passagemath-schemes 10.6.47__cp312-cp312-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/schemes/cyclic_covers/cycliccover_finite_field.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1309 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+r"""
+
+Cyclic covers over a finite field
+
+The most interesting feature is computation of Frobenius matrix on
+Monsky-Washnitzer cohomology and the Frobenius polynomial.
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [ABCMT2019]_
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: p = 13
+    sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+    sage: C = CyclicCover(4, x^4 + 1)
+    sage: C.frobenius_polynomial()
+    x^6 - 6*x^5 + 3*x^4 + 60*x^3 + 39*x^2 - 1014*x + 2197
+    sage: R.<t> = PowerSeriesRing(Integers())
+    sage: C.projective_closure().zeta_series(2,t)
+    1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + O(t^3)
+    sage: C.frobenius_polynomial().reverse()(t)/((1-t)*(1-p*t)) + O(t^5)
+    1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + 1384*t^3 + 18089*t^4 + O(t^5)
+
+    sage: p = 49999
+    sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+    sage: CyclicCover(5, x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+    x^12 + 299994*x^10 + 37498500015*x^8 + 2499850002999980*x^6 + 93742500224997000015*x^4
+     + 1874812507499850001499994*x^2 + 15623125093747500037499700001
+    sage: CyclicCover(5, 2*x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+    x^12 + 299994*x^10 + 37498500015*x^8 + 2499850002999980*x^6 + 93742500224997000015*x^4
+     + 1874812507499850001499994*x^2 + 15623125093747500037499700001
+
+    sage: p = 107
+    sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+    sage: CyclicCover(2, x^5 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+    [              O(107^2)      89*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    [     89*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    [              O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2) 105 + 5*107 + O(107^2)]
+    [              O(107^2)               O(107^2) 89 + 53*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    sage: CyclicCover(2, 3*x^5 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+    [              O(107^2)      14*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    [     69*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    [              O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2) 61 + 58*107 + O(107^2)]
+    [              O(107^2)               O(107^2) 69 + 53*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+    sage: CyclicCover(3, x^3 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+    [          0           0      O(107)      O(107)]
+    [          0           0 52 + O(107)      O(107)]
+    [     O(107) 35 + O(107)           0           0]
+    [44 + O(107)      O(107)           0           0]
+    sage: CyclicCover(3, 3*x^3 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+    [          0           0      O(107)      O(107)]
+    [          0           0 79 + O(107)      O(107)]
+    [     O(107) 42 + O(107)           0           0]
+    [30 + O(107)      O(107)           0           0]
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2018   Vishal Arul <varul@mit.edu>,
+#                       Alex Best <alex.j.best@gmail.com>,
+#                       Edgar Costa <edgarc@mit.edu>,
+#                       Richard Magner <rmagner@bu.edu>,
+#                       Nicholas Triantafillou <ngtriant@mit.edu>
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.arith.misc import euler_phi
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix, zero_matrix
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.power_series_ring import PowerSeriesRing
+
+lazy_import("sage.functions.log", "log")
+lazy_import("sage.functions.other", ["ceil", "binomial", "floor"])
+lazy_import('sage.rings.padics.factory', ['Zp', 'Zq', 'Qq'])
+lazy_import('sage.schemes.hyperelliptic_curves.hypellfrob', 'interval_products')
+
+from .charpoly_frobenius import charpoly_frobenius
+from . import cycliccover_generic
+
+
+def _N0_nodenominators(p, g, n):
+    """
+    Return the necessary `p`-adic precision for the Frobenius matrix to deduce
+    the characteristic polynomial of Frobenius using the Newton identities,
+    using :meth:`charpoly_frobenius`, which assumes that the Frobenius matrix
+    is integral, i.e., has no denominators.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``p`` -- prime
+    - ``g`` -- genus
+    - ``n`` -- degree of residue field
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: sage.schemes.cyclic_covers.cycliccover_finite_field._N0_nodenominators(4999, 4, 5)
+        11
+    """
+    return max(
+        ceil(log(2 * (2 * g) / ZZ(i), p) + (n * i) / ZZ(2)) for i in range(1, g + 1)
+    )
+
+
+class CyclicCover_finite_field(cycliccover_generic.CyclicCover_generic):
+    def __init__(self, AA, r, f, names=None, verbose=0):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = 13
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(4, x^4 + 1)
+            sage: C.frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 - 6*x^5 + 3*x^4 + 60*x^3 + 39*x^2 - 1014*x + 2197
+            sage: R.<t> = PowerSeriesRing(Integers())
+            sage: C.projective_closure().zeta_series(2,t)
+            1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + O(t^3)
+            sage: C.frobenius_polynomial().reverse()(t)/((1-t)*(1-p*t)) + O(t^5)
+            1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + 1384*t^3 + 18089*t^4 + O(t^5)
+        """
+        cycliccover_generic.CyclicCover_generic.__init__(self, AA, r, f, names=names)
+        self._verbose = verbose
+        self._init_frobQ = False
+        self._N0 = None
+
+    def _init_frob(self, desired_prec=None):
+        """
+        Initialise everything for Frobenius polynomial computation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._init_frobQ
+            True
+            sage: C._plarge
+            True
+            sage: C._sqrtp
+            True
+        """
+
+        def _N0_RH():
+            return ceil(
+                log(2 * binomial(2 * self._genus, self._genus), self._p)
+                + self._genus * self._n / ZZ(2)
+            )
+
+        def _find_N0():
+            if self._nodenominators:
+                return _N0_nodenominators(self._p, self._genus, self._n)
+            else:
+                return _N0_RH() + self._extraprec
+
+        def _find_N_43():
+            """
+            Find the precision used for thm 4.3 in Goncalves
+            for p >> 0, N = N0 + 2
+            """
+            p = self._p
+            r = self._r
+            d = self._d
+            delta = self._delta
+            N0 = self._N0
+            left_side = N0 + floor(log((d * p * (r - 1) + r) / delta) / log(p))
+
+            def right_side_log(n):
+                return floor(log(p * (r * n - 1) - r) / log(p))
+
+            n = left_side
+            while n <= left_side + right_side_log(n):
+                n += 1
+            return n
+
+        if not self._init_frobQ or self._N0 != desired_prec:
+            if self._r < 2 or self._d < 2:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for r, f.degree() >= 2")
+
+            self._init_frobQ = True
+
+            self._Fq = self._f.base_ring()
+            self._p = self._Fq.characteristic()
+            self._q = self._Fq.cardinality()
+            self._n = self._Fq.degree()
+            self._epsilon = 0 if self._delta == 1 else 1
+
+            # our basis choice doesn't always give an integral matrix
+            if self._epsilon == 0:
+                self._extraprec = floor(
+                    log(self._r, self._p)
+                    + log((2 * self._genus + (self._delta - 2)) / self._delta, self._p)
+                )
+            else:
+                self._extraprec = floor(log(self._r * 2 - 1, self._p))
+
+            self._nodenominators = self._extraprec == 0
+
+            if desired_prec is None:
+                self._N0 = _find_N0()
+            else:
+                self._N0 = desired_prec
+
+            self._plarge = self._p > self._d * self._r * (self._N0 + self._epsilon)
+
+            # working prec
+            if self._plarge:
+                self._N = self._N0 + 1
+            else:
+                self._N = _find_N_43()
+
+            # we will use the sqrt(p) version?
+            self._sqrtp = self._plarge and self._p == self._q
+            self._extraworkingprec = self._extraprec
+            if not self._plarge:
+                # we might have some denominators showing up during horizontal
+                # and vertical reductions
+                self._extraworkingprec += 2 * ceil(
+                    log(self._d * self._r * (self._N0 + self._epsilon), self._p)
+                )
+
+            # Rings
+            if self._plarge and self._nodenominators:
+                if self._n == 1:
+                    # IntegerModRing is significantly faster than Zq
+                    self._Zq = IntegerModRing(self._p**self._N)
+                    if self._sqrtp:
+                        self._Zq0 = IntegerModRing(self._p**(self._N - 1))
+                    self._Qq = Qq(self._p, prec=self._N, type='capped-rel')
+                    self._w = 1
+                else:
+                    self._Zq = Zq(
+                        self._q,
+                        names='w',
+                        modulus=self._Fq.polynomial(),
+                        prec=self._N,
+                        type='capped-abs',
+                    )
+                    self._w = self._Zq.gen()
+                    self._Qq = self._Zq.fraction_field()
+            else:
+                self._Zq = Qq(
+                    self._q,
+                    names='w',
+                    modulus=self._Fq.polynomial(),
+                    prec=self._N + self._extraworkingprec,
+                )
+                self._w = self._Zq.gen()
+                self._Qq = self._Zq
+            self._Zp = Zp(self._p, prec=self._N + self._extraworkingprec)
+
+            self._Zqx = PolynomialRing(self._Zq, "x")
+
+            # Want to take a lift of f from Fq to Zq
+            if self._n == 1:
+                # When n = 1, can lift from Fp[x] to Z[x] and then to Zp[x]
+                self._flift = self._Zqx([elt.lift() for elt in self._f.list()])
+                self._frobf = self._Zqx(self._flift.list())
+            else:  # When n > 1, need to be more careful with the lift
+                self._flift = self._Zqx(
+                    [
+                        elt.polynomial().change_ring(ZZ)(self._Zq.gen())
+                        for elt in self._f.list()
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                self._frobf = self._Zqx([elt.frobenius() for elt in self._flift.list()])
+
+            self._dflift = self._flift.derivative()
+
+            # Set up local cache for Frob(f)^s
+
+            # This variable will store the powers of frob(f)
+            frobpow = [None] * (self._N0 + 2)
+            frobpow[0] = self._Zqx(1)
+            for k in range(self._N0 + 1):
+                frobpow[k + 1] = self._frobf * frobpow[k]
+            # We don't make it a polynomials as we need to keep track that the
+            # ith coefficient represents  (i*p)-th
+            self._frobpow_list = [elt.list() for elt in frobpow]
+
+            if self._sqrtp:
+                # precision of self._Zq0
+                N = self._N - 1
+                vandermonde = matrix(self._Zq0, N, N)
+                for i in range(N):
+                    vandermonde[i, 0] = 1
+                    for j in range(1, N):
+                        vandermonde[i, j] = vandermonde[i, j - 1] * (i + 1)
+                self._vandermonde = vandermonde.inverse()
+
+                self._horizontal_fat_s = {}
+                self._vertical_fat_s = {}
+
+    def _divide_vector(self, D, vect, R):
+        """
+        Divide the vector `vect` by `D` as a vector over `R`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._divide_vector(p, vector(C._Qq, [p, p^2, p^3]), C._Qq)
+            (1 + O(4999^3), 4999 + O(4999^4), 4999^2 + O(4999^5))
+        """
+        DQq = self._Qq(D).lift_to_precision(self._Qq.precision_cap())
+        m = 1 / DQq
+        if not R.is_field():
+            vectQq = vector(
+                self._Qq,
+                [
+                    m * self._Qq(elt).lift_to_precision(self._Qq.precision_cap())
+                    for elt in vect
+                ],
+            )
+            return vector(R, [R(elt) for elt in vectQq])
+        else:
+            return vector(R, [(m * elt).lift_to_precision() for elt in vect])
+
+    def _frob_sparse(self, i, j, N0):
+        r"""
+        Compute `Frob(x^i y^(-j) dx ) / dx` for y^r = f(x) with N0 terms.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- the power of x in the expression `Frob(x^i dx/y^j) / dx`
+
+        - ``j`` -- the (negative) power of y in the expression
+          `Frob(x^i dx/y^j) / dx`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        ``frobij`` -- a Matrix of size  (d * (N0 - 1) + ) x (N0)
+                      that represents the Frobenius expansion of
+                      x^i dx/y^j modulo p^(N0 + 1)
+
+                      the entry (l, s) corresponds to the coefficient associated
+                      to the monomial x**(p * (i + 1 + l) -1) * y**(p * -(j + r*s))
+                      (l, s) --> (p * (i + 1 + l) -1, p * -(j + r*s))
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Compute:
+
+        Frob(x^i dx/y^j) / dx = p * x ** (p * (i+1) - 1) * y ** (-j*p) * Sigma
+
+        where:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            Sigma = \sum_{k = 0} ^{N0-1}
+                            \sum_{s = 0} ^k
+                                (-1) ** (k-s) * binomial(k, s)
+                                * binomial(-j/r, k)
+                                * self._frobpow[s]
+                                * self._y ** (-self._r * self._p * s)
+                    = \sum_{s = 0} ^{N0 - 1}
+                        \sum_{k = s} ^N0
+                            (-1) ** (k-s) * binomial(k, s)
+                            * binomial(-j/self._r, k)
+                            * self._frobpow[s]
+                            * self._y ** (-self._r*self._p*s)
+                    = \sum_{s = 0} ^{N0-1}
+                            D_{j, s}
+                            * self._frobpow[s]
+                            * self._y ** (-self._r * self._p * s)
+                    = \sum_{s = 0} ^N0
+                        \sum_{l = 0} ^(d*s)
+                            D_{j, s} * self._frobpow[s][l]
+                            * x ** (self._p ** l)
+                            * y ** (-self._r * self._p ** s)
+
+        and:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            D_{j, s} = \sum_{k = s} ^N0 (-1) ** (k-s) * binomial(k, s) * binomial(-j/self._r, k) )
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 499
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._frob_sparse(2, 0, 1)
+            [499]
+            sage: C._frob_sparse(2, 0, 2)
+            [499   0]
+            [  0   0]
+            [  0   0]
+            [  0   0]
+            [  0   0]
+            sage: C._frob_sparse(2, 1, 1)
+            [499]
+            sage: C._frob_sparse(2, 1, 2)
+            [ 82834998  41417000]
+            [        0 124251000]
+            [        0 124250002]
+            [        0  41416501]
+            [        0  41417000]
+            sage: C._frob_sparse(2, 2, 1)
+            [499]
+        """
+
+        def _extend_frobpow(power):
+            if power < len(self._frobpow_list):
+                pass
+            else:
+                frobpow = self._Zqx(self._frobpow_list[-1])
+                for k in range(len(self._frobpow_list), power + 1):
+                    frobpow *= self._frobf
+                self._frobpow_list.extend([frobpow.list()])
+            assert power < len(self._frobpow_list)
+
+        _extend_frobpow(N0)
+        r = self._r
+        Dj = [
+            self._Zq(
+                sum(
+                    [
+                        (-1) ** (k - l) * binomial(k, l) * binomial(-ZZ(j) / r, k)
+                        for k in range(l, N0)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+            for l in range(N0)
+        ]
+        frobij = matrix(self._Zq, self._d * (N0 - 1) + 1, N0)
+        for s in range(N0):
+            for l in range(self._d * s + 1):
+                frobij[l, s] = self._p * Dj[s] * self._frobpow_list[s][l]
+        return frobij
+
+    def _horizontal_matrix_reduction(self, s):
+        r"""
+        Return the tuple of tuples that represents the horizontal matrix
+        reduction at pole order ``s``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``s`` -- integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A tuple of tuples ``( (D0, D1), (M0, M1) )``
+        where `MH_{e, s}  = M0 + e * M1` and `DH_{e,s} = D0 + e * D1`
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Let `W_{e, s}` to be the Qq-vector space of differential forms
+        of the form:
+
+            .. MATH:: G x^e y^{-s} dx
+
+        where `\deg G \leq d - 1`.
+
+        Let `v = [G_0, ..., G_{d-1}]` represent G
+
+        There is a map:
+
+            `MH_{e, s} : W_{e, s} \to W_{e-1, s}`
+
+        and a function to:
+
+            `DH: \NN \times \NN \to  Qq`
+
+        such that:
+
+            `G x^e y^{-s} dx \cong H x^{e - 1} y^{-s} dx`
+
+        where `H = DH(e, s)^{-1} * MH_{e,s} ( G )`
+
+        The matrix `MH_{e, s}` can be written as:
+
+             `MH_{e, s}  = M0_{s} + e * M1_{s}`
+
+        similarly:
+
+            `DH_{e,s} = D0_{s} + e * D1_{s}`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._horizontal_matrix_reduction(24995)
+            ((99968, 124925014996),
+            (
+            [           0            0            0            0]
+            [       99968            0            0 124924940023]
+            [           0        99968            0 124924565143]
+            [           0            0        99968 124924715095],
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            [           0            0            0            3]
+            [124925014996            0            0            9]
+            [           0 124925014996            0           27]
+            [           0            0 124925014996           12]
+            ))
+            sage: C._horizontal_matrix_reduction(4999)
+            ((19984, 124925014996),
+            (
+            [           0            0            0            0]
+            [       19984            0            0 124925000011]
+            [           0        19984            0 124924925071]
+            [           0            0        19984 124924955047],
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            [           0            0            0            3]
+            [124925014996            0            0            9]
+            [           0 124925014996            0           27]
+            [           0            0 124925014996           12]
+            ))
+        """
+
+        f_co = self._flift.list()
+        # DH_{e,s} = ((s -r)*d - e * r) * f_d
+        m1 = -1 * self._r * f_co[-1]  # r is a, g_co[-1] is lambda
+        m0 = (s - self._r) * self._d * f_co[-1]  # j is a*t + beta
+
+        M1 = matrix(
+            self._Zq,
+            self._d,
+            lambda m, n: m1
+            if m == n + 1
+            else self._r * f_co[m]
+            if n == self._d - 1
+            else 0,
+        )
+        M0 = matrix(
+            self._Zq,
+            self._d,
+            lambda m, n: m0
+            if m == n + 1
+            else (self._r - s) * m * f_co[m]
+            if n == self._d - 1
+            else 0,
+        )
+
+        return ((m0, m1), (M0, M1))
+
+    def _vertical_matrix_reduction(self, s0):
+        r"""
+        Return the tuple of tuples that represents the vertical matrix reduction.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A tuple of tuples ``( (D0, D1), (M0, M1) )``
+        where MV_t  = M0 + t * M1 and DV_t = D0 + t * D1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._vertical_matrix_reduction(1)
+            ((-2, 3),
+            (
+            [117410728377  65750007895  58235721278]
+            [ 67628579544  59175007105  15028573234]
+            [ 86414296088            0  27239288985],
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            [ 51660720493  75142866164            0]
+            [ 74203580341   2817857481  75142866164]
+            [108017870113            0   2817857481]
+            ))
+            sage: C._vertical_matrix_reduction(2)
+            ((-1, 3),
+            (
+            [92989296875  7514286617 58235721278]
+            [50721434658 60114292932 81717866955]
+            [80778581126           0 28178574812],
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            [ 51660720493  75142866164            0]
+            [ 74203580341   2817857481  75142866164]
+            [108017870113            0   2817857481]
+            ))
+        """
+
+        d = self._d
+        f_co = (
+            [0 for i in range(d - 2)] + self._flift.list() + [0 for i in range(d - 1)]
+        )
+        fd_co = (
+            [0 for i in range(d - 1)] + self._dflift.list() + [0 for i in range(d)]
+        )
+
+        rows = [f_co[d - 2 - i:-i - 1] for i in range(d - 1)]
+        rows += [fd_co[d - 1 - i:-i - 1] for i in range(d)]
+
+        m = matrix(rows).transpose().inverse()
+
+        a_foo = m[0:d, 0:d]
+        b_foo = m[d - 1:2 * d - 1, 0:d]
+        a_foo = matrix(d, d, lambda i, j: 1 if i == j and i != d - 1 else 0) * a_foo
+        foo = matrix(d, d, lambda i, j: j if i == j - 1 else 0)
+        bp_foo = foo * b_foo
+        A_vert = a_foo.submatrix(0, 0, d - 1, d - 1)
+        Bd_vert = bp_foo.submatrix(0, 0, d - 1, d - 1)
+        M1 = (s0 - self._r) * A_vert + self._r * Bd_vert
+        M2 = self._r * A_vert
+        m1 = s0 - self._r
+        m2 = self._r
+        return ((m1, m2), (M1, M2))
+
+    def _reduce_vector_horizontal(self, G, e, s, k=1):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `G \in W_{e, s}`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `H \in W_{e - k, s}` such that
+            `G x^e y^{-s} dx \cong H x^{e - k} y^{-s} dx`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._initialize_fat_horizontal(p, 3)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal((83283349998, 0, 0, 0), 2*p  - 1, p, p)
+            (23734897071, 84632332850, 44254975407, 23684517017)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal((98582524551, 3200841460, 6361495378, 98571346457), 2*p - 1, p, p)
+            (96813533420, 61680190736, 123292559950, 96786566978)
+        """
+        if self._sqrtp and k == self._p:
+            vect = self._reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS(G, e, s)
+        else:
+            vect = self._reduce_vector_horizontal_plain(G, e, s, k)
+        return vect
+
+    def _reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS(self, G, e, s):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `G \in W_{e, s}`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `H \in W_{e - p, s}` such that
+            `G x^e y^{-s} dx \cong H x^{e - p} y^{-s} dx`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._initialize_fat_horizontal(p, 3)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS((0, 0, 0, 0), 2*p  - 1, p)
+            (0, 0, 0, 0)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS((83283349998, 0, 0, 0), 2*p  - 1, p)
+            (23734897071, 84632332850, 44254975407, 23684517017)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS((98582524551, 3200841460, 6361495378, 98571346457), 2*p - 1, p)
+            (96813533420, 61680190736, 123292559950, 96786566978)
+        """
+        if G == 0:
+            return G
+        if self._verbose > 2:
+            print(
+                "_reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS(self, %s, %s, %s)"
+                % (vector(self._Qq, G), e, s)
+            )
+        assert (e + 1) % self._p == 0
+        (m0, m1), (M0, M1) = self._horizontal_matrix_reduction(s)
+        vect = vector(self._Zq, G)
+        # we do the first d reductions carefully
+        D = 1
+        for i in reversed(range(e - self._d + 1, e + 1)):
+            Mi = M0 + i * M1
+            Di = m0 + i * m1
+
+            vect = Mi * vect
+            D *= Di
+        assert Di % self._p == 0
+        iD = 1 / self._Zq0(D.lift() / self._p)
+        vect = vector(self._Zq0, [iD * ZZ(elt.lift() / self._p) for elt in vect])
+        # use BSGS
+
+        iDH, MH = self._horizontal_fat_s[s][(e + 1) / self._p - 1]
+        vect = iDH * (MH * vect.change_ring(self._Zq0))
+
+        # last reduction
+        i = e - self._p + 1
+        Mi = M0 + i * M1
+        Di = 1 / (m0 + i * m1)
+
+        vect = Di * (Mi * vect.change_ring(self._Zq))
+
+        if self._verbose > 2:
+            print(
+                "done _reduce_vector_horizontal_BSGS(self, %s, %s, %s)"
+                % (vector(self._Qq, G), e, s)
+            )
+            print("return %s\n" % (vector(self._Qq, vect),))
+        return vect
+
+    def _initialize_fat_horizontal(self, s, L):
+        """
+        Initialise reduction matrices for horizontal reductions for blocks from `s` to `L`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._initialize_fat_horizontal(p, 3)
+            sage: len(C._horizontal_fat_s[p])
+            3
+        """
+        assert self._sqrtp
+        if s not in self._horizontal_fat_s:
+            N = self._N - 1  # padic precision of self._Zq0
+            d = self._d
+            L0 = min(L, N)
+            targets = [0] * (2 * L0)
+            for l in range(L0):
+                targets[2 * l] = self._p * l
+                targets[2 * l + 1] = self._p * (l + 1) - d - 1
+            (m0, m1), (M0, M1) = self._horizontal_matrix_reduction(s)
+            M0, M1 = (elt.change_ring(self._Zq0) for elt in [M0, M1])
+            D0, D1 = (matrix(self._Zq0, [elt]) for elt in [m0, m1])
+            MH = interval_products(M0, M1, targets)
+            DH = [elt[0, 0] for elt in interval_products(D0, D1, targets)]
+            if L > N:  # Vandermonde interpolation
+                #  f^{(r)}(0) p^r / r! for r = 0, ..., N-1,
+                MT = [None] * N
+                DT = [0] * N
+                for r in range(N):
+                    MT[r] = matrix(self._Zq0, d, d)
+                    for h in range(N):
+                        v = self._vandermonde[r, h]
+                        for i in range(d):
+                            for j in range(d):
+                                MT[r][i, j] += v * MH[h][i, j]
+                        DT[r] += v * DH[h]
+                for k in range(N, L):
+                    M = matrix(self._Zq0, d, d)
+                    D = 0
+                    k1pow = self._Zq0(1)  # power of k + 1
+                    for h in range(N):
+                        for i in range(d):
+                            for j in range(d):
+                                M[i, j] += k1pow * MT[h][i, j]
+                        D += k1pow * DT[h]
+                        k1pow *= k + 1
+                    MH.append(M)
+                    DH.append(D)
+
+            iDH = [1 / elt for elt in DH]
+            self._horizontal_fat_s[s] = [(iDH[i], MH[i]) for i in range(L)]
+        assert len(self._horizontal_fat_s[s]) >= L
+
+    def _reduce_vector_horizontal_plain(self, G, e, s, k=1):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `G \in W_{e, s}`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `H \in W_{e - k, s}` such that
+            `G x^e y^{-s} dx \cong H x^{e - k} y^{-s} dx`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._initialize_fat_horizontal(p, 3)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal_plain((83283349998, 0, 0, 0), 2*p  - 1, p, p)
+            (23734897071, 110671913892, 91161207284, 49524178051)
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_horizontal_plain((98582524551, 3200841460, 6361495378, 98571346457), 2*p - 1, p, p)
+            (96813533420, 65678590896, 12037075498, 66773575777)
+            sage: (C._reduce_vector_horizontal_plain((98582524551, 3200841460, 6361495378, 98571346457), 2*p - 1, p, p) - C._reduce_vector_horizontal_plain((98582524551, 3200841460, 6361495378, 98571346457), 2*p - 1, p, p)) % p^C._N0 == 0
+            True
+        """
+        if self._verbose > 2:
+            print(
+                "_reduce_vector_horizontal_plain(self, G = %s, e = %s, s = %s, k = %s)"
+                % (vector(self._Qq, G), e, s, k)
+            )
+        if G == 0:
+            return G
+        (m0, m1), (M0, M1) = self._horizontal_matrix_reduction(s)
+        vect = vector(self._Zq, G)
+        D = self._Zq(1)
+        assert k <= self._p, "more than p reductions at a time should be avoided!"
+        assert e - k + 1 >= 0
+        for i in reversed(range(e - k + 1, e + 1)):
+            Mi = M0 + i * M1
+            Di = m0 + i * m1
+
+            vect = Mi * vect
+            D *= Di
+            if self._plarge and Di % self._p == 0:
+                assert (i + self._d) % self._p == 0
+                vect = self._divide_vector(D, vect, self._Zq)
+                D = self._Zq(1)
+
+        vect = self._divide_vector(D, vect, self._Zq)
+
+        if self._verbose > 2:
+            print(
+                "done _reduce_vector_horizontal_plain(self, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
+                % (vector(self._Qq, G), e, s, k)
+            )
+            print("return %s\n" % (vector(self._Qq, vect),))
+        return vect
+
+    def _reduce_vector_vertical(self, G, s0, s, k=1):
+        r"""
+        Reduce the vector `G` representing an element of `W_{-1,rs + s0}` by `r k` steps.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `G \in W_{-1, r*s + s0}`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a vector -- `H \in W_{-1, r*(s - k) + s0}` such that
+          `G y^{-(r*s + s0)} dx \cong H y^{-(r*(s -k) + s0)} dx`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._reduce_vector_vertical((96683034459, 33074345103, 43132216686), 1, p // 3, p // 3)
+            (4364634303, 124117911400, 26239932330)
+        """
+
+        def _reduce_vector_vertical_plain(G, s0, s, k=1):
+            r"""
+            INPUT:
+
+            - a vector -- `G \in W_{-1, r*s + s0}`
+
+            OUTPUT:
+
+            - a vector -- `H \in W_{-1, r*(s - k) + s0}` such that
+              `G y^{-(r*s + s0)} dx \cong H y^{-(r*(s -k) + s0)} dx`
+            """
+            if self._verbose > 2:
+                print(
+                    "_reduce_vector_vertical(self, G = %s, s0 = %s, s = %s, k = %s)"
+                    % (vector(self._Qq, G), s0, s, k)
+                )
+
+            (m0, m1), (M0, M1) = self._vertical_matrix_reduction(s0)
+            vect = vector(self._Zq, G)
+            D = 1
+            assert k <= self._p, "more than p reductions at a time should be avoided!"
+            assert s - k >= 0
+            for i in reversed(range(s - k + 1, s + 1)):
+                Mi = M0 + i * M1
+                Di = m0 + i * m1
+                vect = Mi * vect
+                if self._plarge and Di % self._p != 0:
+                    D *= Di
+                else:
+                    vect = self._divide_vector(Di, vect, self._Zq)
+
+            vect = self._divide_vector(D, vect, self._Zq)
+
+            if self._verbose > 2:
+                print(
+                    "done _reduce_vector_vertical(self,  %s, %s, %s)"
+                    % (vector(self._Qq, G), s, k)
+                )
+                print("return %s\n" % (vector(self._Qq, vect),))
+
+            return vect
+
+        G = vector(self._Zq, G)
+
+        if self._sqrtp:
+            self._initialize_fat_vertical(s0, s)
+            if k < self._p:
+                assert s - k == self._epsilon
+                MV = self._vertical_fat_s[s0][0]
+            elif k == self._p:
+                MV = self._vertical_fat_s[s0][s // self._p]
+
+            return MV * G
+        else:
+            return _reduce_vector_vertical_plain(G, s0, s, k)
+
+    def _initialize_fat_vertical(self, s0, max_upper_target):
+        """
+        Initialise reduction matrices for vertical reductions for blocks from `s0` to `s0 + max_upper_target`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._initialize_fat_vertical(1, p + p // 3)
+            sage: len(C._vertical_fat_s[1])
+            2
+        """
+        L = floor((max_upper_target - self._epsilon) / self._p) + 1
+        if s0 not in self._vertical_fat_s:
+            (m0, m1), (M0, M1) = self._vertical_matrix_reduction(s0)
+            D0, D1 = (matrix(self._Zq, [y]) for y in [m0, m1])
+            targets = [0] * (2 * L)
+            for l in reversed(range(L)):
+                targets[2 * l] = max_upper_target - self._p * (L - l)
+                targets[2 * l + 1] = max_upper_target - self._p * (L - 1 - l)
+            if targets[0] < 0:
+                targets[0] = self._epsilon
+            MV = interval_products(M0, M1, targets)
+            DV = interval_products(D0, D1, targets)
+            for l in range(L):
+                D = DV[l][0, 0]
+                if D % self._p == 0:
+                    iD = 1 / self._Zq(D.lift() / self._p)
+                    MV[l] = matrix(
+                        self._Zq,
+                        [
+                            [iD * ZZ(elt.lift() / self._p) for elt in row]
+                            for row in MV[l].rows()
+                        ],
+                    )
+                else:
+                    MV[l] *= 1 / D
+            self._vertical_fat_s[s0] = MV
+
+        assert len(self._vertical_fat_s[s0]) >= L
+
+    def _frob(self, i, j, N0):
+        r"""
+        Compute `Frob(x^i dx/y^j) / dx` in terms of the cohomology basis,
+        whose `x` and `y` exponents are constrained to be in a particular range.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i``, ``j`` -- exponents of the basis differential
+        - ``N0`` -- desired `p`-adic precision for the Frobenius expansion
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1)
+            sage: C._init_frob()
+            sage: C._frob(2, 0, 1)
+            [3174 + O(4999)]
+            [1844 + O(4999)]
+            [4722 + O(4999)]
+        """
+        # a Matrix that represents the Frobenius expansion of
+        # x^i dx/y^j modulo p^(N0 + 1)
+        # the entry (l, s) corresponds to the coefficient associated to the monomial x ** (p * (i + 1 + l) -1) * y ** (p * (j + r*s))
+        assert N0 <= self._N0
+        frobij = self._frob_sparse(i, j, N0)
+        # recall
+        # Frob(x^i dx/y^j) / dx
+        #       = p * x ** (p * (i+1) - 1) * y ** (j*p)
+        #         * = \sum_{s = 0} ^{N0-1}
+        #               \sum_{l = 0} ^(d*s)
+        #                   D_{j, s} * Frobpow[s][l] * x ** (p ** l) y ** (r * p ** s)
+        # H represents H(x) * y^(-p**s) s /dx
+        # the entry (l, s) of frobij
+        # corresponds to the monomial (p * (i + 1 + l) -1, p * -(j + r*s))
+        d = self._d
+        r = self._r
+        p = self._p
+        H = vector(self._Zq, d - 1)
+        k = (p * j) // r
+        s0 = (p * j) % r
+
+        for s in reversed(range(N0)):
+            if self._sqrtp:
+                # (i + 1) <= d
+                self._initialize_fat_horizontal(
+                    p * j + p * r * s, d * s + (d - 2) + 1
+                )  # d * (s + 1) )
+            # G represents G(x) * x^(p ** l - 1) y^(-p(j + r*s)) /dx
+            G = vector(self._Zq, d)
+            for ell in reversed(range(1, d * s + (i + 1) + 1)):
+                if ell >= (i + 1):
+                    G[0] += frobij[ell - (i + 1), s]
+                G = self._reduce_vector_horizontal(G, p * ell - 1, p * j + p * r * s, p)
+            assert G[0] == 0
+            H += vector(G.list()[1:])
+            if s > 0:
+                # y^(-p(j + r*s))  --- >  y^(-p(j + r*(s-1)))
+                H = self._reduce_vector_vertical(H, s0, k + p * s, p)
+        # H represents
+        # H(x) y^-p*j = H(x) y^-(k*r + s0)
+        # now we reduce the pole order to s0 + r*epsilon, where s0 = p *j % r
+        while k > self._epsilon:
+            steps = p if k - self._epsilon > p else k - self._epsilon
+            H = self._reduce_vector_vertical(H, s0, k, steps)
+            k -= steps
+        assert k == self._epsilon
+        H = [self._Qq(elt).add_bigoh(N0) for elt in H]
+        return matrix(H).transpose()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def frobenius_matrix(self, N=None):
+        """
+        Compute `p`-adic Frobenius matrix to precision `p^N`.
+
+        If `N` not supplied, a default value is selected, which is the minimum
+        needed to recover the charpoly unambiguously.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = 107
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, x^5 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+            [              O(107^2)      89*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            [     89*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            [              O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2) 105 + 5*107 + O(107^2)]
+            [              O(107^2)               O(107^2) 89 + 53*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, 3*x^5 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+            [              O(107^2)      14*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            [     69*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            [              O(107^2)               O(107^2)               O(107^2) 61 + 58*107 + O(107^2)]
+            [              O(107^2)               O(107^2) 69 + 53*107 + O(107^2)               O(107^2)]
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, x^3 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+            [          0           0      O(107)      O(107)]
+            [          0           0 52 + O(107)      O(107)]
+            [     O(107) 35 + O(107)           0           0]
+            [44 + O(107)      O(107)           0           0]
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, 3*x^3 + x).frobenius_matrix()
+            [          0           0      O(107)      O(107)]
+            [          0           0 79 + O(107)      O(107)]
+            [     O(107) 42 + O(107)           0           0]
+            [30 + O(107)      O(107)           0           0]
+        """
+
+        def _frobenius_matrix_p(N0):
+            r"""
+            Compute the matrix that represents the p-power Frobenius
+            """
+            assert self._init_frobQ
+
+            m = matrix(self._Qq, (self._d - 1) * (self._r - 1))
+
+            # Want to build m, "slice by slice" using the output of _frob
+            for j in range(1, self._r):
+                s0 = (j * self._p) % self._r
+                for i in range(self._d - 1):
+                    m[(s0 - 1) * (self._d - 1):s0 * (self._d - 1),
+                      i + (j - 1) * (self._d - 1),
+                      ] = self._frob(i, j + self._epsilon * self._r, N0)
+            return m
+
+        self._init_frob(N)
+        FrobP = _frobenius_matrix_p(self._N0)
+        assert N == self._N0 or N is None
+        if self._n == 1:
+            return FrobP
+        else:
+            current = FrobP
+            total = FrobP
+            for i in range(self._n - 1):
+                current = matrix(
+                    [[entry.frobenius() for entry in row] for row in current]
+                )
+                total = total * current
+            total = matrix([[elt.add_bigoh(self._N0) for elt in row] for row in total])
+            return total
+
+    @cached_method
+    def frobenius_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of Frobenius.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Hyperelliptic curves::
+
+            sage: p = 11
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: f = x^7 + 4*x^2 + 10*x + 4
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, f).frobenius_polynomial() == \
+            ....: HyperellipticCurve(f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            True
+            sage: f = 2*x^5 + 4*x^3 + x^2 + 2*x + 1
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, f).frobenius_polynomial() == \
+            ....: HyperellipticCurve(f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            True
+            sage: f = 2*x^6 + 4*x^4 + x^3 + 2*x^2 + x
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, f).frobenius_polynomial() == \
+            ....: HyperellipticCurve(f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            True
+            sage: p = 1117
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: f = x^9 + 4*x^2 + 10*x + 4
+            sage: P1 = CyclicCover(2, f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            sage: P2 = HyperellipticCurve(f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            sage: P1 == P2  # long time
+            True
+            sage: f = 2*x^5 + 4*x^3 + x^2 + 2*x + 1
+            sage: CyclicCover(2, f).frobenius_polynomial() == \
+            ....: HyperellipticCurve(f).frobenius_polynomial()
+            True
+
+        Superelliptic curves::
+
+            sage: p = 11
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 21*x^4 + 231*x^2 + 1331
+            sage: CyclicCover(4, x^3 + x + 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 2*x^5 + 11*x^4 + 121*x^2 + 242*x + 1331
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p),"x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(4, x^3  - 1).frobenius_polynomial() == \
+            ....: CyclicCover(3, x^4  + 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            True
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, x^4 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^2 + 3*x + 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 180*x^5 + 20988*x^4 + 1854349*x^3 + 104919012*x^2 + 4498200180*x + 124925014999
+            sage: CyclicCover(4, x^5 + x + 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^12 - 64*x^11 + 5018*x^10 - 488640*x^9 + 28119583*x^8 - 641791616*x^7
+             + 124245485932*x^6 - 3208316288384*x^5 + 702708407289583*x^4 - 61043359329111360*x^3
+             + 3133741752599645018*x^2 - 199800079984001599936*x + 15606259372500374970001
+
+            sage: h = PolynomialRing(GF(1129), 'x')([-1] + [0]*(5-1) + [1])
+            sage: CyclicCover(11, h).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^40 + 7337188909826596*x^30 + 20187877911930897108199045855206*x^20
+             + 24687045654725446027864774006541463602997309796*x^10
+             + 11320844849639649951608809973589776933203136765026963553258401
+
+            sage: h = PolynomialRing(GF(1009^2), 'x')([-1] + [0]*(5-1) + [1])
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, h).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^8 + 532*x^7 - 2877542*x^6 - 242628176*x^5 + 4390163797795*x^4 - 247015136050256*x^3
+             - 2982540407204025062*x^2 + 561382189105547134612*x + 1074309286591662654798721
+
+        A non-monic example checking that :issue:`29015` is fixed::
+
+            sage: a = 3
+            sage: K.<s> = GF(83^3);
+            sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(K)
+            sage: h = s*x^4 + x*3 + 8
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(a, h)
+            sage: C.frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 + 1563486*x^4 + 893980969482*x^2 + 186940255267540403
+
+        Non-superelliptic curves::
+
+            sage: p = 13
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: C = CyclicCover(4, x^4 + 1)
+            sage: C.frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^6 - 6*x^5 + 3*x^4 + 60*x^3 + 39*x^2 - 1014*x + 2197
+            sage: R.<t> = PowerSeriesRing(Integers())
+            sage: C.projective_closure().zeta_series(2, t)
+            1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + O(t^3)
+            sage: C.frobenius_polynomial().reverse()(t)/((1-t)*(1-p*t)) + O(t^5)
+            1 + 8*t + 102*t^2 + 1384*t^3 + 18089*t^4 + O(t^5)
+
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(11), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(4, x^6 - 11*x^3 + 70*x^2 - x + 961).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^14 + 14*x^12 + 287*x^10 + 3025*x^8 + 33275*x^6 + 381997*x^4 + 2254714*x^2 + 19487171
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(4999), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(4, x^6 - 11*x^3 + 70*x^2 - x + 961).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^14 - 4*x^13 - 2822*x^12 - 30032*x^11 + 37164411*x^10 - 152369520*x^9
+             + 54217349361*x^8 - 1021791160888*x^7 + 271032529455639*x^6 - 3807714457169520*x^5
+             + 4642764601604000589*x^4 - 18754988504199390032*x^3 - 8809934776794570547178*x^2
+             - 62425037490001499880004*x + 78015690603129374475034999
+
+            sage: p = 11
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, 5*x^3 - 5*x + 13).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^2 + 11
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, x^6 + x^4 - x^3 + 2*x^2 - x - 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^8 + 32*x^6 + 462*x^4 + 3872*x^2 + 14641
+            sage: p = 4999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, 5*x^3 - 5*x + 13).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^2 - 47*x + 4999
+            sage: CyclicCover(3, x^6 + x^4 - x^3 + 2*x^2 - x - 1).frobenius_polynomial()
+            x^8 + 122*x^7 + 4594*x^6 - 639110*x^5 - 82959649*x^4 - 3194910890*x^3
+             + 114804064594*x^2 + 15240851829878*x + 624500149980001
+
+            sage: p = 11
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(5, x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^12 + 4*x^11 + 22*x^10 + 108*x^9 + 503*x^8 + 1848*x^7 + 5588*x^6 + 20328*x^5
+             + 60863*x^4 + 143748*x^3 + 322102*x^2 + 644204*x + 1771561
+            sage: CyclicCover(5, 2*x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^12 - 9*x^11 + 42*x^10 - 108*x^9 - 47*x^8 + 1782*x^7 - 8327*x^6 + 19602*x^5
+             - 5687*x^4 - 143748*x^3 + 614922*x^2 - 1449459*x + 1771561
+            sage: p = 49999
+            sage: x = PolynomialRing(GF(p), "x").gen()
+            sage: CyclicCover(5, x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial()  # long time
+            x^12 + 299994*x^10 + 37498500015*x^8 + 2499850002999980*x^6
+             + 93742500224997000015*x^4 + 1874812507499850001499994*x^2
+             + 15623125093747500037499700001
+            sage: CyclicCover(5, 2*x^5 + x).frobenius_polynomial() # long time
+            x^12 + 299994*x^10 + 37498500015*x^8 + 2499850002999980*x^6
+             + 93742500224997000015*x^4 + 1874812507499850001499994*x^2
+             + 15623125093747500037499700001
+
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: for _ in range(5): # long time
+            ....:     fail = False
+            ....:     p = random_prime(500, lbound=5)
+            ....:     for i in range(1, 4):
+            ....:         F = GF((p, i))
+            ....:         Fx = PolynomialRing(F, 'x')
+            ....:         b = F.random_element()
+            ....:         while b == 0:
+            ....:            b = F.random_element()
+            ....:         E = EllipticCurve(F, [0, b])
+            ....:         C1 = CyclicCover(3, Fx([-b, 0, 1]))
+            ....:         C2 = CyclicCover(2, Fx([b, 0, 0, 1]))
+            ....:         frob = [elt.frobenius_polynomial() for elt in [E, C1, C2]]
+            ....:         if len(set(frob)) != 1:
+            ....:             E
+            ....:             C1
+            ....:             C2
+            ....:             frob
+            ....:             fail = True
+            ....:             break
+            ....:     if fail:
+            ....:       break
+            ....: else:
+            ....:     True
+            True
+        """
+        self._init_frob()
+        F = self.frobenius_matrix(self._N0)
+
+        def _denominator():
+            R = PolynomialRing(ZZ, "T")
+            T = R.gen()
+            denom = R(1)
+            lc = self._f.list()[-1]
+            if lc == 1:  # MONIC
+                for i in range(2, self._delta + 1):
+                    if self._delta % i == 0:
+                        phi = euler_phi(i)
+                        G = IntegerModRing(i)
+                        ki = G(self._q).multiplicative_order()
+                        denom = denom * (T ** ki - 1) ** (phi // ki)
+                return denom
+            else:  # Non-monic
+                x = PolynomialRing(self._Fq, "x").gen()
+                f = x ** self._delta - lc
+                L = f.splitting_field("a")
+                roots = [r for r, _ in f.change_ring(L).roots()]
+                roots_dict = {r: i for i, r in enumerate(roots)}
+                rootsfrob = [L.frobenius_endomorphism(self._Fq.degree())(r) for r in roots]
+                m = zero_matrix(len(roots))
+                for i, r in enumerate(roots):
+                    m[i, roots_dict[rootsfrob[i]]] = 1
+            return R(R(m.characteristic_polynomial()) // (T - 1))
+
+        denom = _denominator()
+        R = PolynomialRing(ZZ, "x")
+
+        if self._nodenominators:
+            min_val = 0
+        else:
+            # are there any denominators in F?
+            min_val = min(self._Qq(elt).valuation() for row in F.rows() for elt in row)
+
+        if min_val >= 0:
+            prec = _N0_nodenominators(self._p, self._genus, self._n)
+            charpoly_prec = [prec + i for i in reversed(range(1, self._genus + 1))] + [
+                prec
+            ] * (self._genus + 1)
+            cp = charpoly_frobenius(F, charpoly_prec, self._p, 1, self._n, denom.list())
+            return R(cp)
+        else:
+            cp = F.charpoly().reverse()
+            denom = denom.reverse()
+            PS = PowerSeriesRing(self._Zp, "T")
+            cp = PS(cp) / PS(denom)
+            cp = cp.padded_list(self._genus + 1)
+            cpZZ = [None for _ in range(2 * self._genus + 1)]
+            cpZZ[0] = 1
+            cpZZ[-1] = self._p ** self._genus
+            for i in range(1, self._genus + 1):
+                cmod = cp[i]
+                bound = binomial(2 * self._genus, i) * self._p ** (i * self._n * 0.5)
+                localmod = self._p ** (ceil(log(bound, self._p)))
+                c = cmod.lift() % localmod
+                if c > bound:
+                    c = -(-cmod.lift() % localmod)
+                cpZZ[i] = c
+                if i != self._genus + 1:
+                    cpZZ[2 * self._genus - i] = c * self._p ** (self._genus - i)
+            cpZZ.reverse()
+            return R(cpZZ)