@syllst/ka 0.2.0 → 0.2.2

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-02.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-02
+title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — პირადი ნაცვალსახელები და ზმნა 'ვარ'"
+description: "Personal pronouns and the verb to be in Georgian"
+order: 2
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - pronouns
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-01
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-02-pronouns-recognize
+      description: "Recognize all six Georgian personal pronouns"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-02-tobe-apply
+      description: "Form sentences using the verb to be"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-02-tobe-produce
+      description: "Produce simple predicate sentences with pronouns and to-be"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Personal Pronouns and To Be
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has six personal pronouns, one for each person and number. Unlike many European languages, Georgian does not distinguish grammatical gender — there is no he/she distinction in the third person singular. The pronoun **ის** (is) means both "he" and "she."
+
+The verb "to be" in Georgian is irregular and essential. It works differently from English in one important way: in the third person, it can be omitted entirely or appear as a suffix **-ა** (-a).
+
+## Personal Pronouns
+
+| Pronoun | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|---------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| 1st sg | მე | me | I |
+| 2nd sg | შენ | shen | you (singular) |
+| 3rd sg | ის | is | he / she / it |
+| 1st pl | ჩვენ | chven | we |
+| 2nd pl | თქვენ | tkven | you (plural / formal) |
+| 3rd pl | ისინი | isini | they |
+
+Note: **თქვენ** (tkven) is also used as a polite singular "you," similar to French *vous* or German *Sie*. Addressing an elder or a stranger with თქვენ shows respect.
+
+## The Verb "To Be" — Present Tense
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-02-tobe" title="To Be — Present Tense Forms"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="var" word="ვარ" pronunciation="var" meaning="I am (მე ვარ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="xar" word="ხარ" pronunciation="khar" meaning="You are (შენ ხარ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="aris" word="არის" pronunciation="a-ris" meaning="He/she/it is (ის არის)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vart" word="ვართ" pronunciation="vart" meaning="We are (ჩვენ ვართ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="xart" word="ხართ" pronunciation="khart" meaning="You are plural/formal (თქვენ ხართ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="arian" word="არიან" pronunciation="a-ri-an" meaning="They are (ისინი არიან)"}
+
+:::
+
+## A Georgian Shortcut: Dropping the Verb
+
+In the third person, Georgians frequently drop **არის** entirely or replace it with the short suffix **-ა** attached directly to the predicate:
+
+| Full form | Short form | Meaning |
+|-----------|------------|---------|
+| ის სტუდენტია არის | ის სტუდენტია | He/she is a student |
+| ის კარგი ადამიანი არის | ის კარგი ადამიანია | He/she is a good person |
+
+The **-ა** ending on the noun or adjective carries the meaning of "is." This is very common in spoken and written Georgian.
+
+## Simple Predicate Sentences
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე სტუდენტი ვარ | me studenti var | I am a student |
+| შენ ქართველი ხარ | shen kartveli khar | You are Georgian |
+| ის მასწავლებელია | is matsavlebelia | He/she is a teacher |
+| ჩვენ მეგობრები ვართ | chven megobrebi vart | We are friends |
+| თქვენ ექიმები ხართ | tkven ekimebi khart | You are doctors |
+| ისინი სტუდენტები არიან | isini studentebi arian | They are students |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-pronouns-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Pronouns" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-02-pronouns-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian pronoun to its English meaning
+
+- მე
+- შენ
+- ის
+- ჩვენ
+- თქვენ
+- ისინი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- მე → I
+- შენ → you (singular)
+- ის → he / she / it
+- ჩვენ → we
+- თქვენ → you (plural or formal)
+- ისინი → they
+
+**Explanation:** Georgian has no gender distinction in the third person singular — ის covers both he and she. თქვენ serves as both plural you and polite formal you.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Complete with To Be" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct form of "to be"
+
+1. მე სტუდენტი ___ (I am a student)
+2. შენ ქართველი ___ (you are Georgian)
+3. ჩვენ მეგობრები ___ (we are friends)
+4. ისინი ექიმები ___ (they are doctors)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე სტუდენტი **ვარ**
+2. შენ ქართველი **ხარ**
+3. ჩვენ მეგობრები **ვართ**
+4. ისინი ექიმები **არიან**
+
+**Explanation:** The verb "to be" in Georgian changes with each person and number. Note the pattern: ვ- prefix for first person (ვარ, ვართ), and the distinct plural forms with -ან for third person plural.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-produce" type="multiple-choice" title="Say Who You Are" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-produce"}
+
+**Question:** You are introducing yourself as a student. Which sentence is correct?
+
+**Options:**
+- მე სტუდენტი ხარ
+- მე სტუდენტი ვარ
+- ის სტუდენტი ვარ
+- ჩვენ სტუდენტი ვართ
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** For first person singular "I am," use **ვარ**. The subject pronoun is **მე** (I). Using ხარ would mean "you are" and ის refers to a third person. ჩვენ ვართ means "we are" — the noun would also need to be plural.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 3, you will explore the Georgian case system — specifically the nominative and ergative cases, which control how subjects are marked depending on the verb type.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-03.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-03
+title: "გაკვეთილი 3 — სახელობითი და მოთხრობითი ბრუნვა"
+description: "The Nominative and Ergative Cases: how subjects are marked in Georgian"
+order: 3
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - cases
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-02
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-03-cases-recognize
+      description: "Recognize nominative and ergative case endings on nouns"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-03-cases-apply
+      description: "Use the correct case ending based on verb type"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-03-cases-order
+      description: "Identify subject and object from case endings in a sentence"
+      skill: word-order
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — The Nominative and Ergative Cases
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has a case system — nouns change their endings depending on their role in a sentence. This is one of Georgian's most distinctive grammatical features. Two cases are essential for every learner: the **nominative** (სახელობითი) and the **ergative** (მოთხრობითი).
+
+The crucial difference: which case the subject takes **depends on the verb**, not just on whether the noun is the subject or object.
+
+## The Nominative Case (სახელობითი)
+
+The nominative ends in **-ი** (-i) and is the citation form of a noun — the form you find in a dictionary.
+
+| Word | Nominative form | Meaning |
+|------|-----------------|---------|
+| კაცი | kats-i | man |
+| ქალი | kal-i | woman |
+| სტუდენტი | student-i | student |
+| მასწავლებელი | matsavlebel-i | teacher |
+
+The nominative is used as the subject of **intransitive verbs** — verbs with no object (e.g., to go, to run, to sleep, to be):
+
+- კაცი მიდის (katsi midis) — The man goes
+- ქალი დგას (kali dgas) — The woman stands
+- სტუდენტი სწავლობს (studenti stsvavlobs) — The student studies
+
+## The Ergative Case (მოთხრობითი)
+
+The ergative ends in **-მა** (-ma) and is used as the subject of **transitive verbs in the past tense** — verbs that take a direct object (e.g., to read, to write, to eat, to see):
+
+| Nominative | Ergative | Meaning |
+|------------|----------|---------|
+| კაცი | კაც-მა | man (ergative) |
+| ქალი | ქალ-მა | woman (ergative) |
+| სტუდენტი | სტუდენტ-მა | student (ergative) |
+
+Ergative examples (past tense with transitive verb):
+
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა (katsma tsigni tsaikitxa) — The man read the book
+- ქალმა წერილი დაწერა (kalma tserili datsera) — The woman wrote the letter
+- სტუდენტმა გამოცდა ჩააბარა (studentma gamotsdа chaabara) — The student passed the exam
+
+## The Split-Ergativity Pattern
+
+This system is called **split ergativity**: Georgian uses different case systems depending on tense and verb type.
+
+| Situation | Subject case | Example |
+|-----------|-------------|---------|
+| Present / intransitive | Nominative (-ი) | კაცი მიდის |
+| Past / transitive | Ergative (-მა) | კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა |
+
+Think of it this way: in the past tense, a transitive action "acts upon" the subject from the outside — the subject is the agent of something done, so Georgian marks it differently.
+
+## What Happens to the Object?
+
+When the ergative subject is used (past transitive), the **object** takes the nominative form (-ი) instead of the dative:
+
+- კაცმა **წიგნი** წაიკითხა — The man read **the book** (book = nominative, subject of reading)
+- (compare present: კაცი **წიგნს** კითხულობს — the man reads **the book**, book = dative -ს)
+
+This case realignment is a hallmark of Georgian grammar.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify the Case" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Identify whether the bold noun is nominative (-ი) or ergative (-მა)
+
+- **კაცი** მიდის
+- **ქალმა** წერილი დაწერა
+- **სტუდენტი** სწავლობს
+- **სტუდენტმა** გამოცდა ჩააბარა
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- **კაცი** — nominative (-ი ending), subject of intransitive verb
+- **ქალმა** — ergative (-მა ending), subject of past transitive verb
+- **სტუდენტი** — nominative (-ი ending), subject of intransitive/present verb
+- **სტუდენტმა** — ergative (-მა ending), subject of past transitive verb
+
+**Explanation:** The -ი ending marks the nominative. The -მა ending marks the ergative. Ergative is used when the verb is transitive and in the past tense.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Choose the Right Case" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct form of the subject noun (nominative or ergative)
+
+1. ___ (კაცი) მიდის — The man goes (intransitive)
+2. ___ (ქალი) წერილი დაწერა — The woman wrote the letter (past transitive)
+3. ___ (სტუდენტი) სწავლობს — The student studies (present)
+4. ___ (ბავშვი) პური შეჭამა — The child ate bread (past transitive)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **კაცი** მიდის (nominative — intransitive)
+2. **ქალმა** წერილი დაწერა (ergative — past transitive)
+3. **სტუდენტი** სწავლობს (nominative — present)
+4. **ბავშვმა** პური შეჭამა (ergative — past transitive)
+
+**Explanation:** Use nominative (-ი) for intransitive verbs or present tense subjects. Use ergative (-მა) for subjects of past tense transitive verbs. Drop the -ი from the nominative and add -მა to form the ergative.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-order" type="multiple-choice" title="Who Did the Action?" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-order"}
+
+**Question:** In the sentence **ქალმა კაცი დაინახა** (the woman saw the man), who is the subject (the one doing the seeing)?
+
+**Options:**
+- კაცი (the man), because -ი is the subject marker
+- ქალი (the woman), but her form changed
+- ქალმა (the woman), because -მა marks the ergative subject
+- It is impossible to tell without context
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** In past transitive sentences, the **ergative (-მა)** marks the subject. ქალმა is the woman as ergative subject — she did the seeing. კაცი (nominative -ი) is the object in this construction. The case ending tells you who did what, even if word order changes.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 4, you will learn Georgian postpositions — the equivalents of English prepositions, but they attach after the noun rather than before it.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-04
+title: "გაკვეთილი 4 — თანდებულები (Postpositions)"
+description: "Georgian postpositions: they follow the noun, not precede it"
+order: 4
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - postpositions
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-apply
+      description: "Attach postpositions correctly to nouns"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-produce
+      description: "Produce location and direction phrases with postpositions"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-recognize
+      description: "Recognize the meaning of common postpositions in context"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 4 (Lesson 4) — Postpositions
+
+## Introduction
+
+In English, we use **prepositions** — small words that come *before* a noun: in the house, on the table, from the city. In Georgian, the equivalent particles come *after* the noun, so they are called **postpositions** (თანდებულები, tandebulebі).
+
+The key Georgian postpositions are actually suffixes: they attach directly to the end of the noun. Understanding them is essential for expressing location, direction, and relationships between people and places.
+
+## Core Postpositions
+
+| Postposition | Pronunciation | Meaning | Example | Translation |
+|-------------|---------------|---------|---------|-------------|
+| -ში | -shi | in, inside | სახლში | in the house |
+| -ზე | -ze | on, at (surface) | მაგიდაზე | on the table |
+| -თან | -tan | at, near, with | მეგობართან | with a friend |
+| -დან | -dan | from, out of | ქალაქიდან | from the city |
+| -მდე | -mde | until, up to, as far as | სადგურამდე | to the station |
+| -სკენ | -sken | toward | სახლისკენ | toward home |
+
+## How They Attach
+
+Postpositions attach after the noun stem. If the nominative noun ends in **-ი**, this vowel often drops before the postposition:
+
+| Nominative | Stem | + -ში | Meaning |
+|------------|------|-------|---------|
+| სახლი (house) | სახლ- | სახლში | in the house |
+| ქალაქი (city) | ქალაქ- | ქალაქში | in the city |
+| ოთახი (room) | ოთახ- | ოთახში | in the room |
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-04-postpos" title="Postposition Examples"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sakhlshi" word="სახლში" pronunciation="sakhl-shi" meaning="in the house"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="magidaze" word="მაგიდაზე" pronunciation="ma-gi-da-ze" meaning="on the table"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="megobartan" word="მეგობართან" pronunciation="me-go-bar-tan" meaning="with/at a friend"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kalakidan" word="ქალაქიდან" pronunciation="ka-la-ki-dan" meaning="from the city"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sadguramdе" word="სადგურამდე" pronunciation="sad-gu-ram-de" meaning="to/until the station"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sakhlisken" word="სახლისკენ" pronunciation="sakh-lis-ken" meaning="toward home"}
+
+:::
+
+## Using Postpositions in Sentences
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე სახლში ვარ | me sakhlshi var | I am in the house |
+| წიგნი მაგიდაზეა | tsigni magidazea | The book is on the table |
+| ის მეგობართან მიდის | is megobartan midis | She goes to her friend |
+| ჩვენ ქალაქიდან ვართ | chven kalakidan vart | We are from the city |
+| ავტობუსი სადგურამდე მიდის | avtobusis sadguramdе midis | The bus goes to the station |
+
+## Postpositions with the Dative
+
+Some postpositions require the noun to be in the **dative case** (-ს ending). This is common with -თან, -დან, and -მდე when combined with pronouns:
+
+| Pronoun | Dative | + თან | Meaning |
+|---------|--------|-------|---------|
+| ის (he/she) | მის | მისთან | at his/her place |
+| ჩვენ (we) | ჩვენ | ჩვენთან | at our place |
+
+For now, remember: postpositions always follow the noun. The exact case interplay will become clearer with practice.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Attach the Postposition" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Attach the correct postposition to complete the phrase
+
+1. სახლ___ (in the house) → use -ში
+2. მაგიდა___ (on the table) → use -ზე
+3. ქალაქ___დან (from the city) → use -ი- linking vowel then -დან
+4. სადგურ___მდე (to the station) → use -ამდე
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **სახლში** (sakhlshi)
+2. **მაგიდაზე** (magidaze)
+3. **ქალაქიდან** (kalakidan — the -ი is retained before -დან)
+4. **სადგურამდე** (sadguramdе — -ა- linking vowel added)
+
+**Explanation:** The -ი nominative ending usually drops before -ში and -ზე, but is kept or modified before -დან. Some nouns add a linking vowel -ა- before -მდე.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Express Location" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each phrase into Georgian using the correct postposition
+
+1. in the room (ოთახი)
+2. on the chair (სკამი)
+3. from Tbilisi (თბილისი)
+4. toward the station (სადგური)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **ოთახში** (-ში = in)
+2. **სკამზე** (-ზე = on)
+3. **თბილისიდან** (-დან = from)
+4. **სადგურისკენ** (-სკენ = toward)
+
+**Explanation:** Match the postposition to the spatial relationship: -ში for inside, -ზე for on a surface, -დან for origin/from, -სკენ for direction toward.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Postpositions to Meanings" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each postposition to its English meaning
+
+- -ში
+- -ზე
+- -თან
+- -დან
+- -მდე
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- -ში → in / inside
+- -ზე → on / at (a surface)
+- -თან → at / near / with
+- -დან → from / out of
+- -მდე → until / as far as / to
+
+**Explanation:** These five postpositions cover the core spatial and relational meanings. -ში and -ზე are the most common location markers. -დან indicates origin. -მდე marks extent or destination. -თან expresses proximity or accompaniment.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you will learn how the present tense works in Georgian — including the subject agreement prefixes that attach to verbs.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-05
+title: "გაკვეთილი 5 — აწმყო დრო (Present Tense Verbs)"
+description: "How Georgian present tense verbs work: prefixes, roots, and suffixes"
+order: 5
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - verbs
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-05-present-apply
+      description: "Conjugate common verbs in the present tense"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-05-present-produce
+      description: "Produce present tense sentences with correct subject prefixes"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-05-present-recognize
+      description: "Recognize subject agreement prefixes on verbs"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 5 (Lesson 5) — Present Tense Verbs
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian verbs are morphologically rich — they carry information about the subject (and sometimes the object) directly within the verb form itself. You have already seen **ვ-** on first person verbs (ვარ, ვსვამ). This lesson covers the full present tense conjugation pattern and introduces you to common verbs.
+
+Georgian verb structure can be thought of as: **[subject prefix] + [root] + [ending]**.
+
+## Subject Agreement Prefixes
+
+For most present tense verbs, the subject is indicated by a prefix attached to the verb stem:
+
+| Person | Prefix | Example (write — წერ-) | Meaning |
+|--------|--------|----------------------|---------|
+| მე (I) | ვ- | ვ-წერ | I write |
+| შენ (you sg) | — | წერ | you write |
+| ის (he/she) | — | წერ-ს | he/she writes |
+| ჩვენ (we) | ვ- | ვ-წერ-თ | we write |
+| თქვენ (you pl) | — | წერ-თ | you (pl) write |
+| ისინი (they) | — | წერ-ენ | they write |
+
+Key observations:
+- **ვ-** appears for first person (both singular and plural)
+- Second person singular has no prefix — the bare root
+- Third person singular adds **-ს**
+- First and second person plural both add **-თ**
+- Third person plural adds **-ენ** (or **-ან** for some verb classes)
+
+## Common Present Tense Verbs
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-05-verbs" title="Present Tense Common Verbs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vtsert" word="ვწერ" pronunciation="v-tser" meaning="I write (root: წერ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vkitxulob" word="ვკითხულობ" pronunciation="v-ki-txu-lob" meaning="I read (root: კითხულობ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsaubrob" word="ვსაუბრობ" pronunciation="v-sau-brob" meaning="I speak (root: საუბრობ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vchamt" word="ვჭამ" pronunciation="v-cham" meaning="I eat (root: ჭამ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsvam" word="ვსვამ" pronunciation="v-svam" meaning="I drink (root: სვამ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vmidivart" word="მივდივარ" pronunciation="mi-v-di-var" meaning="I go (directional verb, different pattern)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Full Conjugation: to Write (წერა)
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე ვწერ | me vtser | I write |
+| შენ წერ | shen tser | you write |
+| ის წერს | is tsers | he/she writes |
+| ჩვენ ვწერთ | chven vtserт | we write |
+| თქვენ წერთ | tkven tsert | you (pl) write |
+| ისინი წერენ | isini tseren | they write |
+
+## Full Conjugation: to Read (კითხვა)
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე ვკითხულობ | me vkitxulob | I read |
+| შენ კითხულობ | shen kitxulob | you read |
+| ის კითხულობს | is kitxulobs | he/she reads |
+| ჩვენ ვკითხულობთ | chven vkitxulobt | we read |
+| თქვენ კითხულობთ | tkven kitxulobt | you (pl) read |
+| ისინი კითხულობენ | isini kitxuloben | they read |
+
+## A Note on Verb Stems
+
+Georgian verb roots often look different from their infinitive forms. The infinitive (dictionary form) usually ends in **-ა** or **-ობა**, but the conjugated stem is what you actually use:
+
+| Infinitive | Meaning | Present stem |
+|-----------|---------|-------------|
+| წერა | to write | წერ- |
+| კითხვა | to read | კითხულობ- |
+| სვლა | to go | მიდი- |
+| ჭამა | to eat | ჭამ- |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Conjugate in Present" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-05-present-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Conjugate the verb **წერა** (to write) for the given subject
+
+1. მე ___ (I write)
+2. ის ___ (he writes)
+3. ჩვენ ___ (we write)
+4. ისინი ___ (they write)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **ვწერ**
+2. ის **წერს**
+3. ჩვენ **ვწერთ**
+4. ისინი **წერენ**
+
+**Explanation:** Add ვ- for first person (I/we), -ს for third person singular, -თ for plural (we/you-pl), and -ენ for third person plural. Second person singular takes the bare root.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Build a Sentence" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-05-present-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each sentence into Georgian using the present tense
+
+1. I drink water (მე, სვამ, წყალი)
+2. She reads a book (ის, კითხულობ, წიგნი)
+3. We speak Georgian (ჩვენ, საუბრობ, ქართული)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **წყალს ვსვამ**
+2. ის **წიგნს კითხულობს**
+3. ჩვენ **ქართულს ვსაუბრობთ**
+
+**Explanation:** Remember SOV order: subject first, then object (with -ს ending), then verb last. The verb carries ვ- for first person, -ს for third person singular, and -თ for first person plural.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify the Subject" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-05-present-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each verb form to the subject it agrees with
+
+- ვწერ
+- წერს
+- ვწერთ
+- წერენ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ვწერ → მე (I) — ვ- prefix, no ending
+- წერს → ის (he/she) — no prefix, -ს ending
+- ვწერთ → ჩვენ (we) — ვ- prefix, -თ ending
+- წერენ → ისინი (they) — no prefix, -ენ ending
+
+**Explanation:** The ვ- prefix signals first person. The -ს ending signals third person singular. The -თ ending marks plural. Third person plural uses -ენ. You can identify the subject from these markers even without seeing the pronoun.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you will learn the aorist (simple past tense) — the most common past tense in Georgian, where the ergative case comes into play for transitive verbs.