@syllst/ka 0.2.0 → 0.2.2

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-06
+title: "გაკვეთილი 6 — წყვეტილი (Aorist Past Tense)"
+description: "The aorist: Georgian's most common past tense, with ergative case shift"
+order: 6
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - verbs
+  - past-tense
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-apply
+      description: "Form aorist past tense sentences using ergative subjects"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-recognize
+      description: "Recognize aorist verb forms and ergative subjects in sentences"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-order
+      description: "Correctly arrange ergative subjects and nominative objects in past sentences"
+      skill: word-order
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 6 (Lesson 6) — The Aorist (Past Tense)
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has several past tenses, but the **aorist** (წყვეტილი, tsqvetili — literally "the cut one") is the most commonly used. It expresses a completed action in the past, similar to the English simple past ("I wrote," "she read," "they ate").
+
+The aorist brings together what you learned in Lessons 3 and 5: the **ergative case** for transitive subjects, and a new set of verb endings.
+
+## How the Aorist Is Formed
+
+For transitive verbs (verbs with an object), the aorist follows this pattern:
+
+1. The **subject** takes the **ergative case** (-მა)
+2. The **object** shifts to the **nominative case** (-ი)
+3. The **verb** takes aorist endings (typically no ვ- prefix; instead, different endings apply)
+
+Compare present and aorist:
+
+| Tense | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|-------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| Present | კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს | katsi tsigns kitxulobs | The man reads a book |
+| Aorist | კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა | katsma tsigni tsaikitxa | The man read a book |
+
+Notice: the subject კაცი becomes კაცმა (ergative), the object წიგნს becomes წიგნი (nominative), and the verb changes form.
+
+## Aorist Verb Forms: to Write (წერა)
+
+| Person | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|--------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| I | მე დავწერე | me davtseré | I wrote |
+| you | შენ დაწერე | shen datseré | you wrote |
+| he/she | ის დაწერა | is datserа | he/she wrote |
+| we | ჩვენ დავწერეთ | chven davtserét | we wrote |
+| you pl | თქვენ დაწერეთ | tkven datserét | you (pl) wrote |
+| they | ისინი დაწერეს | isini datserés | they wrote |
+
+Key patterns:
+- The prefix **და-** (da-) is a common **preverb** (a directional/aspect prefix that helps form the aorist)
+- First person singular ends in **-ე** (e)
+- Third person singular ends in **-ა** (a)
+- Plural forms use **-ეთ** and **-ეს**
+
+## Common Aorist Examples
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-06-aorist" title="Common Aorist Verb Forms"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="daavtsera" word="დაწერა" pronunciation="da-tse-ra" meaning="(he/she) wrote"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsaikitxa" word="წაიკითხა" pronunciation="tsa-i-ki-txa" meaning="(he/she) read (completed)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="shechama" word="შეჭამა" pronunciation="she-cha-ma" meaning="(he/she) ate (up)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dasva" word="დასვა" pronunciation="da-sva" meaning="(he/she) drank (completed)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="nakhva" word="დაინახა" pronunciation="da-i-na-xa" meaning="(he/she) saw"}
+
+:::
+
+## Full Sentences in the Aorist
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| კაცმა წერილი დაწერა | katsma tserili daтsera | The man wrote a letter |
+| ქალმა წიგნი წაიკითხა | kalma tsigni tsaikitxa | The woman read a book |
+| ბავშვმა პური შეჭამა | bavshvma puri shechama | The child ate (the) bread |
+| მე ფილმი ვნახე | me pilmi vnakhe | I saw the film |
+| ჩვენ სახლი ვიყიდეთ | chven sakhli vikhidet | We bought a house |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Form the Aorist" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Complete each sentence with the correct aorist verb form
+
+1. მე წერილი ___ (დაწერა — I wrote a letter)
+2. ის წიგნი ___ (წაიკითხა — he read the book)
+3. ჩვენ ფილმი ___ (ვნახე — we saw the film)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე წერილი **დავწერე** (first person singular aorist of write)
+2. ის წიგნი **წაიკითხა** (third person singular aorist of read)
+3. ჩვენ ფილმი **ვნახეთ** (first person plural aorist of see)
+
+**Explanation:** In the aorist, first person singular typically ends in -ე (e). Third person singular ends in -ა (a). First person plural uses -ეთ. Note that the subject pronoun (მე, ის, ჩვენ) stays in normal form for intransitive — but for transitive verbs in past, the full noun subject takes -მა.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify Tense and Case" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** For each sentence, identify whether it is present or aorist, and whether the subject is nominative or ergative
+
+- კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა
+- ქალი მიდის
+- ქალმა სახლი იყიდა
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს → Present; subject კაცი is nominative (-ი)
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა → Aorist; subject კაცმა is ergative (-მა)
+- ქალი მიდის → Present; subject ქალი is nominative (-ი; intransitive verb)
+- ქალმა სახლი იყიდა → Aorist; subject ქალმა is ergative (-მა)
+
+**Explanation:** Present tense transitive verbs keep the subject in nominative. Aorist transitive verbs shift the subject to ergative (-მა). Intransitive verbs always use nominative regardless of tense.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-order" type="multiple-choice" title="Correct Aorist Sentence" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-order"}
+
+**Question:** Which sentence correctly expresses "The woman wrote the letter" in the aorist?
+
+**Options:**
+- ქალი წერილი დაწერა
+- ქალმა წერილს დაწერა
+- ქალმა წერილი დაწერა
+- ქალი წერილს დაწერა
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** In the aorist with a transitive verb, the subject takes the ergative (-მა): **ქალმა**. The object shifts to nominative (-ი): **წერილი** (not წერილს which is dative). Option 3 has both correct: ergative subject and nominative object.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you will learn how to ask questions and form negatives in Georgian — essential tools for real conversation.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-07.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-07
+title: "გაკვეთილი 7 — კითხვები და უარყოფა (Questions and Negation)"
+description: "Forming questions with question words and negating sentences with არ and ვერ"
+order: 7
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - questions
+  - negation
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-06
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-07-questions-apply
+      description: "Form questions using Georgian question words"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-07-negation-produce
+      description: "Negate sentences correctly using არ and ვერ"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-07-questions-recognize
+      description: "Recognize question words and negative markers in sentences"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 7 (Lesson 7) — Questions and Negation
+
+## Introduction
+
+Asking questions and forming negatives are fundamental communicative skills. Georgian handles both in straightforward ways — question words appear at or near the beginning of a sentence, and negation uses just one or two particles placed before the verb. Like French, Georgian yes/no questions are marked primarily by **intonation** rather than by rearranging words.
+
+## Question Words
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-07-question-words" title="Georgian Question Words"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vin" word="ვინ" pronunciation="vin" meaning="who"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ra" word="რა" pronunciation="ra" meaning="what"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sad" word="სად" pronunciation="sad" meaning="where"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="rodis" word="როდის" pronunciation="ro-dis" meaning="when"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ratom" word="რატომ" pronunciation="ra-tom" meaning="why"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="rogort" word="როგორ" pronunciation="ro-gor" meaning="how"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ramden" word="რამდენი" pronunciation="ram-de-ni" meaning="how many / how much"}
+
+:::
+
+## Forming Questions with Question Words
+
+Question words typically appear at the **beginning** of the sentence, before the subject:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| ვინ ხარ? | vin khar? | Who are you? |
+| რა გქვია? | ra gkvia? | What is your name? (lit. what are you called?) |
+| სად ხარ? | sad khar? | Where are you? |
+| სად მიდი? | sad midi? | Where are you going? |
+| როდის მოდი? | rodis modi? | When are you coming? |
+| რატომ მოვიდი? | ratom movidi? | Why did you come? |
+| როგორ ხარ? | rogor khar? | How are you? |
+
+## Yes/No Questions
+
+Yes/no questions in Georgian use the same word order as statements, but with rising intonation — just like in French or English informal speech:
+
+| Statement | Question (rising intonation) |
+|-----------|------------------------------|
+| ის სტუდენტია. (She is a student.) | ის სტუდენტია? (Is she a student?) |
+| შენ ქართველი ხარ. (You are Georgian.) | შენ ქართველი ხარ? (Are you Georgian?) |
+
+There is no inversion or special particle required — intonation carries the question meaning.
+
+## Negation with არ
+
+The particle **არ** (ar) is placed directly before the verb to negate a statement:
+
+| Positive | Negative | Meaning |
+|----------|----------|---------|
+| ვსვამ | არ ვსვამ | I drink / I don't drink |
+| ვიცი | არ ვიცი | I know / I don't know |
+| მიდის | არ მიდის | He goes / He doesn't go |
+| ვარ | არ ვარ | I am / I am not |
+
+## Negation with ვერ
+
+The particle **ვერ** (ver) expresses **inability** — it negates by indicating that the subject cannot do something:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| ვერ ვსვამ | ver vsvam | I cannot drink |
+| ვერ ვხედავ | ver vkhedav | I cannot see |
+| ვერ მოდი | ver modi | You cannot come |
+| ვერ ვიტყვი | ver vitqvi | I cannot say |
+
+**Summary rule**: Use **არ** for "don't/doesn't" (unwillingness or simple negative). Use **ვერ** for "can't" (inability).
+
+## Common Negative Phrases
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-07-negation" title="Common Negative Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-vitsi" word="არ ვიცი" pronunciation="ar vi-tsi" meaning="I don't know"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-mesgeba" word="არ მესმის" pronunciation="ar mes-mis" meaning="I don't understand"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ver-vxedav" word="ვერ ვხედავ" pronunciation="ver v-khe-dav" meaning="I can't see"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-minda" word="არ მინდა" pronunciation="ar min-da" meaning="I don't want"}
+
+:::
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-questions-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Ask the Question" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-07-questions-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct question word
+
+1. ___ ხარ? (Where are you?)
+2. ___ ხარ? (Who are you?) — hint: asking for identity
+3. ___ მოდი? (When are you coming?)
+4. ___ ხარ? (How are you?)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **სად** ხარ?
+2. **ვინ** ხარ?
+3. **როდის** მოდი?
+4. **როგორ** ხარ?
+
+**Explanation:** Question words appear at the start of the sentence. სად = where, ვინ = who, როდის = when, როგორ = how. The rest of the sentence stays in its normal word order.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-negation-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Negate the Sentence" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-07-negation-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Negate each sentence using the correct particle (არ or ვერ)
+
+1. მე ვსვამ (I drink) → I don't drink
+2. ის მიდის (He goes) → He cannot go (inability)
+3. ჩვენ ვიცით (We know) → We don't know
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **არ** ვსვამ
+2. ის **ვერ** მიდის
+3. ჩვენ **არ** ვიცით
+
+**Explanation:** Use **არ** for simple negation (do not). Use **ვერ** when expressing inability (cannot). Both particles go directly before the verb.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-questions-recognize" type="multiple-choice" title="Which Question Word?" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-07-questions-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** The question **რატომ არ მოხვედი?** asks which of the following?
+
+**Options:**
+- Where did you not come?
+- When did you not come?
+- Why did you not come?
+- How did you not come?
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** **რატომ** means "why." The sentence რატომ არ მოხვედი? means "Why did you not come?" — რატომ (why) + არ (not) + მოხვედი (you came, aorist). The negation particle არ sits between the question word and the verb.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 8, you will study adjectives and how they work with nouns in Georgian — including the fact that Georgian has no grammatical gender.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-08
+title: "გაკვეთილი 8 — ზედსართავები (Adjectives and Agreement)"
+description: "Georgian adjectives precede nouns and have no grammatical gender"
+order: 8
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - adjectives
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-07
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-order
+      description: "Place adjectives in the correct position before the noun"
+      skill: word-order
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-apply
+      description: "Use common adjectives in descriptive sentences"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-produce
+      description: "Produce noun phrases and sentences with adjectives"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 8 (Lesson 8) — Adjectives
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian adjectives are in many ways simpler than those in European languages like French, Spanish, or German. There are two key facts to learn:
+
+1. **Adjectives come before the noun** — just like in English.
+2. **Georgian has no grammatical gender** — adjectives never change to agree with masculine or feminine nouns, because those categories do not exist in Georgian.
+
+This makes Georgian adjectives refreshingly straightforward once you know the vocabulary.
+
+## Adjective Position
+
+Adjectives in Georgian always precede the noun they modify:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| დიდი სახლი | didi sakhli | big house |
+| პატარა ბავშვი | patara bavshvi | small child |
+| კარგი ადამიანი | kargi adamiani | good person |
+| ცუდი ამინდი | tsudi amindi | bad weather |
+| ახალი წიგნი | akhali tsigni | new book |
+| ლამაზი ქალაქი | lamazi kalaki | beautiful city |
+
+## Core Adjectives
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives" title="Common Georgian Adjectives"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="didi" word="დიდი" pronunciation="di-di" meaning="big, large, great"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="patara" word="პატარა" pronunciation="pa-ta-ra" meaning="small, little"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kargi" word="კარგი" pronunciation="kar-gi" meaning="good"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsudi" word="ცუდი" pronunciation="tsu-di" meaning="bad"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="akhali" word="ახალი" pronunciation="a-kha-li" meaning="new"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dzvelі" word="ძველი" pronunciation="dzve-li" meaning="old (of things)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="lamazi" word="ლამაზი" pronunciation="la-ma-zi" meaning="beautiful, pretty"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dzmali" word="ძლიერი" pronunciation="dzli-e-ri" meaning="strong, powerful"}
+
+:::
+
+## No Gender Agreement — A Genuine Advantage
+
+In French, you say *un grand homme* (a great man) but *une grande femme* (a great woman) — the adjective changes. In Georgian, **there is no such distinction**:
+
+- დიდი კაცი (didi katsi) — a big man
+- დიდი ქალი (didi kali) — a big woman
+- დიდი სახლი (didi sakhli) — a big house
+
+The adjective **დიდი** never changes. This holds for all Georgian adjectives.
+
+## Adjectives in Case — They Follow the Noun
+
+While the adjective itself does not change for gender, adjectives **do follow the case of the noun they modify** when the noun takes a case ending:
+
+| Noun alone | Noun + adj | Meaning |
+|------------|------------|---------|
+| სახლი (nominative) | დიდი სახლი | big house (subject of intransitive) |
+| სახლს (dative) | დიდ სახლს | big house (object in present) |
+| სახლში (in + noun) | დიდ სახლში | in the big house |
+
+When the noun loses its -ი ending (as it does before postpositions), the adjective also drops its -ი:
+- დიდი → დიდ- (before postpositions or case-marked noun)
+
+This is a learner-level observation — mastery comes with exposure.
+
+## Comparative and Superlative
+
+Georgian forms comparatives and superlatives analytically (with separate words, not suffixes):
+
+| Degree | Structure | Example | Meaning |
+|--------|-----------|---------|---------|
+| Positive | adjective alone | კარგი | good |
+| Comparative | უ- + adj + -ეს | უკეთესი | better |
+| Superlative | ყველაზე + adj | ყველაზე კარგი | the best |
+
+The **ყველაზე** (qvelaze) superlative is formed with the postposition **-ზე** (on/at) attached to **ყველა** (qvela, all) — literally "at all" or "above all."
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Place the Adjective" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-order"}
+
+**Question:** Arrange each pair into a correct Georgian noun phrase (adjective before noun)
+
+1. სახლი / დიდი (house / big)
+2. ბავშვი / პატარა (child / small)
+3. ქალაქი / ლამაზი (city / beautiful)
+4. წიგნი / ახალი (book / new)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **დიდი სახლი** (big house)
+2. **პატარა ბავშვი** (small child)
+3. **ლამაზი ქალაქი** (beautiful city)
+4. **ახალი წიგნი** (new book)
+
+**Explanation:** In Georgian, adjectives always come before the noun — just like English. Unlike French or Spanish, there is no gender agreement to worry about. The adjective form stays the same regardless of the noun.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-apply" type="matching" title="Match Adjective to Meaning" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian adjective to its English meaning
+
+- დიდი
+- პატარა
+- კარგი
+- ცუდი
+- ახალი
+- ძველი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- დიდი → big / great
+- პატარა → small / little
+- კარგი → good
+- ცუდი → bad
+- ახალი → new
+- ძველი → old (things)
+
+**Explanation:** These six adjectives are among the most commonly used in everyday Georgian. კარგი and ცუდი also appear in common phrases: კარგად (well/good-bye) and ცუდი ამინდი (bad weather).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Describe in Georgian" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each description into Georgian
+
+1. a new book
+2. a beautiful city
+3. a big house
+4. a good person
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **ახალი წიგნი**
+2. **ლამაზი ქალაქი**
+3. **დიდი სახლი**
+4. **კარგი ადამიანი**
+
+**Explanation:** Place the adjective before the noun. No gender agreement required — the adjective form is identical regardless of what noun follows. This is one area where Georgian is simpler than many European languages.
+
+:::
+
+## Congratulations
+
+You have completed the Georgian Grammar syllabus. You now understand the core structural features of Georgian:
+
+1. **SOV word order** — verb goes last
+2. **Personal pronouns and to-be** — six pronouns, no gender
+3. **Nominative and ergative cases** — case follows verb type
+4. **Postpositions** — spatial markers that follow the noun
+5. **Present tense verbs** — ვ- prefix for first person, -ს for third
+6. **Aorist past tense** — ergative shift for transitive subjects
+7. **Questions and negation** — question words + intonation, არ / ვერ
+8. **Adjectives** — before the noun, no gender agreement
+
+Continue building fluency by combining these patterns in real conversation and reading practice.