warp-lang 1.0.2__py3-none-win_amd64.whl → 1.2.0__py3-none-win_amd64.whl

warp/examples/benchmarks/benchmark_api.py

@@ -1,383 +1,381 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2022 NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
-# NVIDIA CORPORATION and its licensors retain all intellectual property
-# and proprietary rights in and to this software, related documentation
-# and any modifications thereto.  Any use, reproduction, disclosure or
-# distribution of this software and related documentation without an express
-# license agreement from NVIDIA CORPORATION is strictly prohibited.
-
-import gc
-import statistics as stats
-import warp as wp
-
-
-ENABLE_MEMPOOLS = False
-ENABLE_PEER_ACCESS = False
-ENABLE_MEMPOOL_ACCESS = False
-ENABLE_MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD = False
-
-MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD = 1024 * 1024 * 1024
-
-DO_SYNC = False
-VERBOSE = False
-USE_NVTX = False
-
-num_elems = 10000
-num_runs = 10000
-trim_runs = 2500
-
-
-@wp.kernel
-def inc_kernel(a: wp.array(dtype=float)):
-    tid = wp.tid()
-    a[tid] = a[tid] + 1.0
-
-
-wp.init()
-
-# configure devices
-for target_device in wp.get_cuda_devices():
-    try:
-        wp.set_mempool_enabled(target_device, ENABLE_MEMPOOLS)
-        if ENABLE_MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD:
-            wp.set_mempool_release_threshold(target_device, MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD)
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"Error: {e}")
-
-    for peer_device in wp.get_cuda_devices():
-        try:
-            wp.set_peer_access_enabled(target_device, peer_device, ENABLE_PEER_ACCESS)
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Error: {e}")
-
-        try:
-            wp.set_mempool_access_enabled(target_device, peer_device, ENABLE_MEMPOOL_ACCESS)
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Error: {e}")
-
-cuda_device_count = wp.get_cuda_device_count()
-
-cuda0 = wp.get_device("cuda:0")
-
-# preallocate some arrays
-arr_host = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device="cpu", pinned=False)
-arr_host_pinned = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device="cpu", pinned=True)
-arr_cuda0 = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
-arr_cuda0_src = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
-arr_cuda0_dst = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
-
-# mgpu support
-if cuda_device_count > 1:
-    cuda1 = wp.get_device("cuda:1")
-    arr_cuda1 = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda1)
-
-stream0 = wp.Stream(cuda0)
-
-# preload module
-wp.force_load(cuda0)
-if cuda_device_count > 1:
-    wp.force_load(cuda1)
-
-# capture graph
-with wp.ScopedDevice(cuda0):
-    wp.capture_begin()
-    wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=arr_cuda0.size, inputs=[arr_cuda0])
-    graph0 = wp.capture_end()
-
-
-g_allocs = [None] * num_runs
-
-
-def test_alloc(num_elems, device, idx):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("alloc", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        g_allocs[idx] = wp.empty(num_elems, dtype=float, device=device)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_free(device, idx):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("free", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        g_allocs[idx] = None
-
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_zeros(num_elems, device, idx):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("zeros", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        g_allocs[idx] = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=device)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_h2d(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("h2d", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_host)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_d2h(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2h", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_host, arr_cuda0)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_h2d_pinned(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("h2d pinned", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_host_pinned)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_d2h_pinned(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2h pinned", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_host_pinned, arr_cuda0)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_d2d(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2d", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_cuda0_dst, arr_cuda0_src)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_p2p(num_elems, src_device, dst_device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("p2p", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_cuda1)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(src_device)
-            wp.synchronize_device(dst_device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_p2p_stream(num_elems, src_device, dst_device):
-    stream = stream0
-
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("p2p stream", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_cuda1, stream=stream)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(src_device)
-            wp.synchronize_device(dst_device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_launch(num_elems, device):
-    a = arr_cuda0
-
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("launch", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=a.size, inputs=[a], device=device)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_launch_stream(num_elems, device):
-    a = arr_cuda0
-    stream = stream0
-
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("launch stream", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=a.size, inputs=[a], stream=stream)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_graph(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("graph", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.capture_launch(graph0)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-def test_graph_stream(num_elems, device):
-    wp.synchronize()
-
-    with wp.ScopedTimer("graph", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
-        wp.capture_launch(graph0, stream=stream0)
-        
-        if DO_SYNC:
-            wp.synchronize_device(device)
-
-    return timer.elapsed
-
-
-alloc_times = [0] * num_runs
-free_times = [0] * num_runs
-zeros_times = [0] * num_runs
-d2h_times = [0] * num_runs
-h2d_times = [0] * num_runs
-d2h_pinned_times = [0] * num_runs
-h2d_pinned_times = [0] * num_runs
-d2d_times = [0] * num_runs
-p2p_times = [0] * num_runs
-p2p_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
-launch_times = [0] * num_runs
-launch_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
-graph_times = [0] * num_runs
-graph_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
-
-wp.set_device(cuda0)
-
-# alloc
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    alloc_times[i] = test_alloc(num_elems, cuda0, i)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# free
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    free_times[i] = test_free(cuda0, i)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# zeros
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    zeros_times[i] = test_zeros(num_elems, cuda0, i)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# free zeros
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    g_allocs[i] = None
-
-# h2d, d2h pageable copy
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    h2d_times[i] = test_h2d(num_elems, cuda0)
-    d2h_times[i] = test_d2h(num_elems, cuda0)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# h2d, d2h pinned copy
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    h2d_pinned_times[i] = test_h2d_pinned(num_elems, cuda0)
-    d2h_pinned_times[i] = test_d2h_pinned(num_elems, cuda0)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# d2d copy
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    d2d_times[i] = test_d2d(num_elems, cuda0)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# p2p copy
-if cuda_device_count > 1:
-    for i in range(num_runs):
-        gc.disable()
-        p2p_times[i] = test_p2p(num_elems, cuda1, cuda0)
-        p2p_stream_times[i] = test_p2p_stream(num_elems, cuda1, cuda0)
-        gc.enable()
-
-# launch
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    launch_times[i] = test_launch(num_elems, cuda0)
-    launch_stream_times[i] = test_launch_stream(num_elems, cuda0)
-    gc.enable()
-
-# graph
-for i in range(num_runs):
-    gc.disable()
-    graph_times[i] = test_graph(num_elems, cuda0)
-    graph_stream_times[i] = test_graph_stream(num_elems, cuda0)
-    gc.enable()
-
-
-def print_stat(name, data, trim=trim_runs):
-    assert(len(data) - 2 * trim > 0)
-    if trim > 0:
-        data = sorted(data)[trim:-trim]
-    print(f"{name:15s} {1000000 * stats.mean(data):.0f}")
-
-
-print("=========================")
-print_stat("Alloc", alloc_times)
-print_stat("Free", free_times)
-print_stat("Zeros", zeros_times)
-print_stat("H2D", h2d_times)
-print_stat("D2H", d2h_times)
-print_stat("H2D pinned", h2d_pinned_times)
-print_stat("D2H pinned", d2h_pinned_times)
-print_stat("D2D", d2d_times)
-print_stat("P2P", p2p_times)
-print_stat("P2P stream", p2p_stream_times)
-print_stat("Launch", launch_times)
-print_stat("Launch stream", launch_stream_times)
-print_stat("Graph", graph_times)
-print_stat("Graph stream", graph_stream_times)
-
-
-# ========= profiling ==========
-
-# from pyinstrument import Profiler
-# profiler = Profiler()
-# profiler.start()
-# for i in range(10):
-#     # test_alloc(num_elems, cuda0)
-#     # test_h2d(num_elems, cuda0)
-#     test_p2p(num_elems, cuda0, cuda1)
-# profiler.stop()
-# print(profiler.output_text(show_all=True))
+# Copyright (c) 2022 NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
+# NVIDIA CORPORATION and its licensors retain all intellectual property
+# and proprietary rights in and to this software, related documentation
+# and any modifications thereto.  Any use, reproduction, disclosure or
+# distribution of this software and related documentation without an express
+# license agreement from NVIDIA CORPORATION is strictly prohibited.
+
+import gc
+import statistics as stats
+
+import warp as wp
+
+ENABLE_MEMPOOLS = False
+ENABLE_PEER_ACCESS = False
+ENABLE_MEMPOOL_ACCESS = False
+ENABLE_MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD = False
+
+MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD = 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+
+DO_SYNC = False
+VERBOSE = False
+USE_NVTX = False
+
+num_elems = 10000
+num_runs = 10000
+trim_runs = 2500
+
+
+@wp.kernel
+def inc_kernel(a: wp.array(dtype=float)):
+    tid = wp.tid()
+    a[tid] = a[tid] + 1.0
+
+
+# configure devices
+for target_device in wp.get_cuda_devices():
+    try:
+        wp.set_mempool_enabled(target_device, ENABLE_MEMPOOLS)
+        if ENABLE_MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD:
+            wp.set_mempool_release_threshold(target_device, MEMPOOL_RELEASE_THRESHOLD)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error: {e}")
+
+    for peer_device in wp.get_cuda_devices():
+        try:
+            wp.set_peer_access_enabled(target_device, peer_device, ENABLE_PEER_ACCESS)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error: {e}")
+
+        try:
+            wp.set_mempool_access_enabled(target_device, peer_device, ENABLE_MEMPOOL_ACCESS)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error: {e}")
+
+cuda_device_count = wp.get_cuda_device_count()
+
+cuda0 = wp.get_device("cuda:0")
+
+# preallocate some arrays
+arr_host = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device="cpu", pinned=False)
+arr_host_pinned = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device="cpu", pinned=True)
+arr_cuda0 = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
+arr_cuda0_src = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
+arr_cuda0_dst = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda0)
+
+# mgpu support
+if cuda_device_count > 1:
+    cuda1 = wp.get_device("cuda:1")
+    arr_cuda1 = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=cuda1)
+
+stream0 = wp.Stream(cuda0)
+
+# preload module
+wp.force_load(cuda0)
+if cuda_device_count > 1:
+    wp.force_load(cuda1)
+
+# capture graph
+with wp.ScopedDevice(cuda0):
+    wp.capture_begin()
+    wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=arr_cuda0.size, inputs=[arr_cuda0])
+    graph0 = wp.capture_end()
+
+
+g_allocs = [None] * num_runs
+
+
+def test_alloc(num_elems, device, idx):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("alloc", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        g_allocs[idx] = wp.empty(num_elems, dtype=float, device=device)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_free(device, idx):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("free", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        g_allocs[idx] = None
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_zeros(num_elems, device, idx):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("zeros", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        g_allocs[idx] = wp.zeros(num_elems, dtype=float, device=device)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_h2d(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("h2d", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_host)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_d2h(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2h", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_host, arr_cuda0)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_h2d_pinned(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("h2d pinned", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_host_pinned)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_d2h_pinned(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2h pinned", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_host_pinned, arr_cuda0)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_d2d(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("d2d", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_cuda0_dst, arr_cuda0_src)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_p2p(num_elems, src_device, dst_device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("p2p", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_cuda1)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(src_device)
+            wp.synchronize_device(dst_device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_p2p_stream(num_elems, src_device, dst_device):
+    stream = stream0
+
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("p2p stream", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.copy(arr_cuda0, arr_cuda1, stream=stream)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(src_device)
+            wp.synchronize_device(dst_device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_launch(num_elems, device):
+    a = arr_cuda0
+
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("launch", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=a.size, inputs=[a], device=device)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_launch_stream(num_elems, device):
+    a = arr_cuda0
+    stream = stream0
+
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("launch stream", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.launch(inc_kernel, dim=a.size, inputs=[a], stream=stream)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_graph(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("graph", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.capture_launch(graph0)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+def test_graph_stream(num_elems, device):
+    wp.synchronize()
+
+    with wp.ScopedTimer("graph", print=VERBOSE, use_nvtx=USE_NVTX) as timer:
+        wp.capture_launch(graph0, stream=stream0)
+
+        if DO_SYNC:
+            wp.synchronize_device(device)
+
+    return timer.elapsed
+
+
+alloc_times = [0] * num_runs
+free_times = [0] * num_runs
+zeros_times = [0] * num_runs
+d2h_times = [0] * num_runs
+h2d_times = [0] * num_runs
+d2h_pinned_times = [0] * num_runs
+h2d_pinned_times = [0] * num_runs
+d2d_times = [0] * num_runs
+p2p_times = [0] * num_runs
+p2p_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
+launch_times = [0] * num_runs
+launch_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
+graph_times = [0] * num_runs
+graph_stream_times = [0] * num_runs
+
+wp.set_device(cuda0)
+
+# alloc
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    alloc_times[i] = test_alloc(num_elems, cuda0, i)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# free
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    free_times[i] = test_free(cuda0, i)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# zeros
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    zeros_times[i] = test_zeros(num_elems, cuda0, i)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# free zeros
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    g_allocs[i] = None
+
+# h2d, d2h pageable copy
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    h2d_times[i] = test_h2d(num_elems, cuda0)
+    d2h_times[i] = test_d2h(num_elems, cuda0)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# h2d, d2h pinned copy
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    h2d_pinned_times[i] = test_h2d_pinned(num_elems, cuda0)
+    d2h_pinned_times[i] = test_d2h_pinned(num_elems, cuda0)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# d2d copy
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    d2d_times[i] = test_d2d(num_elems, cuda0)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# p2p copy
+if cuda_device_count > 1:
+    for i in range(num_runs):
+        gc.disable()
+        p2p_times[i] = test_p2p(num_elems, cuda1, cuda0)
+        p2p_stream_times[i] = test_p2p_stream(num_elems, cuda1, cuda0)
+        gc.enable()
+
+# launch
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    launch_times[i] = test_launch(num_elems, cuda0)
+    launch_stream_times[i] = test_launch_stream(num_elems, cuda0)
+    gc.enable()
+
+# graph
+for i in range(num_runs):
+    gc.disable()
+    graph_times[i] = test_graph(num_elems, cuda0)
+    graph_stream_times[i] = test_graph_stream(num_elems, cuda0)
+    gc.enable()
+
+
+def print_stat(name, data, trim=trim_runs):
+    assert len(data) - 2 * trim > 0
+    if trim > 0:
+        data = sorted(data)[trim:-trim]
+    print(f"{name:15s} {1000000 * stats.mean(data):.0f}")
+
+
+print("=========================")
+print_stat("Alloc", alloc_times)
+print_stat("Free", free_times)
+print_stat("Zeros", zeros_times)
+print_stat("H2D", h2d_times)
+print_stat("D2H", d2h_times)
+print_stat("H2D pinned", h2d_pinned_times)
+print_stat("D2H pinned", d2h_pinned_times)
+print_stat("D2D", d2d_times)
+print_stat("P2P", p2p_times)
+print_stat("P2P stream", p2p_stream_times)
+print_stat("Launch", launch_times)
+print_stat("Launch stream", launch_stream_times)
+print_stat("Graph", graph_times)
+print_stat("Graph stream", graph_stream_times)
+
+
+# ========= profiling ==========
+
+# from pyinstrument import Profiler
+# profiler = Profiler()
+# profiler.start()
+# for i in range(10):
+#     # test_alloc(num_elems, cuda0)
+#     # test_h2d(num_elems, cuda0)
+#     test_p2p(num_elems, cuda0, cuda1)
+# profiler.stop()
+# print(profiler.output_text(show_all=True))