wasmtime 24.0.0 → 25.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.215.0/src/readers/core/types.rs

@@ -1,1964 +0,0 @@
-/* Copyright 2018 Mozilla Foundation
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-use crate::limits::{
-    MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_PARAMS, MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_RETURNS, MAX_WASM_STRUCT_FIELDS,
-    MAX_WASM_SUPERTYPES, MAX_WASM_TYPES,
-};
-use crate::prelude::*;
-#[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-use crate::types::CoreTypeId;
-use crate::{BinaryReader, BinaryReaderError, FromReader, Result, SectionLimited};
-use core::cmp::Ordering;
-use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
-use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-mod matches;
-#[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-pub(crate) use self::matches::{Matches, WithRecGroup};
-
-/// A packed representation of a type index.
-///
-/// This type is morally an `enum` of either:
-///
-/// 1. An index into a Wasm module's type space.
-///
-/// 2. A `CoreTypeId` identifier.
-///
-/// 3. An index into a recursion group's elements.
-///
-/// The latter two variants are *canonical* while the first is not. Reading raw
-/// types will produce (1), while working with types after validation will
-/// produce (2) and (3).
-//
-// This is a bit-packed `u32` with the following layout:
-//
-//     [ unused:u10 kind:u2 index:u20 ]
-//
-// It must fit in 22 bits to keep `RefType` in 24 bits and `ValType` in 32 bits,
-// so the top ten bits are unused.
-//
-// The `index` field's interpretation depends on the `kind` field, which may be
-// one of the following:
-//
-// * `00`: The `index` is an index into the module's type space.
-//
-// * `01`: The `index` is an index into the containing type's recursion group.
-//
-// * `10`: The `index` is a `CoreTypeId`.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct PackedIndex(u32);
-
-// Assert that we can fit indices up to `MAX_WASM_TYPES` inside `RefType`.
-#[test]
-fn can_fit_max_wasm_types_in_packed_index() {
-    assert!(PackedIndex::can_represent_index(
-        crate::limits::MAX_WASM_TYPES as u32
-    ));
-    assert!(PackedIndex::can_represent_index(
-        0b00000000_00001111_00000000_00000000
-    ));
-    assert!(PackedIndex::can_represent_index(
-        0b00000000_00000000_11111111_00000000
-    ));
-    assert!(PackedIndex::can_represent_index(
-        0b00000000_00000000_00000000_11111111
-    ));
-    assert!(PackedIndex::can_represent_index(0));
-}
-
-impl PackedIndex {
-    const UNUSED_MASK: u32 = u32::MAX & !(Self::KIND_MASK | Self::INDEX_MASK);
-    const KIND_MASK: u32 = 0b11 << 20;
-    const INDEX_MASK: u32 = (1 << 20) - 1;
-
-    const MODULE_KIND: u32 = 0b00 << 20;
-    const REC_GROUP_KIND: u32 = 0b01 << 20;
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    const ID_KIND: u32 = 0b10 << 20;
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn unchecked_from_u32(x: u32) -> Self {
-        debug_assert_eq!(Self::UNUSED_MASK & x, 0);
-        Self(x)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn to_u32(id: Self) -> u32 {
-        let x = id.0;
-        debug_assert_eq!(Self::UNUSED_MASK & x, 0);
-        x
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn can_represent_index(index: u32) -> bool {
-        index & Self::INDEX_MASK == index
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn kind(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.0 & Self::KIND_MASK
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.0 & Self::INDEX_MASK
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `PackedIndex` from an index into a module's types space.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn from_module_index(index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-        if PackedIndex::can_represent_index(index) {
-            Some(PackedIndex(PackedIndex::MODULE_KIND | index))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `PackedIndex` from an index into the index's containing
-    /// recursion group.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn from_rec_group_index(index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-        if PackedIndex::can_represent_index(index) {
-            Some(PackedIndex(PackedIndex::REC_GROUP_KIND | index))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `PackedIndex` from the given `CoreTypeId`.
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub fn from_id(id: CoreTypeId) -> Option<Self> {
-        let index = u32::try_from(crate::types::TypeIdentifier::index(&id)).unwrap();
-        if PackedIndex::can_represent_index(index) {
-            Some(PackedIndex(PackedIndex::ID_KIND | index))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this index in canonical form?
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub fn is_canonical(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.kind() {
-            Self::REC_GROUP_KIND | Self::ID_KIND => true,
-            Self::MODULE_KIND => false,
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Uncompress this packed index into an actual `enum` that can be matched
-    /// on.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn unpack(&self) -> UnpackedIndex {
-        match self.kind() {
-            Self::MODULE_KIND => UnpackedIndex::Module(self.index()),
-            Self::REC_GROUP_KIND => UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(self.index()),
-            #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-            Self::ID_KIND => UnpackedIndex::Id(
-                <CoreTypeId as crate::types::TypeIdentifier>::from_index(self.index()),
-            ),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying index into a module's types space, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_module_index(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        if self.kind() == Self::MODULE_KIND {
-            Some(self.index())
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying index into the containing recursion group, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_rec_group_index(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        if self.kind() == Self::REC_GROUP_KIND {
-            Some(self.index())
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying `CoreTypeId`, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub fn as_core_type_id(&self) -> Option<CoreTypeId> {
-        if self.kind() == Self::ID_KIND {
-            Some(<CoreTypeId as crate::types::TypeIdentifier>::from_index(
-                self.index(),
-            ))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for PackedIndex {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("CoreTypeIndex")
-            .field(
-                "kind",
-                match self.kind() {
-                    Self::MODULE_KIND => &"module",
-                    Self::REC_GROUP_KIND => &"recgroup",
-                    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-                    Self::ID_KIND => &"id",
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                },
-            )
-            .field("index", &self.index())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for PackedIndex {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.unpack(), f)
-    }
-}
-
-/// The uncompressed form of a `PackedIndex`.
-///
-/// Can be used for `match` statements.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub enum UnpackedIndex {
-    /// An index into a Wasm module's types space.
-    Module(u32),
-
-    /// An index into the containing recursion group's elements.
-    RecGroup(u32),
-
-    /// A type identifier.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    Id(CoreTypeId),
-}
-
-impl UnpackedIndex {
-    /// Compress this index into its packed form.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if an index is beyond implementation limits.
-    pub fn pack(&self) -> Option<PackedIndex> {
-        match self {
-            UnpackedIndex::Module(i) => PackedIndex::from_module_index(*i),
-            UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(i) => PackedIndex::from_rec_group_index(*i),
-            #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-            UnpackedIndex::Id(id) => PackedIndex::from_id(*id),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this index in canonical form?
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub fn is_canonical(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(_) | UnpackedIndex::Id(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying index into a module's types space, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_module_index(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        if let Self::Module(i) = *self {
-            Some(i)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying index into the containing recursion group, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_rec_group_index(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        if let Self::RecGroup(i) = *self {
-            Some(i)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying `CoreTypeId`, if any.
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub fn as_core_type_id(&self) -> Option<CoreTypeId> {
-        if let Self::Id(id) = *self {
-            Some(id)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for UnpackedIndex {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            UnpackedIndex::Module(i) => write!(f, "(module {i})"),
-            UnpackedIndex::RecGroup(i) => write!(f, "(recgroup {i})"),
-            #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-            UnpackedIndex::Id(id) => write!(f, "(id {})", crate::types::TypeIdentifier::index(id)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a recursive type group in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct RecGroup {
-    inner: RecGroupInner,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-enum RecGroupInner {
-    Implicit((usize, SubType)),
-    Explicit(Vec<(usize, SubType)>),
-}
-
-impl RecGroup {
-    /// Create an explicit `RecGroup` for the given types.
-    pub(crate) fn explicit(types: Vec<(usize, SubType)>) -> Self {
-        RecGroup {
-            inner: RecGroupInner::Explicit(types),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Create an implicit `RecGroup` for a type that was not contained
-    /// in a `(rec ...)`.
-    pub(crate) fn implicit(offset: usize, ty: SubType) -> Self {
-        RecGroup {
-            inner: RecGroupInner::Implicit((offset, ty)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this an explicit recursion group?
-    pub fn is_explicit_rec_group(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.inner, RecGroupInner::Explicit(..))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the list of subtypes in the recursive type group.
-    pub fn types(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &SubType> + '_ {
-        let types = match &self.inner {
-            RecGroupInner::Implicit(ty) => core::slice::from_ref(ty),
-            RecGroupInner::Explicit(types) => types,
-        };
-        types.iter().map(|(_, ty)| ty)
-    }
-
-    /// Return a mutable borrow of the list of subtypes in this
-    /// recursive type group.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn types_mut(&mut self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &mut SubType> + '_ {
-        let types = match &mut self.inner {
-            RecGroupInner::Implicit(ty) => core::slice::from_mut(ty),
-            RecGroupInner::Explicit(types) => types,
-        };
-        types.iter_mut().map(|(_, ty)| ty)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an owning iterator of all subtypes in this recursion
-    /// group.
-    pub fn into_types(self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = SubType> {
-        self.into_types_and_offsets().map(|(_, ty)| ty)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an owning iterator of all subtypes in this recursion
-    /// group, along with their offset.
-    pub fn into_types_and_offsets(self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = (usize, SubType)> {
-        return match self.inner {
-            RecGroupInner::Implicit(tup) => Iter::Implicit(Some(tup)),
-            RecGroupInner::Explicit(types) => Iter::Explicit(types.into_iter()),
-        };
-
-        enum Iter {
-            Implicit(Option<(usize, SubType)>),
-            Explicit(alloc::vec::IntoIter<(usize, SubType)>),
-        }
-
-        impl Iterator for Iter {
-            type Item = (usize, SubType);
-
-            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, SubType)> {
-                match self {
-                    Self::Implicit(ty) => ty.take(),
-                    Self::Explicit(types) => types.next(),
-                }
-            }
-
-            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-                match self {
-                    Self::Implicit(None) => (0, Some(0)),
-                    Self::Implicit(Some(_)) => (1, Some(1)),
-                    Self::Explicit(types) => types.size_hint(),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ExactSizeIterator for Iter {}
-    }
-}
-
-impl Hash for RecGroup {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, hasher: &mut H) {
-        let types = self.types();
-        types.len().hash(hasher);
-        for ty in types {
-            ty.hash(hasher);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for RecGroup {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &RecGroup) -> bool {
-        let self_tys = self.types();
-        let other_tys = other.types();
-        self_tys.len() == other_tys.len() && self_tys.zip(other_tys).all(|(a, b)| a == b)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for RecGroup {}
-
-impl Ord for RecGroup {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
-        let self_tys = self.types();
-        let other_tys = other.types();
-        self_tys.cmp(other_tys)
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialOrd for RecGroup {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<core::cmp::Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a subtype of possible other types in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SubType {
-    /// Is the subtype final.
-    pub is_final: bool,
-    /// The list of supertype indexes. As of GC MVP, there can be at most one supertype.
-    pub supertype_idx: Option<PackedIndex>,
-    /// The composite type of the subtype.
-    pub composite_type: CompositeType,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for SubType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.is_final && self.supertype_idx.is_none() {
-            fmt::Display::fmt(&self.composite_type, f)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "(sub ")?;
-            if self.is_final {
-                write!(f, "final ")?;
-            }
-            if let Some(idx) = self.supertype_idx {
-                write!(f, "{idx} ")?;
-            }
-            fmt::Display::fmt(&self.composite_type, f)?;
-            write!(f, ")")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SubType {
-    /// Unwrap an `ArrayType` or panic.
-    ///
-    /// Does not check finality or whether there is a supertype.
-    pub fn unwrap_array(&self) -> &ArrayType {
-        self.composite_type.unwrap_array()
-    }
-
-    /// Unwrap an `FuncType` or panic.
-    ///
-    /// Does not check finality or whether there is a supertype.
-    pub fn unwrap_func(&self) -> &FuncType {
-        self.composite_type.unwrap_func()
-    }
-
-    /// Unwrap an `StructType` or panic.
-    ///
-    /// Does not check finality or whether there is a supertype.
-    pub fn unwrap_struct(&self) -> &StructType {
-        self.composite_type.unwrap_struct()
-    }
-
-    /// Maps any `UnpackedIndex` via the specified closure.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn remap_indices(
-        &mut self,
-        f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut PackedIndex) -> Result<()>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(idx) = &mut self.supertype_idx {
-            f(idx)?;
-        }
-        match &mut self.composite_type.inner {
-            CompositeInnerType::Func(ty) => {
-                for ty in ty.params_mut() {
-                    ty.remap_indices(f)?;
-                }
-                for ty in ty.results_mut() {
-                    ty.remap_indices(f)?;
-                }
-            }
-            CompositeInnerType::Array(ty) => {
-                ty.0.remap_indices(f)?;
-            }
-            CompositeInnerType::Struct(ty) => {
-                for field in ty.fields.iter_mut() {
-                    field.remap_indices(f)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a composite type in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct CompositeType {
-    /// The type defined inside the composite type.
-    pub inner: CompositeInnerType,
-    /// Is the composite type shared? This is part of the
-    /// shared-everything-threads proposal.
-    pub shared: bool,
-}
-
-/// A [`CompositeType`] can contain one of these types.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub enum CompositeInnerType {
-    /// The type is for a function.
-    Func(FuncType),
-    /// The type is for an array.
-    Array(ArrayType),
-    /// The type is for a struct.
-    Struct(StructType),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for CompositeType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        use CompositeInnerType::*;
-        if self.shared {
-            write!(f, "(shared ")?;
-        }
-        match self.inner {
-            Array(_) => write!(f, "(array ...)"),
-            Func(_) => write!(f, "(func ...)"),
-            Struct(_) => write!(f, "(struct ...)"),
-        }?;
-        if self.shared {
-            write!(f, ")")?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl CompositeType {
-    /// Unwrap a `FuncType` or panic.
-    pub fn unwrap_func(&self) -> &FuncType {
-        match &self.inner {
-            CompositeInnerType::Func(f) => f,
-            _ => panic!("not a func"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Unwrap a `ArrayType` or panic.
-    pub fn unwrap_array(&self) -> &ArrayType {
-        match &self.inner {
-            CompositeInnerType::Array(a) => a,
-            _ => panic!("not a array"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Unwrap a `StructType` or panic.
-    pub fn unwrap_struct(&self) -> &StructType {
-        match &self.inner {
-            CompositeInnerType::Struct(s) => s,
-            _ => panic!("not a struct"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a type of a function in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub struct FuncType {
-    /// The combined parameters and result types.
-    params_results: Box<[ValType]>,
-    /// The number of parameter types.
-    len_params: usize,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for FuncType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("FuncType")
-            .field("params", &self.params())
-            .field("results", &self.results())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl FuncType {
-    /// Creates a new [`FuncType`] from the given `params` and `results`.
-    pub fn new<P, R>(params: P, results: R) -> Self
-    where
-        P: IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        R: IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-    {
-        let mut buffer = params.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let len_params = buffer.len();
-        buffer.extend(results);
-        Self {
-            params_results: buffer.into(),
-            len_params,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new [`FuncType`] fom its raw parts.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// If `len_params` is greater than the length of `params_results` combined.
-    pub(crate) fn from_raw_parts(params_results: Box<[ValType]>, len_params: usize) -> Self {
-        assert!(len_params <= params_results.len());
-        Self {
-            params_results,
-            len_params,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a shared slice to the parameter types of the [`FuncType`].
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn params(&self) -> &[ValType] {
-        &self.params_results[..self.len_params]
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an exclusive slice to the parameter types of the
-    /// [`FuncType`].
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn params_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [ValType] {
-        &mut self.params_results[..self.len_params]
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a shared slice to the result types of the [`FuncType`].
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn results(&self) -> &[ValType] {
-        &self.params_results[self.len_params..]
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an exclusive slice to the result types of the
-    /// [`FuncType`].
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn results_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [ValType] {
-        &mut self.params_results[self.len_params..]
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> String {
-        use core::fmt::Write;
-
-        let mut s = String::new();
-        s.push_str("[");
-        for (i, param) in self.params().iter().enumerate() {
-            if i > 0 {
-                s.push_str(" ");
-            }
-            write!(s, "{param}").unwrap();
-        }
-        s.push_str("] -> [");
-        for (i, result) in self.results().iter().enumerate() {
-            if i > 0 {
-                s.push_str(" ");
-            }
-            write!(s, "{result}").unwrap();
-        }
-        s.push_str("]");
-        s
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a type of an array in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub struct ArrayType(pub FieldType);
-
-/// Represents a field type of an array or a struct.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub struct FieldType {
-    /// Array element type.
-    pub element_type: StorageType,
-    /// Are elements mutable.
-    pub mutable: bool,
-}
-
-impl FieldType {
-    /// Maps any `UnpackedIndex` via the specified closure.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn remap_indices(
-        &mut self,
-        f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut PackedIndex) -> Result<()>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        match &mut self.element_type {
-            StorageType::I8 | StorageType::I16 => Ok(()),
-            StorageType::Val(ty) => ty.remap_indices(f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents storage types introduced in the GC spec for array and struct fields.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub enum StorageType {
-    /// The storage type is i8.
-    I8,
-    /// The storage type is i16.
-    I16,
-    /// The storage type is a value type.
-    Val(ValType),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for StorageType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::I8 => write!(f, "i8"),
-            Self::I16 => write!(f, "i16"),
-            Self::Val(v) => fmt::Display::fmt(v, f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl StorageType {
-    /// Is this a packed storage type, i.e. one that must be sign- or
-    /// zero-extended when converted to a `ValType`?
-    pub fn is_packed(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::I8 | Self::I16 => true,
-            Self::Val(_) => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Unpack this storage type into the valtype that it is represented as on
-    /// the operand stack.
-    pub fn unpack(&self) -> ValType {
-        match *self {
-            Self::Val(ty) => ty,
-            Self::I8 | Self::I16 => ValType::I32,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a type of a struct in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-pub struct StructType {
-    /// Struct fields.
-    pub fields: Box<[FieldType]>,
-}
-
-/// Represents the types of values in a WebAssembly module.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub enum ValType {
-    /// The value type is i32.
-    I32,
-    /// The value type is i64.
-    I64,
-    /// The value type is f32.
-    F32,
-    /// The value type is f64.
-    F64,
-    /// The value type is v128.
-    V128,
-    /// The value type is a reference.
-    Ref(RefType),
-}
-
-impl From<RefType> for ValType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(ty: RefType) -> ValType {
-        ValType::Ref(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ValType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            ValType::I32 => f.write_str("i32"),
-            ValType::I64 => f.write_str("i64"),
-            ValType::F32 => f.write_str("f32"),
-            ValType::F64 => f.write_str("f64"),
-            ValType::V128 => f.write_str("v128"),
-            ValType::Ref(r) => fmt::Display::fmt(r, f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ValType {
-    /// Alias for the wasm `funcref` type.
-    pub const FUNCREF: ValType = ValType::Ref(RefType::FUNCREF);
-
-    /// Alias for the wasm `externref` type.
-    pub const EXTERNREF: ValType = ValType::Ref(RefType::EXTERNREF);
-
-    /// Alias for the wasm `exnref` type.
-    pub const EXNREF: ValType = ValType::Ref(RefType::EXNREF);
-
-    /// Returns whether this value type is a "reference type".
-    ///
-    /// Only reference types are allowed in tables, for example, and with some
-    /// instructions. Current reference types include `funcref` and `externref`.
-    pub fn is_reference_type(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::Ref(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying reference type, if any.
-    pub fn as_reference_type(&self) -> Option<RefType> {
-        match *self {
-            ValType::Ref(r) => Some(r),
-            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 | ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 | ValType::V128 => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the type is defaultable, i.e. it is not a non-nullable reference
-    /// type.
-    pub fn is_defaultable(&self) -> bool {
-        match *self {
-            Self::I32 | Self::I64 | Self::F32 | Self::F64 | Self::V128 => true,
-            Self::Ref(rt) => rt.is_nullable(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Maps any `UnpackedIndex` via the specified closure.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn remap_indices(
-        &mut self,
-        map: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut PackedIndex) -> Result<()>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        match self {
-            ValType::Ref(r) => {
-                if let Some(mut idx) = r.type_index() {
-                    map(&mut idx)?;
-                    *r = RefType::concrete(r.is_nullable(), idx);
-                }
-            }
-            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 | ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 | ValType::V128 => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// A reference type.
-///
-/// The reference types proposal first introduced `externref` and
-/// `funcref`.
-///
-/// The function references proposal introduced typed function
-/// references.
-///
-/// The GC proposal introduces heap types: any, eq, i31, struct, array,
-/// nofunc, noextern, none.
-//
-// RefType is a bit-packed enum that fits in a `u24` aka `[u8; 3]`. Note that
-// its content is opaque (and subject to change), but its API is stable.
-//
-// It has the following internal structure:
-//
-// ```
-// [nullable:u1 concrete==1:u1 index:u22]
-// [nullable:u1 concrete==0:u1 shared:u1 abstype:u4 (unused):u17]
-// ```
-//
-// Where
-//
-// - `nullable` determines nullability of the ref,
-//
-// - `concrete` determines if the ref is of a dynamically defined type with an
-//   index (encoded in a following bit-packing section) or of a known fixed
-//   type,
-//
-// - `index` is the type index,
-//
-// - `shared` determines if the ref is shared, but only if it is not concrete in
-//   which case we would need to examine the type at the concrete index,
-//
-// - `abstype` is an enumeration of abstract types:
-//
-//   ```
-//   1111 = any
-//
-//   1101 = eq
-//   1000 = i31
-//   1001 = struct
-//   1100 = array
-//
-//   0101 = func
-//   0100 = nofunc
-//
-//   0011 = extern
-//   0010 = noextern
-//
-//   0001 = exn
-//
-//   0000 = none
-//   ```
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct RefType([u8; 3]);
-
-impl fmt::Debug for RefType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let heap_type = self.heap_type();
-        match heap_type {
-            // All abstract types follow the same general pattern.
-            HeapType::Abstract { shared, ty } => {
-                let nullable = self.is_nullable();
-
-                let name = ty.as_str(nullable);
-                match (nullable, shared) {
-                    // Print the shortened form if nullable; i.e., `*ref`.
-                    (true, true) => write!(f, "(shared {}ref)", name),
-                    (true, false) => write!(f, "{}ref", name),
-                    // Print the long form otherwise; i.e., `(ref *)`.
-                    (false, true) => write!(f, "(ref (shared {}))", name),
-                    (false, false) => write!(f, "(ref {})", name),
-                }
-            }
-            // Handle concrete types separately; they always use the long form
-            // and don't show `shared`-ness.
-            HeapType::Concrete(index) => {
-                if self.is_nullable() {
-                    write!(f, "(ref null {})", index)
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "(ref {})", index)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for RefType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Debug::fmt(self, f)
-    }
-}
-
-// Assert that we can fit indices up to `MAX_WASM_TYPES` inside `RefType`.
-#[test]
-fn can_fit_max_wasm_types_in_ref_type() {
-    fn can_roundtrip_index(index: u32) -> bool {
-        assert!(RefType::can_represent_type_index(index));
-        let rt = RefType::concrete(true, PackedIndex::from_module_index(index).unwrap());
-        assert!(rt.is_nullable());
-        let actual_index = match rt.type_index() {
-            Some(i) => i,
-            None => panic!(),
-        };
-        actual_index.as_module_index() == Some(index)
-    }
-
-    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(crate::limits::MAX_WASM_TYPES as u32));
-    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00001111_00000000_00000000));
-    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00000000_11111111_00000000));
-    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00000000_00000000_11111111));
-    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0));
-}
-
-impl RefType {
-    // These bits are valid for all `RefType`s.
-    const NULLABLE_BIT: u32 = 1 << 23;
-    const CONCRETE_BIT: u32 = 1 << 22;
-
-    // The `abstype` field is valid only when `concrete == 0`.
-    const SHARED_BIT: u32 = 1 << 21;
-    const ABSTYPE_MASK: u32 = 0b1111 << 17;
-    const ANY_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1111 << 17;
-    const EQ_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1101 << 17;
-    const I31_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1000 << 17;
-    const STRUCT_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1001 << 17;
-    const ARRAY_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1100 << 17;
-    const FUNC_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0101 << 17;
-    const NOFUNC_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0100 << 17;
-    const EXTERN_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0011 << 17;
-    const NOEXTERN_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0010 << 17;
-    const EXN_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0001 << 17;
-    const NOEXN_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b1110 << 17;
-    const NONE_ABSTYPE: u32 = 0b0000 << 17;
-
-    // The `index` is valid only when `concrete == 1`.
-    const INDEX_MASK: u32 = (1 << 22) - 1;
-
-    /// A nullable untyped function reference aka `(ref null func)` aka
-    /// `funcref` aka `anyfunc`.
-    pub const FUNCREF: Self = RefType::FUNC.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to an extern object aka `(ref null extern)` aka
-    /// `externref`.
-    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = RefType::EXTERN.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to any object aka `(ref null any)` aka `anyref`.
-    pub const ANYREF: Self = RefType::ANY.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to no object aka `(ref null none)` aka `nullref`.
-    pub const NULLREF: Self = RefType::NONE.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to a noextern object aka `(ref null noextern)` aka
-    /// `nullexternref`.
-    pub const NULLEXTERNREF: Self = RefType::NOEXTERN.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to a nofunc object aka `(ref null nofunc)` aka
-    /// `nullfuncref`.
-    pub const NULLFUNCREF: Self = RefType::NOFUNC.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to an eq object aka `(ref null eq)` aka `eqref`.
-    pub const EQREF: Self = RefType::EQ.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to a struct aka `(ref null struct)` aka
-    /// `structref`.
-    pub const STRUCTREF: Self = RefType::STRUCT.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to an array aka `(ref null array)` aka `arrayref`.
-    pub const ARRAYREF: Self = RefType::ARRAY.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to an i31 object aka `(ref null i31)` aka `i31ref`.
-    pub const I31REF: Self = RefType::I31.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to an exception object aka `(ref null exn)` aka
-    /// `exnref`.
-    pub const EXNREF: Self = RefType::EXN.nullable();
-
-    /// A nullable reference to a noexn object aka `(ref null noexn)` aka
-    /// `nullexnref`.
-    pub const NULLEXNREF: Self = RefType::NOEXN.nullable();
-
-    /// A non-nullable untyped function reference aka `(ref func)`.
-    pub const FUNC: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::FUNC_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to an extern object aka `(ref extern)`.
-    pub const EXTERN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::EXTERN_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to any object aka `(ref any)`.
-    pub const ANY: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::ANY_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to no object aka `(ref none)`.
-    pub const NONE: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NONE_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to a noextern object aka `(ref noextern)`.
-    pub const NOEXTERN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NOEXTERN_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to a nofunc object aka `(ref nofunc)`.
-    pub const NOFUNC: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NOFUNC_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to an eq object aka `(ref eq)`.
-    pub const EQ: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::EQ_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to a struct aka `(ref struct)`.
-    pub const STRUCT: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::STRUCT_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to an array aka `(ref array)`.
-    pub const ARRAY: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::ARRAY_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to an i31 object aka `(ref i31)`.
-    pub const I31: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::I31_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to an exn object aka `(ref exn)`.
-    pub const EXN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::EXN_ABSTYPE);
-
-    /// A non-nullable reference to a noexn object aka `(ref noexn)`.
-    pub const NOEXN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NOEXN_ABSTYPE);
-
-    const fn can_represent_type_index(index: u32) -> bool {
-        index & Self::INDEX_MASK == index
-    }
-
-    const fn u24_to_u32(bytes: [u8; 3]) -> u32 {
-        let expanded_bytes = [bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], 0];
-        u32::from_le_bytes(expanded_bytes)
-    }
-
-    const fn u32_to_u24(x: u32) -> [u8; 3] {
-        let bytes = x.to_le_bytes();
-        debug_assert!(bytes[3] == 0);
-        [bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2]]
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    const fn as_u32(&self) -> u32 {
-        Self::u24_to_u32(self.0)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    const fn from_u32(x: u32) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(x & (0b11111111 << 24) == 0);
-
-        // Either concrete or it must be a known abstract type.
-        debug_assert!(
-            x & Self::CONCRETE_BIT != 0
-                || matches!(
-                    x & Self::ABSTYPE_MASK,
-                    Self::ANY_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::EQ_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::I31_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::STRUCT_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::ARRAY_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::FUNC_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::NOFUNC_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::EXTERN_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::NOEXTERN_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::NONE_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::EXN_ABSTYPE
-                        | Self::NOEXN_ABSTYPE
-                )
-        );
-
-        RefType(Self::u32_to_u24(x))
-    }
-
-    /// Create a reference to a concrete Wasm-defined type at the given
-    /// index.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` when the type index is beyond this crate's
-    /// implementation limits and therefore is not representable.
-    pub fn concrete(nullable: bool, index: PackedIndex) -> Self {
-        let index: u32 = PackedIndex::to_u32(index);
-        debug_assert!(Self::can_represent_type_index(index));
-        let nullable32 = Self::NULLABLE_BIT * nullable as u32;
-        RefType::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::CONCRETE_BIT | index)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new `RefType`.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` when the heap type's type index (if any) is beyond this
-    /// crate's implementation limits and therefore is not representable.
-    pub fn new(nullable: bool, heap_type: HeapType) -> Option<Self> {
-        let base32 = Self::NULLABLE_BIT * (nullable as u32);
-        match heap_type {
-            HeapType::Concrete(index) => Some(RefType::concrete(nullable, index.pack()?)),
-            HeapType::Abstract { shared, ty } => {
-                use AbstractHeapType::*;
-                let base32 = base32 | (Self::SHARED_BIT * (shared as u32));
-                match ty {
-                    Func => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::FUNC_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Extern => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::EXTERN_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Any => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::ANY_ABSTYPE)),
-                    None => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::NONE_ABSTYPE)),
-                    NoExtern => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::NOEXTERN_ABSTYPE)),
-                    NoFunc => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::NOFUNC_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Eq => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::EQ_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Struct => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::STRUCT_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Array => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::ARRAY_ABSTYPE)),
-                    I31 => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::I31_ABSTYPE)),
-                    Exn => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::EXN_ABSTYPE)),
-                    NoExn => Some(Self::from_u32(base32 | Self::NOEXN_ABSTYPE)),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Compute the [type difference] between the two given ref types.
-    ///
-    /// [type difference]: https://webassembly.github.io/gc/core/valid/conventions.html#aux-reftypediff
-    pub fn difference(a: RefType, b: RefType) -> RefType {
-        RefType::new(
-            if b.is_nullable() {
-                false
-            } else {
-                a.is_nullable()
-            },
-            a.heap_type(),
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a reference to an concrete type?
-    pub const fn is_concrete_type_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        self.as_u32() & Self::CONCRETE_BIT != 0
-    }
-
-    /// If this is a reference to a concrete Wasm-defined type, get its
-    /// type index.
-    pub fn type_index(&self) -> Option<PackedIndex> {
-        if self.is_concrete_type_ref() {
-            let index = self.as_u32() & Self::INDEX_MASK;
-            Some(PackedIndex::unchecked_from_u32(index))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    const fn abstype(&self) -> u32 {
-        debug_assert!(!self.is_concrete_type_ref());
-        self.as_u32() & Self::ABSTYPE_MASK
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract untyped function reference type aka `(ref
-    /// null func)` aka `funcref` aka `anyfunc`?
-    pub const fn is_func_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.is_concrete_type_ref() && self.abstype() == Self::FUNC_ABSTYPE
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract external reference type aka `(ref null
-    /// extern)` aka `externref`?
-    pub const fn is_extern_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.is_concrete_type_ref() && self.abstype() == Self::EXTERN_ABSTYPE
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract untyped array reference type aka `(ref null
-    /// array)` aka `arrayref`?
-    pub const fn is_array_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.is_concrete_type_ref() && self.abstype() == Self::ARRAY_ABSTYPE
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract untyped struct reference type aka `(ref
-    /// null struct)` aka `structref`?
-    pub const fn is_struct_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.is_concrete_type_ref() && self.abstype() == Self::STRUCT_ABSTYPE
-    }
-
-    /// Is this ref type nullable?
-    pub const fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
-        self.as_u32() & Self::NULLABLE_BIT != 0
-    }
-
-    /// Get the non-nullable version of this ref type.
-    pub const fn as_non_null(&self) -> Self {
-        Self::from_u32(self.as_u32() & !Self::NULLABLE_BIT)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the nullable version of this ref type.
-    pub const fn nullable(&self) -> Self {
-        Self::from_u32(self.as_u32() | Self::NULLABLE_BIT)
-    }
-
-    /// Get the shared version of this ref type as long as it is abstract.
-    pub const fn shared(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-        if self.is_concrete_type_ref() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(Self::from_u32(self.as_u32() | Self::SHARED_BIT))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the heap type that this is a reference to.
-    pub fn heap_type(&self) -> HeapType {
-        let s = self.as_u32();
-        if self.is_concrete_type_ref() {
-            HeapType::Concrete(self.type_index().unwrap().unpack())
-        } else {
-            use AbstractHeapType::*;
-            let shared = s & Self::SHARED_BIT != 0;
-            let ty = match s & Self::ABSTYPE_MASK {
-                Self::FUNC_ABSTYPE => Func,
-                Self::EXTERN_ABSTYPE => Extern,
-                Self::ANY_ABSTYPE => Any,
-                Self::NONE_ABSTYPE => None,
-                Self::NOEXTERN_ABSTYPE => NoExtern,
-                Self::NOFUNC_ABSTYPE => NoFunc,
-                Self::EQ_ABSTYPE => Eq,
-                Self::STRUCT_ABSTYPE => Struct,
-                Self::ARRAY_ABSTYPE => Array,
-                Self::I31_ABSTYPE => I31,
-                Self::EXN_ABSTYPE => Exn,
-                Self::NOEXN_ABSTYPE => NoExn,
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            HeapType::Abstract { shared, ty }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Note that this is similar to `Display for RefType` except that it has
-    // the indexes stubbed out.
-    #[cfg(feature = "validate")]
-    pub(crate) fn wat(&self) -> &'static str {
-        let nullable = self.is_nullable();
-        match self.heap_type() {
-            HeapType::Abstract { shared, ty } => {
-                use AbstractHeapType::*;
-                match (shared, nullable, ty) {
-                    // Shared and nullable.
-                    (true, true, Func) => "(shared funcref)",
-                    (true, true, Extern) => "(shared externref)",
-                    (true, true, Any) => "(shared anyref)",
-                    (true, true, None) => "(shared nullref)",
-                    (true, true, NoExtern) => "(shared nullexternref)",
-                    (true, true, NoFunc) => "(shared nullfuncref)",
-                    (true, true, Eq) => "(shared eqref)",
-                    (true, true, Struct) => "(shared structref)",
-                    (true, true, Array) => "(shared arrayref)",
-                    (true, true, I31) => "(shared i31ref)",
-                    (true, true, Exn) => "(shared exnref)",
-                    (true, true, NoExn) => "(shared nullexnref)",
-                    // Unshared but nullable.
-                    (false, true, Func) => "funcref",
-                    (false, true, Extern) => "externref",
-                    (false, true, Any) => "anyref",
-                    (false, true, None) => "nullref",
-                    (false, true, NoExtern) => "nullexternref",
-                    (false, true, NoFunc) => "nullfuncref",
-                    (false, true, Eq) => "eqref",
-                    (false, true, Struct) => "structref",
-                    (false, true, Array) => "arrayref",
-                    (false, true, I31) => "i31ref",
-                    (false, true, Exn) => "exnref",
-                    (false, true, NoExn) => "nullexnref",
-                    // Shared but not nullable.
-                    (true, false, Func) => "(ref (shared func))",
-                    (true, false, Extern) => "(ref (shared extern))",
-                    (true, false, Any) => "(ref (shared any))",
-                    (true, false, None) => "(ref (shared none))",
-                    (true, false, NoExtern) => "(ref (shared noextern))",
-                    (true, false, NoFunc) => "(ref (shared nofunc))",
-                    (true, false, Eq) => "(ref (shared eq))",
-                    (true, false, Struct) => "(ref (shared struct))",
-                    (true, false, Array) => "(ref (shared array))",
-                    (true, false, I31) => "(ref (shared i31))",
-                    (true, false, Exn) => "(ref (shared exn))",
-                    (true, false, NoExn) => "(ref (shared noexn))",
-                    // Neither shared nor nullable.
-                    (false, false, Func) => "(ref func)",
-                    (false, false, Extern) => "(ref extern)",
-                    (false, false, Any) => "(ref any)",
-                    (false, false, None) => "(ref none)",
-                    (false, false, NoExtern) => "(ref noextern)",
-                    (false, false, NoFunc) => "(ref nofunc)",
-                    (false, false, Eq) => "(ref eq)",
-                    (false, false, Struct) => "(ref struct)",
-                    (false, false, Array) => "(ref array)",
-                    (false, false, I31) => "(ref i31)",
-                    (false, false, Exn) => "(ref exn)",
-                    (false, false, NoExn) => "(ref noexn)",
-                }
-            }
-            HeapType::Concrete(_) => {
-                if nullable {
-                    "(ref null $type)"
-                } else {
-                    "(ref $type)"
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A heap type.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub enum HeapType {
-    /// An abstract heap type; e.g., `anyref`.
-    Abstract {
-        /// Whether the type is shared.
-        ///
-        /// Introduced in the shared-everything-threads proposal.
-        shared: bool,
-        /// The actual heap type.
-        ty: AbstractHeapType,
-    },
-    /// A concrete, user-defined type.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the function-references proposal.
-    Concrete(UnpackedIndex),
-}
-
-impl HeapType {
-    /// Alias for an unshared `func` heap type.
-    pub const FUNC: Self = Self::Abstract {
-        shared: false,
-        ty: AbstractHeapType::Func,
-    };
-
-    /// Alias for an unshared `extern` heap type.
-    pub const EXTERN: Self = Self::Abstract {
-        shared: false,
-        ty: AbstractHeapType::Extern,
-    };
-}
-
-/// An abstract heap type.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub enum AbstractHeapType {
-    /// The abstract, untyped (any) function.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the references-types proposal.
-    Func,
-
-    /// The abstract, external heap type.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the references-types proposal.
-    Extern,
-
-    /// The abstract `any` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common supertype (a.k.a. top) of all internal types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    Any,
-
-    /// The abstract `none` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all internal types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    None,
-
-    /// The abstract `noextern` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all external types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    NoExtern,
-
-    /// The abstract `nofunc` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all function types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    NoFunc,
-
-    /// The abstract `eq` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common supertype of all heap types on which the `ref.eq`
-    /// instruction is allowed.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    Eq,
-
-    /// The abstract `struct` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common supertype of all struct types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    Struct,
-
-    /// The abstract `array` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common supertype of all array types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    Array,
-
-    /// The abstract `i31` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// It is not expected that Wasm runtimes actually store these
-    /// values on the heap, but unbox them inline into the `i31ref`s
-    /// themselves instead.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the GC proposal.
-    I31,
-
-    /// The abstraction `exception` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the exception-handling proposal.
-    Exn,
-
-    /// The abstract `noexn` heap type.
-    ///
-    /// The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all exception types.
-    ///
-    /// Introduced in the exception-handling proposal.
-    NoExn,
-}
-
-impl AbstractHeapType {
-    const fn as_str(&self, nullable: bool) -> &str {
-        use AbstractHeapType::*;
-        match (nullable, self) {
-            (_, Any) => "any",
-            (true, None) => "null",
-            (false, None) => "none",
-            (true, NoExtern) => "nullextern",
-            (false, NoExtern) => "noextern",
-            (true, NoFunc) => "nullfunc",
-            (false, NoFunc) => "nofunc",
-            (_, Eq) => "eq",
-            (_, Struct) => "struct",
-            (_, Array) => "array",
-            (_, I31) => "i31",
-            (_, Extern) => "extern",
-            (_, Func) => "func",
-            (_, Exn) => "exn",
-            (true, NoExn) => "nullexn",
-            (false, NoExn) => "noexn",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for StorageType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-        // interacts with other value encodings.
-        match reader.peek()? {
-            0x78 => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(StorageType::I8)
-            }
-            0x77 => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(StorageType::I16)
-            }
-            _ => Ok(StorageType::Val(reader.read()?)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for ValType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        // Decoding value types is sort of subtle because the space of what's
-        // being decoded here is actually spread out across an number of
-        // locations. This comment here is intended to serve as a bit of a
-        // reference to what's being decoded here and how it interacts with
-        // other locations.
-        //
-        // Note that all value types are encoded as canonical-form negative
-        // numbers in the sleb128 encoding scheme. Currently in the wasm spec
-        // sleb128 isn't actually used but it looks to be modelled to allow it
-        // one day. In the meantime the current values used are:
-        //
-        // | sleb128 | decimal | type         | notes                        |
-        // |---------|---------|--------------|------------------------------|
-        // | 0x7F    | -1      | i32          |                              |
-        // | 0x7E    | -2      | i64          |                              |
-        // | 0x7D    | -3      | f32          |                              |
-        // | 0x7C    | -4      | f64          |                              |
-        // | 0x7B    | -5      | v128         | simd proposal                |
-        // | 0x78    | -8      | i8           | gc proposal, in `FieldType`  |
-        // | 0x77    | -9      | i16          | gc proposal, in `FieldType`  |
-        // | 0x74    | -12     | noexn        | gc + exceptions proposal     |
-        // | 0x73    | -13     | nofunc       | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x72    | -14     | noextern     | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x71    | -15     | nullref      | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x70    | -16     | func         | reference types proposal     |
-        // | 0x6F    | -17     | extern       | reference types proposal     |
-        // | 0x6E    | -18     | any          | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x6D    | -19     | eq           | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x6C    | -20     | i31          | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x6B    | -21     | struct       | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x6A    | -22     | array        | gc proposal                  |
-        // | 0x69    | -23     | exnref       | gc + exceptions proposal     |
-        // | 0x65    | -27     | shared $t    | shared-everything proposal   |
-        // | 0x64    | -28     | ref $t       | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x63    | -29     | ref null $t  | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x60    | -32     | func $t      | prefix byte                  |
-        // | 0x5f    | -33     | struct $t    | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x5e    | -34     | array $t     | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x50    | -48     | sub $t       | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x4F    | -49     | sub final $t | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x4E    | -50     | rec $t       | gc proposal, prefix byte     |
-        // | 0x40    | -64     | ε            | empty block type             |
-        //
-        // Note that not all of these encodings are parsed here, for example
-        // 0x78 as the encoding for `i8` is parsed only in `FieldType`. The
-        // parsing of `FieldType` will delegate here without actually consuming
-        // anything though so the encoding 0x78 still must be disjoint and not
-        // read here otherwise.
-        match reader.peek()? {
-            0x7F => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(ValType::I32)
-            }
-            0x7E => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(ValType::I64)
-            }
-            0x7D => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(ValType::F32)
-            }
-            0x7C => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(ValType::F64)
-            }
-            0x7B => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                Ok(ValType::V128)
-            }
-            0x70 | 0x6F | 0x65 | 0x64 | 0x63 | 0x6E | 0x71 | 0x72 | 0x73 | 0x74 | 0x6D | 0x6B
-            | 0x6A | 0x6C | 0x69 => Ok(ValType::Ref(reader.read()?)),
-            _ => bail!(reader.original_position(), "invalid value type"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for RefType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let absheapty = |byte, pos| match byte {
-            0x70 => Ok(RefType::FUNC.nullable()),
-            0x6F => Ok(RefType::EXTERN.nullable()),
-            0x6E => Ok(RefType::ANY.nullable()),
-            0x71 => Ok(RefType::NONE.nullable()),
-            0x72 => Ok(RefType::NOEXTERN.nullable()),
-            0x73 => Ok(RefType::NOFUNC.nullable()),
-            0x6D => Ok(RefType::EQ.nullable()),
-            0x6B => Ok(RefType::STRUCT.nullable()),
-            0x6A => Ok(RefType::ARRAY.nullable()),
-            0x6C => Ok(RefType::I31.nullable()),
-            0x69 => Ok(RefType::EXN.nullable()),
-            0x74 => Ok(RefType::NOEXN.nullable()),
-            _ => bail!(pos, "invalid abstract heap type"),
-        };
-
-        // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-        // interacts with other value encodings.
-        match reader.read()? {
-            byte @ (0x70 | 0x6F | 0x6E | 0x71 | 0x72 | 0x73 | 0x6D | 0x6B | 0x6A | 0x6C | 0x69
-            | 0x74) => {
-                let pos = reader.original_position();
-                absheapty(byte, pos)
-            }
-            0x65 => {
-                let byte = reader.read()?;
-                let pos = reader.original_position();
-                Ok(absheapty(byte, pos)?.shared().expect("must be abstract"))
-            }
-            byte @ (0x63 | 0x64) => {
-                let nullable = byte == 0x63;
-                let pos = reader.original_position();
-                RefType::new(nullable, reader.read()?)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| crate::BinaryReaderError::new("type index too large", pos))
-            }
-            _ => bail!(reader.original_position(), "malformed reference type"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for HeapType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-        // interacts with other value encodings.
-        match reader.peek()? {
-            0x65 => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                let ty = reader.read()?;
-                Ok(HeapType::Abstract { shared: true, ty })
-            }
-            0x70 | 0x6F | 0x6E | 0x71 | 0x72 | 0x73 | 0x6D | 0x6B | 0x6A | 0x6C | 0x69 | 0x74 => {
-                let ty = reader.read()?;
-                Ok(HeapType::Abstract { shared: false, ty })
-            }
-            _ => {
-                let idx = match u32::try_from(reader.read_var_s33()?) {
-                    Ok(idx) => idx,
-                    Err(_) => {
-                        bail!(reader.original_position(), "invalid indexed ref heap type");
-                    }
-                };
-                let idx = PackedIndex::from_module_index(idx).ok_or_else(|| {
-                    BinaryReaderError::new(
-                        "type index greater than implementation limits",
-                        reader.original_position(),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                Ok(HeapType::Concrete(idx.unpack()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for AbstractHeapType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        use AbstractHeapType::*;
-        match reader.read_u8()? {
-            0x70 => Ok(Func),
-            0x6F => Ok(Extern),
-            0x6E => Ok(Any),
-            0x71 => Ok(None),
-            0x72 => Ok(NoExtern),
-            0x73 => Ok(NoFunc),
-            0x6D => Ok(Eq),
-            0x6B => Ok(Struct),
-            0x6A => Ok(Array),
-            0x6C => Ok(I31),
-            0x69 => Ok(Exn),
-            0x74 => Ok(NoExn),
-            _ => {
-                bail!(reader.original_position(), "invalid abstract heap type");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a table's type.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct TableType {
-    /// The table's element type.
-    pub element_type: RefType,
-    /// Whether or not this is a 64-bit table.
-    ///
-    /// This is part of the memory64 proposal in WebAssembly.
-    pub table64: bool,
-    /// Initial size of this table, in elements.
-    ///
-    /// For 32-bit tables (when `table64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
-    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types.
-    pub initial: u64,
-    /// Optional maximum size of the table, in elements.
-    ///
-    /// For 32-bit tables (when `table64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
-    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types.
-    pub maximum: Option<u64>,
-    /// Whether this table is shared or not.
-    ///
-    /// This is included the shared-everything-threads proposal.
-    pub shared: bool,
-}
-
-impl TableType {
-    /// Gets the index type for the table.
-    pub fn index_type(&self) -> ValType {
-        if self.table64 {
-            ValType::I64
-        } else {
-            ValType::I32
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a memory's type.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct MemoryType {
-    /// Whether or not this is a 64-bit memory, using i64 as an index. If this
-    /// is false it's a 32-bit memory using i32 as an index.
-    ///
-    /// This is part of the memory64 proposal in WebAssembly.
-    pub memory64: bool,
-
-    /// Whether or not this is a "shared" memory, indicating that it should be
-    /// send-able across threads and the `maximum` field is always present for
-    /// valid types.
-    ///
-    /// This is part of the threads proposal in WebAssembly.
-    pub shared: bool,
-
-    /// Initial size of this memory, in wasm pages.
-    ///
-    /// For 32-bit memories (when `memory64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
-    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types.
-    pub initial: u64,
-
-    /// Optional maximum size of this memory, in wasm pages.
-    ///
-    /// For 32-bit memories (when `memory64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
-    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types. This field is always present for
-    /// valid wasm memories when `shared` is `true`.
-    pub maximum: Option<u64>,
-
-    /// The log base 2 of the memory's custom page size.
-    ///
-    /// Memory pages are, by default, 64KiB large (i.e. 2<sup>16</sup> or
-    /// `65536`).
-    ///
-    /// [The custom-page-sizes proposal] allows changing it to other values.
-    ///
-    /// [The custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
-    pub page_size_log2: Option<u32>,
-}
-
-impl MemoryType {
-    /// Gets the index type for the memory.
-    pub fn index_type(&self) -> ValType {
-        if self.memory64 {
-            ValType::I64
-        } else {
-            ValType::I32
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Represents a global's type.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct GlobalType {
-    /// The global's type.
-    pub content_type: ValType,
-    /// Whether or not the global is mutable.
-    pub mutable: bool,
-    /// Whether or not the global is shared.
-    pub shared: bool,
-}
-
-/// Represents a tag kind.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub enum TagKind {
-    /// The tag is an exception type.
-    Exception,
-}
-
-/// A tag's type.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub struct TagType {
-    /// The kind of tag
-    pub kind: TagKind,
-    /// The function type this tag uses.
-    pub func_type_idx: u32,
-}
-
-/// A reader for the type section of a WebAssembly module.
-pub type TypeSectionReader<'a> = SectionLimited<'a, RecGroup>;
-
-impl<'a> TypeSectionReader<'a> {
-    /// Returns an iterator over this type section which will only yield
-    /// function types and any usage of GC types from the GC proposal will
-    /// be translated into an error.
-    pub fn into_iter_err_on_gc_types(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<FuncType>> + 'a {
-        self.into_iter_with_offsets().map(|item| {
-            let (offset, group) = item?;
-            let mut types = group.into_types();
-            let ty = match (types.next(), types.next()) {
-                (Some(ty), None) => ty,
-                _ => bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported"),
-            };
-            if !ty.is_final || ty.supertype_idx.is_some() {
-                bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported");
-            }
-            match ty.composite_type.inner {
-                CompositeInnerType::Func(f) => Ok(f),
-                CompositeInnerType::Array(_) | CompositeInnerType::Struct(_) => {
-                    bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported");
-                }
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for CompositeType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        read_composite_type(reader.read_u8()?, reader)
-    }
-}
-
-fn read_composite_type(
-    opcode: u8,
-    reader: &mut BinaryReader,
-) -> Result<CompositeType, BinaryReaderError> {
-    // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-    // interacts with other value encodings.
-    let (shared, opcode) = if opcode == 0x65 {
-        (true, reader.read_u8()?)
-    } else {
-        (false, opcode)
-    };
-    let inner = match opcode {
-        0x60 => CompositeInnerType::Func(reader.read()?),
-        0x5e => CompositeInnerType::Array(reader.read()?),
-        0x5f => CompositeInnerType::Struct(reader.read()?),
-        x => return reader.invalid_leading_byte(x, "type"),
-    };
-    Ok(CompositeType { shared, inner })
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for RecGroup {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-        // interacts with other value encodings.
-        match reader.peek()? {
-            0x4e => {
-                reader.read_u8()?;
-                let mut iter = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_TYPES, "rec group types")?;
-                let mut types = Vec::with_capacity(iter.size_hint().0);
-                let mut offset = iter.reader.original_position();
-                while let Some(ty) = iter.next() {
-                    types.push((offset, ty?));
-                    offset = iter.reader.original_position();
-                }
-                Ok(RecGroup::explicit(types))
-            }
-            _ => Ok(RecGroup::implicit(
-                reader.original_position(),
-                reader.read()?,
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for SubType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let pos = reader.original_position();
-        // NB: See `FromReader<'a> for ValType` for a table of how this
-        // interacts with other value encodings.
-        Ok(match reader.read_u8()? {
-            opcode @ (0x4f | 0x50) => {
-                let idx_iter = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_SUPERTYPES, "supertype idxs")?;
-                let idxs = idx_iter.collect::<Result<Vec<u32>>>()?;
-                if idxs.len() > 1 {
-                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
-                        "multiple supertypes not supported",
-                        pos,
-                    ));
-                }
-                let supertype_idx = idxs
-                    .first()
-                    .copied()
-                    .map(|idx| {
-                        PackedIndex::from_module_index(idx).ok_or_else(|| {
-                            BinaryReaderError::new(
-                                "type index greater than implementation limits",
-                                reader.original_position(),
-                            )
-                        })
-                    })
-                    .transpose()?;
-                SubType {
-                    is_final: opcode == 0x4f,
-                    supertype_idx,
-                    composite_type: read_composite_type(reader.read_u8()?, reader)?,
-                }
-            }
-            opcode => SubType {
-                is_final: true,
-                supertype_idx: None,
-                composite_type: read_composite_type(opcode, reader)?,
-            },
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for FuncType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let mut params_results = reader
-            .read_iter(MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_PARAMS, "function params")?
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-        let len_params = params_results.len();
-        let results = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_RETURNS, "function returns")?;
-        params_results.reserve(results.size_hint().0);
-        for result in results {
-            params_results.push(result?);
-        }
-        Ok(FuncType::from_raw_parts(params_results.into(), len_params))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for FieldType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let element_type = reader.read()?;
-        let mutable = reader.read_u8()?;
-        Ok(FieldType {
-            element_type,
-            mutable: match mutable {
-                0 => false,
-                1 => true,
-                _ => bail!(
-                    reader.original_position(),
-                    "malformed mutability byte for field type"
-                ),
-            },
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for ArrayType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(ArrayType(FieldType::from_reader(reader)?))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for StructType {
-    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let fields = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_STRUCT_FIELDS, "struct fields")?;
-        Ok(StructType {
-            fields: fields.collect::<Result<_>>()?,
-        })
-    }
-}