@needle-tools/three 0.160.3 → 0.162.1

package/examples/jsm/animation/MMDPhysics.js

@@ -1,1406 +1,1406 @@
-import {
-	Bone,
-	BoxGeometry,
-	CapsuleGeometry,
-	Color,
-	Euler,
-	Matrix4,
-	Mesh,
-	MeshBasicMaterial,
-	Object3D,
-	Quaternion,
-	SphereGeometry,
-	Vector3
-} from 'three';
-
-/**
- * Dependencies
- *  - Ammo.js https://github.com/kripken/ammo.js
- *
- * MMDPhysics calculates physics with Ammo(Bullet based JavaScript Physics engine)
- * for MMD model loaded by MMDLoader.
- *
- * TODO
- *  - Physics in Worker
- */
-
-/* global Ammo */
-
-class MMDPhysics {
-
-	/**
-	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
-	 * @param {Array<Object>} rigidBodyParams
-	 * @param {Array<Object>} (optional) constraintParams
-	 * @param {Object} params - (optional)
-	 * @param {Number} params.unitStep - Default is 1 / 65.
-	 * @param {Integer} params.maxStepNum - Default is 3.
-	 * @param {Vector3} params.gravity - Default is ( 0, - 9.8 * 10, 0 )
-	 */
-	constructor( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams = [], params = {} ) {
-
-		if ( typeof Ammo === 'undefined' ) {
-
-			throw new Error( 'THREE.MMDPhysics: Import ammo.js https://github.com/kripken/ammo.js' );
-
-		}
-
-		this.manager = new ResourceManager();
-
-		this.mesh = mesh;
-
-		/*
-		 * I don't know why but 1/60 unitStep easily breaks models
-		 * so I set it 1/65 so far.
-		 * Don't set too small unitStep because
-		 * the smaller unitStep can make the performance worse.
-		 */
-		this.unitStep = ( params.unitStep !== undefined ) ? params.unitStep : 1 / 65;
-		this.maxStepNum = ( params.maxStepNum !== undefined ) ? params.maxStepNum : 3;
-		this.gravity = new Vector3( 0, - 9.8 * 10, 0 );
-
-		if ( params.gravity !== undefined ) this.gravity.copy( params.gravity );
-
-		this.world = params.world !== undefined ? params.world : null; // experimental
-
-		this.bodies = [];
-		this.constraints = [];
-
-		this._init( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams );
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Advances Physics calculation and updates bones.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Number} delta - time in second
-	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
-	 */
-	update( delta ) {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const mesh = this.mesh;
-
-		// rigid bodies and constrains are for
-		// mesh's world scale (1, 1, 1).
-		// Convert to (1, 1, 1) if it isn't.
-
-		let isNonDefaultScale = false;
-
-		const position = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-		const quaternion = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		const scale = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-
-		mesh.matrixWorld.decompose( position, quaternion, scale );
-
-		if ( scale.x !== 1 || scale.y !== 1 || scale.z !== 1 ) {
-
-			isNonDefaultScale = true;
-
-		}
-
-		let parent;
-
-		if ( isNonDefaultScale ) {
-
-			parent = mesh.parent;
-
-			if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = null;
-
-			scale.copy( this.mesh.scale );
-
-			mesh.scale.set( 1, 1, 1 );
-			mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
-
-		}
-
-		// calculate physics and update bones
-
-		this._updateRigidBodies();
-		this._stepSimulation( delta );
-		this._updateBones();
-
-		// restore mesh if converted above
-
-		if ( isNonDefaultScale ) {
-
-			if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = parent;
-
-			mesh.scale.copy( scale );
-
-		}
-
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( scale );
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( quaternion );
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( position );
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Resets rigid bodies transorm to current bone's.
-	 *
-	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
-	 */
-	reset() {
-
-		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			this.bodies[ i ].reset();
-
-		}
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Warm ups Rigid bodies. Calculates cycles steps.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Integer} cycles
-	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
-	 */
-	warmup( cycles ) {
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < cycles; i ++ ) {
-
-			this.update( 1 / 60 );
-
-		}
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets gravity.
-	 *
-	 * @param {Vector3} gravity
-	 * @return {MMDPhysicsHelper}
-	 */
-	setGravity( gravity ) {
-
-		this.world.setGravity( new Ammo.btVector3( gravity.x, gravity.y, gravity.z ) );
-		this.gravity.copy( gravity );
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Creates MMDPhysicsHelper
-	 *
-	 * @return {MMDPhysicsHelper}
-	 */
-	createHelper() {
-
-		return new MMDPhysicsHelper( this.mesh, this );
-
-	}
-
-	// private methods
-
-	_init( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams ) {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-
-		// rigid body/constraint parameters are for
-		// mesh's default world transform as position(0, 0, 0),
-		// quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1) and scale(0, 0, 0)
-
-		const parent = mesh.parent;
-
-		if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = null;
-
-		const currentPosition = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-		const currentQuaternion = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		const currentScale = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-
-		currentPosition.copy( mesh.position );
-		currentQuaternion.copy( mesh.quaternion );
-		currentScale.copy( mesh.scale );
-
-		mesh.position.set( 0, 0, 0 );
-		mesh.quaternion.set( 0, 0, 0, 1 );
-		mesh.scale.set( 1, 1, 1 );
-
-		mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
-
-		if ( this.world === null ) {
-
-			this.world = this._createWorld();
-			this.setGravity( this.gravity );
-
-		}
-
-		this._initRigidBodies( rigidBodyParams );
-		this._initConstraints( constraintParams );
-
-		if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = parent;
-
-		mesh.position.copy( currentPosition );
-		mesh.quaternion.copy( currentQuaternion );
-		mesh.scale.copy( currentScale );
-
-		mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
-
-		this.reset();
-
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( currentPosition );
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( currentQuaternion );
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( currentScale );
-
-	}
-
-	_createWorld() {
-
-		const config = new Ammo.btDefaultCollisionConfiguration();
-		const dispatcher = new Ammo.btCollisionDispatcher( config );
-		const cache = new Ammo.btDbvtBroadphase();
-		const solver = new Ammo.btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver();
-		const world = new Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld( dispatcher, cache, solver, config );
-		return world;
-
-	}
-
-	_initRigidBodies( rigidBodies ) {
-
-		for ( let i = 0, il = rigidBodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			this.bodies.push( new RigidBody(
-				this.mesh, this.world, rigidBodies[ i ], this.manager ) );
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	_initConstraints( constraints ) {
-
-		for ( let i = 0, il = constraints.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			const params = constraints[ i ];
-			const bodyA = this.bodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex1 ];
-			const bodyB = this.bodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex2 ];
-			this.constraints.push( new Constraint( this.mesh, this.world, bodyA, bodyB, params, this.manager ) );
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	_stepSimulation( delta ) {
-
-		const unitStep = this.unitStep;
-		let stepTime = delta;
-		let maxStepNum = ( ( delta / unitStep ) | 0 ) + 1;
-
-		if ( stepTime < unitStep ) {
-
-			stepTime = unitStep;
-			maxStepNum = 1;
-
-		}
-
-		if ( maxStepNum > this.maxStepNum ) {
-
-			maxStepNum = this.maxStepNum;
-
-		}
-
-		this.world.stepSimulation( stepTime, maxStepNum, unitStep );
-
-	}
-
-	_updateRigidBodies() {
-
-		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			this.bodies[ i ].updateFromBone();
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	_updateBones() {
-
-		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			this.bodies[ i ].updateBone();
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-/**
- * This manager's responsibilies are
- *
- * 1. manage Ammo.js and Three.js object resources and
- *    improve the performance and the memory consumption by
- *    reusing objects.
- *
- * 2. provide simple Ammo object operations.
- */
-class ResourceManager {
-
-	constructor() {
-
-		// for Three.js
-		this.threeVector3s = [];
-		this.threeMatrix4s = [];
-		this.threeQuaternions = [];
-		this.threeEulers = [];
-
-		// for Ammo.js
-		this.transforms = [];
-		this.quaternions = [];
-		this.vector3s = [];
-
-	}
-
-	allocThreeVector3() {
-
-		return ( this.threeVector3s.length > 0 )
-			? this.threeVector3s.pop()
-			: new Vector3();
-
-	}
-
-	freeThreeVector3( v ) {
-
-		this.threeVector3s.push( v );
-
-	}
-
-	allocThreeMatrix4() {
-
-		return ( this.threeMatrix4s.length > 0 )
-			? this.threeMatrix4s.pop()
-			: new Matrix4();
-
-	}
-
-	freeThreeMatrix4( m ) {
-
-		this.threeMatrix4s.push( m );
-
-	}
-
-	allocThreeQuaternion() {
-
-		return ( this.threeQuaternions.length > 0 )
-			? this.threeQuaternions.pop()
-			: new Quaternion();
-
-	}
-
-	freeThreeQuaternion( q ) {
-
-		this.threeQuaternions.push( q );
-
-	}
-
-	allocThreeEuler() {
-
-		return ( this.threeEulers.length > 0 )
-			? this.threeEulers.pop()
-			: new Euler();
-
-	}
-
-	freeThreeEuler( e ) {
-
-		this.threeEulers.push( e );
-
-	}
-
-	allocTransform() {
-
-		return ( this.transforms.length > 0 )
-			? this.transforms.pop()
-			: new Ammo.btTransform();
-
-	}
-
-	freeTransform( t ) {
-
-		this.transforms.push( t );
-
-	}
-
-	allocQuaternion() {
-
-		return ( this.quaternions.length > 0 )
-			? this.quaternions.pop()
-			: new Ammo.btQuaternion();
-
-	}
-
-	freeQuaternion( q ) {
-
-		this.quaternions.push( q );
-
-	}
-
-	allocVector3() {
-
-		return ( this.vector3s.length > 0 )
-			? this.vector3s.pop()
-			: new Ammo.btVector3();
-
-	}
-
-	freeVector3( v ) {
-
-		this.vector3s.push( v );
-
-	}
-
-	setIdentity( t ) {
-
-		t.setIdentity();
-
-	}
-
-	getBasis( t ) {
-
-		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
-		t.getBasis().getRotation( q );
-		return q;
-
-	}
-
-	getBasisAsMatrix3( t ) {
-
-		var q = this.getBasis( t );
-		var m = this.quaternionToMatrix3( q );
-		this.freeQuaternion( q );
-		return m;
-
-	}
-
-	getOrigin( t ) {
-
-		return t.getOrigin();
-
-	}
-
-	setOrigin( t, v ) {
-
-		t.getOrigin().setValue( v.x(), v.y(), v.z() );
-
-	}
-
-	copyOrigin( t1, t2 ) {
-
-		var o = t2.getOrigin();
-		this.setOrigin( t1, o );
-
-	}
-
-	setBasis( t, q ) {
-
-		t.setRotation( q );
-
-	}
-
-	setBasisFromMatrix3( t, m ) {
-
-		var q = this.matrix3ToQuaternion( m );
-		this.setBasis( t, q );
-		this.freeQuaternion( q );
-
-	}
-
-	setOriginFromArray3( t, a ) {
-
-		t.getOrigin().setValue( a[ 0 ], a[ 1 ], a[ 2 ] );
-
-	}
-
-	setOriginFromThreeVector3( t, v ) {
-
-		t.getOrigin().setValue( v.x, v.y, v.z );
-
-	}
-
-	setBasisFromArray3( t, a ) {
-
-		var thQ = this.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		var thE = this.allocThreeEuler();
-		thE.set( a[ 0 ], a[ 1 ], a[ 2 ] );
-		this.setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( t, thQ.setFromEuler( thE ) );
-
-		this.freeThreeEuler( thE );
-		this.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ );
-
-	}
-
-	setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( t, a ) {
-
-		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
-
-		q.setX( a.x );
-		q.setY( a.y );
-		q.setZ( a.z );
-		q.setW( a.w );
-		this.setBasis( t, q );
-
-		this.freeQuaternion( q );
-
-	}
-
-	multiplyTransforms( t1, t2 ) {
-
-		var t = this.allocTransform();
-		this.setIdentity( t );
-
-		var m1 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t1 );
-		var m2 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t2 );
-
-		var o1 = this.getOrigin( t1 );
-		var o2 = this.getOrigin( t2 );
-
-		var v1 = this.multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m1, o2 );
-		var v2 = this.addVector3( v1, o1 );
-		this.setOrigin( t, v2 );
-
-		var m3 = this.multiplyMatrices3( m1, m2 );
-		this.setBasisFromMatrix3( t, m3 );
-
-		this.freeVector3( v1 );
-		this.freeVector3( v2 );
-
-		return t;
-
-	}
-
-	inverseTransform( t ) {
-
-		var t2 = this.allocTransform();
-
-		var m1 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t );
-		var o = this.getOrigin( t );
-
-		var m2 = this.transposeMatrix3( m1 );
-		var v1 = this.negativeVector3( o );
-		var v2 = this.multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m2, v1 );
-
-		this.setOrigin( t2, v2 );
-		this.setBasisFromMatrix3( t2, m2 );
-
-		this.freeVector3( v1 );
-		this.freeVector3( v2 );
-
-		return t2;
-
-	}
-
-	multiplyMatrices3( m1, m2 ) {
-
-		var m3 = [];
-
-		var v10 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 0 );
-		var v11 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 1 );
-		var v12 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 2 );
-
-		var v20 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 0 );
-		var v21 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 1 );
-		var v22 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 2 );
-
-		m3[ 0 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v20 );
-		m3[ 1 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v21 );
-		m3[ 2 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v22 );
-		m3[ 3 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v20 );
-		m3[ 4 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v21 );
-		m3[ 5 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v22 );
-		m3[ 6 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v20 );
-		m3[ 7 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v21 );
-		m3[ 8 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v22 );
-
-		this.freeVector3( v10 );
-		this.freeVector3( v11 );
-		this.freeVector3( v12 );
-		this.freeVector3( v20 );
-		this.freeVector3( v21 );
-		this.freeVector3( v22 );
-
-		return m3;
-
-	}
-
-	addVector3( v1, v2 ) {
-
-		var v = this.allocVector3();
-		v.setValue( v1.x() + v2.x(), v1.y() + v2.y(), v1.z() + v2.z() );
-		return v;
-
-	}
-
-	dotVectors3( v1, v2 ) {
-
-		return v1.x() * v2.x() + v1.y() * v2.y() + v1.z() * v2.z();
-
-	}
-
-	rowOfMatrix3( m, i ) {
-
-		var v = this.allocVector3();
-		v.setValue( m[ i * 3 + 0 ], m[ i * 3 + 1 ], m[ i * 3 + 2 ] );
-		return v;
-
-	}
-
-	columnOfMatrix3( m, i ) {
-
-		var v = this.allocVector3();
-		v.setValue( m[ i + 0 ], m[ i + 3 ], m[ i + 6 ] );
-		return v;
-
-	}
-
-	negativeVector3( v ) {
-
-		var v2 = this.allocVector3();
-		v2.setValue( - v.x(), - v.y(), - v.z() );
-		return v2;
-
-	}
-
-	multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m, v ) {
-
-		var v4 = this.allocVector3();
-
-		var v0 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 0 );
-		var v1 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 1 );
-		var v2 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 2 );
-		var x = this.dotVectors3( v0, v );
-		var y = this.dotVectors3( v1, v );
-		var z = this.dotVectors3( v2, v );
-
-		v4.setValue( x, y, z );
-
-		this.freeVector3( v0 );
-		this.freeVector3( v1 );
-		this.freeVector3( v2 );
-
-		return v4;
-
-	}
-
-	transposeMatrix3( m ) {
-
-		var m2 = [];
-		m2[ 0 ] = m[ 0 ];
-		m2[ 1 ] = m[ 3 ];
-		m2[ 2 ] = m[ 6 ];
-		m2[ 3 ] = m[ 1 ];
-		m2[ 4 ] = m[ 4 ];
-		m2[ 5 ] = m[ 7 ];
-		m2[ 6 ] = m[ 2 ];
-		m2[ 7 ] = m[ 5 ];
-		m2[ 8 ] = m[ 8 ];
-		return m2;
-
-	}
-
-	quaternionToMatrix3( q ) {
-
-		var m = [];
-
-		var x = q.x();
-		var y = q.y();
-		var z = q.z();
-		var w = q.w();
-
-		var xx = x * x;
-		var yy = y * y;
-		var zz = z * z;
-
-		var xy = x * y;
-		var yz = y * z;
-		var zx = z * x;
-
-		var xw = x * w;
-		var yw = y * w;
-		var zw = z * w;
-
-		m[ 0 ] = 1 - 2 * ( yy + zz );
-		m[ 1 ] = 2 * ( xy - zw );
-		m[ 2 ] = 2 * ( zx + yw );
-		m[ 3 ] = 2 * ( xy + zw );
-		m[ 4 ] = 1 - 2 * ( zz + xx );
-		m[ 5 ] = 2 * ( yz - xw );
-		m[ 6 ] = 2 * ( zx - yw );
-		m[ 7 ] = 2 * ( yz + xw );
-		m[ 8 ] = 1 - 2 * ( xx + yy );
-
-		return m;
-
-	}
-
-	matrix3ToQuaternion( m ) {
-
-		var t = m[ 0 ] + m[ 4 ] + m[ 8 ];
-		var s, x, y, z, w;
-
-		if ( t > 0 ) {
-
-			s = Math.sqrt( t + 1.0 ) * 2;
-			w = 0.25 * s;
-			x = ( m[ 7 ] - m[ 5 ] ) / s;
-			y = ( m[ 2 ] - m[ 6 ] ) / s;
-			z = ( m[ 3 ] - m[ 1 ] ) / s;
-
-		} else if ( ( m[ 0 ] > m[ 4 ] ) && ( m[ 0 ] > m[ 8 ] ) ) {
-
-			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 0 ] - m[ 4 ] - m[ 8 ] ) * 2;
-			w = ( m[ 7 ] - m[ 5 ] ) / s;
-			x = 0.25 * s;
-			y = ( m[ 1 ] + m[ 3 ] ) / s;
-			z = ( m[ 2 ] + m[ 6 ] ) / s;
-
-		} else if ( m[ 4 ] > m[ 8 ] ) {
-
-			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 4 ] - m[ 0 ] - m[ 8 ] ) * 2;
-			w = ( m[ 2 ] - m[ 6 ] ) / s;
-			x = ( m[ 1 ] + m[ 3 ] ) / s;
-			y = 0.25 * s;
-			z = ( m[ 5 ] + m[ 7 ] ) / s;
-
-		} else {
-
-			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 8 ] - m[ 0 ] - m[ 4 ] ) * 2;
-			w = ( m[ 3 ] - m[ 1 ] ) / s;
-			x = ( m[ 2 ] + m[ 6 ] ) / s;
-			y = ( m[ 5 ] + m[ 7 ] ) / s;
-			z = 0.25 * s;
-
-		}
-
-		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
-		q.setX( x );
-		q.setY( y );
-		q.setZ( z );
-		q.setW( w );
-		return q;
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
- * @param {Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld} world
- * @param {Object} params
- * @param {ResourceManager} manager
- */
-class RigidBody {
-
-	constructor( mesh, world, params, manager ) {
-
-		this.mesh = mesh;
-		this.world = world;
-		this.params = params;
-		this.manager = manager;
-
-		this.body = null;
-		this.bone = null;
-		this.boneOffsetForm = null;
-		this.boneOffsetFormInverse = null;
-
-		this._init();
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Resets rigid body transform to the current bone's.
-	 *
-	 * @return {RigidBody}
-	 */
-	reset() {
-
-		this._setTransformFromBone();
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Updates rigid body's transform from the current bone.
-	 *
-	 * @return {RidigBody}
-	 */
-	updateFromBone() {
-
-		if ( this.params.boneIndex !== - 1 && this.params.type === 0 ) {
-
-			this._setTransformFromBone();
-
-		}
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Updates bone from the current ridid body's transform.
-	 *
-	 * @return {RidigBody}
-	 */
-	updateBone() {
-
-		if ( this.params.type === 0 || this.params.boneIndex === - 1 ) {
-
-			return this;
-
-		}
-
-		this._updateBoneRotation();
-
-		if ( this.params.type === 1 ) {
-
-			this._updateBonePosition();
-
-		}
-
-		this.bone.updateMatrixWorld( true );
-
-		if ( this.params.type === 2 ) {
-
-			this._setPositionFromBone();
-
-		}
-
-		return this;
-
-	}
-
-	// private methods
-
-	_init() {
-
-		function generateShape( p ) {
-
-			switch ( p.shapeType ) {
-
-				case 0:
-					return new Ammo.btSphereShape( p.width );
-
-				case 1:
-					return new Ammo.btBoxShape( new Ammo.btVector3( p.width, p.height, p.depth ) );
-
-				case 2:
-					return new Ammo.btCapsuleShape( p.width, p.height );
-
-				default:
-					throw new Error( 'unknown shape type ' + p.shapeType );
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const params = this.params;
-		const bones = this.mesh.skeleton.bones;
-		const bone = ( params.boneIndex === - 1 )
-			? new Bone()
-			: bones[ params.boneIndex ];
-
-		const shape = generateShape( params );
-		const weight = ( params.type === 0 ) ? 0 : params.weight;
-		const localInertia = manager.allocVector3();
-		localInertia.setValue( 0, 0, 0 );
-
-		if ( weight !== 0 ) {
-
-			shape.calculateLocalInertia( weight, localInertia );
-
-		}
-
-		const boneOffsetForm = manager.allocTransform();
-		manager.setIdentity( boneOffsetForm );
-		manager.setOriginFromArray3( boneOffsetForm, params.position );
-		manager.setBasisFromArray3( boneOffsetForm, params.rotation );
-
-		const vector = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-		const boneForm = manager.allocTransform();
-		manager.setIdentity( boneForm );
-		manager.setOriginFromThreeVector3( boneForm, bone.getWorldPosition( vector ) );
-
-		const form = manager.multiplyTransforms( boneForm, boneOffsetForm );
-		const state = new Ammo.btDefaultMotionState( form );
-
-		const info = new Ammo.btRigidBodyConstructionInfo( weight, state, shape, localInertia );
-		info.set_m_friction( params.friction );
-		info.set_m_restitution( params.restitution );
-
-		const body = new Ammo.btRigidBody( info );
-
-		if ( params.type === 0 ) {
-
-			body.setCollisionFlags( body.getCollisionFlags() | 2 );
-
-			/*
-			 * It'd be better to comment out this line though in general I should call this method
-			 * because I'm not sure why but physics will be more like MMD's
-			 * if I comment out.
-			 */
-			body.setActivationState( 4 );
-
-		}
-
-		body.setDamping( params.positionDamping, params.rotationDamping );
-		body.setSleepingThresholds( 0, 0 );
-
-		this.world.addRigidBody( body, 1 << params.groupIndex, params.groupTarget );
-
-		this.body = body;
-		this.bone = bone;
-		this.boneOffsetForm = boneOffsetForm;
-		this.boneOffsetFormInverse = manager.inverseTransform( boneOffsetForm );
-
-		manager.freeVector3( localInertia );
-		manager.freeTransform( form );
-		manager.freeTransform( boneForm );
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( vector );
-
-	}
-
-	_getBoneTransform() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const p = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-		const q = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		const s = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-
-		this.bone.matrixWorld.decompose( p, q, s );
-
-		const tr = manager.allocTransform();
-		manager.setOriginFromThreeVector3( tr, p );
-		manager.setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( tr, q );
-
-		const form = manager.multiplyTransforms( tr, this.boneOffsetForm );
-
-		manager.freeTransform( tr );
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( s );
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( q );
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( p );
-
-		return form;
-
-	}
-
-	_getWorldTransformForBone() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const tr = this.body.getCenterOfMassTransform();
-		return manager.multiplyTransforms( tr, this.boneOffsetFormInverse );
-
-	}
-
-	_setTransformFromBone() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const form = this._getBoneTransform();
-
-		// TODO: check the most appropriate way to set
-		//this.body.setWorldTransform( form );
-		this.body.setCenterOfMassTransform( form );
-		this.body.getMotionState().setWorldTransform( form );
-
-		manager.freeTransform( form );
-
-	}
-
-	_setPositionFromBone() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const form = this._getBoneTransform();
-
-		const tr = manager.allocTransform();
-		this.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( tr );
-		manager.copyOrigin( tr, form );
-
-		// TODO: check the most appropriate way to set
-		//this.body.setWorldTransform( tr );
-		this.body.setCenterOfMassTransform( tr );
-		this.body.getMotionState().setWorldTransform( tr );
-
-		manager.freeTransform( tr );
-		manager.freeTransform( form );
-
-	}
-
-	_updateBoneRotation() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-
-		const tr = this._getWorldTransformForBone();
-		const q = manager.getBasis( tr );
-
-		const thQ = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		const thQ2 = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-		const thQ3 = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
-
-		thQ.set( q.x(), q.y(), q.z(), q.w() );
-		thQ2.setFromRotationMatrix( this.bone.matrixWorld );
-		thQ2.conjugate();
-		thQ2.multiply( thQ );
-
-		//this.bone.quaternion.multiply( thQ2 );
-
-		thQ3.setFromRotationMatrix( this.bone.matrix );
-
-		// Renormalizing quaternion here because repeatedly transforming
-		// quaternion continuously accumulates floating point error and
-		// can end up being overflow. See #15335
-		this.bone.quaternion.copy( thQ2.multiply( thQ3 ).normalize() );
-
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ );
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ2 );
-		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ3 );
-
-		manager.freeQuaternion( q );
-		manager.freeTransform( tr );
-
-	}
-
-	_updateBonePosition() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-
-		const tr = this._getWorldTransformForBone();
-
-		const thV = manager.allocThreeVector3();
-
-		const o = manager.getOrigin( tr );
-		thV.set( o.x(), o.y(), o.z() );
-
-		if ( this.bone.parent ) {
-
-			this.bone.parent.worldToLocal( thV );
-
-		}
-
-		this.bone.position.copy( thV );
-
-		manager.freeThreeVector3( thV );
-
-		manager.freeTransform( tr );
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-//
-
-class Constraint {
-
-	/**
-	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
-	 * @param {Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld} world
-	 * @param {RigidBody} bodyA
-	 * @param {RigidBody} bodyB
-	 * @param {Object} params
-	 * @param {ResourceManager} manager
-	 */
-	constructor( mesh, world, bodyA, bodyB, params, manager ) {
-
-		this.mesh = mesh;
-		this.world = world;
-		this.bodyA = bodyA;
-		this.bodyB = bodyB;
-		this.params = params;
-		this.manager = manager;
-
-		this.constraint = null;
-
-		this._init();
-
-	}
-
-	// private method
-
-	_init() {
-
-		const manager = this.manager;
-		const params = this.params;
-		const bodyA = this.bodyA;
-		const bodyB = this.bodyB;
-
-		const form = manager.allocTransform();
-		manager.setIdentity( form );
-		manager.setOriginFromArray3( form, params.position );
-		manager.setBasisFromArray3( form, params.rotation );
-
-		const formA = manager.allocTransform();
-		const formB = manager.allocTransform();
-
-		bodyA.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( formA );
-		bodyB.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( formB );
-
-		const formInverseA = manager.inverseTransform( formA );
-		const formInverseB = manager.inverseTransform( formB );
-
-		const formA2 = manager.multiplyTransforms( formInverseA, form );
-		const formB2 = manager.multiplyTransforms( formInverseB, form );
-
-		const constraint = new Ammo.btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint( bodyA.body, bodyB.body, formA2, formB2, true );
-
-		const lll = manager.allocVector3();
-		const lul = manager.allocVector3();
-		const all = manager.allocVector3();
-		const aul = manager.allocVector3();
-
-		lll.setValue( params.translationLimitation1[ 0 ],
-		              params.translationLimitation1[ 1 ],
-		              params.translationLimitation1[ 2 ] );
-		lul.setValue( params.translationLimitation2[ 0 ],
-		              params.translationLimitation2[ 1 ],
-		              params.translationLimitation2[ 2 ] );
-		all.setValue( params.rotationLimitation1[ 0 ],
-		              params.rotationLimitation1[ 1 ],
-		              params.rotationLimitation1[ 2 ] );
-		aul.setValue( params.rotationLimitation2[ 0 ],
-		              params.rotationLimitation2[ 1 ],
-		              params.rotationLimitation2[ 2 ] );
-
-		constraint.setLinearLowerLimit( lll );
-		constraint.setLinearUpperLimit( lul );
-		constraint.setAngularLowerLimit( all );
-		constraint.setAngularUpperLimit( aul );
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < 3; i ++ ) {
-
-			if ( params.springPosition[ i ] !== 0 ) {
-
-				constraint.enableSpring( i, true );
-				constraint.setStiffness( i, params.springPosition[ i ] );
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < 3; i ++ ) {
-
-			if ( params.springRotation[ i ] !== 0 ) {
-
-				constraint.enableSpring( i + 3, true );
-				constraint.setStiffness( i + 3, params.springRotation[ i ] );
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * Currently(10/31/2016) official ammo.js doesn't support
-		 * btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint.setParam method.
-		 * You need custom ammo.js (add the method into idl) if you wanna use.
-		 * By setting this parameter, physics will be more like MMD's
-		 */
-		if ( constraint.setParam !== undefined ) {
-
-			for ( let i = 0; i < 6; i ++ ) {
-
-				constraint.setParam( 2, 0.475, i );
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		this.world.addConstraint( constraint, true );
-		this.constraint = constraint;
-
-		manager.freeTransform( form );
-		manager.freeTransform( formA );
-		manager.freeTransform( formB );
-		manager.freeTransform( formInverseA );
-		manager.freeTransform( formInverseB );
-		manager.freeTransform( formA2 );
-		manager.freeTransform( formB2 );
-		manager.freeVector3( lll );
-		manager.freeVector3( lul );
-		manager.freeVector3( all );
-		manager.freeVector3( aul );
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-//
-
-const _position = new Vector3();
-const _quaternion = new Quaternion();
-const _scale = new Vector3();
-const _matrixWorldInv = new Matrix4();
-
-class MMDPhysicsHelper extends Object3D {
-
-	/**
-	 * Visualize Rigid bodies
-	 *
-	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
-	 * @param {Physics} physics
-	 */
-	constructor( mesh, physics ) {
-
-		super();
-
-		this.root = mesh;
-		this.physics = physics;
-
-		this.matrix.copy( mesh.matrixWorld );
-		this.matrixAutoUpdate = false;
-
-		this.materials = [];
-
-		this.materials.push(
-			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
-				color: new Color( 0xff8888 ),
-				wireframe: true,
-				depthTest: false,
-				depthWrite: false,
-				opacity: 0.25,
-				transparent: true
-			} )
-		);
-
-		this.materials.push(
-			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
-				color: new Color( 0x88ff88 ),
-				wireframe: true,
-				depthTest: false,
-				depthWrite: false,
-				opacity: 0.25,
-				transparent: true
-			} )
-		);
-
-		this.materials.push(
-			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
-				color: new Color( 0x8888ff ),
-				wireframe: true,
-				depthTest: false,
-				depthWrite: false,
-				opacity: 0.25,
-				transparent: true
-			} )
-		);
-
-		this._init();
-
-	}
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Frees the GPU-related resources allocated by this instance. Call this method whenever this instance is no longer used in your app.
-	 */
-	dispose() {
-
-		const materials = this.materials;
-		const children = this.children;
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < materials.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			materials[ i ].dispose();
-
-		}
-
-		for ( let i = 0; i < children.length; i ++ ) {
-
-			const child = children[ i ];
-
-			if ( child.isMesh ) child.geometry.dispose();
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Updates Rigid Bodies visualization.
-	 */
-	updateMatrixWorld( force ) {
-
-		var mesh = this.root;
-
-		if ( this.visible ) {
-
-			var bodies = this.physics.bodies;
-
-			_matrixWorldInv
-				.copy( mesh.matrixWorld )
-				.decompose( _position, _quaternion, _scale )
-				.compose( _position, _quaternion, _scale.set( 1, 1, 1 ) )
-				.invert();
-
-			for ( var i = 0, il = bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-				var body = bodies[ i ].body;
-				var child = this.children[ i ];
-
-				var tr = body.getCenterOfMassTransform();
-				var origin = tr.getOrigin();
-				var rotation = tr.getRotation();
-
-				child.position
-					.set( origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z() )
-					.applyMatrix4( _matrixWorldInv );
-
-				child.quaternion
-					.setFromRotationMatrix( _matrixWorldInv )
-					.multiply(
-						_quaternion.set( rotation.x(), rotation.y(), rotation.z(), rotation.w() )
-					);
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		this.matrix
-			.copy( mesh.matrixWorld )
-			.decompose( _position, _quaternion, _scale )
-			.compose( _position, _quaternion, _scale.set( 1, 1, 1 ) );
-
-		super.updateMatrixWorld( force );
-
-	}
-
-	// private method
-
-	_init() {
-
-		var bodies = this.physics.bodies;
-
-		function createGeometry( param ) {
-
-			switch ( param.shapeType ) {
-
-				case 0:
-					return new SphereGeometry( param.width, 16, 8 );
-
-				case 1:
-					return new BoxGeometry( param.width * 2, param.height * 2, param.depth * 2, 8, 8, 8 );
-
-				case 2:
-					return new CapsuleGeometry( param.width, param.height, 8, 16 );
-
-				default:
-					return null;
-
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		for ( var i = 0, il = bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
-
-			var param = bodies[ i ].params;
-			this.add( new Mesh( createGeometry( param ), this.materials[ param.type ] ) );
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-export { MMDPhysics };
+import {
+	Bone,
+	BoxGeometry,
+	CapsuleGeometry,
+	Color,
+	Euler,
+	Matrix4,
+	Mesh,
+	MeshBasicMaterial,
+	Object3D,
+	Quaternion,
+	SphereGeometry,
+	Vector3
+} from 'three';
+
+/**
+ * Dependencies
+ *  - Ammo.js https://github.com/kripken/ammo.js
+ *
+ * MMDPhysics calculates physics with Ammo(Bullet based JavaScript Physics engine)
+ * for MMD model loaded by MMDLoader.
+ *
+ * TODO
+ *  - Physics in Worker
+ */
+
+/* global Ammo */
+
+class MMDPhysics {
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} rigidBodyParams
+	 * @param {Array<Object>} (optional) constraintParams
+	 * @param {Object} params - (optional)
+	 * @param {Number} params.unitStep - Default is 1 / 65.
+	 * @param {Integer} params.maxStepNum - Default is 3.
+	 * @param {Vector3} params.gravity - Default is ( 0, - 9.8 * 10, 0 )
+	 */
+	constructor( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams = [], params = {} ) {
+
+		if ( typeof Ammo === 'undefined' ) {
+
+			throw new Error( 'THREE.MMDPhysics: Import ammo.js https://github.com/kripken/ammo.js' );
+
+		}
+
+		this.manager = new ResourceManager();
+
+		this.mesh = mesh;
+
+		/*
+		 * I don't know why but 1/60 unitStep easily breaks models
+		 * so I set it 1/65 so far.
+		 * Don't set too small unitStep because
+		 * the smaller unitStep can make the performance worse.
+		 */
+		this.unitStep = ( params.unitStep !== undefined ) ? params.unitStep : 1 / 65;
+		this.maxStepNum = ( params.maxStepNum !== undefined ) ? params.maxStepNum : 3;
+		this.gravity = new Vector3( 0, - 9.8 * 10, 0 );
+
+		if ( params.gravity !== undefined ) this.gravity.copy( params.gravity );
+
+		this.world = params.world !== undefined ? params.world : null; // experimental
+
+		this.bodies = [];
+		this.constraints = [];
+
+		this._init( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams );
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Advances Physics calculation and updates bones.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Number} delta - time in second
+	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
+	 */
+	update( delta ) {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const mesh = this.mesh;
+
+		// rigid bodies and constrains are for
+		// mesh's world scale (1, 1, 1).
+		// Convert to (1, 1, 1) if it isn't.
+
+		let isNonDefaultScale = false;
+
+		const position = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+		const quaternion = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		const scale = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+
+		mesh.matrixWorld.decompose( position, quaternion, scale );
+
+		if ( scale.x !== 1 || scale.y !== 1 || scale.z !== 1 ) {
+
+			isNonDefaultScale = true;
+
+		}
+
+		let parent;
+
+		if ( isNonDefaultScale ) {
+
+			parent = mesh.parent;
+
+			if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = null;
+
+			scale.copy( this.mesh.scale );
+
+			mesh.scale.set( 1, 1, 1 );
+			mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
+
+		}
+
+		// calculate physics and update bones
+
+		this._updateRigidBodies();
+		this._stepSimulation( delta );
+		this._updateBones();
+
+		// restore mesh if converted above
+
+		if ( isNonDefaultScale ) {
+
+			if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = parent;
+
+			mesh.scale.copy( scale );
+
+		}
+
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( scale );
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( quaternion );
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( position );
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets rigid bodies transorm to current bone's.
+	 *
+	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
+	 */
+	reset() {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.bodies[ i ].reset();
+
+		}
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Warm ups Rigid bodies. Calculates cycles steps.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Integer} cycles
+	 * @return {MMDPhysics}
+	 */
+	warmup( cycles ) {
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < cycles; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.update( 1 / 60 );
+
+		}
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets gravity.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Vector3} gravity
+	 * @return {MMDPhysicsHelper}
+	 */
+	setGravity( gravity ) {
+
+		this.world.setGravity( new Ammo.btVector3( gravity.x, gravity.y, gravity.z ) );
+		this.gravity.copy( gravity );
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates MMDPhysicsHelper
+	 *
+	 * @return {MMDPhysicsHelper}
+	 */
+	createHelper() {
+
+		return new MMDPhysicsHelper( this.mesh, this );
+
+	}
+
+	// private methods
+
+	_init( mesh, rigidBodyParams, constraintParams ) {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+
+		// rigid body/constraint parameters are for
+		// mesh's default world transform as position(0, 0, 0),
+		// quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1) and scale(0, 0, 0)
+
+		const parent = mesh.parent;
+
+		if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = null;
+
+		const currentPosition = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+		const currentQuaternion = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		const currentScale = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+
+		currentPosition.copy( mesh.position );
+		currentQuaternion.copy( mesh.quaternion );
+		currentScale.copy( mesh.scale );
+
+		mesh.position.set( 0, 0, 0 );
+		mesh.quaternion.set( 0, 0, 0, 1 );
+		mesh.scale.set( 1, 1, 1 );
+
+		mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
+
+		if ( this.world === null ) {
+
+			this.world = this._createWorld();
+			this.setGravity( this.gravity );
+
+		}
+
+		this._initRigidBodies( rigidBodyParams );
+		this._initConstraints( constraintParams );
+
+		if ( parent !== null ) mesh.parent = parent;
+
+		mesh.position.copy( currentPosition );
+		mesh.quaternion.copy( currentQuaternion );
+		mesh.scale.copy( currentScale );
+
+		mesh.updateMatrixWorld( true );
+
+		this.reset();
+
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( currentPosition );
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( currentQuaternion );
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( currentScale );
+
+	}
+
+	_createWorld() {
+
+		const config = new Ammo.btDefaultCollisionConfiguration();
+		const dispatcher = new Ammo.btCollisionDispatcher( config );
+		const cache = new Ammo.btDbvtBroadphase();
+		const solver = new Ammo.btSequentialImpulseConstraintSolver();
+		const world = new Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld( dispatcher, cache, solver, config );
+		return world;
+
+	}
+
+	_initRigidBodies( rigidBodies ) {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = rigidBodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.bodies.push( new RigidBody(
+				this.mesh, this.world, rigidBodies[ i ], this.manager ) );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	_initConstraints( constraints ) {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = constraints.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			const params = constraints[ i ];
+			const bodyA = this.bodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex1 ];
+			const bodyB = this.bodies[ params.rigidBodyIndex2 ];
+			this.constraints.push( new Constraint( this.mesh, this.world, bodyA, bodyB, params, this.manager ) );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	_stepSimulation( delta ) {
+
+		const unitStep = this.unitStep;
+		let stepTime = delta;
+		let maxStepNum = ( ( delta / unitStep ) | 0 ) + 1;
+
+		if ( stepTime < unitStep ) {
+
+			stepTime = unitStep;
+			maxStepNum = 1;
+
+		}
+
+		if ( maxStepNum > this.maxStepNum ) {
+
+			maxStepNum = this.maxStepNum;
+
+		}
+
+		this.world.stepSimulation( stepTime, maxStepNum, unitStep );
+
+	}
+
+	_updateRigidBodies() {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.bodies[ i ].updateFromBone();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	_updateBones() {
+
+		for ( let i = 0, il = this.bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			this.bodies[ i ].updateBone();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * This manager's responsibilies are
+ *
+ * 1. manage Ammo.js and Three.js object resources and
+ *    improve the performance and the memory consumption by
+ *    reusing objects.
+ *
+ * 2. provide simple Ammo object operations.
+ */
+class ResourceManager {
+
+	constructor() {
+
+		// for Three.js
+		this.threeVector3s = [];
+		this.threeMatrix4s = [];
+		this.threeQuaternions = [];
+		this.threeEulers = [];
+
+		// for Ammo.js
+		this.transforms = [];
+		this.quaternions = [];
+		this.vector3s = [];
+
+	}
+
+	allocThreeVector3() {
+
+		return ( this.threeVector3s.length > 0 )
+			? this.threeVector3s.pop()
+			: new Vector3();
+
+	}
+
+	freeThreeVector3( v ) {
+
+		this.threeVector3s.push( v );
+
+	}
+
+	allocThreeMatrix4() {
+
+		return ( this.threeMatrix4s.length > 0 )
+			? this.threeMatrix4s.pop()
+			: new Matrix4();
+
+	}
+
+	freeThreeMatrix4( m ) {
+
+		this.threeMatrix4s.push( m );
+
+	}
+
+	allocThreeQuaternion() {
+
+		return ( this.threeQuaternions.length > 0 )
+			? this.threeQuaternions.pop()
+			: new Quaternion();
+
+	}
+
+	freeThreeQuaternion( q ) {
+
+		this.threeQuaternions.push( q );
+
+	}
+
+	allocThreeEuler() {
+
+		return ( this.threeEulers.length > 0 )
+			? this.threeEulers.pop()
+			: new Euler();
+
+	}
+
+	freeThreeEuler( e ) {
+
+		this.threeEulers.push( e );
+
+	}
+
+	allocTransform() {
+
+		return ( this.transforms.length > 0 )
+			? this.transforms.pop()
+			: new Ammo.btTransform();
+
+	}
+
+	freeTransform( t ) {
+
+		this.transforms.push( t );
+
+	}
+
+	allocQuaternion() {
+
+		return ( this.quaternions.length > 0 )
+			? this.quaternions.pop()
+			: new Ammo.btQuaternion();
+
+	}
+
+	freeQuaternion( q ) {
+
+		this.quaternions.push( q );
+
+	}
+
+	allocVector3() {
+
+		return ( this.vector3s.length > 0 )
+			? this.vector3s.pop()
+			: new Ammo.btVector3();
+
+	}
+
+	freeVector3( v ) {
+
+		this.vector3s.push( v );
+
+	}
+
+	setIdentity( t ) {
+
+		t.setIdentity();
+
+	}
+
+	getBasis( t ) {
+
+		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
+		t.getBasis().getRotation( q );
+		return q;
+
+	}
+
+	getBasisAsMatrix3( t ) {
+
+		var q = this.getBasis( t );
+		var m = this.quaternionToMatrix3( q );
+		this.freeQuaternion( q );
+		return m;
+
+	}
+
+	getOrigin( t ) {
+
+		return t.getOrigin();
+
+	}
+
+	setOrigin( t, v ) {
+
+		t.getOrigin().setValue( v.x(), v.y(), v.z() );
+
+	}
+
+	copyOrigin( t1, t2 ) {
+
+		var o = t2.getOrigin();
+		this.setOrigin( t1, o );
+
+	}
+
+	setBasis( t, q ) {
+
+		t.setRotation( q );
+
+	}
+
+	setBasisFromMatrix3( t, m ) {
+
+		var q = this.matrix3ToQuaternion( m );
+		this.setBasis( t, q );
+		this.freeQuaternion( q );
+
+	}
+
+	setOriginFromArray3( t, a ) {
+
+		t.getOrigin().setValue( a[ 0 ], a[ 1 ], a[ 2 ] );
+
+	}
+
+	setOriginFromThreeVector3( t, v ) {
+
+		t.getOrigin().setValue( v.x, v.y, v.z );
+
+	}
+
+	setBasisFromArray3( t, a ) {
+
+		var thQ = this.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		var thE = this.allocThreeEuler();
+		thE.set( a[ 0 ], a[ 1 ], a[ 2 ] );
+		this.setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( t, thQ.setFromEuler( thE ) );
+
+		this.freeThreeEuler( thE );
+		this.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ );
+
+	}
+
+	setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( t, a ) {
+
+		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
+
+		q.setX( a.x );
+		q.setY( a.y );
+		q.setZ( a.z );
+		q.setW( a.w );
+		this.setBasis( t, q );
+
+		this.freeQuaternion( q );
+
+	}
+
+	multiplyTransforms( t1, t2 ) {
+
+		var t = this.allocTransform();
+		this.setIdentity( t );
+
+		var m1 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t1 );
+		var m2 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t2 );
+
+		var o1 = this.getOrigin( t1 );
+		var o2 = this.getOrigin( t2 );
+
+		var v1 = this.multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m1, o2 );
+		var v2 = this.addVector3( v1, o1 );
+		this.setOrigin( t, v2 );
+
+		var m3 = this.multiplyMatrices3( m1, m2 );
+		this.setBasisFromMatrix3( t, m3 );
+
+		this.freeVector3( v1 );
+		this.freeVector3( v2 );
+
+		return t;
+
+	}
+
+	inverseTransform( t ) {
+
+		var t2 = this.allocTransform();
+
+		var m1 = this.getBasisAsMatrix3( t );
+		var o = this.getOrigin( t );
+
+		var m2 = this.transposeMatrix3( m1 );
+		var v1 = this.negativeVector3( o );
+		var v2 = this.multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m2, v1 );
+
+		this.setOrigin( t2, v2 );
+		this.setBasisFromMatrix3( t2, m2 );
+
+		this.freeVector3( v1 );
+		this.freeVector3( v2 );
+
+		return t2;
+
+	}
+
+	multiplyMatrices3( m1, m2 ) {
+
+		var m3 = [];
+
+		var v10 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 0 );
+		var v11 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 1 );
+		var v12 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m1, 2 );
+
+		var v20 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 0 );
+		var v21 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 1 );
+		var v22 = this.columnOfMatrix3( m2, 2 );
+
+		m3[ 0 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v20 );
+		m3[ 1 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v21 );
+		m3[ 2 ] = this.dotVectors3( v10, v22 );
+		m3[ 3 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v20 );
+		m3[ 4 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v21 );
+		m3[ 5 ] = this.dotVectors3( v11, v22 );
+		m3[ 6 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v20 );
+		m3[ 7 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v21 );
+		m3[ 8 ] = this.dotVectors3( v12, v22 );
+
+		this.freeVector3( v10 );
+		this.freeVector3( v11 );
+		this.freeVector3( v12 );
+		this.freeVector3( v20 );
+		this.freeVector3( v21 );
+		this.freeVector3( v22 );
+
+		return m3;
+
+	}
+
+	addVector3( v1, v2 ) {
+
+		var v = this.allocVector3();
+		v.setValue( v1.x() + v2.x(), v1.y() + v2.y(), v1.z() + v2.z() );
+		return v;
+
+	}
+
+	dotVectors3( v1, v2 ) {
+
+		return v1.x() * v2.x() + v1.y() * v2.y() + v1.z() * v2.z();
+
+	}
+
+	rowOfMatrix3( m, i ) {
+
+		var v = this.allocVector3();
+		v.setValue( m[ i * 3 + 0 ], m[ i * 3 + 1 ], m[ i * 3 + 2 ] );
+		return v;
+
+	}
+
+	columnOfMatrix3( m, i ) {
+
+		var v = this.allocVector3();
+		v.setValue( m[ i + 0 ], m[ i + 3 ], m[ i + 6 ] );
+		return v;
+
+	}
+
+	negativeVector3( v ) {
+
+		var v2 = this.allocVector3();
+		v2.setValue( - v.x(), - v.y(), - v.z() );
+		return v2;
+
+	}
+
+	multiplyMatrix3ByVector3( m, v ) {
+
+		var v4 = this.allocVector3();
+
+		var v0 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 0 );
+		var v1 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 1 );
+		var v2 = this.rowOfMatrix3( m, 2 );
+		var x = this.dotVectors3( v0, v );
+		var y = this.dotVectors3( v1, v );
+		var z = this.dotVectors3( v2, v );
+
+		v4.setValue( x, y, z );
+
+		this.freeVector3( v0 );
+		this.freeVector3( v1 );
+		this.freeVector3( v2 );
+
+		return v4;
+
+	}
+
+	transposeMatrix3( m ) {
+
+		var m2 = [];
+		m2[ 0 ] = m[ 0 ];
+		m2[ 1 ] = m[ 3 ];
+		m2[ 2 ] = m[ 6 ];
+		m2[ 3 ] = m[ 1 ];
+		m2[ 4 ] = m[ 4 ];
+		m2[ 5 ] = m[ 7 ];
+		m2[ 6 ] = m[ 2 ];
+		m2[ 7 ] = m[ 5 ];
+		m2[ 8 ] = m[ 8 ];
+		return m2;
+
+	}
+
+	quaternionToMatrix3( q ) {
+
+		var m = [];
+
+		var x = q.x();
+		var y = q.y();
+		var z = q.z();
+		var w = q.w();
+
+		var xx = x * x;
+		var yy = y * y;
+		var zz = z * z;
+
+		var xy = x * y;
+		var yz = y * z;
+		var zx = z * x;
+
+		var xw = x * w;
+		var yw = y * w;
+		var zw = z * w;
+
+		m[ 0 ] = 1 - 2 * ( yy + zz );
+		m[ 1 ] = 2 * ( xy - zw );
+		m[ 2 ] = 2 * ( zx + yw );
+		m[ 3 ] = 2 * ( xy + zw );
+		m[ 4 ] = 1 - 2 * ( zz + xx );
+		m[ 5 ] = 2 * ( yz - xw );
+		m[ 6 ] = 2 * ( zx - yw );
+		m[ 7 ] = 2 * ( yz + xw );
+		m[ 8 ] = 1 - 2 * ( xx + yy );
+
+		return m;
+
+	}
+
+	matrix3ToQuaternion( m ) {
+
+		var t = m[ 0 ] + m[ 4 ] + m[ 8 ];
+		var s, x, y, z, w;
+
+		if ( t > 0 ) {
+
+			s = Math.sqrt( t + 1.0 ) * 2;
+			w = 0.25 * s;
+			x = ( m[ 7 ] - m[ 5 ] ) / s;
+			y = ( m[ 2 ] - m[ 6 ] ) / s;
+			z = ( m[ 3 ] - m[ 1 ] ) / s;
+
+		} else if ( ( m[ 0 ] > m[ 4 ] ) && ( m[ 0 ] > m[ 8 ] ) ) {
+
+			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 0 ] - m[ 4 ] - m[ 8 ] ) * 2;
+			w = ( m[ 7 ] - m[ 5 ] ) / s;
+			x = 0.25 * s;
+			y = ( m[ 1 ] + m[ 3 ] ) / s;
+			z = ( m[ 2 ] + m[ 6 ] ) / s;
+
+		} else if ( m[ 4 ] > m[ 8 ] ) {
+
+			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 4 ] - m[ 0 ] - m[ 8 ] ) * 2;
+			w = ( m[ 2 ] - m[ 6 ] ) / s;
+			x = ( m[ 1 ] + m[ 3 ] ) / s;
+			y = 0.25 * s;
+			z = ( m[ 5 ] + m[ 7 ] ) / s;
+
+		} else {
+
+			s = Math.sqrt( 1.0 + m[ 8 ] - m[ 0 ] - m[ 4 ] ) * 2;
+			w = ( m[ 3 ] - m[ 1 ] ) / s;
+			x = ( m[ 2 ] + m[ 6 ] ) / s;
+			y = ( m[ 5 ] + m[ 7 ] ) / s;
+			z = 0.25 * s;
+
+		}
+
+		var q = this.allocQuaternion();
+		q.setX( x );
+		q.setY( y );
+		q.setZ( z );
+		q.setW( w );
+		return q;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
+ * @param {Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld} world
+ * @param {Object} params
+ * @param {ResourceManager} manager
+ */
+class RigidBody {
+
+	constructor( mesh, world, params, manager ) {
+
+		this.mesh = mesh;
+		this.world = world;
+		this.params = params;
+		this.manager = manager;
+
+		this.body = null;
+		this.bone = null;
+		this.boneOffsetForm = null;
+		this.boneOffsetFormInverse = null;
+
+		this._init();
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets rigid body transform to the current bone's.
+	 *
+	 * @return {RigidBody}
+	 */
+	reset() {
+
+		this._setTransformFromBone();
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates rigid body's transform from the current bone.
+	 *
+	 * @return {RidigBody}
+	 */
+	updateFromBone() {
+
+		if ( this.params.boneIndex !== - 1 && this.params.type === 0 ) {
+
+			this._setTransformFromBone();
+
+		}
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates bone from the current ridid body's transform.
+	 *
+	 * @return {RidigBody}
+	 */
+	updateBone() {
+
+		if ( this.params.type === 0 || this.params.boneIndex === - 1 ) {
+
+			return this;
+
+		}
+
+		this._updateBoneRotation();
+
+		if ( this.params.type === 1 ) {
+
+			this._updateBonePosition();
+
+		}
+
+		this.bone.updateMatrixWorld( true );
+
+		if ( this.params.type === 2 ) {
+
+			this._setPositionFromBone();
+
+		}
+
+		return this;
+
+	}
+
+	// private methods
+
+	_init() {
+
+		function generateShape( p ) {
+
+			switch ( p.shapeType ) {
+
+				case 0:
+					return new Ammo.btSphereShape( p.width );
+
+				case 1:
+					return new Ammo.btBoxShape( new Ammo.btVector3( p.width, p.height, p.depth ) );
+
+				case 2:
+					return new Ammo.btCapsuleShape( p.width, p.height );
+
+				default:
+					throw new Error( 'unknown shape type ' + p.shapeType );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const params = this.params;
+		const bones = this.mesh.skeleton.bones;
+		const bone = ( params.boneIndex === - 1 )
+			? new Bone()
+			: bones[ params.boneIndex ];
+
+		const shape = generateShape( params );
+		const weight = ( params.type === 0 ) ? 0 : params.weight;
+		const localInertia = manager.allocVector3();
+		localInertia.setValue( 0, 0, 0 );
+
+		if ( weight !== 0 ) {
+
+			shape.calculateLocalInertia( weight, localInertia );
+
+		}
+
+		const boneOffsetForm = manager.allocTransform();
+		manager.setIdentity( boneOffsetForm );
+		manager.setOriginFromArray3( boneOffsetForm, params.position );
+		manager.setBasisFromArray3( boneOffsetForm, params.rotation );
+
+		const vector = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+		const boneForm = manager.allocTransform();
+		manager.setIdentity( boneForm );
+		manager.setOriginFromThreeVector3( boneForm, bone.getWorldPosition( vector ) );
+
+		const form = manager.multiplyTransforms( boneForm, boneOffsetForm );
+		const state = new Ammo.btDefaultMotionState( form );
+
+		const info = new Ammo.btRigidBodyConstructionInfo( weight, state, shape, localInertia );
+		info.set_m_friction( params.friction );
+		info.set_m_restitution( params.restitution );
+
+		const body = new Ammo.btRigidBody( info );
+
+		if ( params.type === 0 ) {
+
+			body.setCollisionFlags( body.getCollisionFlags() | 2 );
+
+			/*
+			 * It'd be better to comment out this line though in general I should call this method
+			 * because I'm not sure why but physics will be more like MMD's
+			 * if I comment out.
+			 */
+			body.setActivationState( 4 );
+
+		}
+
+		body.setDamping( params.positionDamping, params.rotationDamping );
+		body.setSleepingThresholds( 0, 0 );
+
+		this.world.addRigidBody( body, 1 << params.groupIndex, params.groupTarget );
+
+		this.body = body;
+		this.bone = bone;
+		this.boneOffsetForm = boneOffsetForm;
+		this.boneOffsetFormInverse = manager.inverseTransform( boneOffsetForm );
+
+		manager.freeVector3( localInertia );
+		manager.freeTransform( form );
+		manager.freeTransform( boneForm );
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( vector );
+
+	}
+
+	_getBoneTransform() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const p = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+		const q = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		const s = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+
+		this.bone.matrixWorld.decompose( p, q, s );
+
+		const tr = manager.allocTransform();
+		manager.setOriginFromThreeVector3( tr, p );
+		manager.setBasisFromThreeQuaternion( tr, q );
+
+		const form = manager.multiplyTransforms( tr, this.boneOffsetForm );
+
+		manager.freeTransform( tr );
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( s );
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( q );
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( p );
+
+		return form;
+
+	}
+
+	_getWorldTransformForBone() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const tr = this.body.getCenterOfMassTransform();
+		return manager.multiplyTransforms( tr, this.boneOffsetFormInverse );
+
+	}
+
+	_setTransformFromBone() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const form = this._getBoneTransform();
+
+		// TODO: check the most appropriate way to set
+		//this.body.setWorldTransform( form );
+		this.body.setCenterOfMassTransform( form );
+		this.body.getMotionState().setWorldTransform( form );
+
+		manager.freeTransform( form );
+
+	}
+
+	_setPositionFromBone() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const form = this._getBoneTransform();
+
+		const tr = manager.allocTransform();
+		this.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( tr );
+		manager.copyOrigin( tr, form );
+
+		// TODO: check the most appropriate way to set
+		//this.body.setWorldTransform( tr );
+		this.body.setCenterOfMassTransform( tr );
+		this.body.getMotionState().setWorldTransform( tr );
+
+		manager.freeTransform( tr );
+		manager.freeTransform( form );
+
+	}
+
+	_updateBoneRotation() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+
+		const tr = this._getWorldTransformForBone();
+		const q = manager.getBasis( tr );
+
+		const thQ = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		const thQ2 = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+		const thQ3 = manager.allocThreeQuaternion();
+
+		thQ.set( q.x(), q.y(), q.z(), q.w() );
+		thQ2.setFromRotationMatrix( this.bone.matrixWorld );
+		thQ2.conjugate();
+		thQ2.multiply( thQ );
+
+		//this.bone.quaternion.multiply( thQ2 );
+
+		thQ3.setFromRotationMatrix( this.bone.matrix );
+
+		// Renormalizing quaternion here because repeatedly transforming
+		// quaternion continuously accumulates floating point error and
+		// can end up being overflow. See #15335
+		this.bone.quaternion.copy( thQ2.multiply( thQ3 ).normalize() );
+
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ );
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ2 );
+		manager.freeThreeQuaternion( thQ3 );
+
+		manager.freeQuaternion( q );
+		manager.freeTransform( tr );
+
+	}
+
+	_updateBonePosition() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+
+		const tr = this._getWorldTransformForBone();
+
+		const thV = manager.allocThreeVector3();
+
+		const o = manager.getOrigin( tr );
+		thV.set( o.x(), o.y(), o.z() );
+
+		if ( this.bone.parent ) {
+
+			this.bone.parent.worldToLocal( thV );
+
+		}
+
+		this.bone.position.copy( thV );
+
+		manager.freeThreeVector3( thV );
+
+		manager.freeTransform( tr );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+//
+
+class Constraint {
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
+	 * @param {Ammo.btDiscreteDynamicsWorld} world
+	 * @param {RigidBody} bodyA
+	 * @param {RigidBody} bodyB
+	 * @param {Object} params
+	 * @param {ResourceManager} manager
+	 */
+	constructor( mesh, world, bodyA, bodyB, params, manager ) {
+
+		this.mesh = mesh;
+		this.world = world;
+		this.bodyA = bodyA;
+		this.bodyB = bodyB;
+		this.params = params;
+		this.manager = manager;
+
+		this.constraint = null;
+
+		this._init();
+
+	}
+
+	// private method
+
+	_init() {
+
+		const manager = this.manager;
+		const params = this.params;
+		const bodyA = this.bodyA;
+		const bodyB = this.bodyB;
+
+		const form = manager.allocTransform();
+		manager.setIdentity( form );
+		manager.setOriginFromArray3( form, params.position );
+		manager.setBasisFromArray3( form, params.rotation );
+
+		const formA = manager.allocTransform();
+		const formB = manager.allocTransform();
+
+		bodyA.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( formA );
+		bodyB.body.getMotionState().getWorldTransform( formB );
+
+		const formInverseA = manager.inverseTransform( formA );
+		const formInverseB = manager.inverseTransform( formB );
+
+		const formA2 = manager.multiplyTransforms( formInverseA, form );
+		const formB2 = manager.multiplyTransforms( formInverseB, form );
+
+		const constraint = new Ammo.btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint( bodyA.body, bodyB.body, formA2, formB2, true );
+
+		const lll = manager.allocVector3();
+		const lul = manager.allocVector3();
+		const all = manager.allocVector3();
+		const aul = manager.allocVector3();
+
+		lll.setValue( params.translationLimitation1[ 0 ],
+		              params.translationLimitation1[ 1 ],
+		              params.translationLimitation1[ 2 ] );
+		lul.setValue( params.translationLimitation2[ 0 ],
+		              params.translationLimitation2[ 1 ],
+		              params.translationLimitation2[ 2 ] );
+		all.setValue( params.rotationLimitation1[ 0 ],
+		              params.rotationLimitation1[ 1 ],
+		              params.rotationLimitation1[ 2 ] );
+		aul.setValue( params.rotationLimitation2[ 0 ],
+		              params.rotationLimitation2[ 1 ],
+		              params.rotationLimitation2[ 2 ] );
+
+		constraint.setLinearLowerLimit( lll );
+		constraint.setLinearUpperLimit( lul );
+		constraint.setAngularLowerLimit( all );
+		constraint.setAngularUpperLimit( aul );
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < 3; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( params.springPosition[ i ] !== 0 ) {
+
+				constraint.enableSpring( i, true );
+				constraint.setStiffness( i, params.springPosition[ i ] );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < 3; i ++ ) {
+
+			if ( params.springRotation[ i ] !== 0 ) {
+
+				constraint.enableSpring( i + 3, true );
+				constraint.setStiffness( i + 3, params.springRotation[ i ] );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Currently(10/31/2016) official ammo.js doesn't support
+		 * btGeneric6DofSpringConstraint.setParam method.
+		 * You need custom ammo.js (add the method into idl) if you wanna use.
+		 * By setting this parameter, physics will be more like MMD's
+		 */
+		if ( constraint.setParam !== undefined ) {
+
+			for ( let i = 0; i < 6; i ++ ) {
+
+				constraint.setParam( 2, 0.475, i );
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this.world.addConstraint( constraint, true );
+		this.constraint = constraint;
+
+		manager.freeTransform( form );
+		manager.freeTransform( formA );
+		manager.freeTransform( formB );
+		manager.freeTransform( formInverseA );
+		manager.freeTransform( formInverseB );
+		manager.freeTransform( formA2 );
+		manager.freeTransform( formB2 );
+		manager.freeVector3( lll );
+		manager.freeVector3( lul );
+		manager.freeVector3( all );
+		manager.freeVector3( aul );
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+//
+
+const _position = new Vector3();
+const _quaternion = new Quaternion();
+const _scale = new Vector3();
+const _matrixWorldInv = new Matrix4();
+
+class MMDPhysicsHelper extends Object3D {
+
+	/**
+	 * Visualize Rigid bodies
+	 *
+	 * @param {THREE.SkinnedMesh} mesh
+	 * @param {Physics} physics
+	 */
+	constructor( mesh, physics ) {
+
+		super();
+
+		this.root = mesh;
+		this.physics = physics;
+
+		this.matrix.copy( mesh.matrixWorld );
+		this.matrixAutoUpdate = false;
+
+		this.materials = [];
+
+		this.materials.push(
+			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
+				color: new Color( 0xff8888 ),
+				wireframe: true,
+				depthTest: false,
+				depthWrite: false,
+				opacity: 0.25,
+				transparent: true
+			} )
+		);
+
+		this.materials.push(
+			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
+				color: new Color( 0x88ff88 ),
+				wireframe: true,
+				depthTest: false,
+				depthWrite: false,
+				opacity: 0.25,
+				transparent: true
+			} )
+		);
+
+		this.materials.push(
+			new MeshBasicMaterial( {
+				color: new Color( 0x8888ff ),
+				wireframe: true,
+				depthTest: false,
+				depthWrite: false,
+				opacity: 0.25,
+				transparent: true
+			} )
+		);
+
+		this._init();
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Frees the GPU-related resources allocated by this instance. Call this method whenever this instance is no longer used in your app.
+	 */
+	dispose() {
+
+		const materials = this.materials;
+		const children = this.children;
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < materials.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			materials[ i ].dispose();
+
+		}
+
+		for ( let i = 0; i < children.length; i ++ ) {
+
+			const child = children[ i ];
+
+			if ( child.isMesh ) child.geometry.dispose();
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates Rigid Bodies visualization.
+	 */
+	updateMatrixWorld( force ) {
+
+		var mesh = this.root;
+
+		if ( this.visible ) {
+
+			var bodies = this.physics.bodies;
+
+			_matrixWorldInv
+				.copy( mesh.matrixWorld )
+				.decompose( _position, _quaternion, _scale )
+				.compose( _position, _quaternion, _scale.set( 1, 1, 1 ) )
+				.invert();
+
+			for ( var i = 0, il = bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+				var body = bodies[ i ].body;
+				var child = this.children[ i ];
+
+				var tr = body.getCenterOfMassTransform();
+				var origin = tr.getOrigin();
+				var rotation = tr.getRotation();
+
+				child.position
+					.set( origin.x(), origin.y(), origin.z() )
+					.applyMatrix4( _matrixWorldInv );
+
+				child.quaternion
+					.setFromRotationMatrix( _matrixWorldInv )
+					.multiply(
+						_quaternion.set( rotation.x(), rotation.y(), rotation.z(), rotation.w() )
+					);
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		this.matrix
+			.copy( mesh.matrixWorld )
+			.decompose( _position, _quaternion, _scale )
+			.compose( _position, _quaternion, _scale.set( 1, 1, 1 ) );
+
+		super.updateMatrixWorld( force );
+
+	}
+
+	// private method
+
+	_init() {
+
+		var bodies = this.physics.bodies;
+
+		function createGeometry( param ) {
+
+			switch ( param.shapeType ) {
+
+				case 0:
+					return new SphereGeometry( param.width, 16, 8 );
+
+				case 1:
+					return new BoxGeometry( param.width * 2, param.height * 2, param.depth * 2, 8, 8, 8 );
+
+				case 2:
+					return new CapsuleGeometry( param.width, param.height, 8, 16 );
+
+				default:
+					return null;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		for ( var i = 0, il = bodies.length; i < il; i ++ ) {
+
+			var param = bodies[ i ].params;
+			this.add( new Mesh( createGeometry( param ), this.materials[ param.type ] ) );
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+export { MMDPhysics };