passagemath-schemes 10.6.47__cp312-cp312-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/local_comp/local_comp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.pari
+r"""
+Local components of modular forms
+
+If `f` is a (new, cuspidal, normalised) modular eigenform, then one can
+associate to `f` an *automorphic representation* `\pi_f` of the group
+`\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbf{A})` (where `\mathbf{A}` is the adele ring of
+`\QQ`). This object factors as a restricted tensor product of components
+`\pi_{f, v}` for each place of `\QQ`. These are infinite-dimensional
+representations, but they are specified by a finite amount of data, and this
+module provides functions which determine a description of the local factor
+`\pi_{f, p}` at a finite prime `p`.
+
+The functions in this module are based on the algorithms described in
+[LW2012]_.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Loeffler
+- Jared Weinstein
+"""
+
+try:
+    from typing import Self  # type: ignore (Python >= 3.11)
+except ImportError:
+    from typing_extensions import Self  # type: ignore (Python 3.10)
+
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.flatten import flatten
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.verbose import verbose
+from sage.modular.modform.element import Newform
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygen
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+
+lazy_import('sage.rings.qqbar', 'QQbar')
+
+from .smoothchar import (
+    SmoothCharacterGroupQp,
+    SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic,
+    SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic,
+)
+from .type_space import TypeSpace
+
+
+def LocalComponent(f, p, twist_factor=None):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the local component at the prime `p` of the automorphic
+    representation attached to the newform `f`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- (:class:`~sage.modular.modform.element.Newform`) a newform of weight `k \ge 2`
+    - ``p`` -- integer; prime
+    - ``twist_factor`` -- integer congruent to `k` modulo 2 (default: `k - 2`)
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The argument ``twist_factor`` determines the choice of normalisation: if it is
+        set to `j \in \ZZ`, then the central character of `\pi_{f, \ell}` maps `\ell`
+        to `\ell^j \varepsilon(\ell)` for almost all `\ell`, where `\varepsilon` is the
+        Nebentypus character of `f`.
+
+        In the analytic theory it is conventional to take `j = 0` (the "Langlands
+        normalisation"), so the representation `\pi_f` is unitary; however, this is
+        inconvenient for `k` odd, since in this case one needs to choose a square root of `p`
+        and thus the map `f \to \pi_{f}` is not Galois-equivariant. Hence we use, by default, the
+        "Hecke normalisation" given by `j = k - 2`. This is also the most natural normalisation
+        from the perspective of modular symbols.
+
+        We also adopt a slightly unusual definition of the principal series: we
+        define `\pi(\chi_1, \chi_2)` to be the induction from the Borel subgroup of
+        the character of the maximal torus `\begin{pmatrix} x & \\ & y
+        \end{pmatrix} \mapsto \chi_1(a) \chi_2(b) |a|`, so its central character is
+        `z \mapsto \chi_1(z) \chi_2(z) |z|`. Thus `\chi_1 \chi_2` is the
+        restriction to `\QQ_p^\times` of the unique character of the id\'ele class
+        group mapping `\ell` to `\ell^{k-1} \varepsilon(\ell)` for almost all `\ell`.
+        This has the property that the *set* `\{\chi_1, \chi_2\}` also depends
+        Galois-equivariantly on `f`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newform('49a'), 7); Pi
+        Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_7) with conductor 7^2
+        sage: Pi.central_character()
+        Character of Q_7*, of level 0, mapping 7 |--> 1
+        sage: Pi.species()
+        'Supercuspidal'
+        sage: Pi.characters()
+        [Character of unramified extension Q_7(s)* (s^2 + 6*s + 3 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -d, 7 |--> 1,
+         Character of unramified extension Q_7(s)* (s^2 + 6*s + 3 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> d, 7 |--> 1]
+    """
+    p = ZZ(p)
+    if not p.is_prime():
+        raise ValueError( "p must be prime" )
+    if not isinstance(f, Newform):
+        raise TypeError( "f (=%s of type %s) should be a Newform object" % (f, type(f)) )
+
+    r = f.level().valuation(p)
+    if twist_factor is None:
+        twist_factor = ZZ(f.weight() - 2)
+    else:
+        twist_factor = ZZ(twist_factor)
+    if r == 0:
+        return UnramifiedPrincipalSeries(f, p, twist_factor)
+    c = ZZ(f.character().conductor()).valuation(p)
+    if f[p] != 0:
+        if c == r:
+            return PrimitivePrincipalSeries(f, p, twist_factor)
+        if c == 0 and r == 1:
+            return PrimitiveSpecial(f, p, twist_factor)
+
+    g, chi = f.minimal_twist(p)
+    if g == f:
+        return PrimitiveSupercuspidal(f, p, twist_factor)
+
+    mintwist = LocalComponent(g, p, twist_factor)
+    return ImprimitiveLocalComponent(f, p, twist_factor, mintwist, chi)
+
+
+class LocalComponentBase(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    Base class for local components of newforms. Not to be directly instantiated; use the :func:`~LocalComponent` constructor function.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, newform, prime, twist_factor):
+        r"""
+        Standard initialisation function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('49a'), 7) # indirect doctest
+            Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_7) with conductor 7^2
+        """
+        self._p = prime
+        self._f = newform
+        self._twist_factor = twist_factor
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def species(self):
+        r"""
+        The species of this local component, which is either 'Principal
+        Series', 'Special' or 'Supercuspidal'.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp import LocalComponentBase
+            sage: LocalComponentBase(Newform('50a'), 3, 0).species()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method species at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def check_tempered(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this representation is quasi-tempered, i.e. `\pi \otimes
+        |\det|^{j/2}` is tempered. It is well known that local components of
+        modular forms are *always* tempered, so this serves as a useful check
+        on our computations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp import LocalComponentBase
+            sage: LocalComponentBase(Newform('50a'), 3, 0).check_tempered()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method check_tempered at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 5)._repr_()
+            'Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_5) with conductor 5^2'
+        """
+        return "Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_%s) with conductor %s^%s" % (self.prime(), self.prime(), self.conductor())
+
+    def newform(self):
+        r"""
+        The newform of which this is a local component.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 5).newform()
+            q - q^2 + q^3 + q^4 + O(q^6)
+        """
+        return self._f
+
+    def prime(self):
+        r"""
+        The prime at which this is a local component.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 5).prime()
+            5
+        """
+        return self._p
+
+    def conductor(self):
+        r"""
+        The smallest `r` such that this representation has a nonzero vector fixed by the subgroup
+        `\begin{pmatrix} * & * \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \pmod{p^r}`. This is equal to the power of `p` dividing the level of the corresponding newform.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 5).conductor()
+            2
+        """
+        return self.newform().level().valuation(self.prime())
+
+    def coefficient_field(self):
+        r"""
+        The field `K` over which this representation is defined. This is the field generated by the Hecke eigenvalues of the corresponding newform (over whatever base ring the newform is created).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(50)[0], 3).coefficient_field()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(Gamma1(10), 3, base_ring=QQbar)[0], 5).coefficient_field()
+            Algebraic Field
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(DirichletGroup(5).0, 7,names='c')[0], 5).coefficient_field()
+            Number Field in c0 with defining polynomial x^2 + (5*zeta4 + 5)*x - 88*zeta4 over its base field
+        """
+        return self.newform().hecke_eigenvalue_field()
+
+    def twist_factor(self):
+        r"""
+        The unique `j` such that `\begin{pmatrix} p & 0 \\ 0 & p\end{pmatrix}`
+        acts as multiplication by `p^j` times a root of unity.
+
+        There are various conventions for this; see the documentation of the
+        :func:`~LocalComponent` constructor function for more information.
+
+        The twist factor should have the same parity as the weight of the form,
+        since otherwise the map sending `f` to its local component won't be
+        Galois equivariant.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(50)[0], 3).twist_factor()
+            0
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(50)[0], 3, twist_factor=173).twist_factor()
+            173
+        """
+        return self._twist_factor
+
+    def central_character(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the central character of this representation. This is the
+        restriction to `\QQ_p^\times` of the unique smooth character `\omega`
+        of `\mathbf{A}^\times / \QQ^\times` such that `\omega(\varpi_\ell) =
+        \ell^j \varepsilon(\ell)` for all primes `\ell \nmid Np`, where
+        `\varpi_\ell` is a uniformiser at `\ell`, `\varepsilon` is the
+        Nebentypus character of the newform `f`, and `j` is the twist factor
+        (see the documentation for :func:`~LocalComponent`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('27a'), 3).central_character()
+            Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> 1
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(Gamma1(5), 5, names='c')[0], 5).central_character()
+            Character of Q_5*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> c0 + 1, 5 |--> 125
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(DirichletGroup(24)([1, -1,-1]), 3, names='a')[0], 2).central_character()
+            Character of Q_2*, of level 3, mapping 7 |--> 1, 5 |--> -1, 2 |--> -2
+        """
+        G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), self.coefficient_field())
+        eps = G.from_dirichlet(self.newform().character())
+        return eps / G.norm_character()**self.twist_factor()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Comparison function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newform("50a"), 5)
+            sage: Pi == LocalComponent(Newform("50a"), 3)
+            False
+            sage: Pi == LocalComponent(Newform("50b"), 5)
+            False
+            sage: Pi == QQ
+            False
+            sage: Pi == None
+            False
+            sage: Pi == loads(dumps(Pi))
+            True
+        """
+        return (isinstance(other, LocalComponentBase)
+                and self.prime() == other.prime()
+                and self.newform() == other.newform()
+                and self.twist_factor() == other.twist_factor())
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``self != other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newform("50a"), 5)
+            sage: Pi != LocalComponent(Newform("50a"), 3)
+            True
+            sage: Pi != LocalComponent(Newform("50b"), 5)
+            True
+            sage: Pi != QQ
+            True
+            sage: Pi != None
+            True
+            sage: Pi != loads(dumps(Pi))
+            False
+        """
+        return not (self == other)
+
+
+class PrimitiveLocalComponent(LocalComponentBase):
+    r"""
+    Base class for primitive (twist-minimal) local components.
+    """
+
+    def is_primitive(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this local component is primitive (has minimal level
+        among its character twists).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Newform("50a").local_component(5).is_primitive()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def minimal_twist(self) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Return a twist of this local component which has the minimal possible
+        conductor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = Newform("50a").local_component(5)
+            sage: Pi.minimal_twist() == Pi
+            True
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class PrincipalSeries(PrimitiveLocalComponent):
+    r"""
+    A principal series representation. This is an abstract base class, not to
+    be instantiated directly; see the subclasses
+    :class:`~UnramifiedPrincipalSeries` and :class:`~PrimitivePrincipalSeries`.
+    """
+
+    def species(self):
+        r"""
+        The species of this local component, which is either 'Principal
+        Series', 'Special' or 'Supercuspidal'.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 3).species()
+            'Principal Series'
+        """
+        return "Principal Series"
+
+    def check_tempered(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this representation is tempered (after twisting by
+        `|\det|^{j/2}`), i.e. that `|\chi_1(p)| = |\chi_2(p)| = p^{(j + 1)/2}`.
+        This follows from the Ramanujan--Petersson conjecture, as proved by
+        Deligne.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('49a'), 3).check_tempered()
+        """
+        c1, c2 = self.characters()
+        K = c1.base_ring()
+        p = self.prime()
+        w = QQbar(p)**((1 + self.twist_factor()) / 2)
+        for sigma in K.embeddings(QQbar):
+            assert sigma(c1(p)).abs() == sigma(c2(p)).abs() == w
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the two characters `(\chi_1, \chi_2)` such this representation
+        `\pi_{f, p}` is equal to the principal series `\pi(\chi_1, \chi_2)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp import PrincipalSeries
+            sage: PrincipalSeries(Newform('50a'), 3, 0).characters()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method characters at ...>
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class UnramifiedPrincipalSeries(PrincipalSeries):
+    r"""
+    An unramified principal series representation of `{\rm GL}_2(\QQ_p)`
+    (corresponding to a form whose level is not divisible by `p`).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newform('50a'), 3)
+        sage: Pi.conductor()
+        0
+        sage: type(Pi)
+        <class 'sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp.UnramifiedPrincipalSeries'>
+        sage: TestSuite(Pi).run()
+    """
+
+    def satake_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Satake polynomial of this representation, i.e.~the polynomial whose roots are `\chi_1(p), \chi_2(p)`
+        where this representation is `\pi(\chi_1, \chi_2)`. Concretely, this is the polynomial
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            X^2 - p^{(j - k + 2)/2} a_p(f) X + p^{j + 1} \varepsilon(p)`.
+
+        An error will be raised if `j \ne k \bmod 2`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('11a'), 17).satake_polynomial()
+            X^2 + 2*X + 17
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('11a'), 17, twist_factor = -2).satake_polynomial()
+            X^2 + 2/17*X + 1/17
+        """
+        p = self.prime()
+        return PolynomialRing(self.coefficient_field(), 'X')([
+                self.central_character()(p)*p,
+                -self.newform()[p] * p**((self.twist_factor() - self.newform().weight() + 2)/2),
+                1
+              ])
+
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the two characters `(\chi_1, \chi_2)` such this representation
+        `\pi_{f, p}` is equal to the principal series `\pi(\chi_1, \chi_2)`.
+        These are the unramified characters mapping `p` to the roots of the Satake polynomial,
+        so in most cases (but not always) they will be defined over an
+        extension of the coefficient field of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('11a'), 17).characters()
+            [Character of Q_17*, of level 0, mapping 17 |--> d,
+             Character of Q_17*, of level 0, mapping 17 |--> -d - 2]
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(Gamma1(5), 6, names='a')[1], 3).characters()
+            [Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> -3/2*a1 + 12,
+             Character of Q_3*, of level 0, mapping 3 |--> -3/2*a1 - 12]
+        """
+        f = self.satake_polynomial()
+        if not f.is_irreducible():
+            # This can happen; see the second example above
+            d = f.roots()[0][0]
+        else:
+            d = self.coefficient_field().extension(f, 'd').gen()
+        G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), d.parent())
+        return Sequence([G.character(0, [d]), G.character(0, [self.newform()[self.prime()] - d])], cr=True, universe=G)
+
+
+class PrimitivePrincipalSeries(PrincipalSeries):
+    r"""
+    A ramified principal series of the form `\pi(\chi_1, \chi_2)`
+    where `\chi_1` is unramified but `\chi_2` is not.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newforms(Gamma1(13), 2, names='a')[0], 13)
+        sage: type(Pi)
+        <class 'sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp.PrimitivePrincipalSeries'>
+        sage: TestSuite(Pi).run()
+    """
+
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the two characters `(\chi_1, \chi_2)` such that the local component `\pi_{f, p}` is the induction of the character `\chi_1 \times \chi_2` of the Borel subgroup.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newforms(Gamma1(13), 2, names='a')[0], 13).characters()
+            [Character of Q_13*, of level 0, mapping 13 |--> 3*a0 + 2,
+             Character of Q_13*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> a0 + 2, 13 |--> -3*a0 - 7]
+        """
+        G = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), self.coefficient_field())
+        t = ZZ((self.newform().weight() - 2 - self.twist_factor()) / 2)
+        chi1 = G.character(0, [self.newform()[self.prime()]]) * G.norm_character()**t
+        chi2 = G.character(0, [self.prime()]) * self.central_character() / chi1
+        return Sequence([chi1, chi2], cr=True, universe=G)
+
+
+class PrimitiveSpecial(PrimitiveLocalComponent):
+    r"""
+    A primitive special representation: that is, the Steinberg representation
+    twisted by an unramified character. All such representations have conductor
+    1.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newform('37a'), 37)
+        sage: Pi.species()
+        'Special'
+        sage: Pi.conductor()
+        1
+        sage: type(Pi)
+        <class 'sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp.PrimitiveSpecial'>
+        sage: TestSuite(Pi).run()
+    """
+
+    def species(self):
+        r"""
+        The species of this local component, which is either 'Principal
+        Series', 'Special' or 'Supercuspidal'.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('37a'), 37).species()
+            'Special'
+        """
+        return "Special"
+
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the defining characters of this representation. In this case, it
+        will return the unique unramified character `\chi` of `\QQ_p^\times`
+        such that this representation is equal to `\mathrm{St} \otimes \chi`,
+        where `\mathrm{St}` is the Steinberg representation (defined as the
+        quotient of the parabolic induction of the trivial character by its
+        trivial subrepresentation).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Our first example is the newform corresponding to an elliptic curve of
+        conductor `37`. This is the nontrivial quadratic twist of Steinberg,
+        corresponding to the fact that the elliptic curve has non-split
+        multiplicative reduction at 37::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('37a'), 37).characters()
+            [Character of Q_37*, of level 0, mapping 37 |--> -1]
+
+        We try an example in odd weight, where the central character isn't
+        trivial::
+
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newforms(DirichletGroup(21)([-1, 1]), 3, names='j')[0], 7); Pi.characters()
+            [Character of Q_7*, of level 0, mapping 7 |--> -1/2*j0^2 - 7/2]
+            sage: Pi.characters()[0] ^2 == Pi.central_character()
+            True
+
+        An example using a non-standard twist factor::
+
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newforms(DirichletGroup(21)([-1, 1]), 3, names='j')[0], 7, twist_factor=3); Pi.characters()
+            [Character of Q_7*, of level 0, mapping 7 |--> -7/2*j0^2 - 49/2]
+            sage: Pi.characters()[0]^2 == Pi.central_character()
+            True
+        """
+
+        return [SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), self.coefficient_field()).character(0, [self.newform()[self.prime()] * self.prime() ** ((self.twist_factor() - self.newform().weight() + 2)/2)])]
+
+    def check_tempered(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this representation is tempered (after twisting by
+        `|\det|^{j/2}` where `j` is the twist factor). Since local components
+        of modular forms are always tempered, this is a useful check on our
+        calculations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(Newforms(DirichletGroup(21)([-1, 1]), 3, names='j')[0], 7)
+            sage: Pi.check_tempered()
+        """
+        c1 = self.characters()[0]
+        K = c1.base_ring()
+        p = self.prime()
+        w = QQbar(p)**(self.twist_factor() / ZZ(2))
+        for sigma in K.embeddings(QQbar):
+            assert sigma(c1(p)).abs() == w
+
+
+class PrimitiveSupercuspidal(PrimitiveLocalComponent):
+    r"""
+    A primitive supercuspidal representation.
+
+    Except for some exceptional cases when `p = 2` which we do not implement
+    here, such representations are parametrized by smooth characters of tamely
+    ramified quadratic extensions of `\QQ_p`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: f = Newform("50a")
+        sage: Pi = LocalComponent(f, 5)
+        sage: type(Pi)
+        <class 'sage.modular.local_comp.local_comp.PrimitiveSupercuspidal'>
+        sage: Pi.species()
+        'Supercuspidal'
+        sage: TestSuite(Pi).run()
+    """
+
+    def species(self):
+        r"""
+        The species of this local component, which is either 'Principal
+        Series', 'Special' or 'Supercuspidal'.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('49a'), 7).species()
+            'Supercuspidal'
+        """
+        return "Supercuspidal"
+
+    @cached_method
+    def type_space(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a :class:`~sage.modular.local_comp.type_space.TypeSpace` object
+        describing the (homological) type space of this newform, which we know
+        is dual to the type space of the local component.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('49a'), 7).type_space()
+            6-dimensional type space at prime 7 of form q + q^2 - q^4 + O(q^6)
+        """
+        return TypeSpace(self.newform(), self.prime())
+
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the two conjugate characters of `K^\times`, where `K` is some
+        quadratic extension of `\QQ_p`, defining this representation. An error
+        will be raised in some 2-adic cases, since not all 2-adic supercuspidal
+        representations arise in this way.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The first example from [LW2012]_::
+
+            sage: f = Newform('50a')
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(f, 5)
+            sage: chars = Pi.characters(); chars
+            [Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -d - 1, 5 |--> 1,
+             Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> d, 5 |--> 1]
+            sage: chars[0].base_ring()
+            Number Field in d with defining polynomial x^2 + x + 1
+
+        These characters are interchanged by the Frobenius automorphism of `\GF{25}`::
+
+            sage: chars[0] == chars[1]**5
+            True
+
+        A more complicated example (higher weight and nontrivial central character)::
+
+            sage: f = Newforms(GammaH(25, [6]), 3, names='j')[0]; f
+            q + j0*q^2 + 1/3*j0^3*q^3 - 1/3*j0^2*q^4 + O(q^6)
+            sage: Pi = LocalComponent(f, 5)
+            sage: Pi.characters()
+            [Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> 1/3*j0^2*d - 1/3*j0^3, 5 |--> 5,
+             Character of unramified extension Q_5(s)* (s^2 + 4*s + 2 = 0), of level 1, mapping s |--> -1/3*j0^2*d, 5 |--> 5]
+            sage: Pi.characters()[0].base_ring()
+            Number Field in d with defining polynomial x^2 - j0*x + 1/3*j0^2 over its base field
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The above output isn't actually the same as in Example 2 of
+            [LW2012]_, due to an error in the published paper (correction
+            pending) -- the published paper has the inverses of the above
+            characters.
+
+        A higher level example::
+
+            sage: f = Newform('81a', names='j'); f
+            q + j0*q^2 + q^4 - j0*q^5 + O(q^6)
+            sage: LocalComponent(f, 3).characters()  # long time (12s on sage.math, 2012)
+            [Character of unramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 + 2*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping -2*s |--> -2*d + j0, 4 |--> 1, 3*s + 1 |--> -j0*d + 1, 3 |--> 1,
+             Character of unramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 + 2*s + 2 = 0), of level 2, mapping -2*s |--> 2*d - j0, 4 |--> 1, 3*s + 1 |--> j0*d - 2, 3 |--> 1]
+
+        Some ramified examples::
+
+            sage: Newform('27a').local_component(3).characters()
+            [Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 6 = 0), of level 2, mapping 2 |--> 1, s + 1 |--> -d, s |--> -1,
+             Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 6 = 0), of level 2, mapping 2 |--> 1, s + 1 |--> d - 1, s |--> -1]
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform('54a'), 3, twist_factor=4).characters()
+            [Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 3 = 0), of level 2, mapping 2 |--> 1, s + 1 |--> -1/9*d, s |--> -9,
+             Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 3 = 0), of level 2, mapping 2 |--> 1, s + 1 |--> 1/9*d - 1, s |--> -9]
+
+        A 2-adic non-example::
+
+            sage: Newform('24a').local_component(2).characters()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Totally ramified 2-adic representations are not classified by characters
+
+        Examples where `K^\times / \QQ_p^\times` is not topologically cyclic
+        (which complicates the computations greatly)::
+
+            sage: Newforms(DirichletGroup(64, QQ).1, 2, names='a')[0].local_component(2).characters() # long time, random
+            [
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 3,
+              mapping s |--> 1, 2*s + 1 |--> 1/2*a0, 4*s + 1 |--> 1, -1 |--> 1, 2 |--> 1,
+            Character of unramified extension Q_2(s)* (s^2 + s + 1 = 0), of level 3,
+              mapping s |--> 1, 2*s + 1 |--> 1/2*a0, 4*s + 1 |--> -1, -1 |--> 1, 2 |--> 1
+            ]
+            sage: Newform('243a',names='a').local_component(3).characters() # long time
+            [Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 6 = 0), of level 4, mapping -2*s - 1 |--> -d - 1, 4 |--> 1, 3*s + 1 |--> -d - 1, s |--> 1,
+             Character of ramified extension Q_3(s)* (s^2 - 6 = 0), of level 4, mapping -2*s - 1 |--> d, 4 |--> 1, 3*s + 1 |--> d, s |--> 1]
+        """
+        T = self.type_space()
+        p = self.prime()
+        if self.conductor() % 2 == 0:
+
+            G = SmoothCharacterGroupUnramifiedQuadratic(self.prime(), self.coefficient_field())
+            n = self.conductor() // 2
+
+            gs = G.quotient_gens(n)
+            g = gs[-1]
+
+            assert g.valuation(G.ideal(1)) == 0
+            m = g.matrix().change_ring(ZZ).list()
+            tr = (~T.rho(m)).trace()
+
+            # The inverse is needed here because T is the *homological* type space,
+            # which is dual to the cohomological one that defines the local component.
+
+            X = polygen(self.coefficient_field())
+            theta_poly = X**2 - (-1)**n*tr*X + self.central_character()(g.norm())
+            verbose("theta_poly for %s is %s" % (g, theta_poly), level=1)
+            if theta_poly.is_irreducible():
+                F = self.coefficient_field().extension(theta_poly, "d")
+                G = G.base_extend(F)
+
+            # roots with repetitions allowed
+            gvals = flatten([[y[0]]*y[1] for y in theta_poly.roots(G.base_ring())])
+
+            if len(gs) == 1:
+                # This is always the case if p != 2
+                chi1, chi2 = (G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [x]) for x in gvals)
+            else:
+                # 2-adic cases, conductor >= 64. Here life is complicated
+                # because the quotient (O_K* / p^n)^* / (image of Z_2^*) is not
+                # cyclic.
+                g0 = gs[0]
+                try:
+                    G._reduce_Qp(1, g0)
+                    raise ArithmeticError("Bad generators returned")
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+
+                tr = (~T.rho(g0.matrix().list())).trace()
+                X = polygen(G.base_ring())
+                theta0_poly = X**2 - (-1)**n*tr*X + self.central_character()(g0.norm())
+                verbose("theta_poly for %s is %s" % (g0, theta_poly), level=1)
+                if theta0_poly.is_irreducible():
+                    F = theta0_poly.base_ring().extension(theta_poly, "e")
+                    G = G.base_extend(F)
+                g0vals = flatten([[y[0]]*y[1] for y in theta0_poly.roots(G.base_ring())])
+
+                pairA = [ [g0vals[0], gvals[0]], [g0vals[1], gvals[1]] ]
+                pairB = [ [g0vals[0], gvals[1]], [g0vals[1], gvals[0]] ]
+
+                A_fail = 0
+                B_fail = 0
+                try:
+                    chisA = [G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [y, x]) for (y, x) in pairA]
+                except ValueError:
+                    A_fail = 1
+                try:
+                    chisB = [G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [y, x]) for (y, x) in pairB]
+                except ValueError:
+                    B_fail = 1
+
+                if chisA == chisB or chisA == reversed(chisB):
+                    # repeated roots -- break symmetry arbitrarily
+                    B_fail = 1
+
+                # check the character relation from LW12
+                if (not A_fail and not B_fail):
+                    for x in G.ideal(n).invertible_residues():
+                        try:
+                            # test if G mod p is in Fp
+                            flag = G._reduce_Qp(1, x)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            flag = None
+                        if flag is not None:
+                            verbose("skipping x=%s as congruent to %s mod p" % (x, flag))
+                            continue
+
+                        verbose("testing x = %s" % x, level=1)
+                        ti = (-1)**n * (~T.rho(x.matrix().list())).trace()
+                        verbose("  trace of matrix is %s" % ti, level=1)
+                        if ti != chisA[0](x) + chisA[1](x):
+                            verbose("  chisA FAILED", level=1)
+                            A_fail = 1
+                            break
+                        if ti != chisB[0](x) + chisB[1](x):
+                            verbose("  chisB FAILED", level=1)
+                            B_fail = 1
+                            break
+                        verbose("  Trace identity check works for both", level=1)
+
+                if B_fail and not A_fail:
+                    chi1, chi2 = chisA
+                elif A_fail and not B_fail:
+                    chi1, chi2 = chisB
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Something went wrong: can't identify the characters")
+
+            # Consistency checks
+            assert chi1.restrict_to_Qp() == chi2.restrict_to_Qp() == self.central_character()
+            assert chi1*chi2 == chi1.parent().compose_with_norm(self.central_character())
+
+            return Sequence([chi1, chi2], check=False, cr=True)
+
+        else:
+            # The ramified case.
+
+            n = self.conductor() - 1
+            if p == 2:
+                # The ramified 2-adic representations aren't classified by admissible pairs. Die.
+                raise ValueError("Totally ramified 2-adic representations are not classified by characters")
+
+            G0 = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(p, 0, self.coefficient_field())
+            G1 = SmoothCharacterGroupRamifiedQuadratic(p, 1, self.coefficient_field())
+            q0 = G0.quotient_gens(n)
+            assert all(x.valuation(G0.ideal(1)) == 1 for x in q0)
+            q1 = G1.quotient_gens(n)
+            assert all(x.valuation(G1.ideal(1)) == 1 for x in q1)
+
+            t0 = [(~T.rho(q.matrix().list())).trace() for q in q0]
+            t1 = [(~T.rho(q.matrix().list())).trace() for q in q1]
+
+            if all(x == 0 for x in t0 + t1):
+                # Can't happen?
+                raise NotImplementedError( "Can't identify ramified quadratic extension -- all traces zero" )
+            elif all(x == 0 for x in t1):
+                G, qs, ts = G0, q0, t0
+            elif all(x == 0 for x in t0):
+                G, qs, ts = G1, q1, t1
+            else:
+                # At least one of the traces is *always* 0, since the type
+                # space has to be isomorphic to its twist by the (ramified
+                # quadratic) character corresponding to the quadratic
+                # extension.
+                raise RuntimeError( "Can't get here!" )
+
+            q = qs[0]
+            t = ts[0]
+            k = self.newform().weight()
+            t *= p**ZZ( (k - 2 + self.twist_factor() ) / 2)
+
+            X = polygen(self.coefficient_field())
+            theta_poly = X**2 - X * t + self.central_character()(q.norm())
+            verbose("theta_poly is %s" % theta_poly, level=1)
+            if theta_poly.is_irreducible():
+                F = self.coefficient_field().extension(theta_poly, "d")
+                G = G.base_extend(F)
+            c1q, c2q = flatten([[x]*e for x,e in theta_poly.roots(G.base_ring())])
+
+            if len(qs) == 1:
+                chi1, chi2 = (G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [x]) for x in [c1q, c2q])
+
+            else:
+                assert p == 3
+                q = qs[1]
+                t = ts[1]
+                t *= p**ZZ( (k - 2 + self.twist_factor() ) / 2)
+
+                X = polygen(G.base_ring())
+                theta_poly = X**2 - X * t + self.central_character()(q.norm())
+                verbose("theta_poly is %s" % theta_poly, level=1)
+                if theta_poly.is_irreducible():
+                    F = G.base_ring().extension(theta_poly, "e")
+                    G = G.base_extend(F)
+                c1q2, c2q2 = flatten([[x]*e for x,e in theta_poly.roots(G.base_ring())])
+
+                pairA = [[c1q, c1q2], [c2q, c2q2]]
+                pairB = [[c1q, c2q2], [c2q, c1q2]]
+
+                A_fail = 0
+                B_fail = 0
+                try:
+                    chisA = [G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [x, y]) for (x, y) in pairA]
+                except ValueError:
+                    verbose('A failed to create', level=1)
+                    A_fail = 1
+                try:
+                    chisB = [G.extend_character(n, self.central_character(), [x, y]) for (x, y) in pairB]
+                except ValueError:
+                    verbose('A failed to create', level=1)
+                    B_fail = 1
+
+                if c1q == c2q or c1q2 == c2q2:
+                    B_fail = 1
+
+                for u in G.ideal(n).invertible_residues():
+                    if A_fail or B_fail:
+                        break
+                    x = q*u
+                    verbose("testing x = %s" % x, level=1)
+                    ti = (~T.rho(x.matrix().list())).trace() * p**ZZ((k-2+self.twist_factor())/2)
+                    verbose("trace of matrix is %s" % ti, level=1)
+                    if chisA[0](x) + chisA[1](x) != ti:
+                        A_fail = 1
+                    if chisB[0](x) + chisB[1](x) != ti:
+                        B_fail = 1
+
+                if B_fail and not A_fail:
+                    chi1, chi2 = chisA
+                elif A_fail and not B_fail:
+                    chi1, chi2 = chisB
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Something went wrong: can't identify the characters")
+
+            # Consistency checks
+            assert chi1.restrict_to_Qp() == chi2.restrict_to_Qp() == self.central_character()
+            assert chi1*chi2 == chi1.parent().compose_with_norm(self.central_character())
+
+            return Sequence([chi1, chi2], check=False, cr=True)
+
+    def check_tempered(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this representation is tempered (after twisting by
+        `|\det|^{j/2}` where `j` is the twist factor). Since local components
+        of modular forms are always tempered, this is a useful check on our
+        calculations.
+
+        Since the computation of the characters attached to this representation
+        is not implemented in the odd-conductor case, a NotImplementedError
+        will be raised for such representations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform("50a"), 5).check_tempered()
+            sage: LocalComponent(Newform("27a"), 3).check_tempered()
+        """
+        c1, c2 = self.characters()
+        K = c1.base_ring()
+        p = self.prime()
+        w = QQbar(p)**self.twist_factor()
+        for sigma in K.embeddings(QQbar):
+            assert sigma(c1(p)).abs() == sigma(c2(p)).abs() == w
+
+
+class ImprimitiveLocalComponent(LocalComponentBase):
+    r"""
+    A smooth representation which is not of minimal level among its character
+    twists. Internally, this is stored as a pair consisting of a minimal local
+    component and a character to twist by.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, newform, prime, twist_factor, min_twist, chi):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Newform("45a").local_component(3) # indirect doctest
+            Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_3) with conductor 3^2, twist of representation of conductor 3^1
+        """
+        LocalComponentBase.__init__(self, newform, prime, twist_factor)
+        self._min_twist = min_twist
+        self._chi = chi
+
+    def is_primitive(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this local component is primitive (has minimal level
+        among its character twists).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Newform("45a").local_component(3).is_primitive()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def minimal_twist(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a twist of this local component which has the minimal possible
+        conductor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = Newform("75b").local_component(5)
+            sage: Pi.minimal_twist()
+            Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_5) with conductor 5^1
+        """
+        return self._min_twist
+
+    def twisting_character(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the character giving the minimal twist of this representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = Newform("45a").local_component(3)
+            sage: Pi.twisting_character()
+            Dirichlet character modulo 3 of conductor 3 mapping 2 |--> -1
+        """
+        return self._chi
+
+    def species(self):
+        r"""
+        The species of this local component, which is either 'Principal
+        Series', 'Special' or 'Supercuspidal'.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = Newform("45a").local_component(3)
+            sage: Pi.species()
+            'Special'
+        """
+        return self._min_twist.species()
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Pi = Newform("45a").local_component(3)
+            sage: Pi # indirect doctest
+            Smooth representation of GL_2(Q_3) with conductor 3^2, twist of representation of conductor 3^1
+        """
+        return LocalComponentBase._repr_(self) + ', twist of representation of conductor %s^%s' % (self.prime(), self._min_twist.conductor())
+
+    def characters(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the pair of characters (either of `\QQ_p^*` or of some quadratic
+        extension) corresponding to this representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = [f for f in Newforms(63, 4, names='a') if f[2] == 1][0]
+            sage: f.local_component(3).characters()
+            [Character of Q_3*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> -1, 3 |--> d,
+             Character of Q_3*, of level 1, mapping 2 |--> -1, 3 |--> -d - 2]
+        """
+        minchars = self._min_twist.characters()
+        G = minchars[0].parent()
+        chi = self._chi
+        if self.species() == "Supercuspidal":
+            H = SmoothCharacterGroupQp(self.prime(), chi.base_ring())
+            Hchi = H.from_dirichlet(~chi)
+            Gchi = G.compose_with_norm(Hchi)
+        else:
+            Gchi = G.from_dirichlet(~chi)
+        return Sequence([c*Gchi for c in minchars], cr=True, universe=G)
+
+    def check_tempered(self):
+        r"""
+        Check that this representation is quasi-tempered, i.e. `\pi \otimes
+        |\det|^{j/2}` is tempered. It is well known that local components of
+        modular forms are *always* tempered, so this serves as a useful check
+        on our computations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = [f for f in Newforms(63, 4, names='a') if f[2] == 1][0]
+            sage: f.local_component(3).check_tempered()
+        """
+        self.minimal_twist().check_tempered()