wasmtime 24.0.0 → 25.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-25.0.0/src/compile.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+//! Wasm compilation orchestration.
+//!
+//! It works roughly like this:
+//!
+//! * We walk over the Wasm module/component and make a list of all the things
+//!   we need to compile. This is a `CompileInputs`.
+//!
+//! * The `CompileInputs::compile` method compiles each of these in parallel,
+//!   producing a `UnlinkedCompileOutputs`. This is an unlinked set of compiled
+//!   functions, bucketed by type of function.
+//!
+//! * The `UnlinkedCompileOutputs::pre_link` method re-arranges the compiled
+//!   functions into a flat list. This is the order we will place them within
+//!   the ELF file, so we must also keep track of all the functions' indices
+//!   within this list, because we will need them for resolving
+//!   relocations. These indices are kept track of in the resulting
+//!   `FunctionIndices`.
+//!
+//! * The `FunctionIndices::link_and_append_code` method appends the functions
+//!   to the given ELF file and resolves relocations. It produces an `Artifacts`
+//!   which contains the data needed at runtime to find and call Wasm
+//!   functions. It is up to the caller to serialize the relevant parts of the
+//!   `Artifacts` into the ELF file.
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::Engine;
+use std::{
+    any::Any,
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::{btree_map, BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet},
+    mem,
+};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+use wasmtime_environ::component::Translator;
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    BuiltinFunctionIndex, CompiledFunctionInfo, CompiledModuleInfo, Compiler, DefinedFuncIndex,
+    FinishedObject, FunctionBodyData, ModuleEnvironment, ModuleInternedTypeIndex,
+    ModuleTranslation, ModuleTypes, ModuleTypesBuilder, ObjectKind, PrimaryMap, RelocationTarget,
+    StaticModuleIndex, WasmFunctionInfo,
+};
+
+mod code_builder;
+pub use self::code_builder::{CodeBuilder, CodeHint, HashedEngineCompileEnv};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "runtime")]
+mod runtime;
+
+/// Converts an input binary-encoded WebAssembly module to compilation
+/// artifacts and type information.
+///
+/// This is where compilation actually happens of WebAssembly modules and
+/// translation/parsing/validation of the binary input occurs. The binary
+/// artifact represented in the `MmapVec` returned here is an in-memory ELF
+/// file in an owned area of virtual linear memory where permissions (such
+/// as the executable bit) can be applied.
+///
+/// Additionally compilation returns an `Option` here which is always
+/// `Some`, notably compiled metadata about the module in addition to the
+/// type information found within.
+pub(crate) fn build_artifacts<T: FinishedObject>(
+    engine: &Engine,
+    wasm: &[u8],
+    dwarf_package: Option<&[u8]>,
+) -> Result<(T, Option<(CompiledModuleInfo, ModuleTypes)>)> {
+    let tunables = engine.tunables();
+
+    // First a `ModuleEnvironment` is created which records type information
+    // about the wasm module. This is where the WebAssembly is parsed and
+    // validated. Afterwards `types` will have all the type information for
+    // this module.
+    let mut parser = wasmparser::Parser::new(0);
+    let mut validator = wasmparser::Validator::new_with_features(engine.features());
+    parser.set_features(*validator.features());
+    let mut types = ModuleTypesBuilder::new(&validator);
+    let mut translation = ModuleEnvironment::new(tunables, &mut validator, &mut types)
+        .translate(parser, wasm)
+        .context("failed to parse WebAssembly module")?;
+    let functions = mem::take(&mut translation.function_body_inputs);
+
+    let compile_inputs = CompileInputs::for_module(&types, &translation, functions);
+    let unlinked_compile_outputs = compile_inputs.compile(engine)?;
+    let (compiled_funcs, function_indices) = unlinked_compile_outputs.pre_link();
+
+    // Emplace all compiled functions into the object file with any other
+    // sections associated with code as well.
+    let mut object = engine.compiler().object(ObjectKind::Module)?;
+    // Insert `Engine` and type-level information into the compiled
+    // artifact so if this module is deserialized later it contains all
+    // information necessary.
+    //
+    // Note that `append_compiler_info` and `append_types` here in theory
+    // can both be skipped if this module will never get serialized.
+    // They're only used during deserialization and not during runtime for
+    // the module itself. Currently there's no need for that, however, so
+    // it's left as an exercise for later.
+    engine.append_compiler_info(&mut object);
+    engine.append_bti(&mut object);
+
+    let (mut object, compilation_artifacts) = function_indices.link_and_append_code(
+        &types,
+        object,
+        engine,
+        compiled_funcs,
+        std::iter::once(translation).collect(),
+        dwarf_package,
+    )?;
+
+    let info = compilation_artifacts.unwrap_as_module_info();
+    let types = types.finish();
+    object.serialize_info(&(&info, &types));
+    let result = T::finish_object(object)?;
+
+    Ok((result, Some((info, types))))
+}
+
+/// Performs the compilation phase for a component, translating and
+/// validating the provided wasm binary to machine code.
+///
+/// This method will compile all nested core wasm binaries in addition to
+/// any necessary extra functions required for operation with components.
+/// The output artifact here is the serialized object file contained within
+/// an owned mmap along with metadata about the compilation itself.
+#[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+pub(crate) fn build_component_artifacts<T: FinishedObject>(
+    engine: &Engine,
+    binary: &[u8],
+    _dwarf_package: Option<&[u8]>,
+) -> Result<(T, Option<wasmtime_environ::component::ComponentArtifacts>)> {
+    use wasmtime_environ::component::{
+        CompiledComponentInfo, ComponentArtifacts, ComponentTypesBuilder,
+    };
+    use wasmtime_environ::ScopeVec;
+
+    let tunables = engine.tunables();
+    let compiler = engine.compiler();
+
+    let scope = ScopeVec::new();
+    let mut validator = wasmparser::Validator::new_with_features(engine.features());
+    let mut types = ComponentTypesBuilder::new(&validator);
+    let (component, mut module_translations) =
+        Translator::new(tunables, &mut validator, &mut types, &scope)
+            .translate(binary)
+            .context("failed to parse WebAssembly module")?;
+
+    let compile_inputs = CompileInputs::for_component(
+        &types,
+        &component,
+        module_translations.iter_mut().map(|(i, translation)| {
+            let functions = mem::take(&mut translation.function_body_inputs);
+            (i, &*translation, functions)
+        }),
+    );
+    let unlinked_compile_outputs = compile_inputs.compile(&engine)?;
+
+    let (compiled_funcs, function_indices) = unlinked_compile_outputs.pre_link();
+
+    let mut object = compiler.object(ObjectKind::Component)?;
+    engine.append_compiler_info(&mut object);
+    engine.append_bti(&mut object);
+
+    let (mut object, compilation_artifacts) = function_indices.link_and_append_code(
+        types.module_types_builder(),
+        object,
+        engine,
+        compiled_funcs,
+        module_translations,
+        None, // TODO: Support dwarf packages for components.
+    )?;
+    let (types, ty) = types.finish(&component.component);
+
+    let info = CompiledComponentInfo {
+        component: component.component,
+        trampolines: compilation_artifacts.trampolines,
+        resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline: compilation_artifacts
+            .resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline,
+    };
+    let artifacts = ComponentArtifacts {
+        info,
+        ty,
+        types,
+        static_modules: compilation_artifacts.modules,
+    };
+    object.serialize_info(&artifacts);
+
+    let result = T::finish_object(object)?;
+    Ok((result, Some(artifacts)))
+}
+
+type CompileInput<'a> = Box<dyn FnOnce(&dyn Compiler) -> Result<CompileOutput> + Send + 'a>;
+
+/// A sortable, comparable key for a compilation output.
+///
+/// Two `u32`s to align with `cranelift_codegen::ir::UserExternalName`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+struct CompileKey {
+    // The namespace field is bitpacked like:
+    //
+    //     [ kind:i3 module:i29 ]
+    namespace: u32,
+
+    index: u32,
+}
+
+impl CompileKey {
+    const KIND_BITS: u32 = 3;
+    const KIND_OFFSET: u32 = 32 - Self::KIND_BITS;
+    const KIND_MASK: u32 = ((1 << Self::KIND_BITS) - 1) << Self::KIND_OFFSET;
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.namespace & Self::KIND_MASK
+    }
+
+    fn module(&self) -> StaticModuleIndex {
+        StaticModuleIndex::from_u32(self.namespace & !Self::KIND_MASK)
+    }
+
+    const WASM_FUNCTION_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(0);
+    const ARRAY_TO_WASM_TRAMPOLINE_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(1);
+    const WASM_TO_ARRAY_TRAMPOLINE_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(2);
+    const WASM_TO_BUILTIN_TRAMPOLINE_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(3);
+
+    const fn new_kind(kind: u32) -> u32 {
+        assert!(kind < (1 << Self::KIND_BITS));
+        kind << Self::KIND_OFFSET
+    }
+
+    // NB: more kinds in the other `impl` block.
+
+    fn wasm_function(module: StaticModuleIndex, index: DefinedFuncIndex) -> Self {
+        debug_assert_eq!(module.as_u32() & Self::KIND_MASK, 0);
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::WASM_FUNCTION_KIND | module.as_u32(),
+            index: index.as_u32(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn array_to_wasm_trampoline(module: StaticModuleIndex, index: DefinedFuncIndex) -> Self {
+        debug_assert_eq!(module.as_u32() & Self::KIND_MASK, 0);
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::ARRAY_TO_WASM_TRAMPOLINE_KIND | module.as_u32(),
+            index: index.as_u32(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn wasm_to_array_trampoline(index: ModuleInternedTypeIndex) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::WASM_TO_ARRAY_TRAMPOLINE_KIND,
+            index: index.as_u32(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn wasm_to_builtin_trampoline(index: BuiltinFunctionIndex) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::WASM_TO_BUILTIN_TRAMPOLINE_KIND,
+            index: index.index(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+impl CompileKey {
+    const TRAMPOLINE_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(4);
+    const RESOURCE_DROP_WASM_TO_ARRAY_KIND: u32 = Self::new_kind(5);
+
+    fn trampoline(index: wasmtime_environ::component::TrampolineIndex) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::TRAMPOLINE_KIND,
+            index: index.as_u32(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            namespace: Self::RESOURCE_DROP_WASM_TO_ARRAY_KIND,
+            index: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum CompiledFunction<T> {
+    Function(T),
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    AllCallFunc(wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc<T>),
+}
+
+impl<T> CompiledFunction<T> {
+    fn unwrap_function(self) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Self::Function(f) => f,
+            #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+            Self::AllCallFunc(_) => panic!("CompiledFunction::unwrap_function"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    fn unwrap_all_call_func(self) -> wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc<T> {
+        match self {
+            Self::AllCallFunc(f) => f,
+            Self::Function(_) => panic!("CompiledFunction::unwrap_all_call_func"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+impl<T> From<wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc<T>> for CompiledFunction<T> {
+    fn from(f: wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc<T>) -> Self {
+        Self::AllCallFunc(f)
+    }
+}
+
+struct CompileOutput {
+    key: CompileKey,
+    symbol: String,
+    function: CompiledFunction<Box<dyn Any + Send>>,
+    info: Option<WasmFunctionInfo>,
+}
+
+/// The collection of things we need to compile for a Wasm module or component.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct CompileInputs<'a> {
+    inputs: Vec<CompileInput<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CompileInputs<'a> {
+    fn push_input(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&dyn Compiler) -> Result<CompileOutput> + Send + 'a) {
+        self.inputs.push(Box::new(f));
+    }
+
+    /// Create the `CompileInputs` for a core Wasm module.
+    fn for_module(
+        types: &'a ModuleTypesBuilder,
+        translation: &'a ModuleTranslation<'a>,
+        functions: PrimaryMap<DefinedFuncIndex, FunctionBodyData<'a>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut ret = Self::default();
+        let module_index = StaticModuleIndex::from_u32(0);
+
+        ret.collect_inputs_in_translations(types, [(module_index, translation, functions)]);
+
+        ret
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `CompileInputs` for a component.
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    fn for_component(
+        types: &'a wasmtime_environ::component::ComponentTypesBuilder,
+        component: &'a wasmtime_environ::component::ComponentTranslation,
+        module_translations: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                StaticModuleIndex,
+                &'a ModuleTranslation<'a>,
+                PrimaryMap<DefinedFuncIndex, FunctionBodyData<'a>>,
+            ),
+        >,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut ret = CompileInputs::default();
+
+        ret.collect_inputs_in_translations(types.module_types_builder(), module_translations);
+
+        for (idx, trampoline) in component.trampolines.iter() {
+            ret.push_input(move |compiler| {
+                Ok(CompileOutput {
+                    key: CompileKey::trampoline(idx),
+                    symbol: trampoline.symbol_name(),
+                    function: compiler
+                        .component_compiler()
+                        .compile_trampoline(component, types, idx)?
+                        .into(),
+                    info: None,
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        // If there are any resources defined within this component, the
+        // signature for `resource.drop` is mentioned somewhere, and the
+        // wasm-to-native trampoline for `resource.drop` hasn't been created yet
+        // then insert that here. This is possibly required by destruction of
+        // resources from the embedder and otherwise won't be explicitly
+        // requested through initializers above or such.
+        if component.component.num_resources > 0 {
+            if let Some(sig) = types.find_resource_drop_signature() {
+                ret.push_input(move |compiler| {
+                    let trampoline =
+                        compiler.compile_wasm_to_array_trampoline(types[sig].unwrap_func())?;
+                    Ok(CompileOutput {
+                        key: CompileKey::resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline(),
+                        symbol: "resource_drop_trampoline".to_string(),
+                        function: CompiledFunction::Function(trampoline),
+                        info: None,
+                    })
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        ret
+    }
+
+    fn clean_symbol(name: &str) -> Cow<str> {
+        /// Maximum length of symbols generated in objects.
+        const MAX_SYMBOL_LEN: usize = 96;
+
+        // Just to be on the safe side, filter out characters that could
+        // pose issues to tools such as "perf" or "objdump".  To avoid
+        // having to update a list of allowed characters for each different
+        // language that compiles to Wasm, allows only graphic ASCII
+        // characters; replace runs of everything else with a "?".
+        let bad_char = |c: char| !c.is_ascii_graphic();
+        if name.chars().any(bad_char) {
+            let mut last_char_seen = '\u{0000}';
+            Cow::Owned(
+                name.chars()
+                    .map(|c| if bad_char(c) { '?' } else { c })
+                    .filter(|c| {
+                        let skip = last_char_seen == '?' && *c == '?';
+                        last_char_seen = *c;
+                        !skip
+                    })
+                    .take(MAX_SYMBOL_LEN)
+                    .collect::<String>(),
+            )
+        } else if name.len() <= MAX_SYMBOL_LEN {
+            Cow::Borrowed(&name[..])
+        } else {
+            Cow::Borrowed(&name[..MAX_SYMBOL_LEN])
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_inputs_in_translations(
+        &mut self,
+        types: &'a ModuleTypesBuilder,
+        translations: impl IntoIterator<
+            Item = (
+                StaticModuleIndex,
+                &'a ModuleTranslation<'a>,
+                PrimaryMap<DefinedFuncIndex, FunctionBodyData<'a>>,
+            ),
+        >,
+    ) {
+        for (module, translation, functions) in translations {
+            for (def_func_index, func_body) in functions {
+                self.push_input(move |compiler| {
+                    let func_index = translation.module.func_index(def_func_index);
+                    let (info, function) =
+                        compiler.compile_function(translation, def_func_index, func_body, types)?;
+                    let symbol = match translation
+                        .debuginfo
+                        .name_section
+                        .func_names
+                        .get(&func_index)
+                    {
+                        Some(name) => format!(
+                            "wasm[{}]::function[{}]::{}",
+                            module.as_u32(),
+                            func_index.as_u32(),
+                            Self::clean_symbol(&name)
+                        ),
+                        None => format!(
+                            "wasm[{}]::function[{}]",
+                            module.as_u32(),
+                            func_index.as_u32()
+                        ),
+                    };
+
+                    Ok(CompileOutput {
+                        key: CompileKey::wasm_function(module, def_func_index),
+                        symbol,
+                        function: CompiledFunction::Function(function),
+                        info: Some(info),
+                    })
+                });
+
+                let func_index = translation.module.func_index(def_func_index);
+                if translation.module.functions[func_index].is_escaping() {
+                    self.push_input(move |compiler| {
+                        let func_index = translation.module.func_index(def_func_index);
+                        let trampoline = compiler.compile_array_to_wasm_trampoline(
+                            translation,
+                            types,
+                            def_func_index,
+                        )?;
+                        Ok(CompileOutput {
+                            key: CompileKey::array_to_wasm_trampoline(module, def_func_index),
+                            symbol: format!(
+                                "wasm[{}]::array_to_wasm_trampoline[{}]",
+                                module.as_u32(),
+                                func_index.as_u32()
+                            ),
+                            function: CompiledFunction::Function(trampoline),
+                            info: None,
+                        })
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut trampoline_types_seen = HashSet::new();
+        for (_func_type_index, trampoline_type_index) in types.trampoline_types() {
+            let is_new = trampoline_types_seen.insert(trampoline_type_index);
+            if !is_new {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let trampoline_func_ty = types[trampoline_type_index].unwrap_func();
+            self.push_input(move |compiler| {
+                let trampoline = compiler.compile_wasm_to_array_trampoline(trampoline_func_ty)?;
+                Ok(CompileOutput {
+                    key: CompileKey::wasm_to_array_trampoline(trampoline_type_index),
+                    symbol: format!(
+                        "signatures[{}]::wasm_to_array_trampoline",
+                        trampoline_type_index.as_u32()
+                    ),
+                    function: CompiledFunction::Function(trampoline),
+                    info: None,
+                })
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compile these `CompileInput`s (maybe in parallel) and return the
+    /// resulting `UnlinkedCompileOutput`s.
+    fn compile(self, engine: &Engine) -> Result<UnlinkedCompileOutputs> {
+        let compiler = engine.compiler();
+
+        // Compile each individual input in parallel.
+        let mut raw_outputs = engine.run_maybe_parallel(self.inputs, |f| f(compiler))?;
+
+        // Now that all functions have been compiled see if any
+        // wasmtime-builtin functions are necessary. If so those need to be
+        // collected and then those trampolines additionally need to be
+        // compiled.
+        compile_required_builtins(engine, &mut raw_outputs)?;
+
+        // Bucket the outputs by kind.
+        let mut outputs: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<CompileOutput>> = BTreeMap::new();
+        for output in raw_outputs {
+            outputs.entry(output.key.kind()).or_default().push(output);
+        }
+
+        Ok(UnlinkedCompileOutputs { outputs })
+    }
+}
+
+fn compile_required_builtins(engine: &Engine, raw_outputs: &mut Vec<CompileOutput>) -> Result<()> {
+    let compiler = engine.compiler();
+    let mut builtins = HashSet::new();
+    let mut new_inputs: Vec<CompileInput<'_>> = Vec::new();
+
+    let compile_builtin = |builtin: BuiltinFunctionIndex| {
+        Box::new(move |compiler: &dyn Compiler| {
+            let symbol = format!("wasmtime_builtin_{}", builtin.name());
+            Ok(CompileOutput {
+                key: CompileKey::wasm_to_builtin_trampoline(builtin),
+                symbol,
+                function: CompiledFunction::Function(compiler.compile_wasm_to_builtin(builtin)?),
+                info: None,
+            })
+        })
+    };
+
+    for output in raw_outputs.iter() {
+        let f = match &output.function {
+            CompiledFunction::Function(f) => f,
+            #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+            CompiledFunction::AllCallFunc(_) => continue,
+        };
+        for reloc in compiler.compiled_function_relocation_targets(&**f) {
+            match reloc {
+                RelocationTarget::Builtin(i) => {
+                    if builtins.insert(i) {
+                        new_inputs.push(compile_builtin(i));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    raw_outputs.extend(engine.run_maybe_parallel(new_inputs, |c| c(compiler))?);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct UnlinkedCompileOutputs {
+    // A map from kind to `CompileOutput`.
+    outputs: BTreeMap<u32, Vec<CompileOutput>>,
+}
+
+impl UnlinkedCompileOutputs {
+    /// Flatten all our functions into a single list and remember each of their
+    /// indices within it.
+    fn pre_link(self) -> (Vec<(String, Box<dyn Any + Send>)>, FunctionIndices) {
+        // The order the functions end up within `compiled_funcs` is the order
+        // that they will be laid out in the ELF file, so try and group hot and
+        // cold functions together as best we can. However, because we bucket by
+        // kind, we shouldn't have any issues with, e.g., cold trampolines
+        // appearing in between hot Wasm functions.
+        let mut compiled_funcs = vec![];
+        let mut indices = FunctionIndices::default();
+        for x in self.outputs.into_iter().flat_map(|(_kind, xs)| xs) {
+            let index = match x.function {
+                CompiledFunction::Function(f) => {
+                    let index = compiled_funcs.len();
+                    compiled_funcs.push((x.symbol, f));
+                    CompiledFunction::Function(index)
+                }
+                #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+                CompiledFunction::AllCallFunc(f) => {
+                    let array_call = compiled_funcs.len();
+                    compiled_funcs.push((format!("{}_array_call", x.symbol), f.array_call));
+                    let wasm_call = compiled_funcs.len();
+                    compiled_funcs.push((format!("{}_wasm_call", x.symbol), f.wasm_call));
+                    CompiledFunction::AllCallFunc(wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc {
+                        array_call,
+                        wasm_call,
+                    })
+                }
+            };
+
+            if x.key.kind() == CompileKey::WASM_FUNCTION_KIND
+                || x.key.kind() == CompileKey::ARRAY_TO_WASM_TRAMPOLINE_KIND
+            {
+                indices
+                    .compiled_func_index_to_module
+                    .insert(index.unwrap_function(), x.key.module());
+                if let Some(info) = x.info {
+                    indices.wasm_function_infos.insert(x.key, info);
+                }
+            }
+
+            indices
+                .indices
+                .entry(x.key.kind())
+                .or_default()
+                .insert(x.key, index);
+        }
+        (compiled_funcs, indices)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct FunctionIndices {
+    // A reverse map from an index in `compiled_funcs` to the
+    // `StaticModuleIndex` for that function.
+    compiled_func_index_to_module: HashMap<usize, StaticModuleIndex>,
+
+    // A map from Wasm functions' compile keys to their infos.
+    wasm_function_infos: HashMap<CompileKey, WasmFunctionInfo>,
+
+    // The index of each compiled function, bucketed by compile key kind.
+    indices: BTreeMap<u32, BTreeMap<CompileKey, CompiledFunction<usize>>>,
+}
+
+impl FunctionIndices {
+    /// Link the compiled functions together, resolving relocations, and append
+    /// them to the given ELF file.
+    fn link_and_append_code<'a>(
+        mut self,
+        types: &ModuleTypesBuilder,
+        mut obj: object::write::Object<'static>,
+        engine: &'a Engine,
+        compiled_funcs: Vec<(String, Box<dyn Any + Send>)>,
+        translations: PrimaryMap<StaticModuleIndex, ModuleTranslation<'_>>,
+        dwarf_package_bytes: Option<&[u8]>,
+    ) -> Result<(wasmtime_environ::ObjectBuilder<'a>, Artifacts)> {
+        // Append all the functions to the ELF file.
+        //
+        // The result is a vector parallel to `compiled_funcs` where
+        // `symbol_ids_and_locs[i]` is the symbol ID and function location of
+        // `compiled_funcs[i]`.
+        let compiler = engine.compiler();
+        let tunables = engine.tunables();
+        let symbol_ids_and_locs = compiler.append_code(
+            &mut obj,
+            &compiled_funcs,
+            &|caller_index: usize, callee: RelocationTarget| match callee {
+                RelocationTarget::Wasm(callee_index) => {
+                    let module = self
+                        .compiled_func_index_to_module
+                        .get(&caller_index)
+                        .copied()
+                        .expect("should only reloc inside wasm function callers");
+                    let def_func_index = translations[module]
+                        .module
+                        .defined_func_index(callee_index)
+                        .unwrap();
+                    self.indices[&CompileKey::WASM_FUNCTION_KIND]
+                        [&CompileKey::wasm_function(module, def_func_index)]
+                        .unwrap_function()
+                }
+                RelocationTarget::Builtin(builtin) => self.indices
+                    [&CompileKey::WASM_TO_BUILTIN_TRAMPOLINE_KIND]
+                    [&CompileKey::wasm_to_builtin_trampoline(builtin)]
+                    .unwrap_function(),
+                RelocationTarget::HostLibcall(_) => {
+                    unreachable!("relocation is resolved at runtime, not compile time");
+                }
+            },
+        )?;
+
+        // If requested, generate and add DWARF information.
+        if tunables.generate_native_debuginfo {
+            compiler.append_dwarf(
+                &mut obj,
+                &translations,
+                &|module, func| {
+                    let bucket = &self.indices[&CompileKey::WASM_FUNCTION_KIND];
+                    let i = bucket[&CompileKey::wasm_function(module, func)].unwrap_function();
+                    (symbol_ids_and_locs[i].0, &*compiled_funcs[i].1)
+                },
+                dwarf_package_bytes,
+                tunables,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        let mut obj = wasmtime_environ::ObjectBuilder::new(obj, tunables);
+        let mut artifacts = Artifacts::default();
+
+        // Remove this as it's not needed by anything below and we'll debug
+        // assert `self.indices` is empty, so this is acknowledgement that this
+        // is a pure runtime implementation detail and not needed in any
+        // metadata generated below.
+        self.indices
+            .remove(&CompileKey::WASM_TO_BUILTIN_TRAMPOLINE_KIND);
+
+        // Finally, build our binary artifacts that map things like `FuncIndex`
+        // to a function location and all of that using the indices we saved
+        // earlier and the function locations we just received after appending
+        // the code.
+
+        let mut wasm_functions = self
+            .indices
+            .remove(&CompileKey::WASM_FUNCTION_KIND)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .into_iter()
+            .peekable();
+
+        fn wasm_functions_for_module(
+            wasm_functions: &mut std::iter::Peekable<
+                btree_map::IntoIter<CompileKey, CompiledFunction<usize>>,
+            >,
+            module: StaticModuleIndex,
+        ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (CompileKey, CompiledFunction<usize>)> + '_ {
+            std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+                let (key, _) = wasm_functions.peek()?;
+                if key.module() == module {
+                    wasm_functions.next()
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+        }
+
+        let mut array_to_wasm_trampolines = self
+            .indices
+            .remove(&CompileKey::ARRAY_TO_WASM_TRAMPOLINE_KIND)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // NB: unlike the above maps this is not emptied out during iteration
+        // since each module may reach into different portions of this map.
+        let wasm_to_array_trampolines = self
+            .indices
+            .remove(&CompileKey::WASM_TO_ARRAY_TRAMPOLINE_KIND)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        artifacts.modules = translations
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(module, mut translation)| {
+                // If configured attempt to use static memory initialization which
+                // can either at runtime be implemented as a single memcpy to
+                // initialize memory or otherwise enabling virtual-memory-tricks
+                // such as mmap'ing from a file to get copy-on-write.
+                if engine.config().memory_init_cow {
+                    let align = compiler.page_size_align();
+                    let max_always_allowed = engine.config().memory_guaranteed_dense_image_size;
+                    translation.try_static_init(align, max_always_allowed);
+                }
+
+                // Attempt to convert table initializer segments to
+                // FuncTable representation where possible, to enable
+                // table lazy init.
+                if engine.tunables().table_lazy_init {
+                    translation.try_func_table_init();
+                }
+
+                let funcs: PrimaryMap<DefinedFuncIndex, CompiledFunctionInfo> =
+                    wasm_functions_for_module(&mut wasm_functions, module)
+                        .map(|(key, wasm_func_index)| {
+                            let wasm_func_index = wasm_func_index.unwrap_function();
+                            let wasm_func_loc = symbol_ids_and_locs[wasm_func_index].1;
+                            let wasm_func_info = self.wasm_function_infos.remove(&key).unwrap();
+
+                            let array_to_wasm_trampoline = array_to_wasm_trampolines
+                                .remove(&CompileKey::array_to_wasm_trampoline(
+                                    key.module(),
+                                    DefinedFuncIndex::from_u32(key.index),
+                                ))
+                                .map(|x| symbol_ids_and_locs[x.unwrap_function()].1);
+
+                            CompiledFunctionInfo {
+                                wasm_func_info,
+                                wasm_func_loc,
+                                array_to_wasm_trampoline,
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+
+                let unique_and_sorted_trampoline_sigs = translation
+                    .module
+                    .types
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(_, ty)| *ty)
+                    .filter(|idx| types[*idx].is_func())
+                    .map(|idx| types.trampoline_type(idx))
+                    .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+                let wasm_to_array_trampolines = unique_and_sorted_trampoline_sigs
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|idx| {
+                        let trampoline = types.trampoline_type(*idx);
+                        let key = CompileKey::wasm_to_array_trampoline(trampoline);
+                        let compiled = wasm_to_array_trampolines[&key];
+                        (*idx, symbol_ids_and_locs[compiled.unwrap_function()].1)
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                obj.append(translation, funcs, wasm_to_array_trampolines)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<PrimaryMap<_, _>>>()?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+        {
+            artifacts.trampolines = self
+                .indices
+                .remove(&CompileKey::TRAMPOLINE_KIND)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(_id, x)| x.unwrap_all_call_func().map(|i| symbol_ids_and_locs[i].1))
+                .collect();
+            let map = self
+                .indices
+                .remove(&CompileKey::RESOURCE_DROP_WASM_TO_ARRAY_KIND)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            assert!(map.len() <= 1);
+            artifacts.resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline = map
+                .into_iter()
+                .next()
+                .map(|(_id, x)| symbol_ids_and_locs[x.unwrap_function()].1);
+        }
+
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.indices.is_empty(),
+            "Should have processed all compile outputs"
+        );
+
+        Ok((obj, artifacts))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The artifacts necessary for finding and calling Wasm functions at runtime,
+/// to be serialized into an ELF file.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Artifacts {
+    modules: PrimaryMap<StaticModuleIndex, CompiledModuleInfo>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    trampolines: PrimaryMap<
+        wasmtime_environ::component::TrampolineIndex,
+        wasmtime_environ::component::AllCallFunc<wasmtime_environ::FunctionLoc>,
+    >,
+    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+    resource_drop_wasm_to_array_trampoline: Option<wasmtime_environ::FunctionLoc>,
+}
+
+impl Artifacts {
+    /// Assuming this compilation was for a single core Wasm module, get the
+    /// resulting `CompiledModuleInfo`.
+    fn unwrap_as_module_info(self) -> CompiledModuleInfo {
+        assert_eq!(self.modules.len(), 1);
+        #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
+        assert!(self.trampolines.is_empty());
+        self.modules.into_iter().next().unwrap().1
+    }
+}