@syllst/ka 0.2.0 → 0.2.2

package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-essentials-lesson-05
+title: "გაკვეთილი 5 — რიცხვები კონტექსტში"
+description: "Numbers in Context: Shopping, ordering, and counting in Georgian"
+order: 5
+parentId: georgian-essentials
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - numbers
+  - shopping
+  - practical
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-essentials-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-numbers-1-20
+      description: "Recognize and say numbers 1 to 20 in Georgian"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-numbers-tens
+      description: "Use tens and the vigesimal system"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-numbers-shopping
+      description: "Use numbers in shopping and price contexts"
+      skill: situational-response
+    - id: obj-numbers-ordering
+      description: "Order food and specify quantities"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 5 (Lesson 5) — Numbers in Context
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has a fascinating number system. While it uses a base-10 system for 1–19, it switches to a **vigesimal** (base-20) system for numbers above 20. This means "40" is literally "two twenties" and "60" is "three twenties." The number system reflects ancient Georgian culture and is unique among Caucasian languages.
+
+## Numbers 1–10
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-numbers-1-10" title="Numbers 1 to 10"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="erti" word="ერთი" pronunciation="er-ti" meaning="1 — one"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ori" word="ორი" pronunciation="o-ri" meaning="2 — two"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sami" word="სამი" pronunciation="sa-mi" meaning="3 — three"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="otkhi" word="ოთხი" pronunciation="ot-khi" meaning="4 — four"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="khuti" word="ხუთი" pronunciation="khu-ti" meaning="5 — five"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ekvsi" word="ექვსი" pronunciation="ek-vsi" meaning="6 — six"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="shvidi" word="შვიდი" pronunciation="shvi-di" meaning="7 — seven"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="rva" word="რვა" pronunciation="rva" meaning="8 — eight"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tskhra" word="ცხრა" pronunciation="tskh-ra" meaning="9 — nine"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ati" word="ათი" pronunciation="a-ti" meaning="10 — ten"}
+
+:::
+
+## Numbers 11–20
+
+| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|----------|---------------|---------|
+| თერთმეტი | tert-me-ti | 11 |
+| თორმეტი | tor-me-ti | 12 |
+| ცამეტი | tsa-me-ti | 13 |
+| თოთხმეტი | tot-kh-me-ti | 14 |
+| თხუთმეტი | tkut-me-ti | 15 |
+| თექვსმეტი | tek-vs-me-ti | 16 |
+| ჩვიდმეტი | chvid-me-ti | 17 |
+| თვრამეტი | tvra-me-ti | 18 |
+| ცხრამეტი | tskh-ra-me-ti | 19 |
+| ოცი | o-tsi | 20 |
+
+## The Vigesimal System
+
+Above 20, Georgian counts in twenties:
+
+| Georgian | Pronunciation | Structure | Meaning |
+|----------|---------------|-----------|---------|
+| ოციდა-ერთი | o-tsi-da-er-ti | 20 + 1 | 21 |
+| ოციდა-ხუთი | o-tsi-da-khu-ti | 20 + 5 | 25 |
+| ორმოცი | or-mo-tsi | 2 × 20 | 40 |
+| სამოცი | sa-mo-tsi | 3 × 20 | 60 |
+| ოთხმოცი | ot-kh-mo-tsi | 4 × 20 | 80 |
+| ასი | a-si | 100 |
+| ათასი | a-ta-si | 1000 |
+
+## Georgian Currency
+
+Georgian currency is the **ლარი** (lari). One lari = 100 **თეთრი** (tetri).
+
+| Georgian | Meaning |
+|----------|---------|
+| ერთი ლარი | 1 lari |
+| ხუთი ლარი | 5 lari |
+| ოცი ლარი | 20 lari |
+| ასი ლარი | 100 lari |
+
+## At the Market
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-shopping-phrases" title="Shopping Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ra-ghirs-2" word="რა ღირს?" pronunciation="ra ghirs?" meaning="How much does it cost?"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dzvirfia" word="ძვირია" pronunciation="dzvi-ri-a" meaning="It is expensive"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="iatakia" word="იაფია" pronunciation="ia-pi-a" meaning="It is cheap"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="momecit" word="მომეცით" pronunciation="mo-me-tsit" meaning="Please give me (formal)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ginda" word="გინდა?" pronunciation="gin-da?" meaning="Do you want? (informal)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Ordering Food
+
+At a Georgian restaurant or cafe:
+
+| Phrase | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|--------|---------------|---------|
+| ერთი ყავა, გთხოვთ | er-ti qa-va, g-tkhovt | One coffee, please |
+| ორი ხინკალი | o-ri khin-ka-li | Two khinkali (dumplings) |
+| სამი ჭიქა წყალი | sa-mi chi-qa ts-qa-li | Three glasses of water |
+| ანგარიში, გთხოვთ | an-ga-ri-shi, g-tkhovt | The bill, please |
+
+## Sample Shopping Conversation
+
+**Customer**: ბოდიში, ეს რა ღირს? (Excuse me, how much does this cost?)
+**Seller**: ოცდა-ხუთი ლარი. (Twenty-five lari.)
+**Customer**: ცოტა ძვირია. (It's a little expensive.)
+**Seller**: კარგი, ოცი ლარი. (Okay, twenty lari.)
+**Customer**: კარგი, მომეცით. (Good, please give me one.)
+**Seller**: ბარაქალა! (Here you go! / Thank you!)
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **1–10**: Learn these as the foundation
+2. **ოცი = 20**: The pivot of the vigesimal system
+3. **ორმოცი/სამოცი/ოთხმოცი**: 40/60/80 — multiples of 20
+4. **ლარი for currency**: Georgia's national currency
+5. **გთხოვთ always polite**: Add it to any order or request
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-05-numbers-1-10" type="matching" title="Numbers 1 to 10" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-numbers-1-20"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian number word to its value
+
+- ერთი
+- სამი
+- ხუთი
+- შვიდი
+- ცხრა
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ერთი = 1 (one)
+- სამი = 3 (three)
+- ხუთი = 5 (five)
+- შვიდი = 7 (seven)
+- ცხრა = 9 (nine)
+
+**Explanation:** These are the odd numbers 1 through 9. Notice that Georgian numbers end in -ი (the indefinite marker) in their standalone form: ერთ-ი, სამ-ი, ხუთ-ი, შვიდ-ი. ცხრა is an exception that does not add -ი.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-05-vigesimal" type="multiple-choice" title="The Vigesimal System" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-numbers-tens"}
+
+**Question:** How do you say "40" in Georgian?
+
+**Options:**
+- ოცდაოცი
+- ოთხი ათი
+- ორმოცი
+- ოთხი ოცი
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** Georgian uses a vigesimal (base-20) system above 20. "40" is ორმოცი — literally "two-twenty" (2 × 20). Similarly, 60 = სამოცი (3 × 20) and 80 = ოთხმოცი (4 × 20). This is a feature Georgian shares with French (quatre-vingts = 4 × 20 = 80).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-05-shopping" type="fill-in-blank" title="Shopping Phrases" skill="situational-response" objectiveId="obj-numbers-shopping"}
+
+**Question:** Complete this shopping exchange
+
+1. Customer asks price: ეს ___ ___? (How much does this cost?)
+2. Seller answers 15 lari: ___ ___
+3. Customer says it's expensive: ___ ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. ეს **რა ღირს?**
+2. **თხუთმეტი ლარი**
+3. **ძვირია** (It is expensive)
+
+**Explanation:** რა ღირს is the standard "how much does it cost." Numbers come before ლარი (lari). ძვირია means "it is expensive" — a useful word in any market!
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-05-ordering" type="fill-in-blank" title="Ordering Food" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-numbers-ordering"}
+
+**Question:** How do you order two coffees and three glasses of water in Georgian?
+
+**Answer:**
+
+ორი ყავა, გთხოვთ. (Two coffees, please.)
+სამი ჭიქა წყალი, გთხოვთ. (Three glasses of water, please.)
+
+**Explanation:** Number + item + გთხოვთ (please) is the standard ordering formula. ყავა is coffee, ჭიქა is glass/cup, and წყალი is water. Always add გთხოვთ to be polite.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you will learn the most common Georgian responses — yes, no, I understand, and other essential replies for everyday conversation.

package/src/syllabi/essentials/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-essentials-lesson-06
+title: "გაკვეთილი 6 — გავრცელებული პასუხები"
+description: "Common Responses: Yes, no, I understand, and essential replies"
+order: 6
+parentId: georgian-essentials
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - responses
+  - conversation
+  - basics
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-essentials-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-responses-yes-no
+      description: "Say yes and no appropriately in Georgian"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-responses-understand
+      description: "Express understanding and non-understanding"
+      skill: situational-response
+    - id: obj-responses-agree-disagree
+      description: "Agree and disagree politely"
+      skill: polite-register
+    - id: obj-responses-common-phrases
+      description: "Use common filler and response phrases"
+      skill: dialogue-comprehension
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 6 (Lesson 6) — Common Responses
+
+## Introduction
+
+A conversation is not just asking questions — it is also responding to what you hear. In this final lesson of the Georgian Essentials syllabus, you will learn the responses that let you participate fully in simple exchanges: agreeing, disagreeing, expressing understanding, asking for repetition, and more.
+
+## Yes and No
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-yes-no" title="Yes and No"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="diakh" word="დიახ" pronunciation="di-akh" meaning="Yes (formal)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ki" word="კი" pronunciation="ki" meaning="Yes (informal/everyday)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ara" word="არა" pronunciation="a-ra" meaning="No"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ara-ara" word="არა, არა" pronunciation="a-ra, a-ra" meaning="No, no (emphatic)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="albaT" word="ალბათ" pronunciation="al-bat" meaning="Probably / Maybe"}
+
+:::
+
+Georgian has two words for "yes": **კი** (ki) for everyday use and **დიახ** (diakh) for formal situations. Use კი with friends and people your age; use დიახ in professional, official, or respectful contexts.
+
+## Expressing Understanding
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-understanding" title="Understanding and Not Understanding"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gesmi" word="გესმის?" pronunciation="ges-mis?" meaning="Do you understand? (informal)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mesmis" word="მესმის" pronunciation="mes-mis" meaning="I understand"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-mesmis" word="არ მესმის" pronunciation="ar mes-mis" meaning="I don't understand"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gavige" word="გავიგე" pronunciation="ga-vi-ge" meaning="I understood / I got it"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-gavige" word="არ გავიგე" pronunciation="ar ga-vi-ge" meaning="I didn't understand"}
+
+:::
+
+## Asking for Help When Stuck
+
+These phrases are invaluable for language learners:
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-learner-phrases" title="Useful Learner Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gaimeore" word="გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ" pronunciation="ga-me-o-ret, g-tkhovt" meaning="Please repeat that"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="nela-ilaparakeb" word="ნელა ილაპარაკეთ, გთხოვთ" pronunciation="ne-la i-la-pa-ra-ket, g-tkhovt" meaning="Please speak slowly"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ras-niShnavs" word="ეს რას ნიშნავს?" pronunciation="es ras nish-navs?" meaning="What does this mean?"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kartulad-itqvit" word="ქართულად როგორ ითქმის?" pronunciation="kar-tu-lad ro-gor it-kh-mis?" meaning="How do you say it in Georgian?"}
+
+:::
+
+## Agreeing and Disagreeing
+
+| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|----------|---------------|---------|
+| სწორია | its-ori-a | That's correct |
+| არ ვეთანხმები | ar ve-tan-khme-bi | I disagree |
+| მართალი ხარ | mar-ta-li khar | You are right (informal) |
+| მართალი ხართ | mar-ta-li khart | You are right (formal) |
+| ვეთანხმები | ve-tan-khme-bi | I agree |
+| კარგია | kar-gi-a | That's good / Okay |
+
+## Common Filler Responses
+
+These short responses keep conversation flowing:
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-fillers" title="Common Response Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kargi" word="კარგი" pronunciation="kar-gi" meaning="Good / Okay / Alright"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mshvenieri" word="მშვენიერი" pronunciation="mshve-ni-e-ri" meaning="Wonderful / Excellent"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsudi-ara" word="ცუდი არ არის" pronunciation="tsu-di ar a-ris" meaning="Not bad"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gasagebia" word="გასაგებია" pronunciation="ga-sa-ge-bi-a" meaning="Understandable / I see"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="martla" word="მართლა?" pronunciation="mar-tla?" meaning="Really?"}
+
+:::
+
+## Putting It All Together: A Full Conversation
+
+**A**: გამარჯობა! როგორ ხარ? (Hello! How are you?)
+**B**: კარგად, მადლობა. შენ? (Fine, thanks. And you?)
+**A**: მეც კარგად. ქართული ისწავლი? (I'm also fine. Are you learning Georgian?)
+**B**: კი, ვსწავლობ. ცოტა ვიცი. (Yes, I'm learning. I know a little.)
+**A**: კარგია! ქართული ადვილია? (That's good! Is Georgian easy?)
+**B**: არა, ძნელია, მაგრამ საინტერესოა. (No, it's hard, but it's interesting.)
+**A**: მართალი ხარ! (You're right!)
+**B**: გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ — "ძნელია" — ეს რას ნიშნავს? (Please repeat — "dzneliа" — what does it mean?)
+**A**: ძნელია ნიშნავს "it is difficult." (Dzneliа means "it is difficult.")
+**B**: გავიგე, მადლობა! (I understood, thank you!)
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **კი for everyday yes**: Use with friends; დიახ is formal
+2. **არა is always no**: Both formal and informal
+3. **მესმის / არ მესმის**: I understand / I don't understand
+4. **გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ**: Please repeat — use this freely as a learner
+5. **კარგი is versatile**: Good, okay, alright, accepted
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-06-yes-no" type="fill-in-blank" title="Yes and No" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-responses-yes-no"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the blanks with the correct Georgian word
+
+1. Your friend asks if you want coffee. You say yes: ___
+2. A government official asks if you have a passport. You say yes (formally): ___
+3. Someone offers you something you don't want: ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. კი (informal yes, for a friend)
+2. დიახ (formal yes, for an official)
+3. არა, მადლობა (No, thank you)
+
+**Explanation:** კი is for everyday informal situations. დიახ shows more formality and respect. When declining, always add მადლობა (thank you) to soften the refusal — this is considered polite in Georgian culture.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-06-understand" type="matching" title="Understanding Phrases" skill="situational-response" objectiveId="obj-responses-understand"}
+
+**Question:** Match each phrase to the correct situation
+
+- მესმის
+- არ მესმის
+- გავიგე
+- გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- მესმის = I understand (present, ongoing)
+- არ მესმის = I don't understand (present, ongoing)
+- გავიგე = I understood / I got it (past, just now)
+- გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ = Please repeat that (when you missed something)
+
+**Explanation:** მესმის and გავიგე both relate to understanding, but მესმის is ongoing ("I follow you") while გავიგე is a completed action ("I caught that"). Use გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ freely — Georgians will be happy to help you understand.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-06-agree-disagree" type="multiple-choice" title="Agreeing Politely" skill="polite-register" objectiveId="obj-responses-agree-disagree"}
+
+**Question:** Your Georgian host says "Georgian food is the best in the world." You want to agree enthusiastically. Which response is best?
+
+**Options:**
+- არა
+- ვეთანხმები! მშვენიერია!
+- არ ვეთანხმები
+- გამეორეთ, გთხოვთ
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** ვეთანხმები means "I agree" and მშვენიერია means "It's wonderful/excellent." Combining them makes an enthusiastic agreement. At a Georgian table (supra), enthusiastic appreciation of the food and culture is warmly received and culturally appropriate.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-ess-06-common-phrases" type="fill-in-blank" title="Common Response Phrases" skill="dialogue-comprehension" objectiveId="obj-responses-common-phrases"}
+
+**Question:** What Georgian phrase would you use to say "Really?" when surprised by something
+
+**Answer:**
+
+მართლა?
+
+**Explanation:** მართლა? is a natural exclamation of surprise or interest, equivalent to "Really?" or "Is that so?" in English. It is very commonly used in casual Georgian conversation and shows you are engaged in what the other person is saying.
+
+:::
+
+## Congratulations!
+
+You have completed the Georgian Essentials syllabus. You can now:
+- Greet and say farewell in Georgian
+- Express thanks and apologies
+- Introduce yourself and ask about others
+- Ask and understand basic questions
+- Use numbers in practical contexts
+- Respond naturally in everyday conversations
+
+Continue your Georgian learning journey with the Alphabet syllabus to master reading Mkhedruli, or explore the Numbers syllabus for a deeper dive into Georgian counting.
+
+ბევრი წარმატება! (Good luck! / Much success!)

package/src/syllabi/essentials/meta.mdx

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+---
+type: syllabus
+id: georgian-essentials
+title: "ქართული ფრაზები (Georgian Essential Phrases)"
+description: "Greetings, polite expressions, and survival phrases for everyday Georgian life"
+language: ka
+version: "1.0.0"
+totalLessons: 6
+totalItems: 60
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - phrases
+  - greetings
+  - survival
+  - politeness
+metadata:
+  estimatedTotalTime: 180
+  prerequisites: []
+  objectives:
+    - "Greet people and say farewell in Georgian"
+    - "Use polite expressions in everyday situations"
+    - "Introduce yourself and ask others' names"
+    - "Ask and understand basic questions"
+    - "Use numbers in practical contexts like shopping"
+    - "Give and understand common responses"
+---
+
+# Georgian Essential Phrases
+
+## Overview
+
+Georgian (ქართული, kartuli) is the official language of Georgia, spoken by approximately 4 million people. This course teaches you the essential phrases you need to navigate daily life, make a good impression, and connect with Georgian speakers.
+
+## Why Georgian Is Rewarding
+
+Learning even a few Georgian phrases has an outsized effect:
+
+- **Georgians are delighted** when foreigners attempt their language
+- **Completely unique script**: Once you know Mkhedruli, you can read every sign
+- **Phonetically consistent**: What you see is exactly what you say
+- **Rich culture**: Georgia has one of the oldest Christian traditions and a distinctive cuisine
+
+## Course Structure
+
+### Lesson 1: Greetings and Farewells
+გამარჯობა (gamarjoba) and the essential phrases for meeting and parting.
+
+### Lesson 2: Polite Expressions
+Please, thank you, sorry — the core of polite Georgian interaction.
+
+### Lesson 3: Introducing Yourself
+Saying your name, where you are from, and asking the same of others.
+
+### Lesson 4: Basic Questions
+The Georgian question words and how to ask for information.
+
+### Lesson 5: Numbers in Context
+Using Georgian numbers for shopping, ordering food, and telling time.
+
+### Lesson 6: Common Responses
+Yes, no, I understand, I don't understand, and other essential responses.
+
+## Key Cultural Notes
+
+### Hospitality (სტუმართმოყვარეობა)
+
+Georgian hospitality (stumartmoyvareba) is legendary. Guests are considered a gift from God. Expect to be offered food and drink generously — refusing can be seen as impolite.
+
+### The Tamada (თამადა)
+
+At Georgian feasts (supra), a toastmaster called a tamada leads rounds of elaborate toasts. Knowing how to respond to a toast is socially valued.
+
+### Georgian Directness
+
+Georgians tend to be direct and warm. Making an effort to use the language, however imperfectly, is always appreciated.
+
+## What You Will Be Able to Do
+
+After completing this course, you can:
+- Exchange greetings in any situation
+- Express thanks and apologies
+- Give basic information about yourself
+- Ask simple questions and understand replies
+- Handle numbers in shops and restaurants
+- Respond appropriately in common situations
+
+This is your practical foundation for Georgian communication!

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-01.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-01
+title: "გაკვეთილი 1 — სიტყვების რიგი (SOV Word Order)"
+description: "Georgian uses Subject-Object-Verb word order — the sentence backbone"
+order: 1
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - word-order
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites: []
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-01-sov-recognize
+      description: "Recognize Georgian SOV sentence order"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-01-sov-arrange
+      description: "Arrange words in correct SOV order"
+      skill: word-order
+    - id: obj-01-sov-apply
+      description: "Produce simple SOV sentences in Georgian"
+      skill: pattern-application
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 1 (Lesson 1) — SOV Word Order
+
+## Introduction
+
+One of the first things to understand about Georgian grammar is where the verb goes. In English, the verb sits in the middle of a sentence: **I read a book** (Subject-Verb-Object). In Georgian, the verb moves to the **end**: **მე წიგნს ვკითხულობ** (me tsigns vkitxulob) — literally, **I book read**.
+
+This pattern is called **SOV** (Subject-Object-Verb), and it is consistent throughout Georgian. Once you internalize this, sentences become much easier to build.
+
+## The Core Pattern
+
+| English (SVO) | Georgian (SOV) | Transliteration |
+|---------------|----------------|-----------------|
+| I drink water | მე წყალს ვსვამ | me tsqals vsvam |
+| She reads a book | ის წიგნს კითხულობს | is tsigns kitxulobs |
+| We eat bread | ჩვენ პურს ვჭამთ | chven purs vchamt |
+| He writes a letter | ის წერილს წერს | is tserils tsers |
+| They speak Georgian | ისინი ქართულს საუბრობენ | isini kartuls saubroben |
+
+Notice: the verb is always **last**.
+
+## Breaking Down a Sentence
+
+Take the sentence **მე წყალს ვსვამ** (I drink water):
+
+| Part | Georgian | Role |
+|------|----------|------|
+| მე | me | Subject — I |
+| წყალს | tsqals | Object — water (with case ending -ს) |
+| ვსვამ | vsvam | Verb — drink (with prefix ვ- marking first person) |
+
+The **-ს** ending on the object is the dative case marker — you will study cases fully in Lesson 3. For now, note that objects often take a suffix that distinguishes them from subjects.
+
+## Common Verbs for Practice
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-01-verbs" title="Common Georgian Verbs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vkitxulob" word="ვკითხულობ" pronunciation="v-ki-txu-lob" meaning="I read"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsvam" word="ვსვამ" pronunciation="v-svam" meaning="I drink"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vchamt" word="ვჭამ" pronunciation="v-cham" meaning="I eat"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vtsert" word="ვწერ" pronunciation="v-tser" meaning="I write"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsaubrob" word="ვსაუბრობ" pronunciation="v-sau-brob" meaning="I speak/talk"}
+
+:::
+
+## Word Order is Flexible — With a Catch
+
+Georgian allows some flexibility: the subject and object can be rearranged for emphasis, but the **verb almost always stays at the end**. This is a firm rule for learners to follow.
+
+**Normal order**: მე წყალს ვსვამ (I water drink)
+**Emphatic object**: წყალს მე ვსვამ (Water, I drink — emphasizing *I* specifically drink water)
+
+Both are grammatically correct, but the verb ვსვამ never moves from the final position.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-pattern-recognition" type="matching" title="Identify the Verb" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** In each Georgian sentence, identify which word is the verb (always at the end)
+
+- ის წიგნს კითხულობს
+- ჩვენ პურს ვჭამთ
+- ისინი ქართულს საუბრობენ
+- ის წერილს წერს
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ის წიგნს **კითხულობს** — reads (verb at end)
+- ჩვენ პურს **ვჭამთ** — eat (verb at end)
+- ისინი ქართულს **საუბრობენ** — speak (verb at end)
+- ის წერილს **წერს** — writes (verb at end)
+
+**Explanation:** In Georgian SOV structure, the verb is always the final word in a basic declarative sentence. The -ს suffix on the object and the verb-final position are reliable signals.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-word-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Arrange the Sentence" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-arrange"}
+
+**Question:** Reorder the words to form a correct Georgian sentence (SOV)
+
+1. Words: **ვსვამ / წყალს / მე** → I drink water
+2. Words: **კითხულობს / წიგნს / ის** → She reads a book
+3. Words: **ვწერ / წერილს / მე** → I write a letter
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე წყალს ვსვამ
+2. ის წიგნს კითხულობს
+3. მე წერილს ვწერ
+
+**Explanation:** Place the subject first, then the object, then the verb last. The verb-final rule is consistent in Georgian declarative sentences.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-pattern-application" type="multiple-choice" title="Choose the Correct Sentence" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Which sentence follows correct Georgian word order?
+
+**Options:**
+- მე ვსვამ წყალს
+- ვსვამ მე წყალს
+- მე წყალს ვსვამ
+- წყალს ვსვამ ვსვამ
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** Georgian requires the verb at the end. Option 3 — მე წყალს ვსვამ — places the subject (მე) first, the object (წყალს) second, and the verb (ვსვამ) last. This is correct SOV order.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 2, you will learn personal pronouns and the verb "to be" — the foundation for describing who people are and what things are.