passagemath-schemes 10.6.47__cp312-cp312-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/schemes/elliptic_curves/hom_composite.py

@@ -0,0 +1,934 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Composite morphisms of elliptic curves
+
+It is often computationally convenient (for example, in cryptography)
+to factor an isogeny of large degree into a composition of isogenies
+of smaller (prime) degree. This class implements such a decomposition
+while exposing (close to) the same interface as "normal", unfactored
+elliptic-curve isogenies.
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+The following example would take quite literally forever with the
+straightforward :class:`EllipticCurveIsogeny` implementation, but
+decomposing into prime steps is exponentially faster::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+    sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+    sage: p = 3 * 2^143 - 1
+    sage: GF(p^2).inject_variables()
+    Defining z2
+    sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(p^2), [1,0])
+    sage: P = E.lift_x(31415926535897932384626433832795028841971 - z2)
+    sage: P.order().factor()
+    2^143
+    sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+    Composite morphism of degree 11150372599265311570767859136324180752990208 = 2^143:
+      From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x
+            over Finite Field in z2 of size 33451117797795934712303577408972542258970623^2
+      To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (18676616716352953484576727486205473216172067*z2+32690199585974925193292786311814241821808308)*x
+            + (3369702436351367403910078877591946300201903*z2+15227558615699041241851978605002704626689722)
+            over Finite Field in z2 of size 33451117797795934712303577408972542258970623^2
+
+Yet, the interface provided by :class:`EllipticCurveHom_composite`
+is identical to :class:`EllipticCurveIsogeny` and other instantiations
+of :class:`EllipticCurveHom`::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+    sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [0,1])
+    sage: P = E.lift_x(33); P.order()
+    35
+    sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P); psi
+    Composite morphism of degree 35 = 5*7:
+      From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 419
+      To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 101*x + 285 over Finite Field of size 419
+    sage: psi(E.lift_x(11))
+    (352 : 346 : 1)
+    sage: psi.rational_maps()
+    ((x^35 + 162*x^34 + 186*x^33 + 92*x^32 - ... + 44*x^3 + 190*x^2 + 80*x
+      - 72)/(x^34 + 162*x^33 - 129*x^32 + 41*x^31 + ... + 66*x^3 - 191*x^2 + 119*x + 21),
+     (x^51*y - 176*x^50*y + 115*x^49*y - 120*x^48*y + ... + 72*x^3*y + 129*x^2*y + 163*x*y
+      + 178*y)/(x^51 - 176*x^50 + 11*x^49 + 26*x^48 - ... - 77*x^3 + 185*x^2 + 169*x - 128))
+    sage: psi.kernel_polynomial()
+    x^17 + 81*x^16 + 7*x^15 + 82*x^14 + 49*x^13 + 68*x^12 + 109*x^11 + 326*x^10
+     + 117*x^9 + 136*x^8 + 111*x^7 + 292*x^6 + 55*x^5 + 389*x^4 + 175*x^3 + 43*x^2 + 149*x + 373
+    sage: psi.dual()
+    Composite morphism of degree 35 = 7*5:
+      From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 101*x + 285 over Finite Field of size 419
+      To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 419
+    sage: psi.formal()
+    t + 211*t^5 + 417*t^7 + 159*t^9 + 360*t^11 + 259*t^13 + 224*t^15 + 296*t^17 + 139*t^19 + 222*t^21 + O(t^23)
+
+Equality is decided correctly (and, in some cases, much faster than
+comparing :meth:`EllipticCurveHom.rational_maps`) even when distinct
+factorizations of the same isogeny are compared::
+
+    sage: psi == EllipticCurveIsogeny(E, P)                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings sage.symbolic
+    True
+
+We can easily obtain the individual factors of the composite map::
+
+    sage: psi.factors()                                                                 # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+    (Isogeny of degree 5
+      from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 419
+        to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 140*x + 214 over Finite Field of size 419,
+     Isogeny of degree 7
+      from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 140*x + 214 over Finite Field of size 419
+        to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 101*x + 285 over Finite Field of size 419)
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Lukas Zobernig (2020): initial proof-of-concept version
+- Lorenz Panny (2021): :class:`EllipticCurveHom` interface,
+  documentation and tests, equality testing
+"""
+
+from sage.structure.richcmp import op_EQ
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+
+from sage.arith.misc import prod
+
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_generic import EllipticCurve_generic
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom import EllipticCurveHom, compare_via_evaluation
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_curve_isogeny import EllipticCurveIsogeny
+from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.weierstrass_morphism import WeierstrassIsomorphism, identity_morphism
+
+
+def _eval_factored_isogeny(phis, P):
+    """
+    This method pushes a point `P` through a given sequence ``phis``
+    of compatible isogenies.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves import hom_composite
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [1,0])
+        sage: Q = E(21, 8)
+        sage: phis = []
+        sage: while len(phis) < 10:
+        ....:     P = list(sorted(E(0).division_points(7)))[1]
+        ....:     phis.append(E.isogeny(P))
+        ....:     E = phis[-1].codomain()
+        sage: R = hom_composite._eval_factored_isogeny(phis, Q); R
+        (290 : 183 : 1)
+        sage: R in E
+        True
+    """
+    for phi in phis:
+        P = phi(P)
+    return P
+
+
+def _compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P, l, n, split=.8, velu_sqrt_bound=None):
+    r"""
+    This method takes a point `P` of order `\ell^n` and returns
+    a sequence of degree-`\ell` isogenies whose composition has
+    the subgroup generated by `P` as its kernel.
+
+    The optional argument ``split``, a real number between
+    `0` and `1`, controls the *strategy* used to compute the
+    isogeny: In general, the algorithm performs a number of
+    scalar multiplications `[\ell]` and a number of
+    `\ell`-isogeny evaluations, and there exist tradeoffs
+    between them.
+
+    - Setting ``split`` to `0` skews the algorithm towards
+      isogenies, minimizing multiplications.
+      The asymptotic complexity is `O(n \log(\ell) + n^2 \ell)`.
+
+    - Setting ``split`` to `1` skews the algorithm towards
+      multiplications, minimizing isogenies.
+      The asymptotic complexity is `O(n^2 \log(\ell) + n \ell)`.
+
+    - Values strictly between `0` and `1` define *sparse*
+      strategies, which balance the number of isogenies and
+      multiplications according to the parameter.
+      The asymptotic complexity is `O(n \log(n) \ell)`.
+
+    The optional parameter ``velu_sqrt_bound`` prescribes the
+    point in which the computation of a single isogeny should be
+    performed using square root Velu instead of simple Velu.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        As of July 2022, good values for ``split`` range somewhere
+        between roughly `0.6` and `0.9`, depending on the size of
+        `\ell` and the cost of base-field arithmetic.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    Sparse strategies were introduced in [DJP2014]_, §4.2.2.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    The splitting rule implemented here is a simple heuristic which
+    is usually not optimal. The advantage is that it does not rely
+    on prior knowledge of degrees and exact costs of elliptic-curve
+    arithmetic, while still working reasonably well for a fairly
+    wide range of situations.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves import hom_composite
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(8191), [1,0])
+        sage: P = E.random_point()
+        sage: (l,n), = P.order().factor()
+        sage: phis = hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P, l, n)
+        sage: hom_composite._eval_factored_isogeny(phis, P)
+        (0 : 1 : 0)
+        sage: [phi.degree() for phi in phis] == [l]*n
+        True
+
+    All choices of ``split`` produce the same result, albeit
+    not equally fast::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(2^127 - 1), [1,0])
+        sage: P, = E.gens()
+        sage: (l,n), = P.order().factor()
+        sage: phis = hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n)
+        sage: phis == hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n, split=0)  # long time -- about 10s
+        True
+        sage: phis == hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n, split=0.1)
+        True
+        sage: phis == hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n, split=0.5)
+        True
+        sage: phis == hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n, split=0.9)
+        True
+        sage: phis == hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(P,l,n, split=1)
+        True
+    """
+    def rec(Q, k):
+
+        if k == 1:
+            # base case: Q has order l
+            Q._order = l # This was not cached before
+            return [Q.curve().isogeny(kernel=Q, velu_sqrt_bound=velu_sqrt_bound)]
+
+        # recursive case: k > 1 and Q has order l^k
+
+        k1 = int(k * split + .5)
+        k1 = max(1, min(k - 1, k1))  # clamp to [1, k - 1]
+
+        Q1 = l**k1 * Q
+        L = rec(Q1, k - k1)
+
+        Q2 = _eval_factored_isogeny(L, Q)
+        R = rec(Q2, k1)
+
+        return L + R
+
+    return rec(P, n)
+
+
+def _compute_factored_isogeny_single_generator(P, velu_sqrt_bound=None):
+    """
+    This method takes a point `P` and returns a sequence of
+    prime-degree isogenies whose composition has the subgroup
+    generated by `P` as its kernel.
+
+    The optional parameter ``velu_sqrt_bound`` prescribes the
+    point in which the computation of a single isogeny should be
+    performed using square root Velu instead of simple Velu.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves import hom_composite
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [1,0])
+        sage: P = E(42, 321)
+        sage: phis = hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_single_generator(P)
+        sage: list(sorted(phi.degree() for phi in phis))
+        [2, 2, 3, 5, 7]
+        sage: hom_composite._eval_factored_isogeny(phis, P)
+        (0 : 1 : 0)
+
+        ::
+
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves import hom_composite
+        sage: p = 3217
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(GF(p)(42))
+        sage: P = E.gens()[0]
+        sage: phis = hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny_single_generator(P, velu_sqrt_bound=50)
+        sage: for phi in phis:
+        ....:     print(phi)
+        Isogeny of degree 31 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 114*x + 544 over Finite Field of size 3217 to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 277*x + 1710 over Finite Field of size 3217
+        Elliptic-curve isogeny (using square-root Vélu) of degree 103:
+          From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 277*x + 1710 over Finite Field of size 3217
+          To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2979*x + 1951 over Finite Field of size 3217
+    """
+    phis = []
+    h = P.order()
+    for l,e in P.order().factor():
+        h //= l**e
+        psis = _compute_factored_isogeny_prime_power(h*P, l, e, velu_sqrt_bound=velu_sqrt_bound)
+        P = _eval_factored_isogeny(psis, P)
+        phis += psis
+    return phis
+
+
+def _compute_factored_isogeny(kernel, velu_sqrt_bound=None):
+    """
+    This method takes a set of points on an elliptic curve
+    and returns a sequence of isogenies whose composition
+    has the subgroup generated by that subset as its kernel.
+
+    The optional parameter ``velu_sqrt_bound`` prescribes the
+    point in which the computation of a single isogeny should be
+    performed using square root Velu instead of simple Velu.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves import hom_composite
+        sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [-1,0])
+        sage: Ps = [E(41,99), E(41,-99), E(51,14), E(21,21), E(33,17)]
+        sage: phis = hom_composite._compute_factored_isogeny(Ps)
+        sage: [phi.degree() for phi in phis]
+        [2, 3, 5, 7, 2]
+        sage: {hom_composite._eval_factored_isogeny(phis, P) for P in Ps}
+        {(0 : 1 : 0)}
+    """
+    phis = []
+    ker = list(kernel)
+    while ker:
+        K = ker.pop(0)
+        psis = _compute_factored_isogeny_single_generator(K, velu_sqrt_bound=velu_sqrt_bound)
+        ker = [_eval_factored_isogeny(psis, P) for P in ker]
+        phis += psis
+    return phis
+
+
+class EllipticCurveHom_composite(EllipticCurveHom):
+
+    _degree = None
+    _phis = None
+
+    def __init__(self, E, kernel, codomain=None, model=None, velu_sqrt_bound=None):
+        """
+        Construct a composite isogeny with given kernel (and optionally,
+        prescribed codomain curve). The isogeny is decomposed into steps
+        of prime degree.
+
+        The ``codomain`` and ``model`` parameters have the same meaning
+        as for :class:`EllipticCurveIsogeny`.
+
+        The optional parameter ``velu_sqrt_bound`` prescribes the point
+        in which the computation of a single isogeny should be performed
+        using square root Velu instead of simple Velu. If not provided,
+        the system default is used (see
+        :class:`EllipticCurve_field.isogeny` for a more detailed
+        discussion.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [1,0])                                     # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, E.lift_x(23))                           # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Composite morphism of degree 105 = 3*5*7:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x
+                    over Finite Field of size 419
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 373*x + 126
+                    over Finite Field of size 419
+
+        The given kernel generators need not be independent::
+
+            sage: # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 - x - 5)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('210.b6').change_ring(K)
+            sage: E.torsion_subgroup()
+            Torsion Subgroup isomorphic to Z/12 + Z/2 associated to the Elliptic Curve
+             defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + (-578)*x + 2756
+              over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - x - 5
+            sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, E.torsion_points())
+            Composite morphism of degree 24 = 2^3*3:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + (-578)*x + 2756
+                    over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - x - 5
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by
+                    y^2 + x*y + y = x^3 + (-89915533/16)*x + (-328200928141/64)
+                    over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - x - 5
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(19), [1,0])
+            sage: P = E.random_point()
+            sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: psi   # random
+            Composite morphism of degree 10 = 2*5:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 19
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 14*x over Finite Field of size 19
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, E.lift_x(3), codomain=E)
+            Composite morphism of degree 20 = 2^2*5:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 19
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 19
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF((2^127-1)^2), [1,0])
+            sage: K = 2^30 * E.random_point()
+            sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, K, model='montgomery')
+            sage: psi.codomain().a_invariants()
+            (0, ..., 0, 1, 0)
+        """
+        if not isinstance(E, EllipticCurve_generic):
+            raise ValueError(f'not an elliptic curve: {E}')
+
+        if not isinstance(kernel, list) and not isinstance(kernel, tuple):
+            kernel = [kernel]
+
+        for P in kernel:
+            if P not in E:
+                raise ValueError(f'given point {P} does not lie on {E}')
+
+        self._phis = _compute_factored_isogeny(kernel, velu_sqrt_bound=velu_sqrt_bound)
+
+        if not self._phis:
+            self._phis = [identity_morphism(E)]
+
+        if model is not None:
+            if codomain is not None:
+                raise ValueError("cannot specify a codomain curve and model name simultaneously")
+
+            from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_field import compute_model
+            codomain = compute_model(self._phis[-1].codomain(), model)
+
+        if codomain is not None:
+            if not isinstance(codomain, EllipticCurve_generic):
+                raise ValueError(f'not an elliptic curve: {codomain}')
+            iso = self._phis[-1].codomain().isomorphism_to(codomain)
+            if hasattr(self._phis[-1], '_set_post_isomorphism'):
+                self._phis[-1]._set_post_isomorphism(iso)
+            else:
+                self._phis.append(iso)
+
+        self._phis = tuple(self._phis)  # make immutable
+        self.__perform_inheritance_housekeeping()
+
+    def __perform_inheritance_housekeeping(self):
+        """
+        Internal helper function to set values of the superclass.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([1,0])
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, E(0,0))   # implicit doctest
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom import EllipticCurveHom
+            sage: print(EllipticCurveHom._repr_(phi))
+            Elliptic-curve morphism:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Rational Field
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 4*x over Rational Field
+            sage: phi.domain()
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Rational Field
+            sage: phi.codomain()
+            Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 - 4*x over Rational Field
+        """
+        self._degree = prod(phi.degree() for phi in self._phis)
+        self._domain = self._phis[0].domain()
+        self._codomain = self._phis[-1].codomain()
+        EllipticCurveHom.__init__(self, self._domain, self._codomain)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_factors(cls, maps, E=None, strict=True):
+        r"""
+        This method constructs a :class:`EllipticCurveHom_composite`
+        object encapsulating a given sequence of compatible isogenies.
+
+        The isogenies are composed in left-to-right order, i.e., the
+        resulting composite map equals `f_{n-1} \circ \dots \circ f_0`
+        where `f_i` denotes ``maps[i]``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``maps`` -- sequence of :class:`EllipticCurveHom` objects
+        - ``E`` -- (optional) the domain elliptic curve
+        - ``strict`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``,
+          always return an :class:`EllipticCurveHom_composite` object,
+          else may return another :class:`EllipticCurveHom` type
+
+        OUTPUT: the composite of ``maps``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(43), [1,0])
+            sage: P, = E.gens()
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(phi.factors())
+            sage: psi == phi                                                            # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('4730k1')
+            sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors([], E) == E.scalar_multiplication(1)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(419), [1,0])
+            sage: P, = E.gens()
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(phi.factors()) == phi         # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+        """
+        maps = tuple(maps)
+        if not maps and E is None:
+            raise ValueError('need either factors or domain')
+        if E is None:
+            E = maps[0].domain()
+
+        for phi in maps:
+            if not isinstance(phi, EllipticCurveHom):
+                raise TypeError(f'not an elliptic-curve isogeny: {phi}')
+            if phi.domain() != E:
+                raise ValueError(f'isogeny has incorrect domain: {phi}')
+            E = phi.codomain()
+
+        if not maps:
+            maps = (identity_morphism(E),)
+
+        if len(maps) == 1 and not strict:
+            return maps[0]
+
+        result = cls.__new__(cls)
+        result._phis = maps
+        result.__perform_inheritance_housekeeping()
+        return result
+
+    def _call_(self, P):
+        """
+        Evaluate this composite isogeny at a point.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs database_cremona_mini_ellcurve sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 - x - 5)
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve('210.b6').change_ring(K)
+            sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, E.torsion_points())
+            sage: R = E.lift_x(15/4 * (a+3))
+            sage: psi(R)    # indirect doctest
+            (1033648757/303450 : -58397496786187/1083316500*a + 54706287407197/2166633000 : 1)
+
+        Check that copying the order over works::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(431), [1,0])
+            sage: P, = E.gens()
+            sage: Q = 2^99*P; Q.order()
+            27
+            sage: phi = E.isogeny(3^99*P, algorithm='factored')
+            sage: phi(Q)._order
+            27
+        """
+        return _eval_factored_isogeny(self._phis, P)
+
+    def _eval(self, P):
+        r"""
+        Less strict evaluation method for internal use.
+
+        In particular, this can be used to evaluate ``self`` at a
+        point defined over an extension field.
+
+        INPUT: a sequence of 3 coordinates defining a point on ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT: the result of evaluating ``self`` at the given point
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=Mod(1728,419))
+            sage: K, = E.gens()
+            sage: psi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, 4*K)
+            sage: Ps = E.change_ring(GF(419**2))(0).division_points(5)                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: {psi._eval(P).curve() for P in Ps}                                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            {Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 373*x + 126 over Finite Field in z2 of size 419^2}
+        """
+        if self._domain.defining_polynomial()(*P):
+            raise ValueError(f'{P} not on {self._domain}')
+        k = Sequence(P).universe()
+
+        Q = P
+        for phi in self._phis:
+            Q = phi._eval(Q)
+
+        return self._codomain.base_extend(k)(*Q)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return basic facts about this composite isogeny as a string.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(43), [1,0])
+            sage: P, = E.gens()
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi   # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 44 = 2^2*11:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43
+            sage: phi * phi * phi * phi * phi * phi * phi   # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 319277809664 = 2^2*11*2^2*11*2^2*11*2^2*11*2^2*11*2^2*11*2^2*11:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43
+        """
+        from itertools import groupby
+        degs = [phi.degree() for phi in self._phis]
+        if len(degs) == 1:
+            return f'Composite morphism of degree {self._degree}:' \
+                    f'\n  From: {self._domain}' \
+                    f'\n  To:   {self._codomain}'
+        grouped = [(d, sum(1 for _ in g)) for d,g in groupby(degs)]
+        degs_str = '*'.join(str(d) + (f'^{e}' if e > 1 else '') for d,e in grouped)
+        return f'Composite morphism of degree {self._degree} = {degs_str}:' \
+                f'\n  From: {self._domain}' \
+                f'\n  To:   {self._codomain}'
+
+    def factors(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the factors of this composite isogeny as a tuple.
+
+        The isogenies are returned in left-to-right order, i.e.,
+        the returned tuple `(f_1,...,f_n)` corresponds to the map
+        `f_n \circ \dots \circ f_1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(43), [1,0])
+            sage: P, = E.gens()
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi.factors()
+            (Isogeny of degree 2
+              from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43
+                to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 39*x over Finite Field of size 43,
+             Isogeny of degree 2
+              from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 39*x over Finite Field of size 43
+                to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 42*x + 26 over Finite Field of size 43,
+             Isogeny of degree 11
+              from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 42*x + 26 over Finite Field of size 43
+                to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 43)
+        """
+        return self._phis
+
+    # EllipticCurveHom methods
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _composition_impl(left, right):
+        """
+        Helper method to compose other elliptic-curve morphisms with
+        :class:`EllipticCurveHom_composite` objects. Called by
+        :meth:`EllipticCurveHom._composition_`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve([i + 1, i, 0, -4, -6*i])
+            sage: P,Q = E.lift_x(i - 5), E.lift_x(-4*i)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: psi = phi.codomain().isogeny(phi(Q))
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.weierstrass_morphism import WeierstrassIsomorphism
+            sage: iso1 = WeierstrassIsomorphism(E, (-1, 0, -i - 1, 0))
+            sage: iso2 = psi.codomain().isomorphism_to(E)
+            sage: psi * phi                 # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 16 = 2^2*4:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-3331/4)*x + (-142593/8*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+            sage: iso2 * EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors([phi, psi]) # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 16 = 4^2:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+            sage: phi * iso1                # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 4 = 2^2:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (480*I-694)*x + (-7778*I+5556)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+            sage: iso2 * psi * phi * iso1   # indirect doctest
+            Composite morphism of degree 16 = 2^2*4:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (I+1)*x*y = x^3 + I*x^2 + (-4)*x + (-6*I)
+                    over Number Field in I with defining polynomial x^2 + 1 with I = 1*I
+        """
+        if isinstance(left, EllipticCurveHom_composite):
+            if isinstance(right, WeierstrassIsomorphism) and hasattr(left.factors()[0], '_set_pre_isomorphism'):    # XXX bit of a hack
+                return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors((left.factors()[0] * right,) + left.factors()[1:], strict=False)
+            if isinstance(right, EllipticCurveHom_composite):
+                return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(right.factors() + left.factors())
+            if isinstance(right, EllipticCurveHom):
+                return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors((right,) + left.factors())
+        if isinstance(right, EllipticCurveHom_composite):
+            if isinstance(left, WeierstrassIsomorphism) and hasattr(right.factors()[-1], '_set_post_isomorphism'):  # XXX bit of a hack
+                return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(right.factors()[:-1] + (left * right.factors()[-1],), strict=False)
+            if isinstance(left, EllipticCurveHom):
+                return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(right.factors() + (left,))
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _comparison_impl(left, right, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare a composite isogeny to another elliptic-curve morphism.
+
+        Called by :meth:`EllipticCurveHom._richcmp_`.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        If possible, we use
+        :func:`~sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom.compare_via_evaluation`.
+        The complexity in that case is polynomial in the representation
+        size of this morphism.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(QuadraticField(-3), [0,16])
+            sage: P,Q = E.lift_x(0), E.lift_x(-4)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: psi = phi.codomain().isogeny(phi(Q))
+            sage: psi = psi.codomain().isomorphism_to(E) * psi
+            sage: comp = psi * phi
+            sage: mu = E.scalar_multiplication(phi.degree())
+            sage: sum(a*comp == mu for a in E.automorphisms())
+            1
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(431**2), [1,0])
+            sage: P,Q = E.gens()
+            sage: phi1 = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi2 = EllipticCurveHom_composite(phi1.codomain(), phi1(Q))
+            sage: psi1 = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, Q)
+            sage: psi2 = EllipticCurveHom_composite(psi1.codomain(), psi1(P))
+            sage: phi2 * phi1 == psi2 * psi1
+            True
+        """
+        if op != op_EQ:
+            return NotImplemented
+        try:
+            return compare_via_evaluation(left, right)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def rational_maps(self):
+        """
+        Return the pair of explicit rational maps defining this composite
+        isogeny.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi.rational_maps()
+            ((x^9 + 27463*x^8 + 21204*x^7 - 5750*x^6 + 1610*x^5 + 14440*x^4
+              + 26605*x^3 - 15569*x^2 - 3341*x + 1267)/(x^8 + 27463*x^7 + 26871*x^6
+              + 5999*x^5 - 20194*x^4 - 6310*x^3 + 24366*x^2 - 20905*x - 13867),
+             (x^12*y + 8426*x^11*y + 5667*x^11 + 27612*x^10*y + 26124*x^10 + 9688*x^9*y
+              - 22715*x^9 + 19864*x^8*y + 498*x^8 + 22466*x^7*y - 14036*x^7 + 8070*x^6*y
+              + 19955*x^6 - 20765*x^5*y - 12481*x^5 + 12672*x^4*y + 24142*x^4 - 23695*x^3*y
+              + 26667*x^3 + 23780*x^2*y + 17864*x^2 + 15053*x*y - 30118*x + 17539*y
+              - 23609)/(x^12 + 8426*x^11 + 21945*x^10 - 22587*x^9 + 22094*x^8 + 14603*x^7
+              - 26255*x^6 + 11171*x^5 - 16508*x^4 - 14435*x^3 - 2170*x^2 + 29081*x - 19009))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f = phi.codomain().defining_polynomial()                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: g = E.defining_polynomial().subs({2:1})                               # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: f(*phi.rational_maps(), 1) % g                                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.rational_maps()[0].parent()                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Fraction Field of
+             Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Finite Field of size 65537
+            sage: phi.rational_maps()[1].parent()                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Fraction Field of
+             Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Finite Field of size 65537
+        """
+        fx, fy = self._phis[-1].rational_maps()
+        for phi in self._phis[:-1][::-1]:
+            gx, gy = phi.rational_maps()
+            fx, fy = fx(gx, gy), fy(gx, gy)
+        return (fx, fy)
+
+    def x_rational_map(self):
+        """
+        Return the `x`-coordinate rational map of this composite isogeny.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi.x_rational_map() == phi.rational_maps()[0]
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: phi.x_rational_map().parent()                                         # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x
+             over Finite Field of size 65537
+        """
+        fx = self._phis[-1].x_rational_map()
+        for phi in self._phis[:-1][::-1]:
+            fx = fx(phi.x_rational_map())
+        return fx
+
+    def kernel_polynomial(self):
+        """
+        Return the kernel polynomial of this composite isogeny.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P); phi
+            Composite morphism of degree 9 = 3^2:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 4*x + 5
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 28339*x + 59518
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+            sage: phi.kernel_polynomial()
+            x^4 + 46500*x^3 + 19556*x^2 + 7643*x + 15952
+        """
+        # shouldn't there be a better algorithm for this?
+        return self.x_rational_map().denominator().radical()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def dual(self):
+        """
+        Return the dual of this composite isogeny.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P); phi
+            Composite morphism of degree 9 = 3^2:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 4*x + 5
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 28339*x + 59518
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+            sage: psi = phi.dual(); psi
+            Composite morphism of degree 9 = 3^2:
+              From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 28339*x + 59518
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+              To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + x*y + 3*y = x^3 + 2*x^2 + 4*x + 5
+                    over Finite Field of size 65537
+            sage: psi * phi == phi.domain().scalar_multiplication(phi.degree())         # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+            sage: phi * psi == psi.domain().scalar_multiplication(psi.degree())         # needs sage.symbolic
+            True
+        """
+        phis = (phi.dual() for phi in self._phis[::-1])
+        return EllipticCurveHom_composite.from_factors(phis)
+
+    def formal(self, prec=20):
+        """
+        Return the formal isogeny corresponding to this composite
+        isogeny as a power series in the variable `t=-x/y` on the
+        domain curve.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi.formal()
+            t + 54203*t^5 + 48536*t^6 + 40698*t^7 + 37808*t^8 + 21111*t^9 + 42381*t^10
+             + 46688*t^11 + 657*t^12 + 38916*t^13 + 62261*t^14 + 59707*t^15
+             + 30767*t^16 + 7248*t^17 + 60287*t^18 + 50451*t^19 + 38305*t^20
+             + 12312*t^21 + 31329*t^22 + O(t^23)
+            sage: (phi.dual() * phi).formal(prec=5)
+            9*t + 65501*t^2 + 65141*t^3 + 59183*t^4 + 21491*t^5 + 8957*t^6
+             + 999*t^7 + O(t^8)
+        """
+        res = self._phis[-1].formal(prec=prec)
+        for phi in self._phis[:-1][::-1]:
+            res = res(phi.formal(prec=prec))
+        return res
+
+    def scaling_factor(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Weierstrass scaling factor associated to this
+        composite morphism.
+
+        The scaling factor is the constant `u` (in the base field)
+        such that `\varphi^* \omega_2 = u \omega_1`, where
+        `\varphi: E_1\to E_2` is this morphism and `\omega_i` are
+        the standard Weierstrass differentials on `E_i` defined by
+        `\mathrm dx/(2y+a_1x+a_3)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite import EllipticCurveHom_composite
+            sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.weierstrass_morphism import WeierstrassIsomorphism
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(65537), [1,2,3,4,5])
+            sage: P = E.lift_x(7321)
+            sage: phi = EllipticCurveHom_composite(E, P)
+            sage: phi = WeierstrassIsomorphism(phi.codomain(), [7,8,9,10]) * phi
+            sage: phi.formal()
+            7*t + 65474*t^2 + 511*t^3 + 61316*t^4 + 20548*t^5 + 45511*t^6 + 37285*t^7
+             + 48414*t^8 + 9022*t^9 + 24025*t^10 + 35986*t^11 + 55397*t^12 + 25199*t^13
+             + 18744*t^14 + 46142*t^15 + 9078*t^16 + 18030*t^17 + 47599*t^18
+             + 12158*t^19 + 50630*t^20 + 56449*t^21 + 43320*t^22 + O(t^23)
+            sage: phi.scaling_factor()
+            7
+
+        ALGORITHM: The scaling factor is multiplicative under
+        composition, so we return the product of the individual
+        scaling factors associated to each factor.
+        """
+        return prod(phi.scaling_factor() for phi in self._phis)
+
+    def inseparable_degree(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inseparable degree of this morphism.
+
+        Like the degree, the inseparable degree is multiplicative
+        under composition, so this method returns the product of
+        the inseparable degrees of the factors.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=GF(11^5).random_element())
+            sage: phi = E.frobenius_isogeny(2) * E.scalar_multiplication(77)
+            sage: type(phi)
+            <class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.hom_composite.EllipticCurveHom_composite'>
+            sage: phi.inseparable_degree()
+            1331
+        """
+        return prod(phi.inseparable_degree() for phi in self._phis)