passagemath-schemes 10.6.47__cp312-cp312-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/drinfeld_modform/tutorial.py

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Introduction to Drinfeld modular forms
+======================================
+
+This tutorial outlines the definitions, the notations, and the
+implementation of Drinfeld modular forms in SageMath. We assume that the
+reader has basic knowledge of classical modular forms, as we will often
+make analogies to this setting. We also assume little knowledge of
+Drinfeld modules; for this topic, the interested reader can consult the
+SageMath reference manual
+:ref:`Drinfeld modules <sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.drinfeld_module>`.
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Preliminary notations
+
+Let `q` be a prime power and let `A` be the ring of functions of
+`\mathbb{P}^1/\mathbb{F}_q` which are regular outside a closed point
+`\infty`. This ring is the polynomial ring `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`. We denote
+by `K := \mathbb{F}_q(T)` rational function field. We endow `K` with the
+`1/T`-adic valuation and let `K_{\infty} := \mathbb{F}_q((1/T))` be the
+completion of `K`. Next, we define `\mathbb{C}_{\infty}` to be the
+completion of an algebraic closure of `K_{\infty}`. Lastly, we denote
+by `\tau : x\mapsto x^q` the `q`-Frobenius.
+
+.. NOTE::
+
+    The above construction of `\mathbb{C}_{\infty}` is the same as the
+    construction of `\mathbb{C}_p` in the case of `p`-adic numbers
+    (see :wikipedia:`P-adic_number#Algebraic_closure`).
+
+In SageMath, we create the rational function field by first creating a
+univariate polynomial ring over `\mathbb{F}_q` and, following this, by
+constructing its field of fractions::
+
+    sage: A = GF(3)['T']
+    sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+    sage: K
+    Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 3
+    sage: K.base()  # returns A
+    Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 3
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Drinfeld period domain and action of `\mathrm{GL}_r(K_{\infty})`
+
+In the classical setting, the domain of any modular form is the complex
+upper half plane `\mathcal{H}:=\{w\in \mathbb{C} : \mathrm{im}(w)>0\}`.
+The analogue of this plane in the function field setting is the
+*Drinfeld period domain of rank* `r > 1` and it is defined by
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty}) :=
+    \mathbb{P}^{r-1}(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})
+    \setminus \{K_{\infty}\text{-rational hyperplanes}\}.
+
+This space is a rigid analytic space and, after fixing an arbitrary
+nonzero constant `\xi` in `\mathbb{C}_{\infty}`, we identify its
+elements with the set of column vectors
+`(w_1,\ldots, w_{r-1}, w_{r})^{\mathrm{T}}` in `\mathbb{C}_{\infty}^r`
+such that the `w_i` are `K_{\infty}`-linearly independant and
+`w_r = \xi`. Note that `\xi` is unspecified, but the reader can assume
+that `\xi = 1` without any loss of significant information. Its value
+can be interesting simply for normalization purposes.
+
+We define a left action of `\mathrm{GL}_r(K_{\infty})` on
+`\Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})` by setting
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \gamma(w) := j(\gamma, w)^{-1}\gamma w
+
+where `j(\gamma, w) := \xi^{-1} \cdot (\text{last entry of }\gamma w)`.
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Universal Drinfeld module over `\Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})`
+
+For any `w = (w_1, \ldots, w_{r-1}, \xi)` in
+`\Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})` we have a corresponding discrete
+`A`-module `\Lambda^w` which is free of rank `r`:
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \Lambda^w := Aw_1 \oplus \cdots \oplus Aw_{r-1} \oplus A\xi.
+
+An important result is that we have analytic uniformization which is the
+analogue of complex uniformization for elliptic curves. In our setting,
+elliptic curves are replaced by Drinfeld modules. In short, there exists
+a corresponding Drinfeld module
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \phi^w : T \mapsto T + g_1(w)\tau + \cdots
+    + g_{r - 1}(w)\tau^{r-1} + g_{r}(w)\tau^{r}.
+
+such that the exponential of `\phi^w` induces an isomorphism (of abelian
+group) between the additive group `\mathbb{C}_{\infty}` and the quotient
+`\mathbb{C}_{\infty} / \Lambda^w`. Background material on Drinfeld
+modules and their analytic uniformization can be found in section 4.3
+and 4.6 of [Gos1998]_.
+
+The Drinfeld module
+`\phi^w : A \to \mathbb{C}_{\infty} \{\tau\}` is called the
+*universal Drinfeld* `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-*module over*
+`\Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})` and its coefficients
+`g_i : \Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty}) \to \mathbb{C}_{\infty}`
+are rigid analytic functions satisfying the *invariance property*:
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    g_i(\gamma(w)) = j(\gamma, w)^{1 - q^i} g_i(w),
+    ~\forall \gamma\in \mathrm{GL}_r(A)
+
+where `g_{r}(w)` never vanishes. Moreover, these coefficients `g_i`
+admits an expansion at infinity, analogous to `q`-expansion principle
+for classical modular forms. The functions `g_i` are known as the
+*coefficients forms at* `T`. More generally, the coefficients of the
+image `\phi^w_a` for any `a\in A` are called the *coefficient forms at*
+`a` and they are an algebraic combination of the coefficient forms at
+`T`.
+
+In the rank two case, the expansion at infinity is of the form
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    g_i(w) = \sum_{i = 0}^{\infty} a_n(g_i)u(w)^i
+
+where `u(w) := e(w)^{-1}` and `e` is the exponential function of the
+Carlitz module `\rho:T\mapsto T + \tau`. The analytic parameter `u` is
+called the *parameter at infinity*.
+
+A *Drinfeld modular form* of rank `r`, weight `k`, type `m` for
+`\mathrm{GL}_r(A)` is a rigid analytic function
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    f:\Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty}) \to \mathbb{C}_{\infty}
+
+such that
+
+* `f(\gamma(w)) = \mathrm{det}(\gamma)^m j(\gamma, w)^k f(w)` for all
+  `\gamma` in `\mathrm{GL}_r(A)` and
+  `w\in \Omega^r(\mathbb{C}_{\infty})`;
+
+* `f` is holomorphic at infinity.
+
+Without diving into the details, we mention that the second condition is
+similar to the classical case. More specifically, in the rank two
+situation, the expansion of `f` is given by a power series in `u`
+`f = \sum_{n\geq 0} a_n(f) u^n` where `a_n(f)\in \mathbb{C}_{\infty}`.
+
+Lastly, we also mention that the integer `m` only depends on its class
+modulo `q-1`.
+
+Note that all the above theory is covered in much greater details in
+part I of [BRP2018]_.
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Ring of Drinfeld modular forms
+
+Letting `M_k^{r, m}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A))` denote the space of rank `r`,
+weight `k\in (q - 1)\mathbb{Z}` and type `m` Drinfeld modular forms,
+we define
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    M^{r, 0}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A)) :=
+    \bigoplus_{k\in ZZ} M_k^{r, 0}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A))
+
+to be the graded ring of all Drinfeld modular forms of type 0. The
+graduation is given by the weight of a modular form. Similarly, we let
+`M^{r}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A)) \supset M^{r, 0}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A))` be the ring
+of all Drinfeld modular forms of rank `r` and arbitrary type. By
+theorem 17.5 in part III of [BRP2018]_, we have
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    M^{r, 0}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A))
+    = \mathbb{C}_{\infty}[g_1,\ldots, g_{r-1}, g_{r}].
+
+and
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    M^{r}(\mathrm{GL}_r(A))
+    = \mathbb{C}_{\infty}[g_1,\ldots, g_{r-1}, h_{r}].
+
+where `h_r` is a weight `(q^r - 1)/(q - 1)` modular forms of type `1`
+which is a `(q-1)`-root of `g_r` sometimes known as *Gekeler's* `h`
+*function*, see theorem 3.8 of [Gek2017]_ for the precise definition of
+this function.
+
+.. RUBRIC:: SageMath implementation
+
+In SageMath, we model the ring of type 0 Drinfeld modular forms over `K`
+as a finitely generated ring in the coefficients forms `g_i`:
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    K[g_1,\ldots, g_{r-1}, g_r].
+
+Hence, any ring element is seen as a formal algebraic combination of the
+coefficient forms `g_i` over `K`. Likewise, the ring of arbitrary
+type forms is generated by `g_1\ldots, g_{r-1}, h_r`.
+
+To create the ring of type zero and rank `r` Drinfeld modular forms, one
+uses the class
+:class:`~sage.modular.drinfeld_modform.ring.DrinfeldModularForms`::
+
+    sage: A = GF(3)['T']
+    sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+    sage: M = DrinfeldModularForms(K, 3)  # rank 3
+    sage: M
+    Ring of Drinfeld modular forms of rank 3 over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 3
+
+To create the ring of arbitrary types modular forms, one passes the
+keyword argument ``has_type=True``::
+
+    sage: M = DrinfeldModularForms(K, 4, has_type=True)
+    sage: M.gens()
+    (g1, g2, g3, h4)
+    sage: h4 = M.3
+    sage: h4.weight()
+    40
+
+For more information about the functionalities of the implementation,
+one should consult the documentation of the main classes:
+
+- Parent class:
+  :class:`~sage.modular.drinfeld_modform.ring.DrinfeldModularForms`
+
+- Element class:
+  :class:`~sage.modular.drinfeld_modform.element.DrinfeldModularFormsElement`
+
+.. RUBRIC:: References
+
+A good introduction to Drinfeld modular forms of rank 2, see Gekeler's
+paper [Gek1988]_. See also [BRP2018]_ for a detailed exposition of the
+arbitrary rank theory.
+"""