passagemath-schemes 10.6.47__cp312-cp312-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/schemes/curves/plane_curve_arrangement.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Affine and Projective Plane Curve Arrangements
+
+We create classes :class:`AffinePlaneCurveArrangements`
+and :class:`ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements`
+following the properties of :class:`HyperplaneArrangements`::
+
+    sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+    sage: C = H(3*x + 2*y - x^2 + y^3 - 7);  C
+    Arrangement (y^3 - x^2 + 3*x + 2*y - 7) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+
+The individual curves will be in  :class:`AffinePlaneCurve` or in :class:`ProjectivePlaneCurve`::
+
+    sage: C[0].parent()
+    <class 'sage.schemes.curves.affine_curve.IntegralAffinePlaneCurve_with_category'>
+
+The default base field is `\QQ`, the rational numbers.
+Number fields are also possible (also with fixed embeddings in
+`\QQbar`)::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+    sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
+    sage: NF.<a> = NumberField(x^4 - 5 * x^2 + 5, embedding=1.90)
+    sage: H.<y,z> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(NF)
+    sage: A = H(y^2 - a * z, y^2 + a * z); A
+    Arrangement (y^2 + (-a)*z, y^2 + a*z) in Affine Space of dimension 2
+    over Number Field in a with defining polynomial
+    x^4 - 5*x^2 + 5 with a = 1.902113032590308?
+    sage: A.base_ring()
+    Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^4 - 5*x^2 + 5
+    with a = 1.902113032590308?
+
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Enrique Artal (2023-10): initial version
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2023 Enrique Artal <artal@unizar.es>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+from itertools import combinations
+from typing import Any
+
+from sage.categories.sets_cat import Sets
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+from sage.rings.ring import _Fields
+from sage.schemes.affine.affine_space import AffineSpace
+from sage.schemes.curves.affine_curve import AffinePlaneCurve
+from sage.schemes.curves.constructor import Curve
+from sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve import ProjectiveSpace, ProjectivePlaneCurve
+from sage.structure.category_object import normalize_names
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.element import Element
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+lazy_import('sage.groups.free_group', 'FreeGroup')
+lazy_import('sage.schemes.curves.zariski_vankampen', ['braid_monodromy', 'fundamental_group_arrangement'])
+
+
+class PlaneCurveArrangementElement(Element):
+    """
+    An ordered plane curve arrangement.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, curves, check=True) -> None:
+        """
+        Construct a plane curve arrangement.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- the parent :class:`PlaneCurveArrangements`
+
+        - ``curves`` -- tuple of curves
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: elt = H(x, y); elt
+            Arrangement (x, y) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: TestSuite(elt).run()
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: elt = H(x, y); elt
+            Arrangement (x, y) in Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: TestSuite(elt).run()
+        """
+        super().__init__(parent)
+        self._curves = tuple(curves)
+        if check:
+            affine = all(isinstance(h, AffinePlaneCurve) for h in curves)
+            projective = all(isinstance(h, ProjectivePlaneCurve) for h in curves)
+            if not (affine or projective):
+                raise ValueError("not all elements are curves")
+            if not all(h.ambient_space() is parent.ambient_space()
+                       for h in curves):
+                raise ValueError("not all curves are in the same ambient space")
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the `i`-th curve.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H(y^2 - x, y^3 + 2 * x^2, x^4 + y^4 + 1)
+            Arrangement (y^2 - x, y^3 + 2*x^2, x^4 + y^4 + 1)
+            in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._curves[i]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H((x * y, x + y +1)).__hash__()   # random
+            -4938643871296220686
+        """
+        return hash(self.curves())
+
+    def ncurves(self) -> int:
+        r"""
+        Return the number of curves in the arrangement.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H((x * y, x + y + z))
+            sage: h.ncurves()
+            2
+            sage: len(h)    # equivalent
+            2
+        """
+        return len(self._curves)
+
+    __len__ = ncurves
+
+    def curves(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the curves in the arrangement as a tuple.
+
+        OUTPUT: a tuple
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H((x * y, x + y + 1))
+            sage: h.curves()
+            (Affine Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x*y,
+             Affine Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x + y + 1)
+
+        Note that the curves can be indexed as if they were a list::
+
+            sage: h[1]
+            Affine Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x + y + 1
+        """
+        return self._curves
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        String representation for a curve arrangement.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H([x * y, x + y + 1, x^3 - y^5, x^2 * y^2 + x^5 + y^5, (x^2 + y^2)^3 + (x^3 + y^3 - 1)^2])
+            sage: h
+            Arrangement of 5 curves in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: H(())
+            Arrangement () in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H([x * y, x + y + z, x^3 * z^2 - y^5, x^2 * y^2 * z + x^5 + y^5, (x^2 + y^2)^3 + (x^3 + y^3 - z^3)^2])
+            sage: h
+            Arrangement of 5 curves in Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        if not self:
+            return 'Empty curve arrangement in {}'.format(self.parent().ambient_space())
+        elif len(self) < 5:
+            curves = ', '.join(h.defining_polynomial()._repr_()
+                               for h in self._curves)
+            return 'Arrangement ({}) in {}'.format(curves,
+                                                   self.parent().ambient_space())
+        return 'Arrangement of {} curves in {}'.format(len(self),
+                                                       self.parent().ambient_space())
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op) -> bool:
+        """
+        Compare two curve arrangements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H(x) == H(y)
+            False
+            sage: H(x) == H(2 * x)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H(x) == 0
+            False
+        """
+        return richcmp(self._curves, other._curves, op)
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        r"""
+        The union of ``self`` with ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a curve arrangement or something that can
+          be converted into a curve arrangement
+
+        OUTPUT: a new curve arrangement
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H([x * y, x + y + 1, x^3 - y^5, x^2 * y^2 + x^5 + y^5, (x^2 + y^2)^3 + (x^3 + y^3 - 1)^2])
+            sage: C = Curve(x^8 - y^8 -x^4 * y^4)
+            sage: h1 = h.union(C); h1
+            Arrangement of 6 curves in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: h1 == h1.union(C)
+            True
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        other_h = P(other)
+        curves0 = self._curves + other_h._curves
+        curves = []
+        for h in curves0:
+            if h not in curves:
+                curves.append(h)
+        result = P(*curves)
+        return result
+
+    add_curves = union
+
+    __or__ = union
+
+    def deletion(self, curves):
+        r"""
+        Return the curve arrangement obtained by removing ``curves``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``curves`` -- a curve or curve arrangement
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A new curve arrangement with the given curve(s)
+        ``h`` removed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: h = H([x * y, x + y + 1, x^3 - y^5, x^2 * y^2 + x^5 + y^5, (x^2 + y^2)^3 + (x^3 + y^3 - 1)^2])
+            sage: C = h[-1]
+            sage: h.deletion(C)
+            Arrangement (x*y, x + y + 1, -y^5 + x^3, x^5 + y^5 + x^2*y^2)
+            in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: h.deletion(x)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: curve is not in the arrangement
+            """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        curves = parent(curves)
+        planes = list(self)
+        for curve in curves:
+            try:
+                planes.remove(curve)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError('curve is not in the arrangement')
+        return parent(planes)
+
+    def change_ring(self, base_ring):
+        """
+        Return curve arrangement over the new base ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the new base ring; must be a field for
+          curve arrangements
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The curve arrangement obtained by changing the base
+        field, as a new curve arrangement.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 - x^3, x, y, y^2 + x * y + x^2)
+            sage: K.<a> = CyclotomicField(3)
+            sage: A.change_ring(K)
+            Arrangement (-x^3 + y^2, x, y, x^2 + x*y + y^2) in Affine Space of
+            dimension 2 over Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2
+        """
+        parent = self.parent().change_ring(base_ring)
+        curves = tuple(c.change_ring(base_ring) for c in self)
+        return parent(curves)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def coordinate_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the coordinate ring of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: the coordinate ring of the curve arrangement
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: C = L(x, y)
+            sage: C.coordinate_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+            sage: P.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: C = P(x, y)
+            sage: C.coordinate_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self._curves[0].defining_polynomial().parent()
+
+    def defining_polynomials(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the defining polynomials of the elements of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 - x^3, x, y, y^2 + x * y + x^2)
+            sage: A.defining_polynomials()
+            (-x^3 + y^2, x, y, x^2 + x*y + y^2)
+        """
+        return tuple([h.defining_polynomial() for h in self._curves])
+
+    def defining_polynomial(self, simplified=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the defining polynomial of the union of the curves in ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y ** 2 + x ** 2, x, y)
+            sage: prod(A.defining_polynomials()) == A.defining_polynomial()
+            True
+        """
+        return prod(self.defining_polynomials())
+
+    def have_common_factors(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Check if the curves have common factors.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(x * y, x^2 + x* y^3)
+            sage: A.have_common_factors()
+            True
+            sage: H(x * y, x + y^3).have_common_factors()
+            False
+        """
+        L = [c.defining_polynomial() for c in self._curves]
+        C = combinations(L, 2)
+        return any(f1.gcd(f2).degree() > 0 for f1, f2 in C)
+
+    def reduce(self, clean=False, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Replace the curves by their reduction.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``clean`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``False``
+          and there are common factors it returns ``None`` and
+          a warning message. If ``True``, the common factors are kept
+          only in the first occurrence.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2, (x + y)^3 * (x^2 + x * y + y^2))
+            sage: A.reduce()
+            Arrangement (y, x^3 + 2*x^2*y + 2*x*y^2 + y^3) in Affine Space
+            of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: C = H(x*y, x*(y + 1))
+            sage: C.reduce(verbose=True)
+            Some curves have common components
+            sage: C.reduce(clean=True)
+            Arrangement (x*y, y + 1) in Affine Space of dimension 2
+            over Rational Field
+            sage: C = H(x*y, x)
+            sage: C.reduce(clean=True)
+            Arrangement (x*y) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        L = [self._curves[0].defining_polynomial().radical()]
+        for c in self._curves[1:]:
+            g = c.defining_polynomial().radical()
+            for f in L:
+                d = g.gcd(f)
+                if d.degree() > 0 and not clean:
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("Some curves have common components")
+                    return None
+                g //= d
+            if g.degree() > 0:
+                L.append(g)
+        return P(*L)
+
+
+class AffinePlaneCurveArrangementElement(PlaneCurveArrangementElement):
+    """
+    An ordered affine plane curve arrangement.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, curves, check=True) -> None:
+        """
+        Construct an ordered affine plane curve arrangement.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- the parent :class:`AffinePlaneCurveArrangements`
+
+        - ``curves`` -- tuple of curves
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: elt = H(x, y); elt
+            Arrangement (x, y) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: TestSuite(elt).run()
+        """
+        Element.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._curves = tuple(curves)
+        if check:
+            if not all(isinstance(h, AffinePlaneCurve) for h in curves):
+                raise ValueError("not all elements are curves")
+            if not all(h.ambient_space() is self.parent().ambient_space()
+                       for h in curves):
+                raise ValueError("not all curves are in the same ambient space")
+        self._braid_monodromy_non_vertical = None
+        self._braid_monodromy_vertical = None
+        self._strands_nonvertical = None
+        self._strands_vertical = None
+        self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_nonvertical = None
+        self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_vertical = None
+        self._fundamental_group_simpl_nonvertical = None
+        self._fundamental_group_simpl_vertical = None
+        self._meridians_nonsimpl_nonvertical = None
+        self._meridians_nonsimpl_vertical = None
+        self._meridians_simpl_nonvertical = None
+        self._meridians_simpl_vertical = None
+        self._vertical_lines_in_braid_mon = None
+
+    def fundamental_group(self, simplified=True, vertical=True,
+                          projective=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the fundamental group of the complement of the union
+        of affine plane curves in `\CC^2`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertical`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, there
+          are no vertical asymptotes, and there are vertical lines, then a
+          simplified braid :func:`braid_monodromy` is used
+
+        - ``simplified`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if it is ``True``, the
+          group is simplified
+
+        - ``projective`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); to be used in the
+          method for projective curves
+
+        OUTPUT: a finitely presented group
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x, y + x - 1, x)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2 | x2*x0*x2^-1*x0^-1, x1*x0*x1^-1*x0^-1, (x2*x1)^2*(x2^-1*x1^-1)^2 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x1, x2*x1*x2^-1], 1: [x0], 2: [x2],
+             3: [x1^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1]}
+            sage: G = A.fundamental_group(simplified=False)
+            sage: G.sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2, x3 | x3^-1*x2^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1,
+                               x3^-1*x1^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1*(x2*x0)^2*x1^-1*x0^-1,
+                               x3^-1*x0^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0*x2*x0*x1^-1*x0^-1,
+                               x2^-1*x0^-1*x2*x0, x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+            sage: A.meridians(simplified=False)
+            {0: [x1, x2], 1: [x0], 2: [x3], 3: [x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1]}
+            sage: A.fundamental_group(vertical=False)
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2 | x2*x1^-1*x2^-1*x1, x1*x0*x1^-1*x0^-1, (x0*x2)^2*(x0^-1*x2^-1)^2 >
+            sage: A.meridians(vertical=False)
+            {0: [x2, x0*x2*x0^-1], 1: [x1], 2: [x0], 3: [x0*x2^-1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1]}
+            sage: G = A.fundamental_group(simplified=False, vertical=False)
+            sage: G.sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2, x3 | x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x2*x3*x2^-1*x1*x2,
+                               x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x2*x3*x2^-1*x1*x2,
+                               (x3^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1*x2)^2*(x3*x2^-1*x0*x2)^2,
+                               x3^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1*x2*x3^-1*x2^-1*x0*x2*x3*x2,
+                               x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+            sage: A.meridians(simplified=False, vertical=False)
+            {0: [x2, x3], 1: [x1], 2: [x0], 3: [x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1]}
+            sage: A = H(x * y^2 + x + y, y + x -1, x, y)
+            sage: G = A.fundamental_group()
+            sage: G.sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2, x3 | x3^-1*x2^-1*x3*x2, x3^-1*x1^-1*x3*x1,
+                               x3^-1*x0^-1*x3*x0, x2^-1*x1^-1*x2*x1,
+                               x2^-1*x0^-1*x2*x0, x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+        """
+        if simplified and vertical:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_simpl_vertical
+        elif simplified and not vertical:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_simpl_nonvertical
+        elif not simplified and vertical:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_vertical
+        else:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_nonvertical
+        if computed:
+            return computed
+        K = self.base_ring()
+        R = self.coordinate_ring()
+        if not K.is_subring(QQbar):
+            raise TypeError('the base field is not in QQbar')
+        C = self.reduce()
+        L = C.defining_polynomials()
+        if vertical:
+            bm = self._braid_monodromy_vertical
+        else:
+            bm = self._braid_monodromy_non_vertical
+        if bm is not None:  # bm could be []
+            if not vertical:
+                st = self._strands_nonvertical
+                d1 = prod(L).degree()
+                bd = (bm, st, {}, d1)
+            else:
+                st = self._strands_vertical
+                d1 = prod(L).degree(R.gen(1))
+                bd = (bm, st, self._vertical_lines_in_braid_mon, d1)
+        else:
+            bd = None
+        G, dic = fundamental_group_arrangement(L, simplified=simplified,
+                                               puiseux=True,
+                                               projective=projective,
+                                               vertical=vertical,
+                                               braid_data=bd)
+        if simplified and vertical:
+            self._fundamental_group_simpl_vertical = G
+            self._meridians_simpl_vertical = dic
+        elif simplified and not vertical:
+            self._fundamental_group_simpl_nonvertical = G
+            self._meridians_simpl_nonvertical = dic
+        elif not simplified and vertical:
+            self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_vertical = G
+            self._meridians_nonsimpl_vertical = dic
+        else:
+            self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl_nonvertical = G
+            self._meridians_nonsimpl_nonvertical = dic
+        return G
+
+    def meridians(self, simplified=True, vertical=True) -> dict:
+        r"""
+        Return the meridians of each irreducible component.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary which associates the index of each curve with its meridians,
+        including the line at infinity if it can be omputed
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed
+           and :meth:`AffinePlaneCurveArrangements.fundamental_group` with the same options,
+           where some examples are shown.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(x-1, y, x, y - 1)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2, x3 | x2*x0*x2^-1*x0^-1, x2*x1*x2^-1*x1^-1,
+                               x3*x0*x3^-1*x0^-1, x3*x1*x3^-1*x1^-1 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x2], 1: [x0], 2: [x3], 3: [x1], 4: [x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1]}
+        """
+        if simplified and vertical:
+            computed = self._meridians_simpl_vertical
+        elif simplified and not vertical:
+            computed = self._meridians_simpl_nonvertical
+        elif not simplified and vertical:
+            computed = self._meridians_nonsimpl_vertical
+        else:
+            computed = self._meridians_nonsimpl_nonvertical
+        if computed:
+            return dict(computed)
+        self.fundamental_group(simplified=simplified, vertical=vertical)
+        if simplified and vertical:
+            return dict(self._meridians_simpl_vertical)
+        elif simplified and not vertical:
+            return dict(self._meridians_group_simpl_nonvertical)
+        elif not simplified and vertical:
+            return dict(self._meridians_nonsimpl_vertical)
+        else:
+            return dict(self._meridians_nonsimpl_nonvertical)
+
+    def braid_monodromy(self, vertical=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the braid monodromy of the complement of the union
+        of affine plane curves in `\CC^2`.
+
+        If there are vertical asymptotes a change of variable is done.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vertical`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if it is ``True``, there
+          are no vertical asymptotes, and there are vertical lines, then a
+          simplified :func:`braid_monodromy` is computed.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A braid monodromy with dictionaries identifying strands with components
+        and braids with vertical lines.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x, y + x - 1, x)
+            sage: A.braid_monodromy(vertical=False)
+            [s1*s0*(s1*s2*s1)^2*s2*(s1^-1*s2^-1)^2*s1^-1*s0^-1*s1^-1,
+             s1*s0*(s1*s2)^2*s2*s1^-1*s2^-1*s1^-1*s0^-1*s1^-1,
+             s1*s0*s1*s2*(s1*s2^-1)^2*s0*s1*s2*s1*s0*s2^-1*s1^-3*s2*s1^-1*s2^-1*s1^-1*s0^-1*s1^-1,
+             s1*s0*s1*s2*s1*s2^-1*s1^4*s2*s1^-1*s2^-1*s1^-1*s0^-1*s1^-1,
+             s1*s0*s1*s2*s1*s2^-1*s1^-1*s2*s0^-1*s1^-1]
+            sage: A.braid_monodromy(vertical=True)
+            [s1*s0*s1*s0^-1*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1*s0*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1^2*s0]
+        """
+        if vertical:
+            computed = self._braid_monodromy_vertical
+        else:
+            computed = self._braid_monodromy_non_vertical
+        if computed is not None:
+            return computed
+        K = self.base_ring()
+        if not K.is_subring(QQbar):
+            raise TypeError('the base field is not in QQbar')
+        L = self.defining_polynomials()
+        bm, dic, dv, d1 = braid_monodromy(prod(L), arrangement=L,
+                                          vertical=vertical)
+        if vertical:
+            self._braid_monodromy_vertical = bm
+            self._strands_vertical = dic
+            self._vertical_lines_in_braid_mon = dv
+        else:
+            self._braid_monodromy_non_vertical = bm
+            self._strands_nonvertical = dic
+        return bm
+
+    def strands(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the strands for each member of the arrangement.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary which associates to the index of each strand
+        its associated component if the braid monodromy has been
+        calculated with ``vertical=False``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x, y + x - 1, x)
+            sage: bm = A.braid_monodromy()
+            sage: A.strands()
+            {0: 2, 1: 1, 2: 0, 3: 0}
+        """
+        if not self._strands_nonvertical:
+            self._braid_monodromy = self.braid_monodromy(vertical=False)
+        return self._strands_nonvertical
+
+    def vertical_strands(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the strands if the braid monodromy has been computed with
+        the vertical option.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary which associates to the index of each strand
+        its associated component if the braid monodromy has been
+        calculated with ``vertical=True``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x, y + x - 1, x)
+            sage: A.vertical_strands()
+            {0: 1, 1: 0, 2: 0}
+            sage: A.braid_monodromy(vertical=True)
+            [s1*s0*s1*s0^-1*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1*s0*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1^2*s0]
+        """
+        if not self._strands_vertical:
+            self.braid_monodromy(vertical=True)
+        return self._strands_vertical
+
+    def vertical_lines_in_braid_monodromy(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the vertical lines in the arrangement.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary which associates the index of a braid
+        to the index of the vertical line associated to the braid.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x, y + x - 1, x)
+            sage: A.vertical_lines_in_braid_monodromy()
+            {1: 2}
+            sage: A.braid_monodromy(vertical=True)
+            [s1*s0*s1*s0^-1*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1*s0*s1^-1*s0, s0^-1*s1^2*s0]
+        """
+        if not self._vertical_lines_in_braid_mon:
+            self.braid_monodromy(vertical=True)
+        return self._vertical_lines_in_braid_mon
+
+
+class ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangementElement(PlaneCurveArrangementElement):
+    """
+    An ordered projective plane curve arrangement.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, curves, check=True):
+        """
+        Construct an ordered projective plane curve arrangement.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- the parent :class:`ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements`
+
+        - ``curves`` -- tuple of curves
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: elt = H(x, y, z); elt
+            Arrangement (x, y, z) in Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: TestSuite(elt).run()
+        """
+        Element.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._curves = tuple(curves)
+        if check:
+            if not all(isinstance(h, ProjectivePlaneCurve) for h in curves):
+                raise ValueError("not all elements are curves")
+            if not all(h.ambient_space() is self.parent().ambient_space()
+                       for h in curves):
+                raise ValueError("not all curves are in the same ambient space")
+        self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl = None
+        self._fundamental_group_simpl = None
+        self._meridians_nonsimpl = None
+        self._meridians_simpl = None
+
+    def fundamental_group(self, simplified=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the fundamental group of the complement of the union
+        of an arrangement of projective plane curves
+        in the projective plane.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``simplified`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); set if the group
+          is simplified
+
+        OUTPUT: a finitely presented group
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This functionality requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H(z).fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group <  |  >
+            sage: H(x*y).fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group < x |  >
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, y + x - z, x)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group().sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group < x0, x1 | x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x1], 1: [x0], 2: [x0^-1*x1^-2]}
+            sage: G = A.fundamental_group(simplified=False)
+            sage: G.sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2, x3 | x3^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1, x3^-1*x2^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1,
+                               x3^-1*x1^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1*(x2*x0)^2*x1^-1*x0^-1,
+                               x3^-1*x0^-1*x3*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0*x2*x0*x1^-1*x0^-1,
+                               x2^-1*x0^-1*x2*x0, x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+            sage: A.meridians(simplified=False)
+            {0: [x1, x2], 1: [x0], 2: [x3]}
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, z, x)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group < x0, x1 | (x1*x0)^2*(x1^-1*x0^-1)^2 >
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, z*x, y)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group
+            < x0, x1, x2 | x2*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1,
+                           x1*(x2*x0)^2*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1 >
+        """
+        if simplified:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_simpl
+        else:
+            computed = self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl
+        if computed:
+            return computed
+        H = self.parent()
+        K = self.base_ring()
+        R = self.coordinate_ring()
+        x, y, z = R.gens()
+        if not K.is_subring(QQbar):
+            raise TypeError('the base field is not in QQbar')
+        C = self.reduce()
+        n = len(C)
+        infinity = Curve(z)
+        infinity_in_C = infinity in C
+        if infinity_in_C and n == 1:
+            G = FreeGroup(0) / []
+            if simplified:
+                self._fundamental_group_simpl = G
+                self._meridians_simpl = {0: [G.one()]}
+            else:
+                self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl = G
+                self._meridians_nonsimpl = {0: [G.one()]}
+            return G
+        if infinity_in_C:
+            j = C.curves().index(infinity)
+            C = H(C.curves()[:j] + C.curves()[j + 1:])
+        infinity_divides = False
+        for j, c in enumerate(C):
+            g = c.defining_polynomial()
+            infinity_divides = z.divides(g)
+            if infinity_divides:
+                h = R(g / z)
+                C = H(C.curves()[:j] + (h, ) + C.curves()[j + 1:])
+                break
+        affine = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(K, names=('u', 'v'))
+        u, v = affine.gens()
+        affines = [f.defining_polynomial().subs({x: u, y: v, z: 1}) for f in C]
+        changes = any(g.degree(v) < g.degree() > 1 for g in affines)
+        while changes:
+            affines = [f.subs({u: u + v}) for f in affines]
+            changes = any(g.degree(v) < g.degree() > 1 for g in affines)
+        C_affine = affine(affines)
+        proj = not (infinity_divides or infinity_in_C)
+        G = C_affine.fundamental_group(simplified=simplified, vertical=True,
+                                       projective=proj)
+        dic = C_affine.meridians(simplified=simplified, vertical=True)
+        if infinity_in_C:
+            dic1 = {}
+            for k in range(j):
+                dic1[k] = dic[k]
+            dic1[j] = dic[n - 1]
+            for k in range(j + 1, n):
+                dic1[k] = dic[k - 1]
+        elif infinity_divides:
+            dic1 = {k: dic[k] for k in range(n)}
+            dic1[j] += dic[n]
+        else:
+            dic1 = dic
+        if simplified:
+            self._fundamental_group_simpl = G
+            self._meridians_simpl = dic1
+        else:
+            self._fundamental_group_nonsimpl = G
+            self._meridians_nonsimpl = dic1
+        return G
+
+    def meridians(self, simplified=True) -> dict:
+        r"""
+        Return the meridians of each irreducible component.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A dictionary which associates the index of each curve with
+        its meridians, including the line at infinity if it can be
+        computed
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           This function requires the ``sirocco`` package to be installed and
+           :func:`ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements.fundamental_group`
+           with the same options, where some examples are shown.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sirocco
+            sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, y + x - z, x)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group().sorted_presentation()
+            Finitely presented group < x0, x1 | x1^-1*x0^-1*x1*x0 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x1], 1: [x0], 2: [x0^-1*x1^-2]}
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, z, x)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group < x0, x1 | (x1*x0)^2*(x1^-1*x0^-1)^2 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x0, x1*x0*x1^-1], 1: [x0^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1], 2: [x1]}
+            sage: A = H(y^2 + x*z, z*x, y)
+            sage: A.fundamental_group()
+            Finitely presented group < x0, x1, x2 | x2*x0*x1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1,
+                                                    x1*(x2*x0)^2*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1*x2^-1*x0^-1 >
+            sage: A.meridians()
+            {0: [x0, x2*x0*x2^-1], 1: [x2, x0^-1*x2^-1*x1^-1*x0^-1], 2: [x1]}
+        """
+        if simplified:
+            computed = self._meridians_simpl
+        else:
+            computed = self._meridians_nonsimpl
+        if computed:
+            return dict(computed)
+        self._fundamental_group(simplified=simplified)
+        if simplified:
+            return dict(self._meridians_simpl)
+        else:
+            return dict(self._meridians_nonsimpl)
+
+
+class PlaneCurveArrangements(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    """
+    Plane curve arrangements.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- ring; the base ring
+
+    - ``names`` -- tuple of strings; the variable names
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+        sage: H(x, y^2, x-1, y-1)
+        Arrangement (x, y^2, x - 1, y - 1) in Affine Space
+        of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+    """
+    Element = PlaneCurveArrangementElement
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, base, names: tuple[str, ...] = ()):
+        """
+        Normalize the inputs to ensure a unique representation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: K = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ, names=('x', 'y'))
+            sage: H is K
+            True
+        """
+        names = normalize_names(len(names), names)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, base, names)
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring, names: tuple[str, ...] = ()):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: TestSuite(H).run()
+        """
+        if base_ring not in _Fields:
+            raise ValueError('base ring must be a field')
+        super().__init__(base_ring, names=names, category=Sets())
+        self._embedded = None
+        if len(names) == 2:
+            self._embedded = 'affine'
+        elif len(names) == 3:
+            self._embedded = 'projective'
+
+    def coordinate_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the coordinate ring.
+
+        OUTPUT: the coordinate ring of the curve arrangement
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.coordinate_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+        """
+        return PolynomialRing(self.base_ring(), self.variable_names())
+
+    def change_ring(self, base_ring):
+        """
+        Return curve arrangements over a different base ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- a ring; the new base ring
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A new :class:`PlaneCurveArrangements` instance over the new
+        base ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.change_ring(RR).base_ring()
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: L.change_ring(QQ) is L
+            True
+        """
+        # return self.__class__(base_ring, names=self.variable_names())
+        # line below is ugly but line above does not work
+        return self.__reduce__()[1][0](base_ring, names=self.variable_names())
+
+    @abstract_method
+    def ambient_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = PlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: <abstract method ambient_space at  0x...>
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ambient_space()
+            Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: L.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ambient_space()
+            Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ);  L
+            Curve arrangements in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return 'Curve arrangements in {}'.format(self.ambient_space())
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Construct an element of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*args`` -- positional arguments, each defining a curve
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: A = L(x, y); A
+            Arrangement (x, y) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: L([x, y]) == A
+            True
+            sage: L(Curve(x), Curve(y)) == A
+            True
+            sage: L(y, x) == A
+            False
+       """
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            if not isinstance(args[0], (tuple, list)):
+                arg = (args[0], )
+            else:
+                arg = tuple(args[0])
+        else:
+            arg = tuple(args)
+        ambient_space = self.ambient_space()
+        R = ambient_space.coordinate_ring()
+        curves: tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+        for h in arg:
+            try:
+                ambient = h.ambient_space()
+                if ambient == ambient_space:
+                    curves += (h, )
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError('the curves do not have the same ambient space')
+            except AttributeError:
+                try:
+                    h = R(h)
+                    curves += (Curve(h), )
+                except TypeError:
+                    raise TypeError('elements are not curves')
+        return self.element_class(self, curves)
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        """
+        Return an element of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H.<t, s> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H._an_element_()
+            Arrangement (t) in Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: H.<t, s, r> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: H._an_element_()
+            Arrangement (t) in Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self(self.gen(0))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def ngens(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of variables, i.e. 2 or 3, kept for completeness.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer, 2 or 3, depending if the arrangement is projective or affine
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ngens()
+            2
+            sage: L.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ngens()
+            3
+        """
+        return len(self.variable_names())
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return the coordinates.
+
+        OUTPUT: a tuple of linear expressions, one for each linear variable
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ, ('x', 'y'))
+            sage: L.gens()
+            (x, y)
+            sage: L = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ, ('x', 'y', 'z'))
+            sage: L.gens()
+            (x, y, z)
+        """
+        return self.ambient_space().gens()
+
+    def gen(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the `i`-th coordinate.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer
+
+        OUTPUT: a variable
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.gen(1)
+            y
+            sage: L.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.gen(2)
+            z
+        """
+        return self.gens()[i]
+
+
+class AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(PlaneCurveArrangements):
+    """
+    Affine curve arrangements.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- ring; the base ring
+
+    - ``names`` -- tuple of strings; the variable names
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: H.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+        sage: H(x, y^2, x-1, y-1)
+        Arrangement (x, y^2, x - 1, y - 1) in Affine Space
+        of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+    """
+    Element = AffinePlaneCurveArrangementElement
+
+    def ambient_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y> = AffinePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ambient_space()
+            Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return AffineSpace(self.base_ring(), 2, self._names)
+
+
+class ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(PlaneCurveArrangements):
+    """
+    Projective curve arrangements.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- ring; the base ring
+
+    - ``names`` -- tuple of strings; the variable names
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: H.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+        sage: H(x, y^2, x-z, y-z)
+        Arrangement (x, y^2, x - z, y - z) in Projective Space
+        of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+    """
+    Element = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangementElement
+
+    def ambient_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L.<x, y, z> = ProjectivePlaneCurveArrangements(QQ)
+            sage: L.ambient_space()
+            Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return ProjectiveSpace(self.base_ring(), 2, self._names)