wasmtime 24.0.0 → 25.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wast-217.0.0/src/component/binary.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+use crate::component::*;
+use crate::core;
+use crate::core::EncodeOptions;
+use crate::token::{Id, Index, NameAnnotation, Span};
+use wasm_encoder::{
+    CanonicalFunctionSection, ComponentAliasSection, ComponentDefinedTypeEncoder,
+    ComponentExportSection, ComponentImportSection, ComponentInstanceSection, ComponentNameSection,
+    ComponentSection, ComponentSectionId, ComponentStartSection, ComponentTypeEncoder,
+    ComponentTypeSection, CoreTypeEncoder, CoreTypeSection, InstanceSection, NameMap,
+    NestedComponentSection, RawSection, SectionId,
+};
+
+pub fn encode(component: &Component<'_>, options: &EncodeOptions) -> Vec<u8> {
+    match &component.kind {
+        ComponentKind::Text(fields) => {
+            encode_fields(&component.id, &component.name, fields, options).finish()
+        }
+        ComponentKind::Binary(bytes) => bytes.iter().flat_map(|b| b.iter().copied()).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_fields(
+    // TODO: use the id and name for a future names section
+    component_id: &Option<Id<'_>>,
+    component_name: &Option<NameAnnotation<'_>>,
+    fields: &[ComponentField<'_>],
+    options: &EncodeOptions,
+) -> wasm_encoder::Component {
+    let mut e = Encoder::default();
+
+    for field in fields {
+        match field {
+            ComponentField::CoreModule(m) => e.encode_core_module(m, options),
+            ComponentField::CoreInstance(i) => e.encode_core_instance(i),
+            ComponentField::CoreType(t) => e.encode_core_type(t),
+            ComponentField::Component(c) => e.encode_component(c, options),
+            ComponentField::Instance(i) => e.encode_instance(i),
+            ComponentField::Alias(a) => e.encode_alias(a),
+            ComponentField::Type(t) => e.encode_type(t),
+            ComponentField::CanonicalFunc(f) => e.encode_canonical_func(f),
+            ComponentField::CoreFunc(_) | ComponentField::Func(_) => {
+                unreachable!("should be expanded already")
+            }
+            ComponentField::Start(s) => e.encode_start(s),
+            ComponentField::Import(i) => e.encode_import(i),
+            ComponentField::Export(ex) => e.encode_export(ex),
+            ComponentField::Custom(c) => e.encode_custom(c),
+            ComponentField::Producers(c) => e.encode_producers(c),
+        }
+    }
+
+    e.flush(None);
+    e.encode_names(component_id, component_name);
+
+    e.component
+}
+
+fn encode_core_type(encoder: CoreTypeEncoder, ty: &CoreTypeDef) {
+    match ty {
+        CoreTypeDef::Def(def) => {
+            if def.shared {
+                todo!("encoding of shared types not yet implemented")
+            }
+            match &def.kind {
+                core::InnerTypeKind::Func(f) => {
+                    encoder.function(
+                        f.params.iter().map(|(_, _, ty)| (*ty).into()),
+                        f.results.iter().copied().map(Into::into),
+                    );
+                }
+                core::InnerTypeKind::Struct(_) | core::InnerTypeKind::Array(_) => {
+                    todo!("encoding of GC proposal types not yet implemented")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        CoreTypeDef::Module(t) => {
+            encoder.module(&t.into());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_type(encoder: ComponentTypeEncoder, ty: &TypeDef) {
+    match ty {
+        TypeDef::Defined(t) => {
+            encode_defined_type(encoder.defined_type(), t);
+        }
+        TypeDef::Func(f) => {
+            let mut encoder = encoder.function();
+            encoder.params(f.params.iter().map(|p| (p.name, &p.ty)));
+
+            if f.results.len() == 1 && f.results[0].name.is_none() {
+                encoder.result(&f.results[0].ty);
+            } else {
+                encoder.results(f.results.iter().map(|r| (r.name.unwrap_or(""), &r.ty)));
+            }
+        }
+        TypeDef::Component(c) => {
+            encoder.component(&c.into());
+        }
+        TypeDef::Instance(i) => {
+            encoder.instance(&i.into());
+        }
+        TypeDef::Resource(i) => {
+            let dtor = i.dtor.as_ref().map(|i| i.idx.into());
+            encoder.resource(i.rep.into(), dtor);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_defined_type(encoder: ComponentDefinedTypeEncoder, ty: &ComponentDefinedType) {
+    match ty {
+        ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(p) => encoder.primitive((*p).into()),
+        ComponentDefinedType::Record(r) => {
+            encoder.record(r.fields.iter().map(|f| (f.name, &f.ty)));
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Variant(v) => {
+            encoder.variant(v.cases.iter().map(|c| {
+                (
+                    c.name,
+                    c.ty.as_ref().map(Into::into),
+                    c.refines.as_ref().map(Into::into),
+                )
+            }));
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::List(l) => {
+            encoder.list(l.element.as_ref());
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Tuple(t) => {
+            encoder.tuple(t.fields.iter());
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Flags(f) => {
+            encoder.flags(f.names.iter().copied());
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Enum(e) => {
+            encoder.enum_type(e.names.iter().copied());
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Option(o) => {
+            encoder.option(o.element.as_ref());
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Result(e) => {
+            encoder.result(
+                e.ok.as_deref().map(Into::into),
+                e.err.as_deref().map(Into::into),
+            );
+        }
+        ComponentDefinedType::Own(i) => encoder.own((*i).into()),
+        ComponentDefinedType::Borrow(i) => encoder.borrow((*i).into()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Encoder<'a> {
+    component: wasm_encoder::Component,
+    current_section_id: Option<u8>,
+
+    // Core sections
+    // Note: module sections are written immediately
+    core_instances: InstanceSection,
+    core_types: CoreTypeSection,
+
+    // Component sections
+    // Note: custom, component, start sections are written immediately
+    instances: ComponentInstanceSection,
+    aliases: ComponentAliasSection,
+    types: ComponentTypeSection,
+    funcs: CanonicalFunctionSection,
+    imports: ComponentImportSection,
+    exports: ComponentExportSection,
+
+    core_func_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_table_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_memory_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_global_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_type_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_module_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    core_instance_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    func_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    value_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    type_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    component_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+    instance_names: Vec<Option<&'a str>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder<'a> {
+    fn encode_custom(&mut self, custom: &Custom) {
+        // Flush any in-progress section before encoding the customs section
+        self.flush(None);
+        self.component.section(custom);
+    }
+
+    fn encode_producers(&mut self, custom: &core::Producers) {
+        use crate::encode::Encode;
+
+        let mut data = Vec::new();
+        custom.encode(&mut data);
+        self.encode_custom(&Custom {
+            name: "producers",
+            span: Span::from_offset(0),
+            data: vec![&data],
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn encode_core_module(&mut self, module: &CoreModule<'a>, options: &EncodeOptions) {
+        // Flush any in-progress section before encoding the module
+        self.flush(None);
+
+        self.core_module_names
+            .push(get_name(&module.id, &module.name));
+
+        match &module.kind {
+            CoreModuleKind::Import { .. } => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+            CoreModuleKind::Inline { fields } => {
+                // TODO: replace this with a wasm-encoder based encoding (should return `wasm_encoder::Module`)
+                let data = crate::core::binary::encode(&module.id, &module.name, fields, options);
+                self.component.section(&RawSection {
+                    id: ComponentSectionId::CoreModule.into(),
+                    data: &data,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn encode_core_instance(&mut self, instance: &CoreInstance<'a>) {
+        self.core_instance_names
+            .push(get_name(&instance.id, &instance.name));
+        match &instance.kind {
+            CoreInstanceKind::Instantiate { module, args } => {
+                self.core_instances.instantiate(
+                    module.into(),
+                    args.iter().map(|arg| (arg.name, (&arg.kind).into())),
+                );
+            }
+            CoreInstanceKind::BundleOfExports(exports) => {
+                self.core_instances.export_items(exports.iter().map(|e| {
+                    let (kind, index) = (&e.item).into();
+                    (e.name, kind, index)
+                }));
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.flush(Some(self.core_instances.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_core_type(&mut self, ty: &CoreType<'a>) {
+        self.core_type_names.push(get_name(&ty.id, &ty.name));
+        encode_core_type(self.core_types.ty(), &ty.def);
+        self.flush(Some(self.core_types.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_component(&mut self, component: &NestedComponent<'a>, options: &EncodeOptions) {
+        self.component_names
+            .push(get_name(&component.id, &component.name));
+        // Flush any in-progress section before encoding the component
+        self.flush(None);
+
+        match &component.kind {
+            NestedComponentKind::Import { .. } => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+            NestedComponentKind::Inline(fields) => {
+                self.component
+                    .section(&NestedComponentSection(&encode_fields(
+                        &component.id,
+                        &component.name,
+                        fields,
+                        options,
+                    )));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn encode_instance(&mut self, instance: &Instance<'a>) {
+        self.instance_names
+            .push(get_name(&instance.id, &instance.name));
+        match &instance.kind {
+            InstanceKind::Import { .. } => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+            InstanceKind::Instantiate { component, args } => {
+                self.instances.instantiate(
+                    component.into(),
+                    args.iter().map(|arg| {
+                        let (kind, index) = (&arg.kind).into();
+                        (arg.name, kind, index)
+                    }),
+                );
+            }
+            InstanceKind::BundleOfExports(exports) => {
+                self.instances.export_items(exports.iter().map(|e| {
+                    let (kind, index) = (&e.kind).into();
+                    (e.name.0, kind, index)
+                }));
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.flush(Some(self.instances.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_alias(&mut self, alias: &Alias<'a>) {
+        let name = get_name(&alias.id, &alias.name);
+        self.aliases.alias((&alias.target).into());
+        match &alias.target {
+            AliasTarget::Export { kind, .. } => {
+                self.names_for_component_export_alias(*kind).push(name);
+            }
+            AliasTarget::CoreExport { kind, .. } => {
+                self.names_for_core_export_alias(*kind).push(name);
+            }
+            AliasTarget::Outer { kind, .. } => {
+                self.names_for_component_outer_alias(*kind).push(name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.flush(Some(self.aliases.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_start(&mut self, start: &Start) {
+        // Flush any in-progress section before encoding the start section
+        self.flush(None);
+
+        self.component.section(&ComponentStartSection {
+            function_index: start.func.into(),
+            args: start.args.iter().map(|a| a.idx.into()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            results: start.results.len() as u32,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn encode_type(&mut self, ty: &Type<'a>) {
+        self.type_names.push(get_name(&ty.id, &ty.name));
+        encode_type(self.types.ty(), &ty.def);
+        self.flush(Some(self.types.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_canonical_func(&mut self, func: &CanonicalFunc<'a>) {
+        let name = get_name(&func.id, &func.name);
+        match &func.kind {
+            CanonicalFuncKind::Lift { ty, info } => {
+                self.func_names.push(name);
+                self.funcs.lift(
+                    info.func.idx.into(),
+                    ty.into(),
+                    info.opts.iter().map(Into::into),
+                );
+            }
+            CanonicalFuncKind::Lower(info) => {
+                self.core_func_names.push(name);
+                self.funcs
+                    .lower(info.func.idx.into(), info.opts.iter().map(Into::into));
+            }
+            CanonicalFuncKind::ResourceNew(info) => {
+                self.core_func_names.push(name);
+                self.funcs.resource_new(info.ty.into());
+            }
+            CanonicalFuncKind::ResourceDrop(info) => {
+                self.core_func_names.push(name);
+                self.funcs.resource_drop(info.ty.into());
+            }
+            CanonicalFuncKind::ResourceRep(info) => {
+                self.core_func_names.push(name);
+                self.funcs.resource_rep(info.ty.into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.flush(Some(self.funcs.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_import(&mut self, import: &ComponentImport<'a>) {
+        let name = get_name(&import.item.id, &import.item.name);
+        self.names_for_item_kind(&import.item.kind).push(name);
+        self.imports
+            .import(import.name.0, (&import.item.kind).into());
+        self.flush(Some(self.imports.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn encode_export(&mut self, export: &ComponentExport<'a>) {
+        let name = get_name(&export.id, &export.debug_name);
+        let (kind, index) = (&export.kind).into();
+        self.exports.export(
+            export.name.0,
+            kind,
+            index,
+            export.ty.as_ref().map(|ty| (&ty.0.kind).into()),
+        );
+        match &export.kind {
+            ComponentExportKind::CoreModule(_) => self.core_module_names.push(name),
+            ComponentExportKind::Func(_) => self.func_names.push(name),
+            ComponentExportKind::Instance(_) => self.instance_names.push(name),
+            ComponentExportKind::Value(_) => self.value_names.push(name),
+            ComponentExportKind::Component(_) => self.component_names.push(name),
+            ComponentExportKind::Type(_) => self.type_names.push(name),
+        }
+        self.flush(Some(self.exports.id()));
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self, section_id: Option<u8>) {
+        if self.current_section_id == section_id {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(id) = self.current_section_id {
+            match id {
+                // 0 => custom sections are written immediately
+                // 1 => core modules sections are written immediately
+                2 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.core_instances.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.core_instances);
+                    self.core_instances = Default::default();
+                }
+                3 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.core_types.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.core_types);
+                    self.core_types = Default::default();
+                }
+                // 4 => components sections are written immediately
+                5 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.instances.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.instances);
+                    self.instances = Default::default();
+                }
+                6 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.aliases.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.aliases);
+                    self.aliases = Default::default();
+                }
+                7 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.types.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.types);
+                    self.types = Default::default();
+                }
+                8 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.funcs.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.funcs);
+                    self.funcs = Default::default();
+                }
+                // 9 => start sections are written immediately
+                10 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.imports.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.imports);
+                    self.imports = Default::default();
+                }
+                11 => {
+                    assert_eq!(id, self.exports.id());
+                    self.component.section(&self.exports);
+                    self.exports = Default::default();
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!("unknown incremental component section id: {}", id),
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.current_section_id = section_id
+    }
+
+    fn encode_names(
+        &mut self,
+        component_id: &Option<Id<'_>>,
+        component_name: &Option<NameAnnotation<'_>>,
+    ) {
+        let mut names = ComponentNameSection::new();
+        if let Some(name) = get_name(component_id, component_name) {
+            names.component(name);
+        }
+
+        let mut funcs = |list: &[Option<&str>], append: fn(&mut ComponentNameSection, &NameMap)| {
+            let mut map = NameMap::new();
+            for (i, entry) in list.iter().enumerate() {
+                if let Some(name) = entry {
+                    map.append(i as u32, name);
+                }
+            }
+            if !map.is_empty() {
+                append(&mut names, &map);
+            }
+        };
+
+        funcs(&self.core_func_names, ComponentNameSection::core_funcs);
+        funcs(&self.core_table_names, ComponentNameSection::core_tables);
+        funcs(&self.core_memory_names, ComponentNameSection::core_memories);
+        funcs(&self.core_global_names, ComponentNameSection::core_globals);
+        funcs(&self.core_type_names, ComponentNameSection::core_types);
+        funcs(&self.core_module_names, ComponentNameSection::core_modules);
+        funcs(
+            &self.core_instance_names,
+            ComponentNameSection::core_instances,
+        );
+        funcs(&self.func_names, ComponentNameSection::funcs);
+        funcs(&self.value_names, ComponentNameSection::values);
+        funcs(&self.type_names, ComponentNameSection::types);
+        funcs(&self.component_names, ComponentNameSection::components);
+        funcs(&self.instance_names, ComponentNameSection::instances);
+
+        if !names.is_empty() {
+            self.component.section(&names);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn names_for_component_export_alias(
+        &mut self,
+        kind: ComponentExportAliasKind,
+    ) -> &mut Vec<Option<&'a str>> {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Func => &mut self.func_names,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::CoreModule => &mut self.core_module_names,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Value => &mut self.value_names,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Type => &mut self.type_names,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Component => &mut self.component_names,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Instance => &mut self.instance_names,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn names_for_component_outer_alias(
+        &mut self,
+        kind: ComponentOuterAliasKind,
+    ) -> &mut Vec<Option<&'a str>> {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreModule => &mut self.core_module_names,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType => &mut self.core_type_names,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::Component => &mut self.component_names,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::Type => &mut self.type_names,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn names_for_core_export_alias(&mut self, kind: core::ExportKind) -> &mut Vec<Option<&'a str>> {
+        match kind {
+            core::ExportKind::Func => &mut self.core_func_names,
+            core::ExportKind::Global => &mut self.core_global_names,
+            core::ExportKind::Table => &mut self.core_table_names,
+            core::ExportKind::Memory => &mut self.core_memory_names,
+            core::ExportKind::Tag => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn names_for_item_kind(&mut self, kind: &ItemSigKind) -> &mut Vec<Option<&'a str>> {
+        match kind {
+            ItemSigKind::CoreModule(_) => &mut self.core_module_names,
+            ItemSigKind::Func(_) => &mut self.func_names,
+            ItemSigKind::Component(_) => &mut self.component_names,
+            ItemSigKind::Instance(_) => &mut self.instance_names,
+            ItemSigKind::Value(_) => &mut self.value_names,
+            ItemSigKind::Type(_) => &mut self.type_names,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_name<'a>(id: &Option<Id<'a>>, name: &Option<NameAnnotation<'a>>) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    name.as_ref().map(|n| n.name).or_else(|| {
+        id.and_then(|id| {
+            if id.is_gensym() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(id.name())
+            }
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+// This implementation is much like `wasm_encoder::CustomSection`, except
+// that it extends via a list of slices instead of a single slice.
+impl wasm_encoder::Encode for Custom<'_> {
+    fn encode(&self, sink: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
+        let encoded_name_len =
+            leb128::write::unsigned(&mut &mut buf[..], u64::try_from(self.name.len()).unwrap())
+                .unwrap();
+        let data_len = self.data.iter().fold(0, |acc, s| acc + s.len());
+
+        // name length
+        (encoded_name_len + self.name.len() + data_len).encode(sink);
+
+        // name
+        self.name.encode(sink);
+
+        // data
+        for s in &self.data {
+            sink.extend(*s);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl wasm_encoder::ComponentSection for Custom<'_> {
+    fn id(&self) -> u8 {
+        SectionId::Custom.into()
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: move these core conversion functions to the core module
+// once we update core encoding to use wasm-encoder.
+impl From<core::ValType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ValType {
+    fn from(ty: core::ValType) -> Self {
+        match ty {
+            core::ValType::I32 => Self::I32,
+            core::ValType::I64 => Self::I64,
+            core::ValType::F32 => Self::F32,
+            core::ValType::F64 => Self::F64,
+            core::ValType::V128 => Self::V128,
+            core::ValType::Ref(r) => Self::Ref(r.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::RefType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::RefType {
+    fn from(r: core::RefType<'_>) -> Self {
+        wasm_encoder::RefType {
+            nullable: r.nullable,
+            heap_type: r.heap.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::HeapType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::HeapType {
+    fn from(r: core::HeapType<'_>) -> Self {
+        use wasm_encoder::AbstractHeapType::*;
+        match r {
+            core::HeapType::Abstract { shared, ty } => {
+                let ty = match ty {
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Func => Func,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Extern => Extern,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Exn => Exn,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::NoExn => NoExn,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Any => Any,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Eq => Eq,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Struct => Struct,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::Array => Array,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::NoFunc => NoFunc,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::NoExtern => NoExtern,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::None => None,
+                    core::AbstractHeapType::I31 => I31,
+                };
+                Self::Abstract { shared, ty }
+            }
+            core::HeapType::Concrete(Index::Num(i, _)) => Self::Concrete(i),
+            core::HeapType::Concrete(_) => panic!("unresolved index"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&core::ItemKind<'_>> for wasm_encoder::EntityType {
+    fn from(kind: &core::ItemKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            core::ItemKind::Func(t) => Self::Function(t.into()),
+            core::ItemKind::Table(t) => Self::Table((*t).into()),
+            core::ItemKind::Memory(t) => Self::Memory((*t).into()),
+            core::ItemKind::Global(t) => Self::Global((*t).into()),
+            core::ItemKind::Tag(t) => Self::Tag(t.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::TableType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::TableType {
+    fn from(ty: core::TableType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            element_type: ty.elem.into(),
+            minimum: ty.limits.min,
+            maximum: ty.limits.max,
+            table64: ty.limits.is64,
+            shared: ty.shared,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::MemoryType> for wasm_encoder::MemoryType {
+    fn from(ty: core::MemoryType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            minimum: ty.limits.min,
+            maximum: ty.limits.max,
+            memory64: ty.limits.is64,
+            shared: ty.shared,
+            page_size_log2: ty.page_size_log2,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::GlobalType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::GlobalType {
+    fn from(ty: core::GlobalType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            val_type: ty.ty.into(),
+            mutable: ty.mutable,
+            shared: ty.shared,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&core::TagType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::TagType {
+    fn from(ty: &core::TagType) -> Self {
+        match ty {
+            core::TagType::Exception(r) => Self {
+                kind: wasm_encoder::TagKind::Exception,
+                func_type_idx: r.into(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::fmt::Debug> From<&core::TypeUse<'_, T>> for u32 {
+    fn from(u: &core::TypeUse<'_, T>) -> Self {
+        match &u.index {
+            Some(i) => (*i).into(),
+            None => unreachable!("unresolved type use in encoding: {:?}", u),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&CoreInstantiationArgKind<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ModuleArg {
+    fn from(kind: &CoreInstantiationArgKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            CoreInstantiationArgKind::Instance(i) => {
+                wasm_encoder::ModuleArg::Instance(i.idx.into())
+            }
+            CoreInstantiationArgKind::BundleOfExports(..) => {
+                unreachable!("should be expanded already")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&CoreItemRef<'_, core::ExportKind>> for (wasm_encoder::ExportKind, u32) {
+    fn from(item: &CoreItemRef<'_, core::ExportKind>) -> Self {
+        match &item.kind {
+            core::ExportKind::Func => (wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Func, item.idx.into()),
+            core::ExportKind::Table => (wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Table, item.idx.into()),
+            core::ExportKind::Memory => (wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Memory, item.idx.into()),
+            core::ExportKind::Global => (wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Global, item.idx.into()),
+            core::ExportKind::Tag => (wasm_encoder::ExportKind::Tag, item.idx.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<core::ExportKind> for wasm_encoder::ExportKind {
+    fn from(kind: core::ExportKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            core::ExportKind::Func => Self::Func,
+            core::ExportKind::Table => Self::Table,
+            core::ExportKind::Memory => Self::Memory,
+            core::ExportKind::Global => Self::Global,
+            core::ExportKind::Tag => Self::Tag,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Index<'_>> for u32 {
+    fn from(i: Index<'_>) -> Self {
+        match i {
+            Index::Num(i, _) => i,
+            Index::Id(_) => unreachable!("unresolved index in encoding: {:?}", i),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<&ItemRef<'_, T>> for u32 {
+    fn from(i: &ItemRef<'_, T>) -> Self {
+        assert!(i.export_names.is_empty());
+        i.idx.into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<&CoreTypeUse<'_, T>> for u32 {
+    fn from(u: &CoreTypeUse<'_, T>) -> Self {
+        match u {
+            CoreTypeUse::Inline(_) => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+            CoreTypeUse::Ref(r) => r.idx.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<&ComponentTypeUse<'_, T>> for u32 {
+    fn from(u: &ComponentTypeUse<'_, T>) -> Self {
+        match u {
+            ComponentTypeUse::Inline(_) => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+            ComponentTypeUse::Ref(r) => r.idx.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ComponentValType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ComponentValType {
+    fn from(r: &ComponentValType) -> Self {
+        match r {
+            ComponentValType::Inline(ComponentDefinedType::Primitive(p)) => {
+                Self::Primitive((*p).into())
+            }
+            ComponentValType::Ref(i) => Self::Type(u32::from(*i)),
+            ComponentValType::Inline(_) => unreachable!("should be expanded by now"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PrimitiveValType> for wasm_encoder::PrimitiveValType {
+    fn from(p: PrimitiveValType) -> Self {
+        match p {
+            PrimitiveValType::Bool => Self::Bool,
+            PrimitiveValType::S8 => Self::S8,
+            PrimitiveValType::U8 => Self::U8,
+            PrimitiveValType::S16 => Self::S16,
+            PrimitiveValType::U16 => Self::U16,
+            PrimitiveValType::S32 => Self::S32,
+            PrimitiveValType::U32 => Self::U32,
+            PrimitiveValType::S64 => Self::S64,
+            PrimitiveValType::U64 => Self::U64,
+            PrimitiveValType::F32 => Self::F32,
+            PrimitiveValType::F64 => Self::F64,
+            PrimitiveValType::Char => Self::Char,
+            PrimitiveValType::String => Self::String,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Refinement<'_>> for u32 {
+    fn from(r: &Refinement) -> Self {
+        match r {
+            Refinement::Index(..) => unreachable!("should be resolved by now"),
+            Refinement::Resolved(i) => *i,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ItemSigKind<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ComponentTypeRef {
+    fn from(k: &ItemSigKind) -> Self {
+        match k {
+            ItemSigKind::Component(c) => Self::Component(c.into()),
+            ItemSigKind::CoreModule(m) => Self::Module(m.into()),
+            ItemSigKind::Instance(i) => Self::Instance(i.into()),
+            ItemSigKind::Value(v) => Self::Value((&v.0).into()),
+            ItemSigKind::Func(f) => Self::Func(f.into()),
+            ItemSigKind::Type(TypeBounds::Eq(t)) => {
+                Self::Type(wasm_encoder::TypeBounds::Eq((*t).into()))
+            }
+            ItemSigKind::Type(TypeBounds::SubResource) => {
+                Self::Type(wasm_encoder::TypeBounds::SubResource)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ComponentType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ComponentType {
+    fn from(ty: &ComponentType) -> Self {
+        let mut encoded = wasm_encoder::ComponentType::new();
+
+        for decl in &ty.decls {
+            match decl {
+                ComponentTypeDecl::CoreType(t) => {
+                    encode_core_type(encoded.core_type(), &t.def);
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDecl::Type(t) => {
+                    encode_type(encoded.ty(), &t.def);
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDecl::Alias(a) => {
+                    encoded.alias((&a.target).into());
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDecl::Import(i) => {
+                    encoded.import(i.name.0, (&i.item.kind).into());
+                }
+                ComponentTypeDecl::Export(e) => {
+                    encoded.export(e.name.0, (&e.item.kind).into());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        encoded
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&InstanceType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::InstanceType {
+    fn from(ty: &InstanceType) -> Self {
+        let mut encoded = wasm_encoder::InstanceType::new();
+
+        for decl in &ty.decls {
+            match decl {
+                InstanceTypeDecl::CoreType(t) => {
+                    encode_core_type(encoded.core_type(), &t.def);
+                }
+                InstanceTypeDecl::Type(t) => {
+                    encode_type(encoded.ty(), &t.def);
+                }
+                InstanceTypeDecl::Alias(a) => {
+                    encoded.alias((&a.target).into());
+                }
+                InstanceTypeDecl::Export(e) => {
+                    encoded.export(e.name.0, (&e.item.kind).into());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        encoded
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ModuleType<'_>> for wasm_encoder::ModuleType {
+    fn from(ty: &ModuleType) -> Self {
+        let mut encoded = wasm_encoder::ModuleType::new();
+
+        for decl in &ty.decls {
+            match decl {
+                ModuleTypeDecl::Type(t) => match &t.def.kind {
+                    core::InnerTypeKind::Func(f) => encoded.ty().function(
+                        f.params.iter().map(|(_, _, ty)| (*ty).into()),
+                        f.results.iter().copied().map(Into::into),
+                    ),
+                    core::InnerTypeKind::Struct(_) | core::InnerTypeKind::Array(_) => {
+                        todo!("encoding of GC proposal types not yet implemented")
+                    }
+                },
+                ModuleTypeDecl::Alias(a) => match &a.target {
+                    AliasTarget::Outer {
+                        outer,
+                        index,
+                        kind: ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType,
+                    } => {
+                        encoded.alias_outer_core_type(u32::from(*outer), u32::from(*index));
+                    }
+                    _ => unreachable!("only outer type aliases are supported"),
+                },
+                ModuleTypeDecl::Import(i) => {
+                    encoded.import(i.module, i.field, (&i.item.kind).into());
+                }
+                ModuleTypeDecl::Export(name, item) => {
+                    encoded.export(name, (&item.kind).into());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        encoded
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&InstantiationArgKind<'_>> for (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind, u32) {
+    fn from(kind: &InstantiationArgKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            InstantiationArgKind::Item(i) => i.into(),
+            InstantiationArgKind::BundleOfExports(..) => unreachable!("should be expanded already"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ComponentExportKind<'_>> for (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind, u32) {
+    fn from(kind: &ComponentExportKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentExportKind::CoreModule(m) => {
+                (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Module, m.idx.into())
+            }
+            ComponentExportKind::Func(f) => (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Func, f.idx.into()),
+            ComponentExportKind::Value(v) => {
+                (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Value, v.idx.into())
+            }
+            ComponentExportKind::Type(t) => (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Type, t.idx.into()),
+            ComponentExportKind::Component(c) => {
+                (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Component, c.idx.into())
+            }
+            ComponentExportKind::Instance(i) => {
+                (wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind::Instance, i.idx.into())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ComponentOuterAliasKind> for wasm_encoder::ComponentOuterAliasKind {
+    fn from(kind: ComponentOuterAliasKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreModule => Self::CoreModule,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::CoreType => Self::CoreType,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::Type => Self::Type,
+            ComponentOuterAliasKind::Component => Self::Component,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ComponentExportAliasKind> for wasm_encoder::ComponentExportKind {
+    fn from(kind: ComponentExportAliasKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::CoreModule => Self::Module,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Func => Self::Func,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Value => Self::Value,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Type => Self::Type,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Component => Self::Component,
+            ComponentExportAliasKind::Instance => Self::Instance,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&CanonOpt<'_>> for wasm_encoder::CanonicalOption {
+    fn from(opt: &CanonOpt) -> Self {
+        match opt {
+            CanonOpt::StringUtf8 => Self::UTF8,
+            CanonOpt::StringUtf16 => Self::UTF16,
+            CanonOpt::StringLatin1Utf16 => Self::CompactUTF16,
+            CanonOpt::Memory(m) => Self::Memory(m.idx.into()),
+            CanonOpt::Realloc(f) => Self::Realloc(f.idx.into()),
+            CanonOpt::PostReturn(f) => Self::PostReturn(f.idx.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&AliasTarget<'a>> for wasm_encoder::Alias<'a> {
+    fn from(target: &AliasTarget<'a>) -> Self {
+        match target {
+            AliasTarget::Export {
+                instance,
+                name,
+                kind,
+            } => wasm_encoder::Alias::InstanceExport {
+                instance: (*instance).into(),
+                kind: (*kind).into(),
+                name,
+            },
+            AliasTarget::CoreExport {
+                instance,
+                name,
+                kind,
+            } => wasm_encoder::Alias::CoreInstanceExport {
+                instance: (*instance).into(),
+                kind: (*kind).into(),
+                name,
+            },
+            AliasTarget::Outer { outer, index, kind } => wasm_encoder::Alias::Outer {
+                count: (*outer).into(),
+                kind: (*kind).into(),
+                index: (*index).into(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}