("line", "area", "bar", "pie", etc.).
+        figsize (Optional[Tuple[int, int]]): Size of the matplotlib figure used for analytical plots (width, height).
+        blur_ratio (float): Ratio used to blur objects in the video frames (0.0 to 1.0).
+        vision_point (Tuple[int, int]): Reference point for directional tracking or perspective drawing.
+        crop_dir (str): Directory path to save cropped detection images.
+        json_file (str): Path to a JSON file containing data for parking areas.
+        line_width (int): Width for visual display i.e. bounding boxes, keypoints, counts.
+        records (int): Number of detection records to send email alerts.
+        fps (float): Frame rate (Frames Per Second) for speed estimation calculation.
+        max_hist (int): Maximum number of historical points or states stored per tracked object for speed estimation.
+        meter_per_pixel (float): Scale for real-world measurement, used in speed or distance calculations.
+        max_speed (int): Maximum speed limit (e.g., km/h or mph) used in visual alerts or constraints.
+        show (bool): Whether to display the visual output on screen.
+        iou (float): Intersection-over-Union threshold for detection filtering.
+        conf (float): Confidence threshold for keeping predictions.
+        device (Optional[str]): Device to run inference on (e.g., 'cpu', '0' for CUDA GPU).
+        max_det (int): Maximum number of detections allowed per video frame.
+        half (bool): Whether to use FP16 precision (requires a supported CUDA device).
+        tracker (str): Path to tracking configuration YAML file (e.g., 'botsort.yaml').
+        verbose (bool): Enable verbose logging output for debugging or diagnostics.
+        data (str): Path to image directory used for similarity search.
+
+    Methods:
+        update: Update the configuration with user-defined keyword arguments and raise error on invalid keys.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from ultralytics.solutions.config import SolutionConfig
+        >>> cfg = SolutionConfig(model="yolo11n.pt", region=[(0, 0), (100, 0), (100, 100), (0, 100)])
+        >>> cfg.update(show=False, conf=0.3)
+        >>> print(cfg.model)
+    """
+
+    source: Optional[str] = None
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    classes: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    show_conf: bool = True
+    show_labels: bool = True
+    region: Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]] = None
+    colormap: Optional[int] = cv2.COLORMAP_DEEPGREEN
+    show_in: bool = True
+    show_out: bool = True
+    up_angle: float = 145.0
+    down_angle: int = 90
+    kpts: List[int] = field(default_factory=lambda: [6, 8, 10])
+    analytics_type: str = "line"
+    figsize: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = (12.8, 7.2)
+    blur_ratio: float = 0.5
+    vision_point: Tuple[int, int] = (20, 20)
+    crop_dir: str = "cropped-detections"
+    json_file: str = None
+    line_width: int = 2
+    records: int = 5
+    fps: float = 30.0
+    max_hist: int = 5
+    meter_per_pixel: float = 0.05
+    max_speed: int = 120
+    show: bool = False
+    iou: float = 0.7
+    conf: float = 0.25
+    device: Optional[str] = None
+    max_det: int = 300
+    half: bool = False
+    tracker: str = "botsort.yaml"
+    verbose: bool = True
+    data: str = "images"
+
+    def update(self, **kwargs):
+        """Update configuration parameters with new values provided as keyword arguments."""
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            if hasattr(self, key):
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"❌ {key} is not a valid solution argument, available arguments here: https://docs.ultralytics.com/solutions/#solutions-arguments"
+                )
+        return self

ultralytics/solutions/distance_calculation.py

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+# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
+
+import math
+
+import cv2
+
+from ultralytics.solutions.solutions import BaseSolution, SolutionAnnotator, SolutionResults
+from ultralytics.utils.plotting import colors
+
+
+class DistanceCalculation(BaseSolution):
+    """
+    A class to calculate distance between two objects in a real-time video stream based on their tracks.
+
+    This class extends BaseSolution to provide functionality for selecting objects and calculating the distance
+    between them in a video stream using YOLO object detection and tracking.
+
+    Attributes:
+        left_mouse_count (int): Counter for left mouse button clicks.
+        selected_boxes (Dict[int, List[float]]): Dictionary to store selected bounding boxes and their track IDs.
+        centroids (List[List[int]]): List to store centroids of selected bounding boxes.
+
+    Methods:
+        mouse_event_for_distance: Handles mouse events for selecting objects in the video stream.
+        process: Processes video frames and calculates the distance between selected objects.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> distance_calc = DistanceCalculation()
+        >>> frame = cv2.imread("frame.jpg")
+        >>> results = distance_calc.process(frame)
+        >>> cv2.imshow("Distance Calculation", results.plot_im)
+        >>> cv2.waitKey(0)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initializes the DistanceCalculation class for measuring object distances in video streams."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        # Mouse event information
+        self.left_mouse_count = 0
+        self.selected_boxes = {}
+        self.centroids = []  # Store centroids of selected objects
+
+    def mouse_event_for_distance(self, event, x, y, flags, param):
+        """
+        Handles mouse events to select regions in a real-time video stream for distance calculation.
+
+        Args:
+            event (int): Type of mouse event (e.g., cv2.EVENT_MOUSEMOVE, cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN).
+            x (int): X-coordinate of the mouse pointer.
+            y (int): Y-coordinate of the mouse pointer.
+            flags (int): Flags associated with the event (e.g., cv2.EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY, cv2.EVENT_FLAG_SHIFTKEY).
+            param (Any): Additional parameters passed to the function.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> # Assuming 'dc' is an instance of DistanceCalculation
+            >>> cv2.setMouseCallback("window_name", dc.mouse_event_for_distance)
+        """
+        if event == cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN:
+            self.left_mouse_count += 1
+            if self.left_mouse_count <= 2:
+                for box, track_id in zip(self.boxes, self.track_ids):
+                    if box[0] < x < box[2] and box[1] < y < box[3] and track_id not in self.selected_boxes:
+                        self.selected_boxes[track_id] = box
+
+        elif event == cv2.EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN:
+            self.selected_boxes = {}
+            self.left_mouse_count = 0
+
+    def process(self, im0):
+        """
+        Processes a video frame and calculates the distance between two selected bounding boxes.
+
+        This method extracts tracks from the input frame, annotates bounding boxes, and calculates the distance
+        between two user-selected objects if they have been chosen.
+
+        Args:
+            im0 (numpy.ndarray): The input image frame to process.
+
+        Returns:
+            (SolutionResults): Contains processed image `plot_im`, `total_tracks` (int) representing the total number
+                of tracked objects, and `pixels_distance` (float) representing the distance between selected objects
+                in pixels.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> import numpy as np
+            >>> from ultralytics.solutions import DistanceCalculation
+            >>> dc = DistanceCalculation()
+            >>> frame = np.random.randint(0, 255, (480, 640, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+            >>> results = dc.process(frame)
+            >>> print(f"Distance: {results.pixels_distance:.2f} pixels")
+        """
+        self.extract_tracks(im0)  # Extract tracks
+        annotator = SolutionAnnotator(im0, line_width=self.line_width)  # Initialize annotator
+
+        pixels_distance = 0
+        # Iterate over bounding boxes, track ids and classes index
+        for box, track_id, cls, conf in zip(self.boxes, self.track_ids, self.clss, self.confs):
+            annotator.box_label(box, color=colors(int(cls), True), label=self.adjust_box_label(cls, conf, track_id))
+
+            # Update selected boxes if they're being tracked
+            if len(self.selected_boxes) == 2:
+                for trk_id in self.selected_boxes.keys():
+                    if trk_id == track_id:
+                        self.selected_boxes[track_id] = box
+
+        if len(self.selected_boxes) == 2:
+            # Calculate centroids of selected boxes
+            self.centroids.extend(
+                [[int((box[0] + box[2]) // 2), int((box[1] + box[3]) // 2)] for box in self.selected_boxes.values()]
+            )
+            # Calculate Euclidean distance between centroids
+            pixels_distance = math.sqrt(
+                (self.centroids[0][0] - self.centroids[1][0]) ** 2 + (self.centroids[0][1] - self.centroids[1][1]) ** 2
+            )
+            annotator.plot_distance_and_line(pixels_distance, self.centroids)
+
+        self.centroids = []  # Reset centroids for next frame
+        plot_im = annotator.result()
+        self.display_output(plot_im)  # Display output with base class function
+        cv2.setMouseCallback("Ultralytics Solutions", self.mouse_event_for_distance)
+
+        # Return SolutionResults with processed image and calculated metrics
+        return SolutionResults(plot_im=plot_im, pixels_distance=pixels_distance, total_tracks=len(self.track_ids))

ultralytics/solutions/heatmap.py

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+# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
+
+import cv2
+import numpy as np
+
+from ultralytics.solutions.object_counter import ObjectCounter
+from ultralytics.solutions.solutions import SolutionAnnotator, SolutionResults
+
+
+class Heatmap(ObjectCounter):
+    """
+    A class to draw heatmaps in real-time video streams based on object tracks.
+
+    This class extends the ObjectCounter class to generate and visualize heatmaps of object movements in video
+    streams. It uses tracked object positions to create a cumulative heatmap effect over time.
+
+    Attributes:
+        initialized (bool): Flag indicating whether the heatmap has been initialized.
+        colormap (int): OpenCV colormap used for heatmap visualization.
+        heatmap (np.ndarray): Array storing the cumulative heatmap data.
+        annotator (SolutionAnnotator): Object for drawing annotations on the image.
+
+    Methods:
+        heatmap_effect: Calculate and update the heatmap effect for a given bounding box.
+        process: Generate and apply the heatmap effect to each frame.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from ultralytics.solutions import Heatmap
+        >>> heatmap = Heatmap(model="yolo11n.pt", colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_JET)
+        >>> frame = cv2.imread("frame.jpg")
+        >>> processed_frame = heatmap.process(frame)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialize the Heatmap class for real-time video stream heatmap generation based on object tracks.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs (Any): Keyword arguments passed to the parent ObjectCounter class.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.initialized = False  # Flag for heatmap initialization
+        if self.region is not None:  # Check if user provided the region coordinates
+            self.initialize_region()
+
+        # Store colormap
+        self.colormap = self.CFG["colormap"]
+        self.heatmap = None
+
+    def heatmap_effect(self, box):
+        """
+        Efficiently calculate heatmap area and effect location for applying colormap.
+
+        Args:
+            box (List[float]): Bounding box coordinates [x0, y0, x1, y1].
+        """
+        x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, box)
+        radius_squared = (min(x1 - x0, y1 - y0) // 2) ** 2
+
+        # Create a meshgrid with region of interest (ROI) for vectorized distance calculations
+        xv, yv = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x0, x1), np.arange(y0, y1))
+
+        # Calculate squared distances from the center
+        dist_squared = (xv - ((x0 + x1) // 2)) ** 2 + (yv - ((y0 + y1) // 2)) ** 2
+
+        # Create a mask of points within the radius
+        within_radius = dist_squared <= radius_squared
+
+        # Update only the values within the bounding box in a single vectorized operation
+        self.heatmap[y0:y1, x0:x1][within_radius] += 2
+
+    def process(self, im0):
+        """
+        Generate heatmap for each frame using Ultralytics.
+
+        Args:
+            im0 (np.ndarray): Input image array for processing.
+
+        Returns:
+            (SolutionResults): Contains processed image `plot_im`,
+                'in_count' (int, count of objects entering the region),
+                'out_count' (int, count of objects exiting the region),
+                'classwise_count' (dict, per-class object count), and
+                'total_tracks' (int, total number of tracked objects).
+        """
+        if not self.initialized:
+            self.heatmap = np.zeros_like(im0, dtype=np.float32) * 0.99
+            self.initialized = True  # Initialize heatmap only once
+
+        self.extract_tracks(im0)  # Extract tracks
+        self.annotator = SolutionAnnotator(im0, line_width=self.line_width)  # Initialize annotator
+
+        # Iterate over bounding boxes, track ids and classes index
+        for box, track_id, cls in zip(self.boxes, self.track_ids, self.clss):
+            # Apply heatmap effect for the bounding box
+            self.heatmap_effect(box)
+
+            if self.region is not None:
+                self.annotator.draw_region(reg_pts=self.region, color=(104, 0, 123), thickness=self.line_width * 2)
+                self.store_tracking_history(track_id, box)  # Store track history
+                # Get previous position if available
+                prev_position = None
+                if len(self.track_history[track_id]) > 1:
+                    prev_position = self.track_history[track_id][-2]
+                self.count_objects(self.track_history[track_id][-1], track_id, prev_position, cls)  # object counting
+
+        plot_im = self.annotator.result()
+        if self.region is not None:
+            self.display_counts(plot_im)  # Display the counts on the frame
+
+        # Normalize, apply colormap to heatmap and combine with original image
+        if self.track_data.id is not None:
+            normalized_heatmap = cv2.normalize(self.heatmap, None, 0, 255, cv2.NORM_MINMAX).astype(np.uint8)
+            colored_heatmap = cv2.applyColorMap(normalized_heatmap, self.colormap)
+            plot_im = cv2.addWeighted(plot_im, 0.5, colored_heatmap, 0.5, 0)
+
+        self.display_output(plot_im)  # Display output with base class function
+
+        # Return SolutionResults
+        return SolutionResults(
+            plot_im=plot_im,
+            in_count=self.in_count,
+            out_count=self.out_count,
+            classwise_count=dict(self.classwise_counts),
+            total_tracks=len(self.track_ids),
+        )