@xeokit/xeokit-sdk 2.5.2-beta-10 → 2.5.2-beta-13

package/src/src/viewer/scene/webgl/Renderer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1781 @@
+import {FrameContext} from './FrameContext.js';
+import {math} from '../math/math.js';
+import {stats} from '../stats.js';
+import {WEBGL_INFO} from '../webglInfo.js';
+import {Map} from "../utils/Map.js";
+import {PickResult} from "./PickResult.js";
+import {OcclusionTester} from "./occlusion/OcclusionTester.js";
+import {SAOOcclusionRenderer} from "./sao/SAOOcclusionRenderer.js";
+import {createRTCViewMat} from "../math/rtcCoords.js";
+import {SAODepthLimitedBlurRenderer} from "./sao/SAODepthLimitedBlurRenderer.js";
+import {RenderBufferManager} from "./RenderBufferManager.js";
+import {getExtension} from "./getExtension.js";
+
+/**
+ * @private
+ */
+const Renderer = function (scene, options) {
+
+    options = options || {};
+
+    const frameCtx = new FrameContext(scene);
+    const canvas = scene.canvas.canvas;
+    /**
+     * @type {WebGL2RenderingContext}
+     */
+    const gl = scene.canvas.gl;
+    const canvasTransparent = (!!options.transparent);
+    const alphaDepthMask = options.alphaDepthMask;
+
+    const pickIDs = new Map({});
+
+    let drawableTypeInfo = {};
+    let drawables = {};
+
+    let drawableListDirty = true;
+    let stateSortDirty = true;
+    let imageDirty = true;
+    let shadowsDirty = true;
+
+    let transparentEnabled = true;
+    let edgesEnabled = true;
+    let saoEnabled = true;
+    let pbrEnabled = true;
+    let colorTextureEnabled = true;
+
+    const renderBufferManager = new RenderBufferManager(scene);
+
+    let snapshotBound = false;
+
+    const bindOutputFrameBuffer = null;
+    const unbindOutputFrameBuffer = null;
+
+    const saoOcclusionRenderer = new SAOOcclusionRenderer(scene);
+    const saoDepthLimitedBlurRenderer = new SAODepthLimitedBlurRenderer(scene);
+
+    this.scene = scene;
+
+    this._occlusionTester = null; // Lazy-created in #addMarker()
+
+    this.capabilities = {
+        astcSupported: !!getExtension(gl, 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_astc'),
+        etc1Supported: true, // WebGL2
+        etc2Supported: !!getExtension(gl, 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc'),
+        dxtSupported: !!getExtension(gl, 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc'),
+        bptcSupported: !!getExtension(gl, 'EXT_texture_compression_bptc'),
+        pvrtcSupported: !!(getExtension(gl, 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc') || getExtension(gl, 'WEBKIT_WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc'))
+    };
+
+    this.setTransparentEnabled = function (enabled) {
+        transparentEnabled = enabled;
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.setEdgesEnabled = function (enabled) {
+        edgesEnabled = enabled;
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.setSAOEnabled = function (enabled) {
+        saoEnabled = enabled;
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.setPBREnabled = function (enabled) {
+        pbrEnabled = enabled;
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.setColorTextureEnabled = function (enabled) {
+        colorTextureEnabled = enabled;
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.needStateSort = function () {
+        stateSortDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.shadowsDirty = function () {
+        shadowsDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.imageDirty = function () {
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    this.webglContextLost = function () {
+    };
+
+    this.webglContextRestored = function (gl) {
+
+        // renderBufferManager.webglContextRestored(gl);
+
+        saoOcclusionRenderer.init();
+        saoDepthLimitedBlurRenderer.init();
+
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts a drawable into this renderer.
+     *  @private
+     */
+    this.addDrawable = function (id, drawable) {
+        const type = drawable.type;
+        if (!type) {
+            console.error("Renderer#addDrawable() : drawable with ID " + id + " has no 'type' - ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+        let drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+        if (!drawableInfo) {
+            drawableInfo = {
+                type: drawable.type,
+                count: 0,
+                isStateSortable: drawable.isStateSortable,
+                stateSortCompare: drawable.stateSortCompare,
+                drawableMap: {},
+                drawableListPreCull: [],
+                drawableList: []
+            };
+            drawableTypeInfo[type] = drawableInfo;
+        }
+        drawableInfo.count++;
+        drawableInfo.drawableMap[id] = drawable;
+        drawables[id] = drawable;
+        drawableListDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a drawable from this renderer.
+     *  @private
+     */
+    this.removeDrawable = function (id) {
+        const drawable = drawables[id];
+        if (!drawable) {
+            console.error("Renderer#removeDrawable() : drawable not found with ID " + id + " - ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+        const type = drawable.type;
+        const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+        if (--drawableInfo.count <= 0) {
+            delete drawableTypeInfo[type];
+        } else {
+            delete drawableInfo.drawableMap[id];
+        }
+        delete drawables[id];
+        drawableListDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a unique pick ID for the given Pickable. A Pickable can be a {@link Mesh} or a {@link PerformanceMesh}.
+     * @returns {Number} New pick ID.
+     */
+    this.getPickID = function (entity) {
+        return pickIDs.addItem(entity);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Released a pick ID for reuse.
+     * @param {Number} pickID Pick ID to release.
+     */
+    this.putPickID = function (pickID) {
+        pickIDs.removeItem(pickID);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the canvas.
+     *  @private
+     */
+    this.clear = function (params) {
+        params = params || {};
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
+        if (canvasTransparent) {
+            gl.clearColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
+        } else {
+            const backgroundColor = scene.canvas.backgroundColorFromAmbientLight ? this.lights.getAmbientColorAndIntensity() : scene.canvas.backgroundColor;
+            gl.clearColor(backgroundColor[0], backgroundColor[1], backgroundColor[2], 1.0);
+        }
+        if (bindOutputFrameBuffer) {
+            bindOutputFrameBuffer(params.pass);
+        }
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        if (unbindOutputFrameBuffer) {
+            unbindOutputFrameBuffer(params.pass);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the next call to render() will draw something
+     * @returns {Boolean}
+     */
+    this.needsRender = function () {
+        const needsRender = (imageDirty || drawableListDirty || stateSortDirty);
+        return needsRender;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Renders inserted drawables.
+     *  @private
+     */
+    this.render = function (params) {
+        params = params || {};
+        if (params.force) {
+            imageDirty = true;
+        }
+        updateDrawlist();
+        if (imageDirty) {
+            draw(params);
+            stats.frame.frameCount++;
+            imageDirty = false;
+        }
+    };
+
+    function updateDrawlist() { // Prepares state-sorted array of drawables from maps of inserted drawables
+        if (drawableListDirty) {
+            buildDrawableList();
+            drawableListDirty = false;
+            stateSortDirty = true;
+        }
+        if (stateSortDirty) {
+            sortDrawableList();
+            stateSortDirty = false;
+            imageDirty = true;
+        }
+        if (imageDirty) { // Image is usually dirty because the camera moved
+            cullDrawableList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    function buildDrawableList() {
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableMap = drawableInfo.drawableMap;
+                const drawableListPreCull = drawableInfo.drawableListPreCull;
+                let lenDrawableList = 0;
+                for (let id in drawableMap) {
+                    if (drawableMap.hasOwnProperty(id)) {
+                        drawableListPreCull[lenDrawableList++] = drawableMap[id];
+                    }
+                }
+                drawableListPreCull.length = lenDrawableList;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function sortDrawableList() {
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                if (drawableInfo.isStateSortable) {
+                    drawableInfo.drawableListPreCull.sort(drawableInfo.stateSortCompare);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function cullDrawableList() {
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableListPreCull = drawableInfo.drawableListPreCull;
+                const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+                let lenDrawableList = 0;
+                for (let i = 0, len = drawableListPreCull.length; i < len; i++) {
+                    const drawable = drawableListPreCull[i];
+                    drawable.rebuildRenderFlags();
+                    if (!drawable.renderFlags.culled) {
+                        drawableList[lenDrawableList++] = drawable;
+                    }
+                }
+                drawableList.length = lenDrawableList;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    function draw(params) {
+
+        const sao = scene.sao;
+
+        if (saoEnabled && sao.possible) {
+            drawSAOBuffers(params);
+        }
+
+        drawShadowMaps();
+
+        drawColor(params);
+    }
+
+    function drawSAOBuffers(params) {
+
+        const sao = scene.sao;
+
+        // Render depth buffer
+
+        const saoDepthRenderBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("saoDepth", {
+            depthTexture: true
+        });
+
+        saoDepthRenderBuffer.bind();
+        saoDepthRenderBuffer.clear();
+        drawDepth(params);
+        saoDepthRenderBuffer.unbind();
+
+        // Render occlusion buffer
+
+        const occlusionRenderBuffer1 = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("saoOcclusion");
+
+        occlusionRenderBuffer1.bind();
+        occlusionRenderBuffer1.clear();
+        saoOcclusionRenderer.render(saoDepthRenderBuffer);
+        occlusionRenderBuffer1.unbind();
+
+        if (sao.blur) {
+
+            // Horizontally blur occlusion buffer 1 into occlusion buffer 2
+
+            const occlusionRenderBuffer2 = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("saoOcclusion2");
+
+            occlusionRenderBuffer2.bind();
+            occlusionRenderBuffer2.clear();
+            saoDepthLimitedBlurRenderer.render(saoDepthRenderBuffer, occlusionRenderBuffer1, 0);
+            occlusionRenderBuffer2.unbind();
+
+            // Vertically blur occlusion buffer 2 back into occlusion buffer 1
+
+            occlusionRenderBuffer1.bind();
+            occlusionRenderBuffer1.clear();
+            saoDepthLimitedBlurRenderer.render(saoDepthRenderBuffer, occlusionRenderBuffer2, 1);
+            occlusionRenderBuffer1.unbind();
+        }
+    }
+
+    function drawDepth(params) {
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+        frameCtx.pass = params.pass;
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
+
+        gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.frontFace(gl.CCW);
+        gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+        gl.depthMask(true);
+
+        if (params.clear !== false) {
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        }
+
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+
+                for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+
+                    const drawable = drawableList[i];
+
+                    if (drawable.culled === true || drawable.visible === false || !drawable.drawDepth || !drawable.saoEnabled) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (drawable.renderFlags.colorOpaque) {
+                        drawable.drawDepth(frameCtx);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // const numVertexAttribs = WEBGL_INFO.MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS; // Fixes https://github.com/xeokit/xeokit-sdk/issues/174
+        // for (let ii = 0; ii < numVertexAttribs; ii++) {
+        //     gl.disableVertexAttribArray(ii);
+        // }
+
+    }
+
+    function drawShadowMaps() {
+
+        let lights = scene._lightsState.lights;
+
+        for (let i = 0, len = lights.length; i < len; i++) {
+            const light = lights[i];
+            if (!light.castsShadow) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            drawShadowMap(light);
+        }
+
+        // const numVertexAttribs = WEBGL_INFO.MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS; // Fixes https://github.com/xeokit/xeokit-sdk/issues/174
+        // for (let ii = 0; ii < numVertexAttribs; ii++) {
+        //     gl.disableVertexAttribArray(ii);
+        // }
+        //
+        shadowsDirty = false;
+    }
+
+    function drawShadowMap(light) {
+
+        const castsShadow = light.castsShadow;
+
+        if (!castsShadow) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const shadowRenderBuf = light.getShadowRenderBuf();
+
+        if (!shadowRenderBuf) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        shadowRenderBuf.bind();
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+
+        frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+        frameCtx.frontface = true;
+        frameCtx.shadowViewMatrix = light.getShadowViewMatrix();
+        frameCtx.shadowProjMatrix = light.getShadowProjMatrix();
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
+
+        gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 1);
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+
+                for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+
+                    const drawable = drawableList[i];
+
+                    if (drawable.visible === false || !drawable.castsShadow || !drawable.drawShadow) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (drawable.renderFlags.colorOpaque) { // Transparent objects don't cast shadows (yet)
+                        drawable.drawShadow(frameCtx);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        shadowRenderBuf.unbind();
+    }
+
+    function drawColor(params) {
+
+        const normalDrawSAOBin = [];
+        const normalEdgesOpaqueBin = [];
+        const normalFillTransparentBin = [];
+        const normalEdgesTransparentBin = [];
+
+        const xrayedFillOpaqueBin = [];
+        const xrayEdgesOpaqueBin = [];
+        const xrayedFillTransparentBin = [];
+        const xrayEdgesTransparentBin = [];
+
+        const highlightedFillOpaqueBin = [];
+        const highlightedEdgesOpaqueBin = [];
+        const highlightedFillTransparentBin = [];
+        const highlightedEdgesTransparentBin = [];
+
+        const selectedFillOpaqueBin = [];
+        const selectedEdgesOpaqueBin = [];
+        const selectedFillTransparentBin = [];
+        const selectedEdgesTransparentBin = [];
+
+
+        const ambientColorAndIntensity = scene._lightsState.getAmbientColorAndIntensity();
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+        frameCtx.pass = params.pass;
+        frameCtx.withSAO = false;
+        frameCtx.pbrEnabled = pbrEnabled && !!scene.pbrEnabled;
+        frameCtx.colorTextureEnabled = colorTextureEnabled && !!scene.colorTextureEnabled;
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
+
+        if (canvasTransparent) {
+            gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        } else {
+            const backgroundColor = scene.canvas.backgroundColorFromAmbientLight ? ambientColorAndIntensity : scene.canvas.backgroundColor;
+            gl.clearColor(backgroundColor[0], backgroundColor[1], backgroundColor[2], 1.0);
+        }
+
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.frontFace(gl.CCW);
+        gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+        gl.depthMask(true);
+        gl.lineWidth(1);
+
+        frameCtx.lineWidth = 1;
+
+        const saoPossible = scene.sao.possible;
+
+        if (saoEnabled && saoPossible) {
+            const occlusionRenderBuffer1 = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("saoOcclusion");
+            frameCtx.occlusionTexture = occlusionRenderBuffer1 ? occlusionRenderBuffer1.getTexture() : null;
+        } else {
+            frameCtx.occlusionTexture = null;
+
+        }
+
+        let i;
+        let len;
+        let drawable;
+
+        const startTime = Date.now();
+
+        if (bindOutputFrameBuffer) {
+            bindOutputFrameBuffer(params.pass);
+        }
+
+        if (params.clear !== false) {
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        }
+
+        let normalDrawSAOBinLen = 0;
+        let normalEdgesOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let normalFillTransparentBinLen = 0;
+        let normalEdgesTransparentBinLen = 0;
+
+        let xrayedFillOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let xrayEdgesOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let xrayedFillTransparentBinLen = 0;
+        let xrayEdgesTransparentBinLen = 0;
+
+        let highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let highlightedEdgesOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let highlightedFillTransparentBinLen = 0;
+        let highlightedEdgesTransparentBinLen = 0;
+
+        let selectedFillOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let selectedEdgesOpaqueBinLen = 0;
+        let selectedFillTransparentBinLen = 0;
+        let selectedEdgesTransparentBinLen = 0;
+
+        //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Render normal opaque solids, defer others to bins to render after
+        //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+
+                for (i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+
+                    drawable = drawableList[i];
+
+                    if (drawable.culled === true || drawable.visible === false) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    const renderFlags = drawable.renderFlags;
+
+                    if (renderFlags.colorOpaque) {
+                        if (saoEnabled && saoPossible && drawable.saoEnabled) {
+                            normalDrawSAOBin[normalDrawSAOBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        } else {
+                            drawable.drawColorOpaque(frameCtx);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (transparentEnabled) {
+                        if (renderFlags.colorTransparent) {
+                            normalFillTransparentBin[normalFillTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.xrayedSilhouetteTransparent) {
+                        xrayedFillTransparentBin[xrayedFillTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.xrayedSilhouetteOpaque) {
+                        xrayedFillOpaqueBin[xrayedFillOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.highlightedSilhouetteTransparent) {
+                        highlightedFillTransparentBin[highlightedFillTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.highlightedSilhouetteOpaque) {
+                        highlightedFillOpaqueBin[highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.selectedSilhouetteTransparent) {
+                        selectedFillTransparentBin[selectedFillTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (renderFlags.selectedSilhouetteOpaque) {
+                        selectedFillOpaqueBin[selectedFillOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                    }
+
+                    if (drawable.edges && edgesEnabled) {
+                        if (renderFlags.edgesOpaque) {
+                            normalEdgesOpaqueBin[normalEdgesOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.edgesTransparent) {
+                            normalEdgesTransparentBin[normalEdgesTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.selectedEdgesTransparent) {
+                            selectedEdgesTransparentBin[selectedEdgesTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.selectedEdgesOpaque) {
+                            selectedEdgesOpaqueBin[selectedEdgesOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.xrayedEdgesTransparent) {
+                            xrayEdgesTransparentBin[xrayEdgesTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.xrayedEdgesOpaque) {
+                            xrayEdgesOpaqueBin[xrayEdgesOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.highlightedEdgesTransparent) {
+                            highlightedEdgesTransparentBin[highlightedEdgesTransparentBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+
+                        if (renderFlags.highlightedEdgesOpaque) {
+                            highlightedEdgesOpaqueBin[highlightedEdgesOpaqueBinLen++] = drawable;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // Render deferred bins
+        //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // Opaque color with SAO
+
+        if (normalDrawSAOBinLen > 0) {
+            frameCtx.withSAO = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < normalDrawSAOBinLen; i++) {
+                normalDrawSAOBin[i].drawColorOpaque(frameCtx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Opaque edges
+
+        if (normalEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            for (i = 0; i < normalEdgesOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                normalEdgesOpaqueBin[i].drawEdgesColorOpaque(frameCtx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Opaque X-ray fill
+
+        if (xrayedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            for (i = 0; i < xrayedFillOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                xrayedFillOpaqueBin[i].drawSilhouetteXRayed(frameCtx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Opaque X-ray edges
+
+        if (xrayEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            for (i = 0; i < xrayEdgesOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                xrayEdgesOpaqueBin[i].drawEdgesXRayed(frameCtx);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Transparent
+
+        if (xrayedFillTransparentBinLen > 0 || xrayEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0 || normalFillTransparentBinLen > 0 || normalEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+            gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+            gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
+            if (canvasTransparent) {
+                gl.blendEquation(gl.FUNC_ADD);
+                gl.blendFuncSeparate(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            } else {
+                gl.blendEquation(gl.FUNC_ADD);
+                gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            }
+            frameCtx.backfaces = false;
+            if (!alphaDepthMask) {
+                gl.depthMask(false);
+            }
+
+            // Transparent color edges
+
+            if (normalFillTransparentBinLen > 0 || normalEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            }
+            if (normalEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < normalEdgesTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    drawable = normalEdgesTransparentBin[i];
+                    drawable.drawEdgesColorTransparent(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Transparent color fill
+
+            if (normalFillTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < normalFillTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    drawable = normalFillTransparentBin[i];
+                    drawable.drawColorTransparent(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Transparent X-ray edges
+
+            if (xrayEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < xrayEdgesTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    xrayEdgesTransparentBin[i].drawEdgesXRayed(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Transparent X-ray fill
+
+            if (xrayedFillTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < xrayedFillTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    xrayedFillTransparentBin[i].drawSilhouetteXRayed(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+            if (!alphaDepthMask) {
+                gl.depthMask(true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Opaque highlight
+
+        if (highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0 || highlightedEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            frameCtx.lastProgramId = null;
+            if (scene.highlightMaterial.glowThrough) {
+                gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            }
+
+            // Opaque highlighted edges
+
+            if (highlightedEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < highlightedEdgesOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                    highlightedEdgesOpaqueBin[i].drawEdgesHighlighted(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Opaque highlighted fill
+
+            if (highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                    highlightedFillOpaqueBin[i].drawSilhouetteHighlighted(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Highlighted transparent
+
+        if (highlightedFillTransparentBinLen > 0 || highlightedEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0 || highlightedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            frameCtx.lastProgramId = null;
+            if (scene.selectedMaterial.glowThrough) {
+                gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            }
+            gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
+            if (canvasTransparent) {
+                gl.blendEquation(gl.FUNC_ADD);
+                gl.blendFuncSeparate(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            } else {
+                gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            }
+            gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+
+            // Highlighted transparent edges
+
+            if (highlightedEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < highlightedEdgesTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    highlightedEdgesTransparentBin[i].drawEdgesHighlighted(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Highlighted transparent fill
+
+            if (highlightedFillTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < highlightedFillTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    highlightedFillTransparentBin[i].drawSilhouetteHighlighted(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        }
+
+        // Selected opaque
+
+        if (selectedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0 || selectedEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+            frameCtx.lastProgramId = null;
+            if (scene.selectedMaterial.glowThrough) {
+                gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            }
+
+            // Selected opaque fill
+
+            if (selectedEdgesOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < selectedEdgesOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                    selectedEdgesOpaqueBin[i].drawEdgesSelected(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Selected opaque edges
+
+            if (selectedFillOpaqueBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < selectedFillOpaqueBinLen; i++) {
+                    selectedFillOpaqueBin[i].drawSilhouetteSelected(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Selected transparent
+
+        if (selectedFillTransparentBinLen > 0 || selectedEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+            frameCtx.lastProgramId = null;
+            if (scene.selectedMaterial.glowThrough) {
+                gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            }
+            gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+            gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
+            if (canvasTransparent) {
+                gl.blendEquation(gl.FUNC_ADD);
+                gl.blendFuncSeparate(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            } else {
+                gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+            }
+
+            // Selected transparent edges
+
+            if (selectedEdgesTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < selectedEdgesTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    selectedEdgesTransparentBin[i].drawEdgesSelected(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Selected transparent fill
+
+            if (selectedFillTransparentBinLen > 0) {
+                for (i = 0; i < selectedFillTransparentBinLen; i++) {
+                    selectedFillTransparentBin[i].drawSilhouetteSelected(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        }
+
+        const endTime = Date.now();
+        const frameStats = stats.frame;
+
+        frameStats.renderTime = (endTime - startTime) / 1000.0;
+        frameStats.drawElements = frameCtx.drawElements;
+        frameStats.drawArrays = frameCtx.drawArrays;
+        frameStats.useProgram = frameCtx.useProgram;
+        frameStats.bindTexture = frameCtx.bindTexture;
+        frameStats.bindArray = frameCtx.bindArray;
+
+        const numTextureUnits = WEBGL_INFO.MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS;
+        for (let ii = 0; ii < numTextureUnits; ii++) {
+            gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + ii);
+        }
+        gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, null);
+        gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);
+
+        const numVertexAttribs = WEBGL_INFO.MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS; // Fixes https://github.com/xeokit/xeokit-sdk/issues/174
+        for (let ii = 0; ii < numVertexAttribs; ii++) {
+            gl.disableVertexAttribArray(ii);
+        }
+
+        if (unbindOutputFrameBuffer) {
+            unbindOutputFrameBuffer(params.pass);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Picks an Entity.
+     * @private
+     */
+    this.pick = (function () {
+
+        const tempVec3a = math.vec3();
+        const tempMat4a = math.mat4();
+        const tempMat4b = math.mat4();
+
+        const randomVec3 = math.vec3();
+        const up = math.vec3([0, 1, 0]);
+        const _pickResult = new PickResult();
+
+        const nearAndFar = math.vec2();
+
+        const canvasPos = math.vec3();
+
+        const worldRayOrigin = math.vec3();
+        const worldRayDir = math.vec3();
+        const worldSurfacePos = math.vec3();
+        const worldSurfaceNormal = math.vec3();
+
+        return function (params, pickResult = _pickResult) {
+
+            pickResult.reset();
+
+            updateDrawlist();
+
+            let look;
+            let pickViewMatrix = null;
+            let pickProjMatrix = null;
+
+            pickResult.pickSurface = params.pickSurface;
+
+            if (params.canvasPos) {
+
+                canvasPos[0] = params.canvasPos[0];
+                canvasPos[1] = params.canvasPos[1];
+
+                pickViewMatrix = scene.camera.viewMatrix;
+                pickProjMatrix = scene.camera.projMatrix;
+
+                pickResult.canvasPos = params.canvasPos;
+
+            } else {
+
+                // Picking with arbitrary World-space ray
+                // Align camera along ray and fire ray through center of canvas
+
+                if (params.matrix) {
+
+                    pickViewMatrix = params.matrix;
+                    pickProjMatrix = scene.camera.projMatrix;
+
+                } else {
+
+                    worldRayOrigin.set(params.origin || [0, 0, 0]);
+                    worldRayDir.set(params.direction || [0, 0, 1]);
+
+                    look = math.addVec3(worldRayOrigin, worldRayDir, tempVec3a);
+
+                    randomVec3[0] = Math.random();
+                    randomVec3[1] = Math.random();
+                    randomVec3[2] = Math.random();
+
+                    math.normalizeVec3(randomVec3);
+                    math.cross3Vec3(worldRayDir, randomVec3, up);
+
+                    pickViewMatrix = math.lookAtMat4v(worldRayOrigin, look, up, tempMat4b);
+                //    pickProjMatrix = scene.camera.projMatrix;
+                    pickProjMatrix = scene.camera.ortho.matrix;
+
+                    pickResult.origin = worldRayOrigin;
+                    pickResult.direction = worldRayDir;
+                }
+
+                canvasPos[0] = canvas.clientWidth * 0.5;
+                canvasPos[1] = canvas.clientHeight * 0.5;
+            }
+
+            for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+                if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                    const drawableList = drawableTypeInfo[type].drawableList;
+                    for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+                        const drawable = drawableList[i];
+                        if (drawable.setPickMatrices) { // Eg. SceneModel, which needs pre-loading into texture
+                            drawable.setPickMatrices(pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            const pickBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("pick", {size: [1, 1]});
+
+            pickBuffer.bind();
+
+            const pickable = gpuPickPickable(pickBuffer, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, params, pickResult);
+
+            if (!pickable) {
+                pickBuffer.unbind();
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            const pickedEntity = (pickable.delegatePickedEntity) ? pickable.delegatePickedEntity() : pickable;
+
+            if (!pickedEntity) {
+                pickBuffer.unbind();
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (params.pickSurface) {
+
+                // GPU-based ray-picking
+
+                if (pickable.canPickTriangle && pickable.canPickTriangle()) {
+
+                    gpuPickTriangle(pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, pickResult);
+
+                    pickable.pickTriangleSurface(pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, pickResult);
+
+                    pickResult.pickSurfacePrecision = false;
+
+                } else {
+
+                    if (pickable.canPickWorldPos && pickable.canPickWorldPos()) {
+
+                        nearAndFar[0] = scene.camera.project.near;
+                        nearAndFar[1] = scene.camera.project.far;
+
+                        gpuPickWorldPos(pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, nearAndFar, pickResult);
+
+                        if (params.pickSurfaceNormal !== false) {
+                            gpuPickWorldNormal(pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, pickResult);
+                        }
+
+                        pickResult.pickSurfacePrecision = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            pickBuffer.unbind();
+            pickResult.entity = pickedEntity;
+            return pickResult;
+        };
+    })();
+
+    function gpuPickPickable(pickBuffer, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, params, pickResult) {
+
+        const resolutionScale = scene.canvas.resolutionScale;
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+        frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+        frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+        frameCtx.pickOrigin = pickResult.origin;
+        frameCtx.pickViewMatrix = pickViewMatrix;
+        frameCtx.pickProjMatrix = pickProjMatrix;
+        frameCtx.pickInvisible = !!params.pickInvisible;
+        frameCtx.pickClipPos = [
+            getClipPosX(canvasPos[0] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferWidth),
+            getClipPosY(canvasPos[1] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferHeight),
+        ];
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, 1, 1);
+        gl.depthMask(true);
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+        gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        const includeEntityIds = params.includeEntityIds;
+        const excludeEntityIds = params.excludeEntityIds;
+
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+
+                const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+
+                for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+
+                    const drawable = drawableList[i];
+
+                    if (!drawable.drawPickMesh || (params.pickInvisible !== true && drawable.visible === false) || drawable.pickable === false) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (includeEntityIds && !includeEntityIds[drawable.id]) { // TODO: push this logic into drawable
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (excludeEntityIds && excludeEntityIds[drawable.id]) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    drawable.drawPickMesh(frameCtx);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const pix = pickBuffer.read(0, 0);
+        const pickID = pix[0] + (pix[1] << 8) + (pix[2] << 16) + (pix[3] << 24);
+
+        if (pickID < 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const pickable = pickIDs.items[pickID];
+
+        return pickable;
+    }
+
+    function gpuPickTriangle(pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, pickResult) {
+
+        if (!pickable.drawPickTriangles) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const resolutionScale = scene.canvas.resolutionScale;
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+        frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+        frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+        frameCtx.pickOrigin = pickResult.origin;
+        frameCtx.pickViewMatrix = pickViewMatrix; // Can be null
+        frameCtx.pickProjMatrix = pickProjMatrix; // Can be null
+        // frameCtx.pickInvisible = !!params.pickInvisible;
+        frameCtx.pickClipPos = [
+            getClipPosX(canvasPos[0] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferWidth),
+            getClipPosY(canvasPos[1] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferHeight),
+        ];
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, 1, 1);
+
+        gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+        gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+        pickable.drawPickTriangles(frameCtx);
+
+        const pix = pickBuffer.read(0, 0);
+
+        let primIndex = pix[0] + (pix[1] * 256) + (pix[2] * 256 * 256) + (pix[3] * 256 * 256 * 256);
+
+        primIndex *= 3; // Convert from triangle number to first vertex in indices
+
+        pickResult.primIndex = primIndex;
+    }
+
+    const gpuPickWorldPos = (function () {
+
+        const tempVec4a = math.vec4();
+        const tempVec4b = math.vec4();
+        const tempVec4c = math.vec4();
+        const tempVec4d = math.vec4();
+        const tempVec4e = math.vec4();
+        const tempMat4a = math.mat4();
+        const tempMat4b = math.mat4();
+        const tempMat4c = math.mat4();
+
+        return function (pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, nearAndFar, pickResult) {
+
+            const resolutionScale = scene.canvas.resolutionScale;
+
+            frameCtx.reset();
+            frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+            frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+            frameCtx.pickOrigin = pickResult.origin;
+            frameCtx.pickViewMatrix = pickViewMatrix;
+            frameCtx.pickProjMatrix = pickProjMatrix;
+            frameCtx.pickZNear = nearAndFar[0];
+            frameCtx.pickZFar = nearAndFar[1];
+            frameCtx.pickElementsCount = pickable.pickElementsCount;
+            frameCtx.pickElementsOffset = pickable.pickElementsOffset;
+            frameCtx.pickClipPos = [
+                getClipPosX(canvasPos[0] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferWidth),
+                getClipPosY(canvasPos[1] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferHeight),
+            ];
+
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, 1, 1);
+
+            gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            gl.depthMask(true);
+            gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+            gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+            pickable.drawPickDepths(frameCtx); // Draw color-encoded fragment screen-space depths
+
+            const pix = pickBuffer.read(0, 0);
+
+            const screenZ = unpackDepth(pix); // Get screen-space Z at the given canvas coords
+
+            // Calculate clip space coordinates, which will be in range of x=[-1..1] and y=[-1..1], with y=(+1) at top
+            const x = (canvasPos[0] - canvas.clientWidth / 2) / (canvas.clientWidth / 2);
+            const y = -(canvasPos[1] - canvas.clientHeight / 2) / (canvas.clientHeight / 2);
+
+            const origin = pickable.origin;
+            let pvMat;
+
+            if (origin) {
+                const rtcPickViewMat = createRTCViewMat(pickViewMatrix, origin, tempMat4a);
+                pvMat = math.mulMat4(pickProjMatrix, rtcPickViewMat, tempMat4b);
+
+            } else {
+                pvMat = math.mulMat4(pickProjMatrix, pickViewMatrix, tempMat4b);
+            }
+
+            const pvMatInverse = math.inverseMat4(pvMat, tempMat4c);
+
+            tempVec4a[0] = x;
+            tempVec4a[1] = y;
+            tempVec4a[2] = -1;
+            tempVec4a[3] = 1;
+
+            let world1 = math.transformVec4(pvMatInverse, tempVec4a);
+            world1 = math.mulVec4Scalar(world1, 1 / world1[3]);
+
+            tempVec4b[0] = x;
+            tempVec4b[1] = y;
+            tempVec4b[2] = 1;
+            tempVec4b[3] = 1;
+
+            let world2 = math.transformVec4(pvMatInverse, tempVec4b);
+            world2 = math.mulVec4Scalar(world2, 1 / world2[3]);
+
+            const dir = math.subVec3(world2, world1, tempVec4c);
+            const worldPos = math.addVec3(world1, math.mulVec4Scalar(dir, screenZ, tempVec4d), tempVec4e);
+
+            if (origin) {
+                math.addVec3(worldPos, origin);
+            }
+
+            pickResult.worldPos = worldPos;
+        }
+    })();
+
+    function drawSnapInit(frameCtx) {
+        frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams = [];
+        frameCtx.snapPickLayerNumber = 0;
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+            const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+            for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+                const drawable = drawableList[i];
+                if (drawable.drawSnapInit) {
+                    if (!drawable.culled && drawable.visible && drawable.pickable) {
+                        drawable.drawSnapInit(frameCtx);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams;
+    }
+
+    function drawSnap(frameCtx) {
+        frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams = frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams || [];
+        frameCtx.snapPickLayerNumber = frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams.length;
+        for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+            const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+            const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+            for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+                const drawable = drawableList[i];
+                if (drawable.drawSnap) {
+                    if (!drawable.culled && drawable.visible && drawable.pickable) {
+                        drawable.drawSnap(frameCtx);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams;
+    }
+
+    function getClipPosX(pos, size) {
+        return 2 * (pos / size) - 1;
+    }
+
+    function getClipPosY(pos, size) {
+        return 1 - 2 * (pos / size);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {[number, number]} canvasPos
+     * @param {number} [snapRadiusInPixels=30]
+     * @param {boolean} [snapToVertex=true]
+     * @param {boolean} [snapToEdge=true]
+     * @param pickResult
+     * @returns {PickResult}
+     */
+    this.snapPick = (function () {
+
+        const _pickResult = new PickResult();
+
+        return function (canvasPos, snapRadiusInPixels, snapToVertex, snapToEdge, pickResult = _pickResult) {
+
+            if (!snapToVertex && !snapToEdge) {
+                return this.pick({canvasPos, pickSurface: true});
+            }
+
+            const resolutionScale = scene.canvas.resolutionScale;
+
+            frameCtx.reset();
+            frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+            frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+            frameCtx.pickZNear = scene.camera.project.near;
+            frameCtx.pickZFar = scene.camera.project.far;
+
+            snapRadiusInPixels = snapRadiusInPixels || 30;
+
+            const vertexPickBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("uniquePickColors-aabs", {
+                depthTexture: true,
+                size: [
+                    2 * snapRadiusInPixels + 1,
+                    2 * snapRadiusInPixels + 1,
+                ]
+            });
+
+            frameCtx.snapVectorA = [
+                getClipPosX(canvasPos[0] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferWidth),
+                getClipPosY(canvasPos[1] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferHeight),
+            ];
+
+            frameCtx.snapInvVectorAB = [
+                gl.drawingBufferWidth / (2 * snapRadiusInPixels),
+                gl.drawingBufferHeight / (2 * snapRadiusInPixels),
+            ];
+
+            // Bind and clear the snap render target
+
+            vertexPickBuffer.bind(gl.RGBA32I, gl.RGBA32I, gl.RGBA8UI);
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, vertexPickBuffer.size[0], vertexPickBuffer.size[1]);
+            gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+            gl.frontFace(gl.CCW);
+            gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+            gl.depthMask(true);
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+            gl.depthFunc(gl.LEQUAL);
+            gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+            gl.clearBufferiv(gl.COLOR, 0, new Int32Array([0, 0, 0, 0]));
+            gl.clearBufferiv(gl.COLOR, 1, new Int32Array([0, 0, 0, 0]));
+            gl.clearBufferuiv(gl.COLOR, 2, new Uint32Array([0, 0, 0, 0]));
+
+            //////////////////////////////////
+            // Set view and proj mats for VBO renderers
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+            const pickViewMatrix = scene.camera.viewMatrix;
+            const pickProjMatrix = scene.camera.projMatrix;
+
+            for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+                if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                    const drawableList = drawableTypeInfo[type].drawableList;
+                    for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+                        const drawable = drawableList[i];
+                        if (drawable.setPickMatrices) { // Eg. SceneModel, which needs pre-loading into texture
+                            drawable.setPickMatrices(pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // a) init z-buffer
+            gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT2]);
+            const layerParamsSurface = drawSnapInit(frameCtx);
+
+            // b) snap-pick
+            const layerParamsSnap = []
+            frameCtx.snapPickLayerParams = layerParamsSnap;
+
+            gl.depthMask(false);
+            gl.drawBuffers([gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0]);
+
+            if (snapToVertex && snapToEdge) {
+                frameCtx.snapMode = "edge";
+                drawSnap(frameCtx);
+
+                frameCtx.snapMode = "vertex";
+                frameCtx.snapPickLayerNumber++;
+
+                drawSnap(frameCtx);
+            } else {
+                frameCtx.snapMode = snapToVertex ? "vertex" : "edge";
+
+                drawSnap(frameCtx);
+            }
+
+            gl.depthMask(true);
+
+            // Read and decode the snapped coordinates
+
+            const snapPickResultArray = vertexPickBuffer.readArray(gl.RGBA_INTEGER, gl.INT, Int32Array, 4);
+            const snapPickNormalResultArray = vertexPickBuffer.readArray(gl.RGBA_INTEGER, gl.INT, Int32Array, 4, 1);
+            const snapPickIdResultArray = vertexPickBuffer.readArray(gl.RGBA_INTEGER, gl.UNSIGNED_INT, Uint32Array, 4, 2);
+
+            vertexPickBuffer.unbind();
+
+            // result 1) regular hi-precision world position
+
+            let worldPos = null;
+            let worldNormal = null;
+            let pickable = null;
+
+            const middleX = snapRadiusInPixels;
+            const middleY = snapRadiusInPixels;
+            const middleIndex = (middleX * 4) + (middleY * vertexPickBuffer.size[0] * 4);
+            const pickResultMiddleXY = snapPickResultArray.slice(middleIndex, middleIndex + 4);
+            const pickNormalResultMiddleXY = snapPickNormalResultArray.slice(middleIndex, middleIndex + 4);
+            const pickPickableResultMiddleXY = snapPickIdResultArray.slice(middleIndex, middleIndex + 4);
+
+            if (pickResultMiddleXY[3] !== 0) {
+                const pickedLayerParmasSurface = layerParamsSurface[Math.abs(pickResultMiddleXY[3]) % layerParamsSurface.length];
+                const origin = pickedLayerParmasSurface.origin;
+                const scale = pickedLayerParmasSurface.coordinateScale;
+                worldPos = [
+                    pickResultMiddleXY[0] * scale[0] + origin[0],
+                    pickResultMiddleXY[1] * scale[1] + origin[1],
+                    pickResultMiddleXY[2] * scale[2] + origin[2],
+                ];
+                worldNormal = math.normalizeVec3([
+                    pickNormalResultMiddleXY[0] / math.MAX_INT,
+                    pickNormalResultMiddleXY[1] / math.MAX_INT,
+                    pickNormalResultMiddleXY[2] / math.MAX_INT,
+                ]);
+
+                const pickID =
+                    pickPickableResultMiddleXY[0]
+                    + (pickPickableResultMiddleXY[1] << 8)
+                    + (pickPickableResultMiddleXY[2] << 16)
+                    + (pickPickableResultMiddleXY[3] << 24);
+
+                pickable = pickIDs.items[pickID];
+            }
+
+            // result 2) hi-precision snapped (to vertex/edge) world position
+
+            let snapPickResult = [];
+
+            for (let i = 0; i < snapPickResultArray.length; i += 4) {
+                if (snapPickResultArray[i + 3] > 0) {
+                    const pixelNumber = Math.floor(i / 4);
+                    const w = vertexPickBuffer.size[0];
+                    const x = pixelNumber % w - Math.floor(w / 2);
+                    const y = Math.floor(pixelNumber / w) - Math.floor(w / 2);
+                    const dist = (Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2)));
+                    snapPickResult.push({
+                        x,
+                        y,
+                        dist,
+                        isVertex: snapToVertex && snapToEdge ? snapPickResultArray[i + 3] > layerParamsSnap.length / 2 : snapToVertex,
+                        result: [
+                            snapPickResultArray[i + 0],
+                            snapPickResultArray[i + 1],
+                            snapPickResultArray[i + 2],
+                            snapPickResultArray[i + 3],
+                        ],
+                        normal: [
+                            snapPickNormalResultArray[i + 0],
+                            snapPickNormalResultArray[i + 1],
+                            snapPickNormalResultArray[i + 2],
+                            snapPickNormalResultArray[i + 3],
+                        ],
+                        id: [
+                            snapPickIdResultArray[i + 0],
+                            snapPickIdResultArray[i + 1],
+                            snapPickIdResultArray[i + 2],
+                            snapPickIdResultArray[i + 3],
+                        ]
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+
+            let snappedWorldPos = null;
+            let snappedWorldNormal = null;
+            let snappedPickable = null;
+            let snapType = null;
+
+            if (snapPickResult.length > 0) {
+                // vertex snap first, then edge snap
+                snapPickResult.sort((a, b) => {
+                    if (a.isVertex !== b.isVertex) {
+                        return a.isVertex ? -1 : 1;
+                    } else {
+                        return a.dist - b.dist;
+                    }
+                });
+
+                snapType = snapPickResult[0].isVertex ? "vertex" : "edge";
+                const snapPick = snapPickResult[0].result;
+                const snapPickNormal = snapPickResult[0].normal;
+                const snapPickId = snapPickResult[0].id;
+
+                const pickedLayerParmas = layerParamsSnap[snapPick[3]];
+
+                const origin = pickedLayerParmas.origin;
+                const scale = pickedLayerParmas.coordinateScale;
+
+                snappedWorldNormal = math.normalizeVec3([
+                    snapPickNormal[0] / math.MAX_INT,
+                    snapPickNormal[1] / math.MAX_INT,
+                    snapPickNormal[2] / math.MAX_INT,
+                ]);
+
+                snappedWorldPos = [
+                    snapPick[0] * scale[0] + origin[0],
+                    snapPick[1] * scale[1] + origin[1],
+                    snapPick[2] * scale[2] + origin[2],
+                ];
+
+                snappedPickable = pickIDs.items[
+                snapPickId[0]
+                + (snapPickId[1] << 8)
+                + (snapPickId[2] << 16)
+                + (snapPickId[3] << 24)
+                    ];
+            }
+
+            if (null === worldPos && null == snappedWorldPos) {   // If neither regular pick or snap pick, return null
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            let snappedCanvasPos = null;
+
+            if (null !== snappedWorldPos) {
+                snappedCanvasPos = scene.camera.projectWorldPos(snappedWorldPos);
+            }
+
+            const snappedEntity = (snappedPickable && snappedPickable.delegatePickedEntity) ? snappedPickable.delegatePickedEntity() : snappedPickable;
+
+            pickResult.reset();
+            pickResult.snappedToEdge = (snapType === "edge");
+            pickResult.snappedToVertex = (snapType === "vertex");
+            pickResult.worldPos = snappedWorldPos;
+            pickResult.worldNormal = snappedWorldNormal;
+            pickResult.entity = snappedEntity;
+            pickResult.canvasPos = canvasPos;
+            pickResult.snappedCanvasPos = snappedCanvasPos || canvasPos;
+
+            return pickResult;
+        };
+    })();
+
+    function unpackDepth(depthZ) {
+        const vec = [depthZ[0] / 256.0, depthZ[1] / 256.0, depthZ[2] / 256.0, depthZ[3] / 256.0];
+        const bitShift = [1.0 / (256.0 * 256.0 * 256.0), 1.0 / (256.0 * 256.0), 1.0 / 256.0, 1.0];
+        return math.dotVec4(vec, bitShift);
+    }
+
+    function gpuPickWorldNormal(pickBuffer, pickable, canvasPos, pickViewMatrix, pickProjMatrix, pickResult) {
+
+        const resolutionScale = scene.canvas.resolutionScale;
+
+        frameCtx.reset();
+        frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+        frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+        frameCtx.pickOrigin = pickResult.origin;
+        frameCtx.pickViewMatrix = pickViewMatrix;
+        frameCtx.pickProjMatrix = pickProjMatrix;
+        frameCtx.pickClipPos = [
+            getClipPosX(canvasPos[0] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferWidth),
+            getClipPosY(canvasPos[1] * resolutionScale, gl.drawingBufferHeight),
+        ];
+
+        const pickNormalBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("pick-normal", {size: [3, 3]});
+
+        pickNormalBuffer.bind(gl.RGBA32I);
+
+        gl.viewport(0, 0, pickNormalBuffer.size[0], pickNormalBuffer.size[1]);
+
+        gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+        gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+        gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+        gl.clear(gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+        gl.clearBufferiv(gl.COLOR, 0, new Int32Array([0, 0, 0, 0]));
+
+        pickable.drawPickNormals(frameCtx); // Draw color-encoded fragment World-space normals
+
+        const pix = pickNormalBuffer.read(1, 1, gl.RGBA_INTEGER, gl.INT, Int32Array, 4);
+
+        pickNormalBuffer.unbind();
+
+        const worldNormal = [
+            pix[0] / math.MAX_INT,
+            pix[1] / math.MAX_INT,
+            pix[2] / math.MAX_INT,
+        ];
+
+        math.normalizeVec3(worldNormal);
+
+        pickResult.worldNormal = worldNormal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a {@link Marker} for occlusion testing.
+     * @param marker
+     */
+    this.addMarker = function (marker) {
+        this._occlusionTester = this._occlusionTester || new OcclusionTester(scene, renderBufferManager);
+        this._occlusionTester.addMarker(marker);
+        scene.occlusionTestCountdown = 0;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies that a {@link Marker#worldPos} has updated.
+     * @param marker
+     */
+    this.markerWorldPosUpdated = function (marker) {
+        this._occlusionTester.markerWorldPosUpdated(marker);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a {@link Marker} from occlusion testing.
+     * @param marker
+     */
+    this.removeMarker = function (marker) {
+        this._occlusionTester.removeMarker(marker);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an occlusion test for all added {@link Marker}s, updating
+     * their {@link Marker#visible} properties accordingly.
+     */
+    this.doOcclusionTest = function () {
+
+        if (this._occlusionTester && this._occlusionTester.needOcclusionTest) {
+
+            updateDrawlist();
+
+            this._occlusionTester.bindRenderBuf();
+
+            frameCtx.reset();
+            frameCtx.backfaces = true;
+            frameCtx.frontface = true; // "ccw"
+
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight);
+            gl.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+            gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+            gl.disable(gl.BLEND);
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+            for (let type in drawableTypeInfo) {
+                if (drawableTypeInfo.hasOwnProperty(type)) {
+                    const drawableInfo = drawableTypeInfo[type];
+                    const drawableList = drawableInfo.drawableList;
+                    for (let i = 0, len = drawableList.length; i < len; i++) {
+                        const drawable = drawableList[i];
+                        if (!drawable.drawOcclusion || drawable.culled === true || drawable.visible === false || drawable.pickable === false) { // TODO: Option to exclude transparent?
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        drawable.drawOcclusion(frameCtx);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            this._occlusionTester.drawMarkers(frameCtx);
+            this._occlusionTester.doOcclusionTest(); // Updates Marker "visible" properties
+            this._occlusionTester.unbindRenderBuf();
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Read pixels from the renderer's current output. Performs a force-render first.
+     * @param pixels
+     * @param colors
+     * @param len
+     * @param opaqueOnly
+     * @private
+     */
+    this.readPixels = function (pixels, colors, len, opaqueOnly) {
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        snapshotBuffer.bind();
+        snapshotBuffer.clear();
+        this.render({force: true, opaqueOnly: opaqueOnly});
+        let color;
+        let i;
+        let j;
+        let k;
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            j = i * 2;
+            k = i * 4;
+            color = snapshotBuffer.read(pixels[j], pixels[j + 1]);
+            colors[k] = color[0];
+            colors[k + 1] = color[1];
+            colors[k + 2] = color[2];
+            colors[k + 3] = color[3];
+        }
+        snapshotBuffer.unbind();
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Enter snapshot mode.
+     *
+     * Switches rendering to a hidden snapshot canvas.
+     *
+     * Exit snapshot mode using endSnapshot().
+     */
+    this.beginSnapshot = function (params = {}) {
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        if (params.width && params.height) {
+            snapshotBuffer.setSize([params.width, params.height]);
+        }
+        snapshotBuffer.bind();
+        snapshotBuffer.clear();
+        snapshotBound = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * When in snapshot mode, renders a frame of the current Scene state to the snapshot canvas.
+     */
+    this.renderSnapshot = function () {
+        if (!snapshotBound) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        snapshotBuffer.clear();
+        this.render({force: true, opaqueOnly: false});
+        imageDirty = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * When in snapshot mode, gets an image of the snapshot canvas.
+     *
+     * @private
+     * @returns {String} The image data URI.
+     */
+    this.readSnapshot = function (params) {
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        return snapshotBuffer.readImage(params);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an HTMLCanvas containing an image of the snapshot canvas.
+     *
+     * - The HTMLCanvas has a CanvasRenderingContext2D.
+     * - Expects the caller to draw more things on the HTMLCanvas (annotations etc).
+     *
+     * @returns {HTMLCanvasElement}
+     */
+    this.readSnapshotAsCanvas = function () {
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        return snapshotBuffer.readImageAsCanvas();
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Exists snapshot mode.
+     *
+     * Switches rendering back to the main canvas.
+     */
+    this.endSnapshot = function () {
+        if (!snapshotBound) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const snapshotBuffer = renderBufferManager.getRenderBuffer("snapshot");
+        snapshotBuffer.unbind();
+        snapshotBound = false;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys this renderer.
+     * @private
+     */
+    this.destroy = function () {
+
+        drawableTypeInfo = {};
+        drawables = {};
+
+        renderBufferManager.destroy();
+
+        saoOcclusionRenderer.destroy();
+        saoDepthLimitedBlurRenderer.destroy();
+
+        if (this._occlusionTester) {
+            this._occlusionTester.destroy();
+        }
+    };
+};
+
+export {Renderer};