warp-lang 1.0.2__py3-none-win_amd64.whl → 1.2.0__py3-none-win_amd64.whl

warp/optim/linear.py

@@ -1,939 +1,1104 @@
-from typing import Optional, Union, Callable, Tuple, Any
-from math import sqrt
-
-import warp as wp
-import warp.sparse as sparse
-from warp.utils import array_inner
-
-# No need to auto-generate adjoint code for linear solvers
-wp.set_module_options({"enable_backward": False})
-
-
-class LinearOperator:
-    """
-    Linear operator to be used as left-hand-side of linear iterative solvers.
-
-    Args:
-        shape: Tuple containing the number of rows and columns of the operator
-        dtype: Type of the operator elements
-        device: Device on which computations involving the operator should be performed
-        matvec: Matrix-vector multiplication routine
-
-    The matrix-vector multiplication routine should have the following signature:
-
-    .. code-block:: python
-
-        def matvec(x: wp.array, y: wp.array, z: wp.array, alpha: Scalar, beta: Scalar):
-            '''Performs the operation z = alpha * x + beta * y'''
-            ...
-
-    For performance reasons, by default the iterative linear solvers in this module will try to capture the calls
-    for one or more iterations in CUDA graphs. If the `matvec` routine of a custom :class:`LinearOperator`
-    cannot be graph-captured, the ``use_cuda_graph=False`` parameter should be passed to the solver function.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[int, int], dtype: type, device: wp.context.Device, matvec: Callable):
-        self._shape = shape
-        self._dtype = dtype
-        self._device = device
-        self._matvec = matvec
-
-    @property
-    def shape(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
-        return self._shape
-
-    @property
-    def dtype(self) -> type:
-        return self._dtype
-
-    @property
-    def device(self) -> wp.context.Device:
-        return self._device
-
-    @property
-    def matvec(self) -> Callable:
-        return self._matvec
-
-    @property
-    def scalar_type(self):
-        return wp.types.type_scalar_type(self.dtype)
-
-
-_Matrix = Union[wp.array, sparse.BsrMatrix, LinearOperator]
-
-
-def aslinearoperator(A: _Matrix) -> LinearOperator:
-    """
-    Casts the dense or sparse matrix `A` as a :class:`LinearOperator`
-
-    `A` must be of one of the following types:
-
-        - :class:`warp.sparse.BsrMatrix`
-        - two-dimensional `warp.array`; then `A` is assumed to be a dense matrix
-        - one-dimensional `warp.array`; then `A` is assumed to be a diagonal matrix
-        - :class:`warp.sparse.LinearOperator`; no casting necessary
-    """
-
-    if A is None or isinstance(A, LinearOperator):
-        return A
-
-    def bsr_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
-        if z.ptr != y.ptr and beta != 0.0:
-            wp.copy(src=y, dest=z)
-        sparse.bsr_mv(A, x, z, alpha, beta)
-
-    def dense_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
-        x = x.reshape((x.shape[0], 1))
-        y = y.reshape((y.shape[0], 1))
-        z = z.reshape((y.shape[0], 1))
-        wp.matmul(A, x, y, z, alpha, beta)
-
-    def diag_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
-        scalar_type = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-        alpha = scalar_type(alpha)
-        beta = scalar_type(beta)
-        wp.launch(_diag_mv_kernel, dim=A.shape, device=A.device, inputs=[A, x, y, z, alpha, beta])
-
-    def diag_mv_vec(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
-        scalar_type = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-        alpha = scalar_type(alpha)
-        beta = scalar_type(beta)
-        wp.launch(_diag_mv_vec_kernel, dim=A.shape, device=A.device, inputs=[A, x, y, z, alpha, beta])
-
-    if isinstance(A, wp.array):
-        if A.ndim == 2:
-            return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=dense_mv)
-        if A.ndim == 1:
-            if wp.types.type_is_vector(A.dtype):
-                return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=diag_mv_vec)
-            return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=diag_mv)
-    if isinstance(A, sparse.BsrMatrix):
-        return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=bsr_mv)
-
-    raise ValueError(f"Unable to create LinearOperator from {A}")
-
-
-def preconditioner(A: _Matrix, ptype: str = "diag") -> LinearOperator:
-    """Constructs and returns a preconditioner for an input matrix.
-
-    Args:
-        A: The matrix for which to build the preconditioner
-        ptype: The type of preconditioner. Currently the following values are supported:
-
-         - ``"diag"``: Diagonal (a.k.a. Jacobi) preconditioner
-         - ``"diag_abs"``: Similar to Jacobi, but using the absolute value of diagonal coefficients
-         - ``"id"``: Identity (null) preconditioner
-    """
-
-    if ptype == "id":
-        return None
-
-    if ptype in ("diag", "diag_abs"):
-        use_abs = 1 if ptype == "diag_abs" else 0
-        if isinstance(A, sparse.BsrMatrix):
-            A_diag = sparse.bsr_get_diag(A)
-            if wp.types.type_is_matrix(A.dtype):
-                inv_diag = wp.empty(
-                    shape=A.nrow, dtype=wp.vec(length=A.block_shape[0], dtype=A.scalar_type), device=A.device
-                )
-                wp.launch(
-                    _extract_inverse_diagonal_blocked,
-                    dim=inv_diag.shape,
-                    device=inv_diag.device,
-                    inputs=[A_diag, inv_diag, use_abs],
-                )
-            else:
-                inv_diag = wp.empty(shape=A.shape[0], dtype=A.scalar_type, device=A.device)
-                wp.launch(
-                    _extract_inverse_diagonal_scalar,
-                    dim=inv_diag.shape,
-                    device=inv_diag.device,
-                    inputs=[A_diag, inv_diag, use_abs],
-                )
-        elif isinstance(A, wp.array) and A.ndim == 2:
-            inv_diag = wp.empty(shape=A.shape[0], dtype=A.dtype, device=A.device)
-            wp.launch(
-                _extract_inverse_diagonal_dense,
-                dim=inv_diag.shape,
-                device=inv_diag.device,
-                inputs=[A, inv_diag, use_abs],
-            )
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Unsupported source matrix type for building diagonal preconditioner")
-
-        return aslinearoperator(inv_diag)
-
-    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported preconditioner type '{ptype}'")
-
-
-def cg(
-    A: _Matrix,
-    b: wp.array,
-    x: wp.array,
-    tol: Optional[float] = None,
-    atol: Optional[float] = None,
-    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
-    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
-    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
-    check_every=10,
-    use_cuda_graph=True,
-) -> Tuple[int, float, float]:
-    """Computes an approximate solution to a symmetric, positive-definite linear system
-    using the Conjugate Gradient algorithm.
-
-    Args:
-        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
-        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
-        x: initial guess and solution vector
-        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
-        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
-        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
-            Note that the current implementation always performs iterations in pairs, and as a result may exceed the specified maximum number of iterations by one.
-        M: optional left-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` is close to identity.
-        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
-        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
-        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
-          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
-
-    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
-    """
-
-    A = aslinearoperator(A)
-    M = aslinearoperator(M)
-
-    if maxiter == 0:
-        maxiter = A.shape[0]
-
-    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
-
-    device = A.device
-    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-
-    # Notations below follow pseudo-code from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method
-
-    # z = M r
-    if M is not None:
-        z = wp.zeros_like(b)
-        M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
-
-        # rz = r' z;
-        rz_new = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-        array_inner(r, z, out=rz_new)
-    else:
-        z = r
-
-    rz_old = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-    p_Ap = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-    Ap = wp.zeros_like(b)
-
-    p = wp.clone(z)
-
-    def do_iteration(atol_sq, rr_old, rr_new, rz_old, rz_new):
-        # Ap = A * p;
-        A.matvec(p, Ap, Ap, alpha=1, beta=0)
-
-        array_inner(p, Ap, out=p_Ap)
-
-        wp.launch(
-            kernel=_cg_kernel_1,
-            dim=x.shape[0],
-            device=device,
-            inputs=[atol_sq, rr_old, rz_old, p_Ap, x, r, p, Ap],
-        )
-        array_inner(r, r, out=rr_new)
-
-        # z = M r
-        if M is not None:
-            M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
-            # rz = r' z;
-            array_inner(r, z, out=rz_new)
-
-        wp.launch(kernel=_cg_kernel_2, dim=z.shape[0], device=device, inputs=[atol_sq, rr_new, rz_old, rz_new, z, p])
-
-    # We do iterations by pairs, switching old and new residual norm buffers for each odd-even couple
-    # In the non-preconditioned case we reuse the error norm buffer for the new <r,z> computation
-
-    def do_odd_even_cycle(atol_sq: float):
-        # A pair of iterations, so that we're swapping the residual buffers twice
-        if M is None:
-            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq, rz_old)
-            do_iteration(atol_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq)
-        else:
-            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_new, rz_old)
-            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_old, rz_new)
-
-    return _run_solver_loop(
-        do_odd_even_cycle,
-        cycle_size=2,
-        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
-        maxiter=maxiter,
-        atol=atol,
-        callback=callback,
-        check_every=check_every,
-        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
-        device=device,
-    )
-
-
-def bicgstab(
-    A: _Matrix,
-    b: wp.array,
-    x: wp.array,
-    tol: Optional[float] = None,
-    atol: Optional[float] = None,
-    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
-    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
-    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
-    check_every=10,
-    use_cuda_graph=True,
-    is_left_preconditioner=False,
-):
-    """Computes an approximate solution to a linear system using the Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method (BiCGSTAB).
-
-    Args:
-        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
-        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
-        x: initial guess and solution vector
-        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
-        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
-        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
-        M: optional left- or right-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` (resp ``A M``) is close to identity.
-        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
-        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
-        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
-          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
-        is_left_preconditioner: whether `M` should be used as a left- or right- preconditioner.
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
-
-    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
-    """
-    A = aslinearoperator(A)
-    M = aslinearoperator(M)
-
-    if maxiter == 0:
-        maxiter = A.shape[0]
-
-    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
-
-    device = A.device
-    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-
-    # Notations below follow pseudo-code from biconjugate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biconjugate_gradient_stabilized_method
-
-    rho = wp.clone(r_norm_sq, pinned=False)
-    r0v = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-    st = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-    tt = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-
-    # work arrays
-    r0 = wp.clone(r)
-    v = wp.zeros_like(r)
-    t = wp.zeros_like(r)
-    p = wp.clone(r)
-
-    if M is not None:
-        y = wp.zeros_like(p)
-        z = wp.zeros_like(r)
-        if is_left_preconditioner:
-            Mt = wp.zeros_like(t)
-    else:
-        y = p
-        z = r
-        Mt = t
-
-    def do_iteration(atol_sq: float):
-        # y = M p
-        if M is not None:
-            M.matvec(p, y, y, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
-
-        # v = A * y;
-        A.matvec(y, v, v, alpha=1, beta=0)
-
-        # alpha = rho / <r0 . v>
-        array_inner(r0, v, out=r0v)
-
-        #  x += alpha y
-        #  r -= alpha v
-        wp.launch(
-            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_1,
-            dim=x.shape[0],
-            device=device,
-            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rho, r0v, x, r, y, v],
-        )
-        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
-
-        # z = M r
-        if M is not None:
-            M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
-
-        # t = A z
-        A.matvec(z, t, t, alpha=1, beta=0)
-
-        if is_left_preconditioner:
-            # Mt = M t
-            if M is not None:
-                M.matvec(t, Mt, Mt, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
-
-            # omega = <Mt, Ms> / <Mt, Mt>
-            array_inner(z, Mt, out=st)
-            array_inner(Mt, Mt, out=tt)
-        else:
-            array_inner(r, t, out=st)
-            array_inner(t, t, out=tt)
-
-        # x += omega z
-        # r -= omega t
-        wp.launch(
-            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_2,
-            dim=z.shape[0],
-            device=device,
-            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, st, tt, z, t, x, r],
-        )
-        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
-
-        # rho = <r0, r>
-        array_inner(r0, r, out=rho)
-
-        # beta = (rho / rho_old) * alpha / omega = (rho / r0v) / omega
-        # p = r + beta (p - omega v)
-        wp.launch(
-            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_3,
-            dim=z.shape[0],
-            device=device,
-            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rho, r0v, st, tt, p, r, v],
-        )
-
-    return _run_solver_loop(
-        do_iteration,
-        cycle_size=1,
-        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
-        maxiter=maxiter,
-        atol=atol,
-        callback=callback,
-        check_every=check_every,
-        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
-        device=device,
-    )
-
-
-def gmres(
-    A: _Matrix,
-    b: wp.array,
-    x: wp.array,
-    tol: Optional[float] = None,
-    atol: Optional[float] = None,
-    restart=31,
-    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
-    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
-    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
-    check_every=31,
-    use_cuda_graph=True,
-    is_left_preconditioner=False,
-):
-    """Computes an approximate solution to a linear system using the restarted Generalized Minimum Residual method (GMRES[k]).
-
-    Args:
-        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
-        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
-        x: initial guess and solution vector
-        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
-        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
-        restart: The restart parameter, i.e, the `k` in `GMRES[k]`. In general, increasing this parameter reduces the number of iterations but increases memory consumption.
-        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
-            Note that the current implementation always perform `restart` iterations at a time, and as a result may exceed the specified maximum number of iterations by ``restart-1``.
-        M: optional left- or right-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` (resp ``A M``) is close to identity.
-        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
-        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
-        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
-          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
-        is_left_preconditioner: whether `M` should be used as a left- or right- preconditioner.
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
-
-    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
-    """
-
-    A = aslinearoperator(A)
-    M = aslinearoperator(M)
-
-    if maxiter == 0:
-        maxiter = A.shape[0]
-
-    restart = min(restart, maxiter)
-    check_every = max(restart, check_every)
-
-    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
-
-    device = A.device
-    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-
-    pivot_tolerance = _get_dtype_epsilon(scalar_dtype) ** 2
-
-    beta_sq = wp.empty_like(r_norm_sq, pinned=False)
-    H = wp.empty(shape=(restart + 1, restart), dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-
-    y = wp.empty(shape=restart + 1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
-
-    w = wp.zeros_like(r)
-    V = wp.zeros(shape=(restart + 1, r.shape[0]), dtype=r.dtype, device=device)
-
-    def array_coeff(H, i, j):
-        return wp.array(
-            ptr=H.ptr + i * H.strides[0] + j * H.strides[1],
-            dtype=H.dtype,
-            shape=(1,),
-            device=H.device,
-            copy=False,
-        )
-
-    def array_row(V, i):
-        return wp.array(
-            ptr=V.ptr + i * V.strides[0],
-            dtype=V.dtype,
-            shape=V.shape[1],
-            device=V.device,
-            copy=False,
-        )
-
-    def do_arnoldi_iteration(j: int):
-        # w = A * v;
-
-        vj = array_row(V, j)
-
-        if M is not None:
-            tmp = array_row(V, j + 1)
-
-            if is_left_preconditioner:
-                A.matvec(vj, tmp, tmp, alpha=1, beta=0)
-                M.matvec(tmp, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
-            else:
-                M.matvec(vj, tmp, tmp, alpha=1, beta=0)
-                A.matvec(tmp, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
-        else:
-            A.matvec(vj, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
-
-        for i in range(j + 1):
-            vi = array_row(V, i)
-            hij = array_coeff(H, i, j)
-            array_inner(w, vi, out=hij)
-
-            wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_axpy_kernel, dim=w.shape, device=w.device, inputs=[vi, w, hij])
-
-        hjnj = array_coeff(H, j + 1, j)
-        array_inner(w, w, out=hjnj)
-
-        vjn = array_row(V, j + 1)
-        wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel, dim=w.shape, device=w.device, inputs=[w, vjn, hjnj])
-
-    def do_restart_cycle(atol_sq: float):
-        if M is not None and is_left_preconditioner:
-            M.matvec(r, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
-            rh = w
-        else:
-            rh = r
-
-        array_inner(rh, rh, out=beta_sq)
-
-        v0 = array_row(V, 0)
-        # v0 = r / beta
-        wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel, dim=r.shape, device=r.device, inputs=[rh, v0, beta_sq])
-
-        for j in range(restart):
-            do_arnoldi_iteration(j)
-
-        wp.launch(_gmres_normalize_lower_diagonal, dim=restart, device=device, inputs=[H])
-        wp.launch(_gmres_solve_least_squares, dim=1, device=device, inputs=[restart, pivot_tolerance, beta_sq, H, y])
-
-        # update x
-        if M is None or is_left_preconditioner:
-            wp.launch(_gmres_update_x_kernel, dim=x.shape, device=device, inputs=[restart, scalar_dtype(1.0), y, V, x])
-        else:
-            wp.launch(_gmres_update_x_kernel, dim=x.shape, device=device, inputs=[restart, scalar_dtype(0.0), y, V, w])
-            M.matvec(w, x, x, alpha=1, beta=1)
-
-        # update r and residual
-        wp.copy(src=b, dest=r)
-        A.matvec(x, b, r, alpha=-1.0, beta=1.0)
-        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
-
-    return _run_solver_loop(
-        do_restart_cycle,
-        cycle_size=restart,
-        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
-        maxiter=maxiter,
-        atol=atol,
-        callback=callback,
-        check_every=check_every,
-        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
-        device=device,
-    )
-
-
-def _get_dtype_epsilon(dtype):
-    if dtype == wp.float64:
-        return 1.0e-16
-    elif dtype == wp.float16:
-        return 1.0e-4
-
-    return 1.0e-8
-
-
-def _get_absolute_tolerance(dtype, tol, atol, lhs_norm):
-    eps_tol = _get_dtype_epsilon(dtype)
-    default_tol = eps_tol ** (3 / 4)
-    min_tol = eps_tol ** (9 / 4)
-
-    if tol is None and atol is None:
-        tol = atol = default_tol
-    elif tol is None:
-        tol = atol
-    elif atol is None:
-        atol = tol
-
-    return max(tol * lhs_norm, atol, min_tol)
-
-
-def _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A: LinearOperator, b: wp.array, x: wp.array, tol: float, atol: float):
-    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
-    device = A.device
-
-    # Buffer for storing square norm or residual
-    r_norm_sq = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device, pinned=device.is_cuda)
-
-    # Compute b norm to define absolute tolerance
-    array_inner(b, b, out=r_norm_sq)
-    atol = _get_absolute_tolerance(scalar_dtype, tol, atol, sqrt(r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]))
-
-    # Residual r = b - Ax
-    r = wp.empty_like(b)
-    A.matvec(x, b, r, alpha=-1.0, beta=1.0)
-
-    array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
-
-    return r, r_norm_sq, atol
-
-
-def _run_solver_loop(
-    do_cycle: Callable[[float], None],
-    cycle_size: int,
-    r_norm_sq: wp.array,
-    maxiter: int,
-    atol: float,
-    callback: Callable,
-    check_every: int,
-    use_cuda_graph: bool,
-    device,
-):
-    atol_sq = atol * atol
-
-    cur_iter = 0
-
-    err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
-    err = sqrt(err_sq)
-    if callback is not None:
-        callback(cur_iter, err, atol)
-
-    if err_sq <= atol_sq:
-        return cur_iter, err, atol
-
-    graph = None
-
-    while True:
-        # Do not do graph capture at first iteration -- modules may not be loaded yet
-        if device.is_cuda and use_cuda_graph and cur_iter > 0:
-            if graph is None:
-                wp.capture_begin(device, force_module_load=False)
-                try:
-                    do_cycle(atol_sq)
-                finally:
-                    graph = wp.capture_end(device)
-            wp.capture_launch(graph)
-        else:
-            do_cycle(atol_sq)
-
-        cur_iter += cycle_size
-
-        if cur_iter >= maxiter:
-            break
-
-        if (cur_iter % check_every) < cycle_size:
-            err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
-
-            if err_sq <= atol_sq:
-                break
-
-            if callback is not None:
-                callback(cur_iter, sqrt(err_sq), atol)
-
-    err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
-    err = sqrt(err_sq)
-    if callback is not None:
-        callback(cur_iter, err, atol)
-
-    return cur_iter, err, atol
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _diag_mv_kernel(
-    A: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    alpha: Any,
-    beta: Any,
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-    z[i] = beta * y[i] + alpha * (A[i] * x[i])
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _diag_mv_vec_kernel(
-    A: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    alpha: Any,
-    beta: Any,
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-    z[i] = beta * y[i] + alpha * wp.cw_mul(A[i], x[i])
-
-
-@wp.func
-def _inverse_diag_coefficient(coeff: Any, use_abs: wp.bool):
-    zero = type(coeff)(0.0)
-    one = type(coeff)(1.0)
-    return wp.select(coeff == zero, one / wp.select(use_abs, coeff, wp.abs(coeff)), one)
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _extract_inverse_diagonal_blocked(
-    diag_block: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    use_abs: int,
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    d = wp.get_diag(diag_block[i])
-    for k in range(d.length):
-        d[k] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(d[k], use_abs != 0)
-
-    inv_diag[i] = d
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _extract_inverse_diagonal_scalar(
-    diag_array: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    use_abs: int,
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-    inv_diag[i] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(diag_array[i], use_abs != 0)
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _extract_inverse_diagonal_dense(
-    dense_matrix: wp.array2d(dtype=Any),
-    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    use_abs: int,
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-    inv_diag[i] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(dense_matrix[i, i], use_abs != 0)
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _cg_kernel_1(
-    tol: Any,
-    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    rz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    p_Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    alpha = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rz_old.dtype(0.0), rz_old[0] / p_Ap[0])
-
-    x[i] = x[i] + alpha * p[i]
-    r[i] = r[i] - alpha * Ap[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _cg_kernel_2(
-    tol: Any,
-    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    rz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    rz_new: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    #    p = r + (rz_new / rz_old) * p;
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    beta = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rz_old.dtype(0.0), rz_new[0] / rz_old[0])
-
-    p[i] = z[i] + beta * p[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _bicgstab_kernel_1(
-    tol: Any,
-    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    rho_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r0v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    alpha = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rho_old.dtype(0.0), rho_old[0] / r0v[0])
-
-    x[i] += alpha * y[i]
-    r[i] -= alpha * v[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _bicgstab_kernel_2(
-    tol: Any,
-    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    st: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    tt: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    t: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    omega = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), st[0] / tt[0])
-
-    x[i] += omega * z[i]
-    r[i] -= omega * t[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _bicgstab_kernel_3(
-    tol: Any,
-    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    rho_new: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r0v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    st: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    tt: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    i = wp.tid()
-
-    beta = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), rho_new[0] * tt[0] / (r0v[0] * st[0]))
-    beta_omega = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), rho_new[0] / r0v[0])
-
-    p[i] = r[i] + beta * p[i] - beta_omega * v[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _gmres_normalize_lower_diagonal(H: wp.array2d(dtype=Any)):
-    # normalize lower-diagonal values of Hessenberg matrix
-    i = wp.tid()
-    H[i + 1, i] = wp.sqrt(H[i + 1, i])
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _gmres_solve_least_squares(
-    k: int, pivot_tolerance: float, beta_sq: wp.array(dtype=Any), H: wp.array2d(dtype=Any), y: wp.array(dtype=Any)
-):
-    # Solve H y = (beta, 0, ..., 0)
-    # H Hessenberg matrix of shape (k+1, k)
-
-    # Keeping H in global mem; warp kernels are launched with fixed block size,
-    # so would not fit in registers
-
-    # TODO: switch to native code with thread synchronization
-
-    rhs = wp.sqrt(beta_sq[0])
-
-    # Apply 2x2 rotations to H so as to remove lower diagonal,
-    # and apply similar rotations to right-hand-side
-    max_k = int(k)
-    for i in range(k):
-        Ha = H[i]
-        Hb = H[i + 1]
-
-        # Givens rotation [[c s], [-s c]]
-        a = Ha[i]
-        b = Hb[i]
-        abn_sq = a * a + b * b
-
-        if abn_sq < type(abn_sq)(pivot_tolerance):
-            # Arnoldi iteration finished early
-            max_k = i
-            break
-
-        abn = wp.sqrt(abn_sq)
-        c = a / abn
-        s = b / abn
-
-        # Rotate H
-        for j in range(i, k):
-            a = Ha[j]
-            b = Hb[j]
-            Ha[j] = c * a + s * b
-            Hb[j] = c * b - s * a
-
-        # Rotate rhs
-        y[i] = c * rhs
-        rhs = -s * rhs
-
-    for i in range(max_k, k):
-        y[i] = y.dtype(0.0)
-
-    # Triangular back-solve for y
-    for ii in range(max_k, 0, -1):
-        i = ii - 1
-        Hi = H[i]
-        yi = y[i]
-        for j in range(ii, max_k):
-            yi -= Hi[j] * y[j]
-        y[i] = yi / Hi[i]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _gmres_arnoldi_axpy_kernel(
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    alpha: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    tid = wp.tid()
-    y[tid] -= x[tid] * alpha[0]
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel(
-    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-    alpha: wp.array(dtype=Any),
-):
-    tid = wp.tid()
-    y[tid] = wp.select(alpha[0] == alpha.dtype(0.0), x[tid] / wp.sqrt(alpha[0]), x[tid])
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def _gmres_update_x_kernel(k: int, beta: Any, y: wp.array(dtype=Any), V: wp.array2d(dtype=Any), x: wp.array(dtype=Any)):
-    tid = wp.tid()
-
-    xi = beta * x[tid]
-    for j in range(k):
-        xi += V[j, tid] * y[j]
-
-    x[tid] = xi
+from math import sqrt
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import warp as wp
+import warp.sparse as sparse
+from warp.utils import array_inner
+
+# No need to auto-generate adjoint code for linear solvers
+wp.set_module_options({"enable_backward": False})
+
+
+class LinearOperator:
+    """
+    Linear operator to be used as left-hand-side of linear iterative solvers.
+
+    Args:
+        shape: Tuple containing the number of rows and columns of the operator
+        dtype: Type of the operator elements
+        device: Device on which computations involving the operator should be performed
+        matvec: Matrix-vector multiplication routine
+
+    The matrix-vector multiplication routine should have the following signature:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def matvec(x: wp.array, y: wp.array, z: wp.array, alpha: Scalar, beta: Scalar):
+            '''Performs the operation z = alpha * x + beta * y'''
+            ...
+
+    For performance reasons, by default the iterative linear solvers in this module will try to capture the calls
+    for one or more iterations in CUDA graphs. If the `matvec` routine of a custom :class:`LinearOperator`
+    cannot be graph-captured, the ``use_cuda_graph=False`` parameter should be passed to the solver function.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[int, int], dtype: type, device: wp.context.Device, matvec: Callable):
+        self._shape = shape
+        self._dtype = dtype
+        self._device = device
+        self._matvec = matvec
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        return self._shape
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> type:
+        return self._dtype
+
+    @property
+    def device(self) -> wp.context.Device:
+        return self._device
+
+    @property
+    def matvec(self) -> Callable:
+        return self._matvec
+
+    @property
+    def scalar_type(self):
+        return wp.types.type_scalar_type(self.dtype)
+
+
+_Matrix = Union[wp.array, sparse.BsrMatrix, LinearOperator]
+
+
+def aslinearoperator(A: _Matrix) -> LinearOperator:
+    """
+    Casts the dense or sparse matrix `A` as a :class:`LinearOperator`
+
+    `A` must be of one of the following types:
+
+        - :class:`warp.sparse.BsrMatrix`
+        - two-dimensional `warp.array`; then `A` is assumed to be a dense matrix
+        - one-dimensional `warp.array`; then `A` is assumed to be a diagonal matrix
+        - :class:`warp.sparse.LinearOperator`; no casting necessary
+    """
+
+    if A is None or isinstance(A, LinearOperator):
+        return A
+
+    def bsr_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
+        if z.ptr != y.ptr and beta != 0.0:
+            wp.copy(src=y, dest=z)
+        sparse.bsr_mv(A, x, z, alpha, beta)
+
+    def dense_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
+        x = x.reshape((x.shape[0], 1))
+        y = y.reshape((y.shape[0], 1))
+        z = z.reshape((y.shape[0], 1))
+        wp.matmul(A, x, y, z, alpha, beta)
+
+    def diag_mv(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
+        scalar_type = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+        alpha = scalar_type(alpha)
+        beta = scalar_type(beta)
+        wp.launch(_diag_mv_kernel, dim=A.shape, device=A.device, inputs=[A, x, y, z, alpha, beta])
+
+    def diag_mv_vec(x, y, z, alpha, beta):
+        scalar_type = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+        alpha = scalar_type(alpha)
+        beta = scalar_type(beta)
+        wp.launch(_diag_mv_vec_kernel, dim=A.shape, device=A.device, inputs=[A, x, y, z, alpha, beta])
+
+    if isinstance(A, wp.array):
+        if A.ndim == 2:
+            return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=dense_mv)
+        if A.ndim == 1:
+            if wp.types.type_is_vector(A.dtype):
+                return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=diag_mv_vec)
+            return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=diag_mv)
+    if isinstance(A, sparse.BsrMatrix):
+        return LinearOperator(A.shape, A.dtype, A.device, matvec=bsr_mv)
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Unable to create LinearOperator from {A}")
+
+
+def preconditioner(A: _Matrix, ptype: str = "diag") -> LinearOperator:
+    """Constructs and returns a preconditioner for an input matrix.
+
+    Args:
+        A: The matrix for which to build the preconditioner
+        ptype: The type of preconditioner. Currently the following values are supported:
+
+         - ``"diag"``: Diagonal (a.k.a. Jacobi) preconditioner
+         - ``"diag_abs"``: Similar to Jacobi, but using the absolute value of diagonal coefficients
+         - ``"id"``: Identity (null) preconditioner
+    """
+
+    if ptype == "id":
+        return None
+
+    if ptype in ("diag", "diag_abs"):
+        use_abs = 1 if ptype == "diag_abs" else 0
+        if isinstance(A, sparse.BsrMatrix):
+            A_diag = sparse.bsr_get_diag(A)
+            if wp.types.type_is_matrix(A.dtype):
+                inv_diag = wp.empty(
+                    shape=A.nrow, dtype=wp.vec(length=A.block_shape[0], dtype=A.scalar_type), device=A.device
+                )
+                wp.launch(
+                    _extract_inverse_diagonal_blocked,
+                    dim=inv_diag.shape,
+                    device=inv_diag.device,
+                    inputs=[A_diag, inv_diag, use_abs],
+                )
+            else:
+                inv_diag = wp.empty(shape=A.shape[0], dtype=A.scalar_type, device=A.device)
+                wp.launch(
+                    _extract_inverse_diagonal_scalar,
+                    dim=inv_diag.shape,
+                    device=inv_diag.device,
+                    inputs=[A_diag, inv_diag, use_abs],
+                )
+        elif isinstance(A, wp.array) and A.ndim == 2:
+            inv_diag = wp.empty(shape=A.shape[0], dtype=A.dtype, device=A.device)
+            wp.launch(
+                _extract_inverse_diagonal_dense,
+                dim=inv_diag.shape,
+                device=inv_diag.device,
+                inputs=[A, inv_diag, use_abs],
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported source matrix type for building diagonal preconditioner")
+
+        return aslinearoperator(inv_diag)
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported preconditioner type '{ptype}'")
+
+
+def cg(
+    A: _Matrix,
+    b: wp.array,
+    x: wp.array,
+    tol: Optional[float] = None,
+    atol: Optional[float] = None,
+    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
+    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
+    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    check_every=10,
+    use_cuda_graph=True,
+) -> Tuple[int, float, float]:
+    """Computes an approximate solution to a symmetric, positive-definite linear system
+    using the Conjugate Gradient algorithm.
+
+    Args:
+        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
+        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
+        x: initial guess and solution vector
+        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
+        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
+        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
+            Note that the current implementation always performs iterations in pairs, and as a result may exceed the specified maximum number of iterations by one.
+        M: optional left-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` is close to identity.
+        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
+        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
+        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
+          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
+
+    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
+    """
+
+    A = aslinearoperator(A)
+    M = aslinearoperator(M)
+
+    if maxiter == 0:
+        maxiter = A.shape[0]
+
+    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
+
+    device = A.device
+    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+
+    # Notations below follow pseudo-code from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method
+
+    # z = M r
+    if M is not None:
+        z = wp.zeros_like(b)
+        M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+
+        # rz = r' z;
+        rz_new = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+        array_inner(r, z, out=rz_new)
+    else:
+        z = r
+
+    rz_old = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    p_Ap = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    Ap = wp.zeros_like(b)
+
+    p = wp.clone(z)
+
+    def do_iteration(atol_sq, rr_old, rr_new, rz_old, rz_new):
+        # Ap = A * p;
+        A.matvec(p, Ap, Ap, alpha=1, beta=0)
+
+        array_inner(p, Ap, out=p_Ap)
+
+        wp.launch(
+            kernel=_cg_kernel_1,
+            dim=x.shape[0],
+            device=device,
+            inputs=[atol_sq, rr_old, rz_old, p_Ap, x, r, p, Ap],
+        )
+        array_inner(r, r, out=rr_new)
+
+        # z = M r
+        if M is not None:
+            M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+            # rz = r' z;
+            array_inner(r, z, out=rz_new)
+
+        wp.launch(kernel=_cg_kernel_2, dim=z.shape[0], device=device, inputs=[atol_sq, rr_new, rz_old, rz_new, z, p])
+
+    # We do iterations by pairs, switching old and new residual norm buffers for each odd-even couple
+    # In the non-preconditioned case we reuse the error norm buffer for the new <r,z> computation
+
+    def do_odd_even_cycle(atol_sq: float):
+        # A pair of iterations, so that we're swapping the residual buffers twice
+        if M is None:
+            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq, rz_old)
+            do_iteration(atol_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq, rz_old, r_norm_sq)
+        else:
+            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_new, rz_old)
+            do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, r_norm_sq, rz_old, rz_new)
+
+    return _run_solver_loop(
+        do_odd_even_cycle,
+        cycle_size=2,
+        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
+        maxiter=maxiter,
+        atol=atol,
+        callback=callback,
+        check_every=check_every,
+        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+
+def cr(
+    A: _Matrix,
+    b: wp.array,
+    x: wp.array,
+    tol: Optional[float] = None,
+    atol: Optional[float] = None,
+    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
+    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
+    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    check_every=10,
+    use_cuda_graph=True,
+) -> Tuple[int, float, float]:
+    """Computes an approximate solution to a symmetric, positive-definite linear system
+    using the Conjugate Residual algorithm.
+
+    Args:
+        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
+        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
+        x: initial guess and solution vector
+        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
+        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
+        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
+            Note that the current implementation always performs iterations in pairs, and as a result may exceed the specified maximum number of iterations by one.
+        M: optional left-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` is close to identity.
+        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
+        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
+        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
+          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
+
+    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
+    """
+
+    A = aslinearoperator(A)
+    M = aslinearoperator(M)
+
+    if maxiter == 0:
+        maxiter = A.shape[0]
+
+    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
+
+    device = A.device
+    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+
+    # Notations below follow roughly pseudo-code from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_residual_method
+    # with z := M^-1 r and y := M^-1 Ap
+
+    # z = M r
+    if M is None:
+        z = r
+    else:
+        z = wp.zeros_like(r)
+        M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+
+    Az = wp.zeros_like(b)
+    A.matvec(z, Az, Az, alpha=1, beta=0)
+
+    p = wp.clone(z)
+    Ap = wp.clone(Az)
+
+    if M is None:
+        y = Ap
+    else:
+        y = wp.zeros_like(Ap)
+
+    zAz_old = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    zAz_new = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    y_Ap = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+
+    array_inner(z, Az, out=zAz_new)
+
+    def do_iteration(atol_sq, rr, zAz_old, zAz_new):
+        if M is not None:
+            M.matvec(Ap, y, y, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+        array_inner(Ap, y, out=y_Ap)
+
+        if M is None:
+            # In non-preconditioned case, first kernel is same as CG
+            wp.launch(
+                kernel=_cg_kernel_1,
+                dim=x.shape[0],
+                device=device,
+                inputs=[atol_sq, rr, zAz_old, y_Ap, x, r, p, Ap],
+            )
+        else:
+            # In preconditioned case, we have one more vector to update
+            wp.launch(
+                kernel=_cr_kernel_1,
+                dim=x.shape[0],
+                device=device,
+                inputs=[atol_sq, rr, zAz_old, y_Ap, x, r, z, p, Ap, y],
+            )
+
+        array_inner(r, r, out=rr)
+
+        A.matvec(z, Az, Az, alpha=1, beta=0)
+        array_inner(z, Az, out=zAz_new)
+
+        # beta = rz_new / rz_old
+        wp.launch(
+            kernel=_cr_kernel_2, dim=z.shape[0], device=device, inputs=[atol_sq, rr, zAz_old, zAz_new, z, p, Az, Ap]
+        )
+
+    # We do iterations by pairs, switching old and new residual norm buffers for each odd-even couple
+    def do_odd_even_cycle(atol_sq: float):
+        do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, zAz_new, zAz_old)
+        do_iteration(atol_sq, r_norm_sq, zAz_old, zAz_new)
+
+    return _run_solver_loop(
+        do_odd_even_cycle,
+        cycle_size=2,
+        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
+        maxiter=maxiter,
+        atol=atol,
+        callback=callback,
+        check_every=check_every,
+        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+
+def bicgstab(
+    A: _Matrix,
+    b: wp.array,
+    x: wp.array,
+    tol: Optional[float] = None,
+    atol: Optional[float] = None,
+    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
+    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
+    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    check_every=10,
+    use_cuda_graph=True,
+    is_left_preconditioner=False,
+):
+    """Computes an approximate solution to a linear system using the Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method (BiCGSTAB).
+
+    Args:
+        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
+        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
+        x: initial guess and solution vector
+        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
+        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
+        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
+        M: optional left- or right-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` (resp ``A M``) is close to identity.
+        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
+        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
+        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
+          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
+        is_left_preconditioner: whether `M` should be used as a left- or right- preconditioner.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
+
+    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
+    """
+    A = aslinearoperator(A)
+    M = aslinearoperator(M)
+
+    if maxiter == 0:
+        maxiter = A.shape[0]
+
+    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
+
+    device = A.device
+    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+
+    # Notations below follow pseudo-code from biconjugate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biconjugate_gradient_stabilized_method
+
+    rho = wp.clone(r_norm_sq, pinned=False)
+    r0v = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    st = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+    tt = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+
+    # work arrays
+    r0 = wp.clone(r)
+    v = wp.zeros_like(r)
+    t = wp.zeros_like(r)
+    p = wp.clone(r)
+
+    if M is not None:
+        y = wp.zeros_like(p)
+        z = wp.zeros_like(r)
+        if is_left_preconditioner:
+            Mt = wp.zeros_like(t)
+    else:
+        y = p
+        z = r
+        Mt = t
+
+    def do_iteration(atol_sq: float):
+        # y = M p
+        if M is not None:
+            M.matvec(p, y, y, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+
+        # v = A * y;
+        A.matvec(y, v, v, alpha=1, beta=0)
+
+        # alpha = rho / <r0 . v>
+        array_inner(r0, v, out=r0v)
+
+        #  x += alpha y
+        #  r -= alpha v
+        wp.launch(
+            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_1,
+            dim=x.shape[0],
+            device=device,
+            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rho, r0v, x, r, y, v],
+        )
+        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
+
+        # z = M r
+        if M is not None:
+            M.matvec(r, z, z, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+
+        # t = A z
+        A.matvec(z, t, t, alpha=1, beta=0)
+
+        if is_left_preconditioner:
+            # Mt = M t
+            if M is not None:
+                M.matvec(t, Mt, Mt, alpha=1.0, beta=0.0)
+
+            # omega = <Mt, Ms> / <Mt, Mt>
+            array_inner(z, Mt, out=st)
+            array_inner(Mt, Mt, out=tt)
+        else:
+            array_inner(r, t, out=st)
+            array_inner(t, t, out=tt)
+
+        # x += omega z
+        # r -= omega t
+        wp.launch(
+            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_2,
+            dim=z.shape[0],
+            device=device,
+            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, st, tt, z, t, x, r],
+        )
+        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
+
+        # rho = <r0, r>
+        array_inner(r0, r, out=rho)
+
+        # beta = (rho / rho_old) * alpha / omega = (rho / r0v) / omega
+        # p = r + beta (p - omega v)
+        wp.launch(
+            kernel=_bicgstab_kernel_3,
+            dim=z.shape[0],
+            device=device,
+            inputs=[atol_sq, r_norm_sq, rho, r0v, st, tt, p, r, v],
+        )
+
+    return _run_solver_loop(
+        do_iteration,
+        cycle_size=1,
+        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
+        maxiter=maxiter,
+        atol=atol,
+        callback=callback,
+        check_every=check_every,
+        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+
+def gmres(
+    A: _Matrix,
+    b: wp.array,
+    x: wp.array,
+    tol: Optional[float] = None,
+    atol: Optional[float] = None,
+    restart=31,
+    maxiter: Optional[float] = 0,
+    M: Optional[_Matrix] = None,
+    callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    check_every=31,
+    use_cuda_graph=True,
+    is_left_preconditioner=False,
+):
+    """Computes an approximate solution to a linear system using the restarted Generalized Minimum Residual method (GMRES[k]).
+
+    Args:
+        A: the linear system's left-hand-side
+        b: the linear system's right-hand-side
+        x: initial guess and solution vector
+        tol: relative tolerance for the residual, as a ratio of the right-hand-side norm
+        atol: absolute tolerance for the residual
+        restart: The restart parameter, i.e, the `k` in `GMRES[k]`. In general, increasing this parameter reduces the number of iterations but increases memory consumption.
+        maxiter: maximum number of iterations to perform before aborting. Defaults to the system size.
+            Note that the current implementation always perform `restart` iterations at a time, and as a result may exceed the specified maximum number of iterations by ``restart-1``.
+        M: optional left- or right-preconditioner, ideally chosen such that ``M A`` (resp ``A M``) is close to identity.
+        callback: function to be called every `check_every` iteration with the current iteration number, residual and tolerance
+        check_every: number of iterations every which to call `callback`, check the residual against the tolerance and possibility terminate the algorithm.
+        use_cuda_graph: If true and when run on a CUDA device, capture the solver iteration as a CUDA graph for reduced launch overhead.
+          The linear operator and preconditioner must only perform graph-friendly operations.
+        is_left_preconditioner: whether `M` should be used as a left- or right- preconditioner.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple (final iteration number, residual norm, absolute tolerance)
+
+    If both `tol` and `atol` are provided, the absolute tolerance used as the termination criterion for the residual norm is ``max(atol, tol * norm(b))``.
+    """
+
+    A = aslinearoperator(A)
+    M = aslinearoperator(M)
+
+    if maxiter == 0:
+        maxiter = A.shape[0]
+
+    restart = min(restart, maxiter)
+    check_every = max(restart, check_every)
+
+    r, r_norm_sq, atol = _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A, b, x, tol=tol, atol=atol)
+
+    device = A.device
+    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+
+    pivot_tolerance = _get_dtype_epsilon(scalar_dtype) ** 2
+
+    beta_sq = wp.empty_like(r_norm_sq, pinned=False)
+    H = wp.empty(shape=(restart + 1, restart), dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+
+    y = wp.empty(shape=restart + 1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device)
+
+    w = wp.zeros_like(r)
+    V = wp.zeros(shape=(restart + 1, r.shape[0]), dtype=r.dtype, device=device)
+
+    def array_coeff(H, i, j):
+        return wp.array(
+            ptr=H.ptr + i * H.strides[0] + j * H.strides[1],
+            dtype=H.dtype,
+            shape=(1,),
+            device=H.device,
+            copy=False,
+        )
+
+    def array_row(V, i):
+        return wp.array(
+            ptr=V.ptr + i * V.strides[0],
+            dtype=V.dtype,
+            shape=V.shape[1],
+            device=V.device,
+            copy=False,
+        )
+
+    def do_arnoldi_iteration(j: int):
+        # w = A * v;
+
+        vj = array_row(V, j)
+
+        if M is not None:
+            tmp = array_row(V, j + 1)
+
+            if is_left_preconditioner:
+                A.matvec(vj, tmp, tmp, alpha=1, beta=0)
+                M.matvec(tmp, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
+            else:
+                M.matvec(vj, tmp, tmp, alpha=1, beta=0)
+                A.matvec(tmp, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
+        else:
+            A.matvec(vj, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
+
+        for i in range(j + 1):
+            vi = array_row(V, i)
+            hij = array_coeff(H, i, j)
+            array_inner(w, vi, out=hij)
+
+            wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_axpy_kernel, dim=w.shape, device=w.device, inputs=[vi, w, hij])
+
+        hjnj = array_coeff(H, j + 1, j)
+        array_inner(w, w, out=hjnj)
+
+        vjn = array_row(V, j + 1)
+        wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel, dim=w.shape, device=w.device, inputs=[w, vjn, hjnj])
+
+    def do_restart_cycle(atol_sq: float):
+        if M is not None and is_left_preconditioner:
+            M.matvec(r, w, w, alpha=1, beta=0)
+            rh = w
+        else:
+            rh = r
+
+        array_inner(rh, rh, out=beta_sq)
+
+        v0 = array_row(V, 0)
+        # v0 = r / beta
+        wp.launch(_gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel, dim=r.shape, device=r.device, inputs=[rh, v0, beta_sq])
+
+        for j in range(restart):
+            do_arnoldi_iteration(j)
+
+        wp.launch(_gmres_normalize_lower_diagonal, dim=restart, device=device, inputs=[H])
+        wp.launch(_gmres_solve_least_squares, dim=1, device=device, inputs=[restart, pivot_tolerance, beta_sq, H, y])
+
+        # update x
+        if M is None or is_left_preconditioner:
+            wp.launch(_gmres_update_x_kernel, dim=x.shape, device=device, inputs=[restart, scalar_dtype(1.0), y, V, x])
+        else:
+            wp.launch(_gmres_update_x_kernel, dim=x.shape, device=device, inputs=[restart, scalar_dtype(0.0), y, V, w])
+            M.matvec(w, x, x, alpha=1, beta=1)
+
+        # update r and residual
+        wp.copy(src=b, dest=r)
+        A.matvec(x, b, r, alpha=-1.0, beta=1.0)
+        array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
+
+    return _run_solver_loop(
+        do_restart_cycle,
+        cycle_size=restart,
+        r_norm_sq=r_norm_sq,
+        maxiter=maxiter,
+        atol=atol,
+        callback=callback,
+        check_every=check_every,
+        use_cuda_graph=use_cuda_graph,
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+
+def _get_dtype_epsilon(dtype):
+    if dtype == wp.float64:
+        return 1.0e-16
+    elif dtype == wp.float16:
+        return 1.0e-4
+
+    return 1.0e-8
+
+
+def _get_absolute_tolerance(dtype, tol, atol, lhs_norm):
+    eps_tol = _get_dtype_epsilon(dtype)
+    default_tol = eps_tol ** (3 / 4)
+    min_tol = eps_tol ** (9 / 4)
+
+    if tol is None and atol is None:
+        tol = atol = default_tol
+    elif tol is None:
+        tol = atol
+    elif atol is None:
+        atol = tol
+
+    return max(tol * lhs_norm, atol, min_tol)
+
+
+def _initialize_residual_and_tolerance(A: LinearOperator, b: wp.array, x: wp.array, tol: float, atol: float):
+    scalar_dtype = wp.types.type_scalar_type(A.dtype)
+    device = A.device
+
+    # Buffer for storing square norm or residual
+    r_norm_sq = wp.empty(n=1, dtype=scalar_dtype, device=device, pinned=device.is_cuda)
+
+    # Compute b norm to define absolute tolerance
+    array_inner(b, b, out=r_norm_sq)
+    atol = _get_absolute_tolerance(scalar_dtype, tol, atol, sqrt(r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]))
+
+    # Residual r = b - Ax
+    r = wp.empty_like(b)
+    A.matvec(x, b, r, alpha=-1.0, beta=1.0)
+
+    array_inner(r, r, out=r_norm_sq)
+
+    return r, r_norm_sq, atol
+
+
+def _run_solver_loop(
+    do_cycle: Callable[[float], None],
+    cycle_size: int,
+    r_norm_sq: wp.array,
+    maxiter: int,
+    atol: float,
+    callback: Callable,
+    check_every: int,
+    use_cuda_graph: bool,
+    device,
+):
+    atol_sq = atol * atol
+
+    cur_iter = 0
+
+    err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
+    err = sqrt(err_sq)
+    if callback is not None:
+        callback(cur_iter, err, atol)
+
+    if err_sq <= atol_sq:
+        return cur_iter, err, atol
+
+    graph = None
+
+    while True:
+        # Do not do graph capture at first iteration -- modules may not be loaded yet
+        if device.is_cuda and use_cuda_graph and cur_iter > 0:
+            if graph is None:
+                wp.capture_begin(device, force_module_load=False)
+                try:
+                    do_cycle(atol_sq)
+                finally:
+                    graph = wp.capture_end(device)
+            wp.capture_launch(graph)
+        else:
+            do_cycle(atol_sq)
+
+        cur_iter += cycle_size
+
+        if cur_iter >= maxiter:
+            break
+
+        if (cur_iter % check_every) < cycle_size:
+            err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
+
+            if err_sq <= atol_sq:
+                break
+
+            if callback is not None:
+                callback(cur_iter, sqrt(err_sq), atol)
+
+    err_sq = r_norm_sq.numpy()[0]
+    err = sqrt(err_sq)
+    if callback is not None:
+        callback(cur_iter, err, atol)
+
+    return cur_iter, err, atol
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _diag_mv_kernel(
+    A: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    alpha: Any,
+    beta: Any,
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+    z[i] = beta * y[i] + alpha * (A[i] * x[i])
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _diag_mv_vec_kernel(
+    A: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    alpha: Any,
+    beta: Any,
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+    z[i] = beta * y[i] + alpha * wp.cw_mul(A[i], x[i])
+
+
+@wp.func
+def _inverse_diag_coefficient(coeff: Any, use_abs: wp.bool):
+    zero = type(coeff)(0.0)
+    one = type(coeff)(1.0)
+    return wp.select(coeff == zero, one / wp.select(use_abs, coeff, wp.abs(coeff)), one)
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _extract_inverse_diagonal_blocked(
+    diag_block: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    use_abs: int,
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    d = wp.get_diag(diag_block[i])
+    for k in range(d.length):
+        d[k] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(d[k], use_abs != 0)
+
+    inv_diag[i] = d
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _extract_inverse_diagonal_scalar(
+    diag_array: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    use_abs: int,
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+    inv_diag[i] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(diag_array[i], use_abs != 0)
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _extract_inverse_diagonal_dense(
+    dense_matrix: wp.array2d(dtype=Any),
+    inv_diag: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    use_abs: int,
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+    inv_diag[i] = _inverse_diag_coefficient(dense_matrix[i, i], use_abs != 0)
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _cg_kernel_1(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    rz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p_Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    alpha = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rz_old.dtype(0.0), rz_old[0] / p_Ap[0])
+
+    x[i] = x[i] + alpha * p[i]
+    r[i] = r[i] - alpha * Ap[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _cg_kernel_2(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    rz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    rz_new: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    #    p = r + (rz_new / rz_old) * p;
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    beta = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rz_old.dtype(0.0), rz_new[0] / rz_old[0])
+
+    p[i] = z[i] + beta * p[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _cr_kernel_1(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    zAz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y_Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    alpha = wp.select(resid[0] > tol and y_Ap[0] > 0.0, zAz_old.dtype(0.0), zAz_old[0] / y_Ap[0])
+
+    x[i] = x[i] + alpha * p[i]
+    r[i] = r[i] - alpha * Ap[i]
+    z[i] = z[i] - alpha * y[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _cr_kernel_2(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    zAz_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    zAz_new: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    Az: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    Ap: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    #    p = r + (rz_new / rz_old) * p;
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    beta = wp.select(resid[0] > tol and zAz_old[0] > 0.0, zAz_old.dtype(0.0), zAz_new[0] / zAz_old[0])
+
+    p[i] = z[i] + beta * p[i]
+    Ap[i] = Az[i] + beta * Ap[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _bicgstab_kernel_1(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    rho_old: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r0v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    alpha = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, rho_old.dtype(0.0), rho_old[0] / r0v[0])
+
+    x[i] += alpha * y[i]
+    r[i] -= alpha * v[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _bicgstab_kernel_2(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    st: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    tt: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    z: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    t: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    omega = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), st[0] / tt[0])
+
+    x[i] += omega * z[i]
+    r[i] -= omega * t[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _bicgstab_kernel_3(
+    tol: Any,
+    resid: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    rho_new: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r0v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    st: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    tt: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    p: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    r: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    v: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    i = wp.tid()
+
+    beta = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), rho_new[0] * tt[0] / (r0v[0] * st[0]))
+    beta_omega = wp.select(resid[0] > tol, st.dtype(0.0), rho_new[0] / r0v[0])
+
+    p[i] = r[i] + beta * p[i] - beta_omega * v[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _gmres_normalize_lower_diagonal(H: wp.array2d(dtype=Any)):
+    # normalize lower-diagonal values of Hessenberg matrix
+    i = wp.tid()
+    H[i + 1, i] = wp.sqrt(H[i + 1, i])
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _gmres_solve_least_squares(
+    k: int, pivot_tolerance: float, beta_sq: wp.array(dtype=Any), H: wp.array2d(dtype=Any), y: wp.array(dtype=Any)
+):
+    # Solve H y = (beta, 0, ..., 0)
+    # H Hessenberg matrix of shape (k+1, k)
+
+    # Keeping H in global mem; warp kernels are launched with fixed block size,
+    # so would not fit in registers
+
+    # TODO: switch to native code with thread synchronization
+
+    rhs = wp.sqrt(beta_sq[0])
+
+    # Apply 2x2 rotations to H so as to remove lower diagonal,
+    # and apply similar rotations to right-hand-side
+    max_k = int(k)
+    for i in range(k):
+        Ha = H[i]
+        Hb = H[i + 1]
+
+        # Givens rotation [[c s], [-s c]]
+        a = Ha[i]
+        b = Hb[i]
+        abn_sq = a * a + b * b
+
+        if abn_sq < type(abn_sq)(pivot_tolerance):
+            # Arnoldi iteration finished early
+            max_k = i
+            break
+
+        abn = wp.sqrt(abn_sq)
+        c = a / abn
+        s = b / abn
+
+        # Rotate H
+        for j in range(i, k):
+            a = Ha[j]
+            b = Hb[j]
+            Ha[j] = c * a + s * b
+            Hb[j] = c * b - s * a
+
+        # Rotate rhs
+        y[i] = c * rhs
+        rhs = -s * rhs
+
+    for i in range(max_k, k):
+        y[i] = y.dtype(0.0)
+
+    # Triangular back-solve for y
+    for ii in range(max_k, 0, -1):
+        i = ii - 1
+        Hi = H[i]
+        yi = y[i]
+        for j in range(ii, max_k):
+            yi -= Hi[j] * y[j]
+        y[i] = yi / Hi[i]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _gmres_arnoldi_axpy_kernel(
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    alpha: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    tid = wp.tid()
+    y[tid] -= x[tid] * alpha[0]
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _gmres_arnoldi_normalize_kernel(
+    x: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    y: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+    alpha: wp.array(dtype=Any),
+):
+    tid = wp.tid()
+    y[tid] = wp.select(alpha[0] == alpha.dtype(0.0), x[tid] / wp.sqrt(alpha[0]), x[tid])
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def _gmres_update_x_kernel(k: int, beta: Any, y: wp.array(dtype=Any), V: wp.array2d(dtype=Any), x: wp.array(dtype=Any)):
+    tid = wp.tid()
+
+    xi = beta * x[tid]
+    for j in range(k):
+        xi += V[j, tid] * y[j]
+
+    x[tid] = xi