warp-lang 1.7.0__py3-none-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

warp/native/nanovdb/PNanoVDB.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3390 @@
+
+// Copyright Contributors to the OpenVDB Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+/*!
+    \file   nanovdb/PNanoVDB.h
+
+    \author Andrew Reidmeyer
+
+    \brief  This file is a portable (e.g. pointer-less) C99/GLSL/HLSL port
+            of NanoVDB.h, which is compatible with most graphics APIs.
+*/
+
+#ifndef NANOVDB_PNANOVDB_H_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
+#define NANOVDB_PNANOVDB_H_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Configuration -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+// platforms
+//#define PNANOVDB_C
+//#define PNANOVDB_HLSL
+//#define PNANOVDB_GLSL
+
+// addressing mode
+// PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32
+// PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#ifndef PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32
+#define PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+#ifndef PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64
+#define PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#ifndef PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64
+#define PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// bounds checking
+//#define PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+
+// enable HDDA by default on HLSL/GLSL, make explicit on C
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+//#define PNANOVDB_HDDA
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_HDDA
+#ifndef PNANOVDB_CMATH
+#define PNANOVDB_CMATH
+#endif
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_HDDA
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_HDDA
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_CMATH
+#ifndef __CUDACC_RTC__
+#include <math.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Buffer -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_BUF_CUSTOM)
+// NOP
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_C
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_HLSL
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_GLSL
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_BUF_C)
+#ifndef __CUDACC_RTC__
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(__CUDACC__)
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE static __host__ __device__ __forceinline__
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE static inline __forceinline
+#else
+#define PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE static inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#endif
+typedef struct pnanovdb_buf_t
+{
+    uint32_t* data;
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    uint64_t size_in_words;
+#endif
+}pnanovdb_buf_t;
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_buf_t pnanovdb_make_buf(uint32_t* data, uint64_t size_in_words)
+{
+    pnanovdb_buf_t ret;
+    ret.data = data;
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    ret.size_in_words = size_in_words;
+#endif
+    return ret;
+}
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32)
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE uint32_t pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    uint32_t wordaddress = (byte_offset >> 2u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    return wordaddress < buf.size_in_words ? buf.data[wordaddress] : 0u;
+#else
+    return buf.data[wordaddress];
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE uint64_t pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    uint64_t* data64 = (uint64_t*)buf.data;
+    uint32_t wordaddress64 = (byte_offset >> 3u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    uint64_t size_in_words64 = buf.size_in_words >> 1u;
+    return wordaddress64 < size_in_words64 ? data64[wordaddress64] : 0llu;
+#else
+    return data64[wordaddress64];
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint32_t byte_offset, uint32_t value)
+{
+    uint32_t wordaddress = (byte_offset >> 2u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    if (wordaddress < buf.size_in_words)
+    {
+        buf.data[wordaddress] = value;
+}
+#else
+    buf.data[wordaddress] = value;
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint32_t byte_offset, uint64_t value)
+{
+    uint64_t* data64 = (uint64_t*)buf.data;
+    uint32_t wordaddress64 = (byte_offset >> 3u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    uint64_t size_in_words64 = buf.size_in_words >> 1u;
+    if (wordaddress64 < size_in_words64)
+    {
+        data64[wordaddress64] = value;
+    }
+#else
+    data64[wordaddress64] = value;
+#endif
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64)
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE uint32_t pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    uint64_t wordaddress = (byte_offset >> 2u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    return wordaddress < buf.size_in_words ? buf.data[wordaddress] : 0u;
+#else
+    return buf.data[wordaddress];
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE uint64_t pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    uint64_t* data64 = (uint64_t*)buf.data;
+    uint64_t wordaddress64 = (byte_offset >> 3u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    uint64_t size_in_words64 = buf.size_in_words >> 1u;
+    return wordaddress64 < size_in_words64 ? data64[wordaddress64] : 0llu;
+#else
+    return data64[wordaddress64];
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset, uint32_t value)
+{
+    uint64_t wordaddress = (byte_offset >> 2u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    if (wordaddress < buf.size_in_words)
+    {
+        buf.data[wordaddress] = value;
+    }
+#else
+    buf.data[wordaddress] = value;
+#endif
+}
+PNANOVDB_BUF_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset, uint64_t value)
+{
+    uint64_t* data64 = (uint64_t*)buf.data;
+    uint64_t wordaddress64 = (byte_offset >> 3u);
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_BUF_BOUNDS_CHECK
+    uint64_t size_in_words64 = buf.size_in_words >> 1u;
+    if (wordaddress64 < size_in_words64)
+    {
+        data64[wordaddress64] = value;
+    }
+#else
+    data64[wordaddress64] = value;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+typedef uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_t;
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_typeIn, nameIn) pnanovdb_grid_type_constants[grid_typeIn].nameIn
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_BUF_HLSL)
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32)
+#define pnanovdb_buf_t StructuredBuffer<uint>
+uint pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset)
+{
+    return buf[(byte_offset >> 2u)];
+}
+uint2 pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset)
+{
+    uint2 ret;
+    ret.x = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 0u);
+    ret.y = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 4u);
+    return ret;
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset, uint value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset, uint2 value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64)
+#define pnanovdb_buf_t StructuredBuffer<uint>
+uint pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    return buf[uint(byte_offset >> 2u)];
+}
+uint64_t pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    uint64_t ret;
+    ret = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 0u);
+    ret = ret + (uint64_t(pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 4u)) << 32u);
+    return ret;
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset, uint value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint64_t byte_offset, uint64_t value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+#endif
+#define pnanovdb_grid_type_t uint
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_typeIn, nameIn) pnanovdb_grid_type_constants[grid_typeIn].nameIn
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_BUF_GLSL)
+struct pnanovdb_buf_t
+{
+    uint unused;    // to satisfy min struct size?
+};
+uint pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_buf_data[(byte_offset >> 2u)];
+}
+uvec2 pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset)
+{
+    uvec2 ret;
+    ret.x = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 0u);
+    ret.y = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, byte_offset + 4u);
+    return ret;
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset, uint value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+void pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, uint byte_offset, uvec2 value)
+{
+    // NOP, by default no write in HLSL
+}
+#define pnanovdb_grid_type_t uint
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_typeIn, nameIn) pnanovdb_grid_type_constants[grid_typeIn].nameIn
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Basic Types -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+// force inline
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#if defined(__CUDACC__)
+#define PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE static __host__ __device__ __forceinline__
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#define PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE static inline __forceinline
+#else
+#define PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE static inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE
+#endif
+
+// struct typedef, static const, inout
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#define PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(X) typedef struct X X;
+#if defined(__CUDA_ARCH__)
+#define PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST constexpr __constant__
+#else
+#define PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST static const
+#endif
+#define PNANOVDB_INOUT(X) X*
+#define PNANOVDB_IN(X) const X*
+#define PNANOVDB_DEREF(X) (*X)
+#define PNANOVDB_REF(X) &X
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(X)
+#define PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST static const
+#define PNANOVDB_INOUT(X) inout X
+#define PNANOVDB_IN(X) X
+#define PNANOVDB_DEREF(X) X
+#define PNANOVDB_REF(X) X
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#define PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(X)
+#define PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST const
+#define PNANOVDB_INOUT(X) inout X
+#define PNANOVDB_IN(X) X
+#define PNANOVDB_DEREF(X) X
+#define PNANOVDB_REF(X) X
+#endif
+
+// basic types, type conversion
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#define PNANOVDB_NATIVE_64
+#ifndef __CUDACC_RTC__
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(PNANOVDB_MEMCPY_CUSTOM)
+#ifndef __CUDACC_RTC__
+#include <string.h>
+#endif
+#define pnanovdb_memcpy memcpy
+#endif
+typedef uint32_t pnanovdb_uint32_t;
+typedef int32_t pnanovdb_int32_t;
+typedef int32_t pnanovdb_bool_t;
+#define PNANOVDB_FALSE 0
+#define PNANOVDB_TRUE 1
+typedef uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_t;
+typedef int64_t pnanovdb_int64_t;
+typedef struct pnanovdb_coord_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_int32_t x, y, z;
+}pnanovdb_coord_t;
+typedef struct pnanovdb_vec3_t
+{
+    float x, y, z;
+}pnanovdb_vec3_t;
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return (pnanovdb_int32_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_uint64_as_int64(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return (pnanovdb_int64_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_int64_t v) { return (pnanovdb_uint64_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return (pnanovdb_uint32_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_uint32_as_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { float vf; pnanovdb_memcpy(&vf, &v, sizeof(vf)); return vf; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_float_as_uint32(float v) { return *((pnanovdb_uint32_t*)(&v)); }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_uint64_as_double(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { double vf; pnanovdb_memcpy(&vf, &v, sizeof(vf)); return vf; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_double_as_uint64(double v) { return *((pnanovdb_uint64_t*)(&v)); }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return (pnanovdb_uint32_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_high(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return (pnanovdb_uint32_t)(v >> 32u); }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(pnanovdb_uint32_t x, pnanovdb_uint32_t y) { return ((pnanovdb_uint64_t)x) | (((pnanovdb_uint64_t)y) << 32u); }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint32_t x) { return ((pnanovdb_uint64_t)x); }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_uint64_is_equal(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b) { return a == b; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_int64_t a) { return a == 0; }
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_CMATH
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_floor(float v) { return floorf(v); }
+#endif
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_float_to_int32(float v) { return (pnanovdb_int32_t)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_int32_to_float(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return (float)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return (float)v; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_min(float a, float b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_max(float a, float b) { return a > b ? a : b; }
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+typedef uint pnanovdb_uint32_t;
+typedef int pnanovdb_int32_t;
+typedef bool pnanovdb_bool_t;
+#define PNANOVDB_FALSE false
+#define PNANOVDB_TRUE true
+typedef int3 pnanovdb_coord_t;
+typedef float3 pnanovdb_vec3_t;
+pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return int(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return uint(v); }
+float pnanovdb_uint32_as_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return asfloat(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_float_as_uint32(float v) { return asuint(v); }
+float pnanovdb_floor(float v) { return floor(v); }
+pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_float_to_int32(float v) { return int(v); }
+float pnanovdb_int32_to_float(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return float(v); }
+float pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return float(v); }
+float pnanovdb_min(float a, float b) { return min(a, b); }
+float pnanovdb_max(float a, float b) { return max(a, b); }
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32)
+typedef uint2 pnanovdb_uint64_t;
+typedef int2 pnanovdb_int64_t;
+pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_uint64_as_int64(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return int2(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_int64_t v) { return uint2(v); }
+double pnanovdb_uint64_as_double(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return asdouble(v.x, v.y); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_double_as_uint64(double v) { uint2 ret; asuint(v, ret.x, ret.y); return ret; }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return v.x; }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_high(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return v.y; }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(pnanovdb_uint32_t x, pnanovdb_uint32_t y) { return uint2(x, y); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint32_t x) { return uint2(x, 0); }
+bool pnanovdb_uint64_is_equal(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b) { return (a.x == b.x) && (a.y == b.y); }
+bool pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_int64_t a) { return a.x == 0 && a.y == 0; }
+#else
+typedef uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_t;
+typedef int64_t pnanovdb_int64_t;
+pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_uint64_as_int64(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return int64_t(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_int64_t v) { return uint64_t(v); }
+double pnanovdb_uint64_as_double(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return asdouble(uint(v), uint(v >> 32u)); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_double_as_uint64(double v) { uint2 ret; asuint(v, ret.x, ret.y); return uint64_t(ret.x) + (uint64_t(ret.y) << 32u); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return uint(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_high(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return uint(v >> 32u); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(pnanovdb_uint32_t x, pnanovdb_uint32_t y) { return uint64_t(x) + (uint64_t(y) << 32u); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint32_t x) { return uint64_t(x); }
+bool pnanovdb_uint64_is_equal(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b) { return a == b; }
+bool pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_int64_t a) { return a == 0; }
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+#define pnanovdb_uint32_t uint
+#define pnanovdb_int32_t int
+#define pnanovdb_bool_t bool
+#define PNANOVDB_FALSE false
+#define PNANOVDB_TRUE true
+#define pnanovdb_uint64_t uvec2
+#define pnanovdb_int64_t ivec2
+#define pnanovdb_coord_t ivec3
+#define pnanovdb_vec3_t vec3
+pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return int(v); }
+pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_uint64_as_int64(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return ivec2(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_int64_t v) { return uvec2(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return uint(v); }
+float pnanovdb_uint32_as_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return uintBitsToFloat(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_float_as_uint32(float v) { return floatBitsToUint(v); }
+double pnanovdb_uint64_as_double(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return packDouble2x32(uvec2(v.x, v.y)); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_double_as_uint64(double v) { return unpackDouble2x32(v); }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return v.x; }
+pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_high(pnanovdb_uint64_t v) { return v.y; }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(pnanovdb_uint32_t x, pnanovdb_uint32_t y) { return uvec2(x, y); }
+pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(pnanovdb_uint32_t x) { return uvec2(x, 0); }
+bool pnanovdb_uint64_is_equal(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b) { return (a.x == b.x) && (a.y == b.y); }
+bool pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_int64_t a) { return a.x == 0 && a.y == 0; }
+float pnanovdb_floor(float v) { return floor(v); }
+pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_float_to_int32(float v) { return int(v); }
+float pnanovdb_int32_to_float(pnanovdb_int32_t v) { return float(v); }
+float pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_uint32_t v) { return float(v); }
+float pnanovdb_min(float a, float b) { return min(a, b); }
+float pnanovdb_max(float a, float b) { return max(a, b); }
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Coord/Vec3 Utilties -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(float a)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a;
+    v.y = a;
+    v.z = a;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_add(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x + b.x;
+    v.y = a.y + b.y;
+    v.z = a.z + b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_sub(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x - b.x;
+    v.y = a.y - b.y;
+    v.z = a.z - b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_mul(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x * b.x;
+    v.y = a.y * b.y;
+    v.z = a.z * b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_div(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x / b.x;
+    v.y = a.y / b.y;
+    v.z = a.z / b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_min(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x < b.x ? a.x : b.x;
+    v.y = a.y < b.y ? a.y : b.y;
+    v.z = a.z < b.z ? a.z : b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_max(const pnanovdb_vec3_t a, const pnanovdb_vec3_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = a.x > b.x ? a.x : b.x;
+    v.y = a.y > b.y ? a.y : b.y;
+    v.z = a.z > b.z ? a.z : b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_coord_to_vec3(const pnanovdb_coord_t coord)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t v;
+    v.x = pnanovdb_int32_to_float(coord.x);
+    v.y = pnanovdb_int32_to_float(coord.y);
+    v.z = pnanovdb_int32_to_float(coord.z);
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_uniform(const pnanovdb_int32_t a)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t v;
+    v.x = a;
+    v.y = a;
+    v.z = a;
+    return v;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_add(pnanovdb_coord_t a, pnanovdb_coord_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t v;
+    v.x = a.x + b.x;
+    v.y = a.y + b.y;
+    v.z = a.z + b.z;
+    return v;
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(float a) { return float3(a, a, a); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_add(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a + b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_sub(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a - b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_mul(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a * b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_div(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a / b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_min(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return min(a, b); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_max(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return max(a, b); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_coord_to_vec3(pnanovdb_coord_t coord) { return float3(coord); }
+pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_uniform(pnanovdb_int32_t a) { return int3(a, a, a); }
+pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_add(pnanovdb_coord_t a, pnanovdb_coord_t b) { return a + b; }
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(float a) { return vec3(a, a, a); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_add(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a + b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_sub(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a - b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_mul(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a * b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_div(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return a / b; }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_min(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return min(a, b); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_vec3_max(pnanovdb_vec3_t a, pnanovdb_vec3_t b) { return max(a, b); }
+pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_coord_to_vec3(const pnanovdb_coord_t coord) { return vec3(coord); }
+pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_uniform(pnanovdb_int32_t a) { return ivec3(a, a, a); }
+pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_coord_add(pnanovdb_coord_t a, pnanovdb_coord_t b) { return a + b; }
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Uint64 Utils -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint32_countbits(pnanovdb_uint32_t value)
+{
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1928) && defined(PNANOVDB_USE_INTRINSICS)
+    return __popcnt(value);
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)) && defined(PNANOVDB_USE_INTRINSICS)
+    return __builtin_popcount(value);
+#else
+    value = value - ((value >> 1) & 0x55555555);
+    value = (value & 0x33333333) + ((value >> 2) & 0x33333333);
+    value = (value + (value >> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F;
+    return (value * 0x01010101) >> 24;
+#endif
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+    return countbits(value);
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+    return bitCount(value);
+#endif
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_countbits(pnanovdb_uint64_t value)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_countbits(pnanovdb_uint64_low(value)) + pnanovdb_uint32_countbits(pnanovdb_uint64_high(value));
+}
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32)
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint32_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t low = pnanovdb_uint64_low(a);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t high = pnanovdb_uint64_high(a);
+    low += b;
+    if (low < b)
+    {
+        high += 1u;
+    }
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(low, high);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_dec(pnanovdb_uint64_t a)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t low = pnanovdb_uint64_low(a);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t high = pnanovdb_uint64_high(a);
+    if (low == 0u)
+    {
+        high -= 1u;
+    }
+    low -= 1u;
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(low, high);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_to_uint32_lsr(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint32_t b)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t low = pnanovdb_uint64_low(a);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t high = pnanovdb_uint64_high(a);
+    return (b >= 32u) ?
+        (high >> (b - 32)) :
+        ((low >> b) | ((b > 0) ? (high << (32u - b)) : 0u));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_bit_mask(pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t mask_low = bit_idx < 32u ? 1u << bit_idx : 0u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t mask_high = bit_idx >= 32u ? 1u << (bit_idx - 32u) : 0u;
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(mask_low, mask_high);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_and(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(
+        pnanovdb_uint64_low(a) & pnanovdb_uint64_low(b),
+        pnanovdb_uint64_high(a) & pnanovdb_uint64_high(b)
+    );
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_uint64_any_bit(pnanovdb_uint64_t a)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_low(a) != 0u || pnanovdb_uint64_high(a) != 0u;
+}
+
+#else
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint32_t b)
+{
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_dec(pnanovdb_uint64_t a)
+{
+    return a - 1u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_uint64_to_uint32_lsr(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint32_t b)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_low(a >> b);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_bit_mask(pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx)
+{
+    return 1llu << bit_idx;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_uint64_and(pnanovdb_uint64_t a, pnanovdb_uint64_t b)
+{
+    return a & b;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_uint64_any_bit(pnanovdb_uint64_t a)
+{
+    return a != 0llu;
+}
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Address Type -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_32)
+struct pnanovdb_address_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_address_t)
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += byte_offset;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset -= byte_offset;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset_product(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset, pnanovdb_uint32_t multiplier)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += byte_offset * multiplier;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset64(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    // lose high bits on 32-bit
+    ret.byte_offset += pnanovdb_uint64_low(byte_offset);
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset64_product(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset, pnanovdb_uint32_t multiplier)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += pnanovdb_uint64_low(byte_offset) * multiplier;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_address_mask(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t mask)
+{
+    return address.byte_offset & mask;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t mask)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset &= (~mask);
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_null()
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = { 0 };
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_address_is_null(pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return address.byte_offset == 0u;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_address_in_interval(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_address_t min_address, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    return address.byte_offset >= min_address.byte_offset && address.byte_offset < max_address.byte_offset;
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_ADDRESS_64)
+struct pnanovdb_address_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_address_t)
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += byte_offset;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset -= byte_offset;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset_product(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset, pnanovdb_uint32_t multiplier)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(byte_offset) * pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(multiplier);
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset64(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += byte_offset;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_offset64_product(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset, pnanovdb_uint32_t multiplier)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset += byte_offset * pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(multiplier);
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_address_mask(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t mask)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_low(address.byte_offset) & mask;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t mask)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = address;
+    ret.byte_offset &= (~pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(mask));
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_address_null()
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret = { 0 };
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_address_is_null(pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return address.byte_offset == 0llu;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_address_in_interval(pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_address_t min_address, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    return address.byte_offset >= min_address.byte_offset && address.byte_offset < max_address.byte_offset;
+}
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ High Level Buffer Read -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_read_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, address.byte_offset);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_read_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_buf_read_uint64(buf, address.byte_offset);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int32_t pnanovdb_read_int32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, address));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_float(pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, address));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_read_int64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_as_int64(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, address));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_read_double(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_as_double(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, address));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_read_coord(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t ret;
+    ret.x = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u)));
+    ret.y = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 4u)));
+    ret.z = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 8u)));
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_read_vec3(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t ret;
+    ret.x = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u));
+    ret.y = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 4u));
+    ret.z = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 8u));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_read_uint16(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(address, 3u));
+    return (raw >> (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 2) << 3));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_read_uint8(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(address, 3u));
+    return (raw >> (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 3) << 3)) & 255;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_read_vec3u16(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t ret;
+    const float scale = 1.f / 65535.f;
+    ret.x = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u))) - 0.5f;
+    ret.y = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 2u))) - 0.5f;
+    ret.z = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 4u))) - 0.5f;
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_read_vec3u8(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t ret;
+    const float scale = 1.f / 255.f;
+    ret.x = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint8(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u))) - 0.5f;
+    ret.y = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint8(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 1u))) - 0.5f;
+    ret.z = scale * pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(pnanovdb_read_uint8(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 2u))) - 0.5f;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_read_bit(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_offset)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t word_address = pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(address, 3u);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index = (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 3u) << 3u) + bit_offset;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_word = pnanovdb_buf_read_uint32(buf, word_address.byte_offset);
+    return ((value_word >> bit_index) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_C)
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE short pnanovdb_read_half(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, address);
+    return (short)(raw >> (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 2) << 3));
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_HLSL)
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_read_half(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, address);
+    return f16tof32(raw >> (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 2) << 3));
+}
+#elif defined(PNANOVDB_GLSL)
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_read_half(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, address);
+    return unpackHalf2x16(raw >> (pnanovdb_address_mask(address, 2) << 3)).x;
+}
+#endif
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ High Level Buffer Write -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_uint32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint32_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_buf_write_uint32(buf, address.byte_offset, value);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_uint64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_uint64_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(buf, address.byte_offset, value);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_int32(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_int32_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, address, pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(value));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_int64(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, pnanovdb_int64_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_buf_write_uint64(buf, address.byte_offset, pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(value));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, float value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, address, pnanovdb_float_as_uint32(value));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_double(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, double value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, address, pnanovdb_double_as_uint64(value));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_coord(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u), pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).x));
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 4u), pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).y));
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 8u), pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).z));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_write_vec3(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 0u), PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).x);
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 4u), PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).y);
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, 8u), PNANOVDB_DEREF(value).z);
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Core Structures -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#define PNANOVDB_MAGIC_NUMBER 0x304244566f6e614eUL// "NanoVDB0" in hex - little endian (uint64_t)
+#define PNANOVDB_MAGIC_GRID   0x314244566f6e614eUL// "NanoVDB1" in hex - little endian (uint64_t)
+#define PNANOVDB_MAGIC_FILE   0x324244566f6e614eUL// "NanoVDB2" in hex - little endian (uint64_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_MAJOR_VERSION_NUMBER 32// reflects changes to the ABI
+#define PNANOVDB_MINOR_VERSION_NUMBER  7// reflects changes to the API but not ABI
+#define PNANOVDB_PATCH_VERSION_NUMBER  0// reflects bug-fixes with no ABI or API changes
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FLOAT 1
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_DOUBLE 2
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_INT16 3
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_INT32 4
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_INT64 5
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3F 6
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3D 7
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_MASK 8
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_HALF 9
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_UINT32 10
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_BOOLEAN 11
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_RGBA8 12
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FP4 13
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FP8 14
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FP16 15
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FPN 16
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC4F 17
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC4D 18
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_INDEX 19
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX 20
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_INDEXMASK 21
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEXMASK 22
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX 23
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3U8 24
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3U16 25
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_UINT8 26
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END 27
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_UNKNOWN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_LEVEL_SET 1     // narrow band level set, e.g. SDF
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_FOG_VOLUME 2    // fog volume, e.g. density
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_STAGGERED 3     // staggered MAC grid, e.g. velocity
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_POINT_INDEX 4   // point index grid
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_POINT_DATA 5    // point data grid
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_TOPOLOGY 6      // grid with active states only (no values)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_VOXEL_VOLUME 7  // volume of geometric cubes, e.g. minecraft
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_INDEX_GRID 8    // grid whose values are offsets, e.g. into an external array
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_TENSOR_GRID 9 // grid which can have extra metadata and features
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_CLASS_END 10
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_HAS_LONG_GRID_NAME (1 << 0)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_HAS_BBOX (1 << 1)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_HAS_MIN_MAX (1 << 2)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_HAS_AVERAGE (1 << 3)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_HAS_STD_DEVIATION (1 << 4)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_IS_BREADTH_FIRST (1 << 5)
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_FLAGS_END (1 << 6)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_DEFAULT 0
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_LITE 1
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_FP 2
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_INDEX 3
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_INDEXMASK 4
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_POINTINDEX 5
+
+// BuildType = Unknown, float, double, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t, Vec3f, Vec3d, Mask, ...
+// bit count of values in leaf nodes, i.e. 8*sizeof(*nanovdb::LeafNode<BuildType>::mValues) or zero if no values are stored
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_value_strides_bits[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END]  = {  0, 32, 64, 16, 32, 64,  96, 192,  0, 16, 32,  1, 32,  4,  8, 16,  0, 128, 256,  0,  0,  0,  0, 16, 24, 48,  8 };
+// bit count of the Tile union in InternalNodes, i.e. 8*sizeof(nanovdb::InternalData::Tile)
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_table_strides_bits[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END]  = { 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 128, 192, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 128, 256, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64 };
+// bit count of min/max values, i.e. 8*sizeof(nanovdb::LeafData::mMinimum) or zero if no min/max exists
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_minmax_strides_bits[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END] = {  0, 32, 64, 16, 32, 64,  96, 192,  8, 16, 32,  8, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 128, 256, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 24, 48,  8 };
+// bit alignment of the value type, controlled by the smallest native type, which is why it is always 0, 8, 16, 32, or 64, e.g. for Vec3f it is 32
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_minmax_aligns_bits[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END]  = {  0, 32, 64, 16, 32, 64,  32,  64,  8, 16, 32,  8, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32,  32,  64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64,  8, 16,  8 };
+// bit alignment of the stats (avg/std-dev) types, e.g. 8*sizeof(nanovdb::LeafData::mAverage)
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_stat_strides_bits[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END]   = {  0, 32, 64, 32, 32, 64,  32,  64,  8, 32, 32,  8, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32,  32,  64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 32, 32, 32 };
+// one of the 4 leaf types defined above, e.g. PNANOVDB_LEAF_TYPE_INDEX = 3
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_type_leaf_type[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END]           = {  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,    0,  1,  0,  0,  1,  0,  2,  2,  2,  2,   0,   0,  3,  3,  4,  4,  5,  0,  0,  0 };
+
+struct pnanovdb_map_t
+{
+    float matf[9];
+    float invmatf[9];
+    float vecf[3];
+    float taperf;
+    double matd[9];
+    double invmatd[9];
+    double vecd[3];
+    double taperd;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_map_t)
+struct pnanovdb_map_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_map_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_SIZE 264
+
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATF 0
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATF 36
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECF 72
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERF 84
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATD 88
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATD 160
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECD 232
+#define PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERD 256
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_map_get_matf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATF + 4u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATF + 4u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECF + 4u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_map_get_taperf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERF));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_map_get_matd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATD + 8u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_map_get_invmatd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATD + 8u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_map_get_vecd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECD + 8u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_map_get_taperd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERD));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_matf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, float matf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATF + 4u * index), matf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_invmatf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, float invmatf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATF + 4u * index), invmatf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_vecf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, float vecf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECF + 4u * index), vecf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_taperf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, float taperf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERF), taperf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_matd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double matd) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_MATD + 8u * index), matd);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_invmatd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double invmatd) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_INVMATD + 8u * index), invmatd);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_vecd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double vecd) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_VECD + 8u * index), vecd);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_map_set_taperd(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double taperd) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_MAP_OFF_TAPERD), taperd);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_grid_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t magic;                    // 8 bytes,     0
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t checksum;                 // 8 bytes,     8
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t version;                  // 4 bytes,     16
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t flags;                    // 4 bytes,     20
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_index;               // 4 bytes,     24
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_count;               // 4 bytes,     28
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t grid_size;                // 8 bytes,     32
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_name[256 / 4];       // 256 bytes,   40
+    pnanovdb_map_t map;                         // 264 bytes,   296
+    double world_bbox[6];                       // 48 bytes,    560
+    double voxel_size[3];                       // 24 bytes,    608
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_class;               // 4 bytes,     632
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_type;                // 4 bytes,     636
+    pnanovdb_int64_t blind_metadata_offset;     // 8 bytes,     640
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t blind_metadata_count;     // 4 bytes,     648
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t pad[5];                   // 20 bytes,    652
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_grid_t)
+struct pnanovdb_grid_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_grid_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_SIZE 672
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_MAGIC 0
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_CHECKSUM 8
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VERSION 16
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_FLAGS 20
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_INDEX 24
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_COUNT 28
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_SIZE 32
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_NAME 40
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_MAP 296
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_WORLD_BBOX 560
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VOXEL_SIZE 608
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_CLASS 632
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_TYPE 636
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_OFFSET 640
+#define PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_COUNT 648
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_grid_get_magic(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_MAGIC));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_grid_get_checksum(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_CHECKSUM));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_version(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VERSION));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_FLAGS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_INDEX));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_COUNT));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_size(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_SIZE));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_name(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_NAME + 4u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_map_handle_t pnanovdb_grid_get_map(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    pnanovdb_map_handle_t ret;
+    ret.address = pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_MAP);
+    return ret;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_grid_get_world_bbox(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_WORLD_BBOX + 8u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE double pnanovdb_grid_get_voxel_size(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VOXEL_SIZE + 8u * index));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_class(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_CLASS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_grid_type(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_TYPE));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_grid_get_blind_metadata_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_int64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_OFFSET));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_grid_get_blind_metadata_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_COUNT));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_magic(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t magic) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_MAGIC), magic);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_checksum(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t checksum) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_CHECKSUM), checksum);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_version(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t version) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VERSION), version);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t flags) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_FLAGS), flags);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_index) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_INDEX), grid_index);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_count) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_COUNT), grid_count);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_size(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t grid_size) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_SIZE), grid_size);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_name(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_name) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_NAME + 4u * index), grid_name);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_world_bbox(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double world_bbox) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_WORLD_BBOX + 8u * index), world_bbox);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_voxel_size(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index, double voxel_size) {
+    pnanovdb_write_double(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_VOXEL_SIZE + 8u * index), voxel_size);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_class(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_class) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_CLASS), grid_class);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_grid_type(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t grid_type) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_GRID_TYPE), grid_type);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_blind_metadata_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t blind_metadata_offset) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_OFFSET), blind_metadata_offset);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_grid_set_blind_metadata_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t metadata_count) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_OFF_BLIND_METADATA_COUNT), metadata_count);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_make_version(pnanovdb_uint32_t major, pnanovdb_uint32_t minor, pnanovdb_uint32_t patch_num)
+{
+    return (major << 21u) | (minor << 10u) | patch_num;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_version_get_major(pnanovdb_uint32_t version)
+{
+    return (version >> 21u) & ((1u << 11u) - 1u);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_version_get_minor(pnanovdb_uint32_t version)
+{
+    return (version >> 10u) & ((1u << 11u) - 1u);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_version_get_patch(pnanovdb_uint32_t version)
+{
+    return version & ((1u << 10u) - 1u);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_int64_t data_offset;       // 8 bytes,     0
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t value_count;      // 8 bytes,     8
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_size;       // 4 bytes,     16
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t semantic;         // 4 bytes,     20
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t data_class;       // 4 bytes,     24
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t data_type;        // 4 bytes,     28
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t name[256 / 4];    // 256 bytes,   32
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_t)
+struct pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_SIZE 288
+
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_OFFSET 0
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_VALUE_COUNT 8
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_VALUE_SIZE 16
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_SEMANTIC 20
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_CLASS 24
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_TYPE 28
+#define PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_NAME 32
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_data_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_int64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_OFFSET));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_value_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_VALUE_COUNT));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_value_size(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_VALUE_SIZE));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_semantic(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_SEMANTIC));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_data_class(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_CLASS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_data_type(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_DATA_TYPE));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_name(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t index) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_OFF_NAME + 4u * index));
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_tree_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_leaf;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_lower;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_upper;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_root;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_leaf;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_lower;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_upper;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_leaf;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_lower;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_upper;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t voxel_count;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_tree_t)
+struct pnanovdb_tree_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_tree_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_SIZE 64
+
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LEAF 0
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LOWER 8
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_UPPER 16
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_ROOT 24
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LEAF 32
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LOWER 36
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_UPPER 40
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LEAF 44
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LOWER 48
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_UPPER 52
+#define PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_VOXEL_COUNT 56
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_offset_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LEAF));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_offset_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LOWER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_offset_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_UPPER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_offset_root(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_ROOT));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_count_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LEAF));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_count_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LOWER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_node_count_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_UPPER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_tile_count_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LEAF));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_tile_count_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LOWER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_tree_get_tile_count_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_UPPER));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_tree_get_voxel_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_VOXEL_COUNT));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_offset_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_leaf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LEAF), node_offset_leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_offset_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_lower) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_LOWER), node_offset_lower);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_offset_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_upper) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_UPPER), node_offset_upper);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_offset_root(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t node_offset_root) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_OFFSET_ROOT), node_offset_root);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_count_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_leaf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LEAF), node_count_leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_count_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_lower) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_LOWER), node_count_lower);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_node_count_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t node_count_upper) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_NODE_COUNT_UPPER), node_count_upper);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_tile_count_leaf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_leaf) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LEAF), tile_count_leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_tile_count_lower(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_lower) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_LOWER), tile_count_lower);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_tile_count_upper(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count_upper) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_TILE_COUNT_UPPER), tile_count_upper);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_tree_set_voxel_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t voxel_count) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_TREE_OFF_VOXEL_COUNT), voxel_count);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_root_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_min;
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t table_size;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t pad1;         // background can start here
+    // background, min, max
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_root_t)
+struct pnanovdb_root_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_root_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_BASE_SIZE 28
+
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MIN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MAX 12
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_TABLE_SIZE 24
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_root_get_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MIN));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_root_get_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MAX));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_root_get_tile_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_TABLE_SIZE));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_set_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_min) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MIN), bbox_min);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_set_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_max) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_BBOX_MAX), bbox_max);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_set_tile_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_OFF_TABLE_SIZE), tile_count);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_root_tile_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t key;
+    pnanovdb_int64_t child;         // signed byte offset from root to the child node, 0 means it is a constant tile, so use value
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t state;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t pad1;         // value can start here
+    // value
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_root_tile_t)
+struct pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_BASE_SIZE 20
+
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_KEY 0
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_CHILD 8
+#define PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_STATE 16
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_root_tile_get_key(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_KEY));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_int64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_CHILD));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_root_tile_get_state(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_STATE));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_tile_set_key(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint64_t key) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_KEY), key);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_tile_set_child(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p, pnanovdb_int64_t child) {
+    pnanovdb_write_int64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_CHILD), child);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_root_tile_set_state(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t state) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_ROOT_TILE_OFF_STATE), state);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_upper_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_min;
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t flags;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_mask[1024];
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t child_mask[1024];
+    // min, max
+    // alignas(32) pnanovdb_uint32_t table[];
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_upper_t)
+struct pnanovdb_upper_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_upper_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_TABLE_COUNT 32768
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_BASE_SIZE 8224
+
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MIN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MAX 12
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_FLAGS 24
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_VALUE_MASK 32
+#define PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_CHILD_MASK 4128
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_upper_get_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MIN));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_upper_get_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MAX));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_upper_get_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_FLAGS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_upper_get_value_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index) {
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u)));
+    return ((value >> (bit_index & 31u)) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_upper_get_child_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index) {
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_CHILD_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u)));
+    return ((value >> (bit_index & 31u)) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_upper_set_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_min) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MIN), bbox_min);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_upper_set_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_max) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_BBOX_MAX), bbox_max);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_upper_set_child_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index, pnanovdb_bool_t value) {
+    pnanovdb_address_t addr = pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_UPPER_OFF_CHILD_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u));
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t valueMask = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, addr);
+    if (!value) { valueMask &= ~(1u << (bit_index & 31u)); }
+    if (value) valueMask |= (1u << (bit_index & 31u));
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, addr, valueMask);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_lower_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_min;
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t flags;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_mask[128];
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t child_mask[128];
+    // min, max
+    // alignas(32) pnanovdb_uint32_t table[];
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_lower_t)
+struct pnanovdb_lower_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_lower_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_TABLE_COUNT 4096
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_BASE_SIZE 1056
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MIN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MAX 12
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_FLAGS 24
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_VALUE_MASK 32
+#define PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_CHILD_MASK 544
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_lower_get_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MIN));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_lower_get_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MAX));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_lower_get_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_FLAGS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_lower_get_value_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index) {
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u)));
+    return ((value >> (bit_index & 31u)) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_lower_get_child_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index) {
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_CHILD_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u)));
+    return ((value >> (bit_index & 31u)) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_lower_set_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_min) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MIN), bbox_min);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_lower_set_bbox_max(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_max) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_BBOX_MAX), bbox_max);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_lower_set_child_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index, pnanovdb_bool_t value) {
+    pnanovdb_address_t addr = pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LOWER_OFF_CHILD_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u));
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t valueMask = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, addr);
+    if (!value) { valueMask &= ~(1u << (bit_index & 31u)); }
+    if (value) valueMask |= (1u << (bit_index & 31u));
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, addr, valueMask);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_leaf_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_min;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bbox_dif_and_flags;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_mask[16];
+    // min, max
+    // alignas(32) pnanovdb_uint32_t values[];
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_leaf_t)
+struct pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t { pnanovdb_address_t address; };
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t)
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_COUNT 512
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_BASE_SIZE 80
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_MIN 0
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_DIF_AND_FLAGS 12
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_VALUE_MASK 16
+
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_BBOX_DIF_AND_FLAGS 84
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_MINIMUM 16
+#define PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_QUANTUM 12
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_MIN));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_bbox_dif_and_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t p) {
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_DIF_AND_FLAGS));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_mask(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_index) {
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 4u * (bit_index >> 5u)));
+    return ((value >> (bit_index & 31u)) & 1) != 0u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_set_bbox_min(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t p, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) bbox_min) {
+    pnanovdb_write_coord(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_MIN), bbox_min);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_set_bbox_dif_and_flags(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t p, pnanovdb_uint32_t bbox_dif_and_flags) {
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(p.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_BBOX_DIF_AND_FLAGS), bbox_dif_and_flags);
+}
+
+struct pnanovdb_grid_type_constants_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_off_background;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_off_min;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_off_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_off_ave;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_off_stddev;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_size;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_stride_bits;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t table_stride;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_tile_off_value;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t root_tile_size;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_off_min;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_off_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_off_ave;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_off_stddev;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_off_table;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t upper_size;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_off_min;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_off_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_off_ave;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_off_stddev;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_off_table;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t lower_size;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_off_min;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_off_max;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_off_ave;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_off_stddev;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_off_table;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t leaf_size;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_grid_type_constants_t)
+
+// The following table with offsets will nedd to be updates as new GridTypes are added in NanoVDB.h
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST pnanovdb_grid_type_constants_t pnanovdb_grid_type_constants[PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_END] =
+{
+{28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 32,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8224, 8224, 8224, 8224, 270368,  1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 1056, 33824,  80, 80, 80, 80, 96, 96},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  32, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 2144},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  64, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 88, 96, 104, 128, 4224},
+{28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 64,  16, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8226, 8228, 8232, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1058, 1060, 1064, 1088, 33856,  80, 82, 84, 88, 96, 1120},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  32, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 2144},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  64, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 88, 96, 104, 128, 4224},
+{28, 40, 52, 64, 68, 96,  96, 16, 20, 32,  8224, 8236, 8248, 8252, 8256, 532544,  1056, 1068, 1080, 1084, 1088, 66624,  80, 92, 104, 108, 128, 6272},
+{32, 56, 80, 104, 112, 128,  192, 24, 24, 64,  8224, 8248, 8272, 8280, 8288, 794720,  1056, 1080, 1104, 1112, 1120, 99424,  80, 104, 128, 136, 160, 12448},
+{28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 64,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8225, 8226, 8227, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 96, 96},
+{28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 64,  16, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8226, 8228, 8232, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1058, 1060, 1064, 1088, 33856,  80, 82, 84, 88, 96, 1120},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  32, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 2144},
+{28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 64,  1, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8225, 8226, 8227, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 96, 160},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  32, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 2144},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 352},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 608},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 1120},
+{28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 64,  0, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8228, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1060, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 96},
+{28, 44, 60, 76, 80, 96,  128, 16, 20, 64,  8224, 8240, 8256, 8260, 8288, 532576,  1056, 1072, 1088, 1092, 1120, 66656,  80, 96, 112, 116, 128, 8320},
+{32, 64, 96, 128, 136, 160,  256, 32, 24, 64,  8224, 8256, 8288, 8296, 8320, 1056896,  1056, 1088, 1120, 1128, 1152, 132224,  80, 112, 144, 152, 160, 16544},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  0, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 96},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  0, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 96},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  0, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 160},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  0, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 160},
+{32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 96,  16, 8, 24, 32,  8224, 8232, 8240, 8248, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1064, 1072, 1080, 1088, 33856,  80, 88, 96, 96, 96, 1120},
+{28, 31, 34, 40, 44, 64,  24, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8227, 8232, 8236, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1059, 1064, 1068, 1088, 33856,  80, 83, 88, 92, 96, 1632},
+{28, 34, 40, 48, 52, 64,  48, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8230, 8236, 8240, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1062, 1068, 1072, 1088, 33856,  80, 86, 92, 96, 128, 3200},
+{28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 64,  8, 8, 20, 32,  8224, 8225, 8228, 8232, 8256, 270400,  1056, 1057, 1060, 1064, 1088, 33856,  80, 81, 84, 88, 96, 608},
+};
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Basic Lookup -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t pnanovdb_grid_get_gridblindmetadata(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, pnanovdb_uint32_t index)
+{
+    pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t meta = { grid.address };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset = pnanovdb_grid_get_blind_metadata_offset(buf, grid);
+    meta.address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(meta.address, byte_offset);
+    meta.address = pnanovdb_address_offset_product(meta.address, PNANOVDB_GRIDBLINDMETADATA_SIZE, index);
+    return meta;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_grid_get_gridblindmetadata_value_address(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, pnanovdb_uint32_t index)
+{
+    pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_handle_t meta = pnanovdb_grid_get_gridblindmetadata(buf, grid, index);
+    pnanovdb_int64_t byte_offset = pnanovdb_gridblindmetadata_get_data_offset(buf, meta);
+    pnanovdb_address_t address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(meta.address, pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(byte_offset));
+    return address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_tree_handle_t pnanovdb_grid_get_tree(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid)
+{
+    pnanovdb_tree_handle_t tree = { grid.address };
+    tree.address = pnanovdb_address_offset(tree.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_SIZE);
+    return tree;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_root_handle_t pnanovdb_tree_get_root(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_tree_handle_t tree)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_handle_t root = { tree.address };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t byte_offset = pnanovdb_tree_get_node_offset_root(buf, tree);
+    root.address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(root.address, byte_offset);
+    return root;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t pnanovdb_root_get_tile(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = { root.address };
+    tile.address = pnanovdb_address_offset(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_size));
+    tile.address = pnanovdb_address_offset_product(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_tile_size), n);
+    return tile;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t pnanovdb_root_get_tile_zero(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = { root.address };
+    tile.address = pnanovdb_address_offset(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_size));
+    return tile;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_upper_handle_t pnanovdb_root_get_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile)
+{
+    pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper = { root.address };
+    upper.address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(upper.address, pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(buf, tile)));
+    return upper;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_coord_to_key(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+#if defined(PNANOVDB_NATIVE_64)
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t iu = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x) >> 12u;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t ju = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y) >> 12u;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t ku = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z) >> 12u;
+    return (ku) | (ju << 21u) | (iu << 42u);
+#else
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t iu = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x) >> 12u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t ju = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y) >> 12u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t ku = pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z) >> 12u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t key_x = ku | (ju << 21);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t key_y = (iu << 10) | (ju >> 11);
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64(key_x, key_y);
+#endif
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t pnanovdb_root_find_tile(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t tile_count = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_root_get_tile_count(buf, root));
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = pnanovdb_root_get_tile_zero(grid_type, root);
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t key = pnanovdb_coord_to_key(ijk);
+    for (pnanovdb_uint32_t i = 0u; i < tile_count; i++)
+    {
+        if (pnanovdb_uint64_is_equal(key, pnanovdb_root_tile_get_key(buf, tile)))
+        {
+            return tile;
+        }
+        tile.address = pnanovdb_address_offset(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_tile_size));
+    }
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t null_handle = { pnanovdb_address_null() };
+    return null_handle;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf Node ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x & 7) >> 0) << (2 * 3)) +
+        (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y & 7) >> 0) << (3)) +
+        ((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z & 7) >> 0);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_min_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, leaf_off_min);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_max_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, leaf_off_max);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_ave_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, leaf_off_ave);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_stddev_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, leaf_off_stddev);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, leaf_off_table) + ((PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, value_stride_bits) * n) >> 3u);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, leaf, n);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf FP Types Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_leaf_fp_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t value_log_bits)
+{
+    //  value_log_bits                                                          //   2     3       4
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_bits = 1u << value_log_bits;                        //   4     8      16
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_mask = (1u << value_bits) - 1u;                     // 0xF  0xFF  0xFFFF
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t values_per_word_bits = 5u - value_log_bits;               //   3     2       1
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t values_per_word_mask = (1u << values_per_word_bits) - 1u; //   7     3       1
+
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    float minimum = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_MINIMUM));
+    float quantum = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_QUANTUM));
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(address, ((n >> values_per_word_bits) << 2u)));
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_compressed = (raw >> ((n & values_per_word_mask) << value_log_bits)) & value_mask;
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_to_float(value_compressed) * quantum + minimum;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_leaf_fp4_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_fp_read_float(buf, address, ijk, 2u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_leaf_fp8_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_fp_read_float(buf, address, ijk, 3u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_leaf_fp16_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_fp_read_float(buf, address, ijk, 4u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_leaf_fpn_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bbox_dif_and_flags = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_TABLE_NEG_OFF_BBOX_DIF_AND_FLAGS));
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t flags = bbox_dif_and_flags >> 24u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t value_log_bits = flags >> 5; // b = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 corresponding to 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 bits
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_fp_read_float(buf, address, ijk, value_log_bits);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf Index Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_has_stats(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return (pnanovdb_leaf_get_bbox_dif_and_flags(buf, leaf) & (1u << 28u)) != 0u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_min_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t min_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, min_address), 512u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_max_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, max_address), 513u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_ave_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t ave_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, ave_address), 514u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_dev_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t dev_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, dev_address), 515u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t value_address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t offset = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, value_address);
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(offset, n);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf IndexMask Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_has_stats(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_has_stats(buf, leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_min_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t min_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_min_index(buf, min_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_max_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_max_index(buf, max_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_ave_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t ave_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_ave_index(buf, ave_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_dev_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t dev_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_dev_index(buf, dev_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t value_address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_value_index(buf, value_address, ijk);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_get_mask_bit(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = n >> 5;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = n & 31;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t val_mask =
+        pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx));
+    return (val_mask & (1u << bit_idx)) != 0u;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_indexmask_set_mask_bit(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t n, pnanovdb_bool_t v)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = n >> 5;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = n & 31;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t val_mask =
+        pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx));
+    if (v)
+    {
+        val_mask = val_mask | (1u << bit_idx);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        val_mask = val_mask & ~(1u << bit_idx);
+    }
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx), val_mask);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf OnIndex Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t val_mask = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 8u * 7u));
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t prefix_sum = pnanovdb_read_uint64(
+        buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table) + 8u));
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_countbits(val_mask) + (pnanovdb_uint64_to_uint32_lsr(prefix_sum, 54u) & 511u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(
+        pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table))),
+        pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_count(buf, leaf) - 1u);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return (pnanovdb_leaf_get_bbox_dif_and_flags(buf, leaf) & (1u << 28u)) != 0u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_min_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t min_address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(min_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table)) };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t idx = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(buf, leaf))
+    {
+        idx = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(buf, leaf), 1u);
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_max_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(max_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table)) };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t idx = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(buf, leaf))
+    {
+        idx = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(buf, leaf), 2u);
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_ave_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t ave_address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(ave_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table)) };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t idx = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(buf, leaf))
+    {
+        idx = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(buf, leaf), 3u);
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_dev_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t dev_address)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(dev_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table)) };
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t idx = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(buf, leaf))
+    {
+        idx = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(buf, leaf), 4u);
+    }
+    return idx;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t value_address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(value_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_ONINDEX, leaf_off_table)) };
+
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = n >> 6u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = n & 63u;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t val_mask = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 8u * word_idx));
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t mask = pnanovdb_uint64_bit_mask(bit_idx);
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t value_index = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (pnanovdb_uint64_any_bit(pnanovdb_uint64_and(val_mask, mask)))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_uint32_t sum = 0u;
+        sum += pnanovdb_uint64_countbits(pnanovdb_uint64_and(val_mask, pnanovdb_uint64_dec(mask)));
+        if (word_idx > 0u)
+        {
+            pnanovdb_uint64_t prefix_sum = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(value_address, 8u));
+            sum += pnanovdb_uint64_to_uint32_lsr(prefix_sum, 9u * (word_idx - 1u)) & 511u;
+        }
+        pnanovdb_uint64_t offset = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, value_address);
+        value_index = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(offset, sum);
+    }
+    return value_index;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf OnIndexMask Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_value_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_count(buf, leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_last_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_last_offset(buf, leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_has_stats(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_has_stats(buf, leaf);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_min_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t min_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_min_index(buf, min_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_max_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t max_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_max_index(buf, max_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_ave_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t ave_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_ave_index(buf, ave_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_dev_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t dev_address)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_dev_index(buf, dev_address);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t value_address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_index(buf, value_address, ijk);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_get_mask_bit(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = n >> 5;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = n & 31;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t val_mask =
+        pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx));
+    return (val_mask & (1u << bit_idx)) != 0u;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_onindexmask_set_mask_bit(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t n, pnanovdb_bool_t v)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = n >> 5;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = n & 31;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t val_mask =
+        pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx));
+    if (v)
+    {
+        val_mask = val_mask | (1u << bit_idx);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        val_mask = val_mask & ~(1u << bit_idx);
+    }
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, 96u + 4u * word_idx), val_mask);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------- Leaf PointIndex Specialization ---------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_offset(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_leaf_get_min_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_point_count(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, pnanovdb_leaf_get_max_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_first(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_offset(buf, leaf),
+        (i == 0u ? 0u : pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf, i - 1u))));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_last(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint64_offset(pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_offset(buf, leaf),
+        pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf, i)));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_value(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i)
+{
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf, i)));
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_set_value_only(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i, pnanovdb_uint32_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t addr = pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, buf, leaf, i);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t raw32 = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, pnanovdb_address_mask_inv(addr, 3u));
+    if ((i & 1) == 0u)
+    {
+        raw32 = (raw32 & 0xFFFF0000) | (value & 0x0000FFFF);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        raw32 = (raw32 & 0x0000FFFF) | (value << 16u);
+    }
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, addr, raw32);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_set_on(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t word_idx = i >> 5;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t bit_idx = i & 31;
+    pnanovdb_address_t addr = pnanovdb_address_offset(leaf.address, PNANOVDB_LEAF_OFF_VALUE_MASK + 4u * word_idx);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t val_mask = pnanovdb_read_uint32(buf, addr);
+    val_mask = val_mask | (1u << bit_idx);
+    pnanovdb_write_uint32(buf, addr, val_mask);
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_set_value(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, pnanovdb_uint32_t i, pnanovdb_uint32_t value)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_set_on(buf, leaf, i);
+    pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_set_value_only(buf, leaf, i, value);
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Lower Node -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_lower_coord_to_offset(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x & 127) >> 3) << (2 * 4)) +
+           (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y & 127) >> 3) << (4)) +
+            ((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z & 127) >> 3);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_min_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, lower_off_min);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_max_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, lower_off_max);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_ave_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, lower_off_ave);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_stddev_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, lower_off_stddev);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_table_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, lower_off_table) + PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, table_stride) * n;
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_lower_get_table_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t table_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, node, n);
+    return pnanovdb_read_int64(buf, table_address);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t pnanovdb_lower_get_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { lower.address };
+    leaf.address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(leaf.address, pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_lower_get_table_child(grid_type, buf, lower, n)));
+    return leaf;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_lower_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address;
+    if (pnanovdb_lower_get_child_mask(buf, lower, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t child = pnanovdb_lower_get_child(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        value_address = pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_address(grid_type, buf, child, ijk);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 0u;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 1u;
+    }
+    return value_address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, lower, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Upper Node -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_upper_coord_to_offset(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x & 4095) >> 7) << (2 * 5)) +
+           (((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y & 4095) >> 7) << (5)) +
+            ((PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z & 4095) >> 7);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_min_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, upper_off_min);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_max_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, upper_off_max);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_ave_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, upper_off_ave);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_stddev_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, upper_off_stddev);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_table_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, upper_off_table) + PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, table_stride) * n;
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(node.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_int64_t pnanovdb_upper_get_table_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t bufAddress = pnanovdb_upper_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, node, n);
+    return pnanovdb_read_int64(buf, bufAddress);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_lower_handle_t pnanovdb_upper_get_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, pnanovdb_uint32_t n)
+{
+    pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower = { upper.address };
+    lower.address = pnanovdb_address_offset64(lower.address, pnanovdb_int64_as_uint64(pnanovdb_upper_get_table_child(grid_type, buf, upper, n)));
+    return lower;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_upper_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address;
+    if (pnanovdb_upper_get_child_mask(buf, upper, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_lower_handle_t child = pnanovdb_upper_get_child(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        value_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, level);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_upper_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 2u;
+    }
+    return value_address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, upper, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_upper_set_table_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n, pnanovdb_int64_t child)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t bufAddress = pnanovdb_upper_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, node, n);
+    pnanovdb_write_int64(buf, bufAddress, child);
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Root -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_min_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_min);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_max_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_max);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_ave_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_ave);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_stddev_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_stddev);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_tile_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t root_tile)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t byte_offset = PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_tile_off_value);
+    return pnanovdb_address_offset(root_tile.address, byte_offset);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = pnanovdb_root_find_tile(grid_type, buf, root, ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret;
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(tile.address))
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_background));
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 4u;
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(buf, tile)))
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_address_offset(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_tile_off_value));
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 3u;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pnanovdb_upper_handle_t child = pnanovdb_root_get_child(grid_type, buf, root, tile);
+        ret = pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, level);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, root, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_bit(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) bit_index)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    pnanovdb_address_t address = pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, root, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(bit_index) = level == 0u ? pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x & 7) : 0u;
+    return address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_root_fp4_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    float ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_fp4_read_float(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_root_fp8_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    float ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_fp8_read_float(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_root_fp16_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    float ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_fp16_read_float(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_root_fpn_read_float(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    float ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_fpn_read_float(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_root_index_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_index_get_value_index(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_root_onindex_get_value_index(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_address_t address, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, pnanovdb_uint32_t level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t ret;
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_onindex_get_value_index(buf, address, ijk);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_read_uint64(buf, address);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_root_pointindex_get_point_range(
+    pnanovdb_buf_t buf,
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk,
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint64_t)range_begin,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint64_t)range_end
+)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t local_range_begin = 0u;
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t local_range_end = 0u;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t offset = pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(0u);
+    if (level == 0)
+    {
+        pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+        // recover leaf address
+        pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf = { pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(value_address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_POINTINDEX, leaf_off_table) + 2u * n) };
+        if (n > 0u)
+        {
+            local_range_begin = pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, pnanovdb_address_offset_neg(value_address, 2u));
+        }
+        local_range_end = pnanovdb_read_uint16(buf, value_address);
+        offset = pnanovdb_leaf_pointindex_get_offset(buf, leaf);
+    }
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(range_begin) = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(offset, local_range_begin);
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(range_end) = pnanovdb_uint64_offset(offset, local_range_end);
+    return pnanovdb_uint32_as_uint64_low(local_range_end - local_range_begin);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint64_t pnanovdb_root_pointindex_get_point_address_range(
+    pnanovdb_buf_t buf,
+    pnanovdb_grid_type_t value_type,
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address,
+    pnanovdb_address_t blindmetadata_value_address,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk,
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_address_t)address_begin,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_address_t)address_end
+)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t range_begin;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t range_end;
+    pnanovdb_uint64_t range_size = pnanovdb_root_pointindex_get_point_range(buf, value_address, ijk, level, PNANOVDB_REF(range_begin), PNANOVDB_REF(range_end));
+
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t stride = 12u; // vec3f
+    if (value_type == PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3U8)
+    {
+        stride = 3u;
+    }
+    else if (value_type == PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_VEC3U16)
+    {
+        stride = 6u;
+    }
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(address_begin) = pnanovdb_address_offset64_product(blindmetadata_value_address, range_begin, stride);
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(address_end) = pnanovdb_address_offset64_product(blindmetadata_value_address, range_end, stride);
+    return range_size;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ ReadAccessor -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct pnanovdb_readaccessor_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t key;
+    pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf;
+    pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower;
+    pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper;
+    pnanovdb_root_handle_t root;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t)
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_readaccessor_init(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root)
+{
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.x = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.y = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.z = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root = root;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached0(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, int dirty)
+{
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf.address)) { return PNANOVDB_FALSE; }
+    if ((dirty & ~((1u << 3) - 1u)) != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+        return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+    }
+    return PNANOVDB_TRUE;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached1(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, int dirty)
+{
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower.address)) { return PNANOVDB_FALSE; }
+    if ((dirty & ~((1u << 7) - 1u)) != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+        return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+    }
+    return PNANOVDB_TRUE;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached2(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, int dirty)
+{
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper.address)) { return PNANOVDB_FALSE; }
+    if ((dirty & ~((1u << 12) - 1u)) != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper.address = pnanovdb_address_null();
+        return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+    }
+    return PNANOVDB_TRUE;
+}
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE int pnanovdb_readaccessor_computedirty(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    return (PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x ^ PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.x) | (PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).y ^ PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.y) | (PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).z ^ PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key.z);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_address_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, leaf, n);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_lower_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address;
+    if (pnanovdb_lower_get_child_mask(buf, lower, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t child = pnanovdb_lower_get_child(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        value_address = pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_address_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 0u;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 1u;
+    }
+    return value_address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, lower, ijk, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_lower_set_table_child(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t node, pnanovdb_uint32_t n, pnanovdb_int64_t child)
+{
+    pnanovdb_address_t table_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, node, n);
+    pnanovdb_write_int64(buf, table_address, child);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_upper_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address;
+    if (pnanovdb_upper_get_child_mask(buf, upper, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_lower_handle_t child = pnanovdb_upper_get_child(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        value_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc, level);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_upper_get_table_address(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 2u;
+    }
+    return value_address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, upper, ijk, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = pnanovdb_root_find_tile(grid_type, buf, root, ijk);
+    pnanovdb_address_t ret;
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(tile.address))
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_address_offset(root.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_off_background));
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 4u;
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(buf, tile)))
+    {
+        ret = pnanovdb_address_offset(tile.address, PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_GET(grid_type, root_tile_off_value));
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 3u;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pnanovdb_upper_handle_t child = pnanovdb_root_get_child(grid_type, buf, root, tile);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        ret = pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc, level);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, root, ijk, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address_and_level(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) level)
+{
+    int dirty = pnanovdb_readaccessor_computedirty(acc, ijk);
+
+    pnanovdb_address_t value_address;
+    if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached0(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_address_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf, ijk, acc);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(level) = 0u;
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached1(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_lower_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower, ijk, acc, level);
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached2(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_upper_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper, ijk, acc, level);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        value_address = pnanovdb_root_get_value_address_and_level_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root, ijk, acc, level);
+    }
+    return value_address;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    return pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, acc, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_address_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address_bit(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_uint32_t) bit_index)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t level;
+    pnanovdb_address_t address = pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address_and_level(grid_type, buf, acc, ijk, PNANOVDB_REF(level));
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(bit_index) = level == 0u ? pnanovdb_int32_as_uint32(PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk).x & 7) : 0u;
+    return address;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ ReadAccessor GetDim -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_leaf_get_dim_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    return 1u;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_lower_get_dim_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_lower_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t ret;
+    if (pnanovdb_lower_get_child_mask(buf, lower, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t child = pnanovdb_lower_get_child(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        ret = pnanovdb_leaf_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = (1u << (3u)); // node 0 dim
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_upper_get_dim_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_upper_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t ret;
+    if (pnanovdb_upper_get_child_mask(buf, upper, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_lower_handle_t child = pnanovdb_upper_get_child(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        ret = pnanovdb_lower_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ret = (1u << (4u + 3u)); // node 1 dim
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_root_get_dim_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = pnanovdb_root_find_tile(grid_type, buf, root, ijk);
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t ret;
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(tile.address))
+    {
+        ret = 1u << (5u + 4u + 3u); // background, node 2 dim
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(buf, tile)))
+    {
+        ret = 1u << (5u + 4u + 3u); // tile value, node 2 dim
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pnanovdb_upper_handle_t child = pnanovdb_root_get_child(grid_type, buf, root, tile);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        ret = pnanovdb_upper_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_uint32_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_dim(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    int dirty = pnanovdb_readaccessor_computedirty(acc, ijk);
+
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t dim;
+    if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached0(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        dim = pnanovdb_leaf_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached1(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        dim = pnanovdb_lower_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached2(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        dim = pnanovdb_upper_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        dim = pnanovdb_root_get_dim_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    return dim;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ ReadAccessor IsActive -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_leaf_is_active_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t leaf, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_leaf_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    return pnanovdb_leaf_get_value_mask(buf, leaf, n);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_lower_is_active_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_lower_handle_t lower, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_lower_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_bool_t is_active;
+    if (pnanovdb_lower_get_child_mask(buf, lower, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_leaf_handle_t child = pnanovdb_lower_get_child(grid_type, buf, lower, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        is_active = pnanovdb_leaf_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_lower_get_value_mask(buf, lower, n);
+    }
+    return is_active;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_upper_is_active_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_upper_handle_t upper, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_uint32_t n = pnanovdb_upper_coord_to_offset(ijk);
+    pnanovdb_bool_t is_active;
+    if (pnanovdb_upper_get_child_mask(buf, upper, n))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_lower_handle_t child = pnanovdb_upper_get_child(grid_type, buf, upper, n);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        is_active = pnanovdb_lower_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_upper_get_value_mask(buf, upper, n);
+    }
+    return is_active;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_root_is_active_and_cache(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_root_handle_t root, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc)
+{
+    pnanovdb_root_tile_handle_t tile = pnanovdb_root_find_tile(grid_type, buf, root, ijk);
+    pnanovdb_bool_t is_active;
+    if (pnanovdb_address_is_null(tile.address))
+    {
+        is_active = PNANOVDB_FALSE; // background
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_int64_is_zero(pnanovdb_root_tile_get_child(buf, tile)))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_uint32_t state = pnanovdb_root_tile_get_state(buf, tile);
+        is_active = state != 0u; // tile value
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pnanovdb_upper_handle_t child = pnanovdb_root_get_child(grid_type, buf, root, tile);
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper = child;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).key = PNANOVDB_DEREF(ijk);
+        is_active = pnanovdb_upper_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, child, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    return is_active;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_readaccessor_is_active(pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type, pnanovdb_buf_t buf, PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_coord_t) ijk)
+{
+    int dirty = pnanovdb_readaccessor_computedirty(acc, ijk);
+
+    pnanovdb_bool_t is_active;
+    if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached0(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_leaf_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).leaf, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached1(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_lower_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).lower, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else if (pnanovdb_readaccessor_iscached2(acc, dirty))
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_upper_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).upper, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        is_active = pnanovdb_root_is_active_and_cache(grid_type, buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root, ijk, acc);
+    }
+    return is_active;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ Map Transforms -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_map_apply(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t map, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t  dst;
+    float sx = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).x;
+    float sy = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).y;
+    float sz = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).z;
+    dst.x = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 0) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 1) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 2) + pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 0);
+    dst.y = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 3) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 4) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 5) + pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 1);
+    dst.z = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 6) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 7) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 8) + pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 2);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_map_apply_inverse(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t map, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t  dst;
+    float sx = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).x - pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 0);
+    float sy = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).y - pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 1);
+    float sz = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).z - pnanovdb_map_get_vecf(buf, map, 2);
+    dst.x = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 0) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 1) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 2);
+    dst.y = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 3) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 4) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 5);
+    dst.z = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 6) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 7) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 8);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_map_apply_jacobi(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t map, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t  dst;
+    float sx = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).x;
+    float sy = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).y;
+    float sz = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).z;
+    dst.x = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 0) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 1) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 2);
+    dst.y = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 3) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 4) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 5);
+    dst.z = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 6) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 7) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_matf(buf, map, 8);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_map_apply_inverse_jacobi(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_map_handle_t map, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t  dst;
+    float sx = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).x;
+    float sy = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).y;
+    float sz = PNANOVDB_DEREF(src).z;
+    dst.x = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 0) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 1) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 2);
+    dst.y = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 3) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 4) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 5);
+    dst.z = sx * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 6) + sy * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 7) + sz * pnanovdb_map_get_invmatf(buf, map, 8);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_grid_world_to_indexf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_map_handle_t map = pnanovdb_grid_get_map(buf, grid);
+    return pnanovdb_map_apply_inverse(buf, map, src);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_grid_index_to_worldf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_map_handle_t map = pnanovdb_grid_get_map(buf, grid);
+    return pnanovdb_map_apply(buf, map, src);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_grid_world_to_index_dirf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_map_handle_t map = pnanovdb_grid_get_map(buf, grid);
+    return pnanovdb_map_apply_inverse_jacobi(buf, map, src);
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_grid_index_to_world_dirf(pnanovdb_buf_t buf, pnanovdb_grid_handle_t grid, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) src)
+{
+    pnanovdb_map_handle_t map = pnanovdb_grid_get_map(buf, grid);
+    return pnanovdb_map_apply_jacobi(buf, map, src);
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ DitherLUT -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+// This table was generated with
+/**************
+
+static constexpr inline uint32
+SYSwang_inthash(uint32 key)
+{
+    // From http://www.concentric.net/~Ttwang/tech/inthash.htm
+    key += ~(key << 16);
+    key ^=  (key >> 5);
+    key +=  (key << 3);
+    key ^=  (key >> 13);
+    key += ~(key << 9);
+    key ^=  (key >> 17);
+    return key;
+}
+
+static void
+ut_initDitherR(float *pattern, float offset,
+    int x, int y, int z, int res, int goalres)
+{
+    // These offsets are designed to maximize the difference between
+    // dither values in nearby voxels within a given 2x2x2 cell, without
+    // producing axis-aligned artifacts.  The are organized in row-major
+    // order.
+    static const float  theDitherOffset[] = {0,4,6,2,5,1,3,7};
+    static const float  theScale = 0.125F;
+    int         key = (((z << res) + y) << res) + x;
+
+    if (res == goalres)
+    {
+    pattern[key] = offset;
+    return;
+    }
+
+    // Randomly flip (on each axis) the dithering patterns used by the
+    // subcells.  This key is xor'd with the subcell index below before
+    // looking up in the dither offset list.
+    key = SYSwang_inthash(key) & 7;
+
+    x <<= 1;
+    y <<= 1;
+    z <<= 1;
+
+    offset *= theScale;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+    ut_initDitherR(pattern, offset+theDitherOffset[i ^ key]*theScale,
+        x+(i&1), y+((i&2)>>1), z+((i&4)>>2), res+1, goalres);
+}
+
+// This is a compact algorithm that accomplishes essentially the same thing
+// as ut_initDither() above.  We should eventually switch to use this and
+// clean the dead code.
+static fpreal32 *
+ut_initDitherRecursive(int goalres)
+{
+    const int nfloat = 1 << (goalres*3);
+    float   *pattern = new float[nfloat];
+    ut_initDitherR(pattern, 1.0F, 0, 0, 0, 0, goalres);
+
+    // This has built an even spacing from 1/nfloat to 1.0.
+    // however, our dither pattern should be 1/(nfloat+1) to nfloat/(nfloat+1)
+    // So we do a correction here.  Note that the earlier calculations are
+    // done with powers of 2 so are exact, so it does make sense to delay
+    // the renormalization to this pass.
+    float correctionterm = nfloat / (nfloat+1.0F);
+    for (int i = 0; i < nfloat; i++)
+        pattern[i] *= correctionterm;
+    return pattern;
+}
+
+    theDitherMatrix = ut_initDitherRecursive(3);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 512/8; i ++)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < 8; j ++)
+            std::cout << theDitherMatrix[i*8+j] << "f, ";
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+
+ **************/
+
+PNANOVDB_STATIC_CONST float pnanovdb_dither_lut[512] =
+{
+    0.14425f, 0.643275f, 0.830409f, 0.331384f, 0.105263f, 0.604289f, 0.167641f, 0.666667f,
+    0.892788f, 0.393762f, 0.0818713f, 0.580897f, 0.853801f, 0.354776f, 0.916179f, 0.417154f,
+    0.612086f, 0.11306f, 0.79922f, 0.300195f, 0.510721f, 0.0116959f, 0.947368f, 0.448343f,
+    0.362573f, 0.861598f, 0.0506823f, 0.549708f, 0.261209f, 0.760234f, 0.19883f, 0.697856f,
+    0.140351f, 0.639376f, 0.576998f, 0.0779727f, 0.522417f, 0.0233918f, 0.460039f, 0.959064f,
+    0.888889f, 0.389864f, 0.327485f, 0.826511f, 0.272904f, 0.77193f, 0.709552f, 0.210526f,
+    0.483431f, 0.982456f, 0.296296f, 0.795322f, 0.116959f, 0.615984f, 0.0545809f, 0.553606f,
+    0.732943f, 0.233918f, 0.545809f, 0.0467836f, 0.865497f, 0.366472f, 0.803119f, 0.304094f,
+    0.518519f, 0.0194932f, 0.45614f, 0.955166f, 0.729045f, 0.230019f, 0.54191f, 0.042885f,
+    0.269006f, 0.768031f, 0.705653f, 0.206628f, 0.479532f, 0.978558f, 0.292398f, 0.791423f,
+    0.237817f, 0.736842f, 0.424951f, 0.923977f, 0.136452f, 0.635478f, 0.323587f, 0.822612f,
+    0.986355f, 0.487329f, 0.674464f, 0.175439f, 0.88499f, 0.385965f, 0.573099f, 0.0740741f,
+    0.51462f, 0.0155945f, 0.202729f, 0.701754f, 0.148148f, 0.647174f, 0.834308f, 0.335283f,
+    0.265107f, 0.764133f, 0.951267f, 0.452242f, 0.896686f, 0.397661f, 0.08577f, 0.584795f,
+    0.8577f, 0.358674f, 0.920078f, 0.421053f, 0.740741f, 0.241715f, 0.678363f, 0.179337f,
+    0.109162f, 0.608187f, 0.17154f, 0.670565f, 0.491228f, 0.990253f, 0.42885f, 0.927875f,
+    0.0662768f, 0.565302f, 0.62768f, 0.128655f, 0.183236f, 0.682261f, 0.744639f, 0.245614f,
+    0.814815f, 0.315789f, 0.378168f, 0.877193f, 0.931774f, 0.432749f, 0.495127f, 0.994152f,
+    0.0350877f, 0.534113f, 0.97076f, 0.471735f, 0.214425f, 0.71345f, 0.526316f, 0.0272904f,
+    0.783626f, 0.2846f, 0.222222f, 0.721248f, 0.962963f, 0.463938f, 0.276803f, 0.775828f,
+    0.966862f, 0.467836f, 0.405458f, 0.904483f, 0.0701754f, 0.569201f, 0.881092f, 0.382066f,
+    0.218324f, 0.717349f, 0.654971f, 0.155945f, 0.818713f, 0.319688f, 0.132554f, 0.631579f,
+    0.0623782f, 0.561404f, 0.748538f, 0.249513f, 0.912281f, 0.413255f, 0.974659f, 0.475634f,
+    0.810916f, 0.311891f, 0.499025f, 0.998051f, 0.163743f, 0.662768f, 0.226121f, 0.725146f,
+    0.690058f, 0.191033f, 0.00389864f, 0.502924f, 0.557505f, 0.0584795f, 0.120858f, 0.619883f,
+    0.440546f, 0.939571f, 0.752437f, 0.253411f, 0.307992f, 0.807018f, 0.869396f, 0.37037f,
+    0.658869f, 0.159844f, 0.346979f, 0.846004f, 0.588694f, 0.0896686f, 0.152047f, 0.651072f,
+    0.409357f, 0.908382f, 0.596491f, 0.0974659f, 0.339181f, 0.838207f, 0.900585f, 0.401559f,
+    0.34308f, 0.842105f, 0.779727f, 0.280702f, 0.693957f, 0.194932f, 0.25731f, 0.756335f,
+    0.592593f, 0.0935673f, 0.0311891f, 0.530214f, 0.444444f, 0.94347f, 0.506823f, 0.00779727f,
+    0.68616f, 0.187135f, 0.124756f, 0.623782f, 0.288499f, 0.787524f, 0.350877f, 0.849903f,
+    0.436647f, 0.935673f, 0.873294f, 0.374269f, 0.538012f, 0.0389864f, 0.60039f, 0.101365f,
+    0.57115f, 0.0721248f, 0.758285f, 0.259259f, 0.719298f, 0.220273f, 0.532164f, 0.0331384f,
+    0.321637f, 0.820663f, 0.00974659f, 0.508772f, 0.469786f, 0.968811f, 0.282651f, 0.781676f,
+    0.539961f, 0.0409357f, 0.727096f, 0.22807f, 0.500975f, 0.00194932f, 0.563353f, 0.0643275f,
+    0.290448f, 0.789474f, 0.477583f, 0.976608f, 0.251462f, 0.750487f, 0.31384f, 0.812865f,
+    0.94152f, 0.442495f, 0.879142f, 0.380117f, 0.37232f, 0.871345f, 0.309942f, 0.808967f,
+    0.192982f, 0.692008f, 0.130604f, 0.62963f, 0.621832f, 0.122807f, 0.559454f, 0.0604289f,
+    0.660819f, 0.161793f, 0.723197f, 0.224172f, 0.403509f, 0.902534f, 0.840156f, 0.341131f,
+    0.411306f, 0.910331f, 0.473684f, 0.97271f, 0.653021f, 0.153996f, 0.0916179f, 0.590643f,
+    0.196881f, 0.695906f, 0.384016f, 0.883041f, 0.0955166f, 0.594542f, 0.157895f, 0.65692f,
+    0.945419f, 0.446394f, 0.633528f, 0.134503f, 0.844055f, 0.345029f, 0.906433f, 0.407407f,
+    0.165692f, 0.664717f, 0.103314f, 0.602339f, 0.126706f, 0.625731f, 0.189084f, 0.688109f,
+    0.91423f, 0.415205f, 0.851852f, 0.352827f, 0.875244f, 0.376218f, 0.937622f, 0.438596f,
+    0.317739f, 0.816764f, 0.255361f, 0.754386f, 0.996101f, 0.497076f, 0.933723f, 0.434698f,
+    0.567251f, 0.0682261f, 0.504873f, 0.00584795f, 0.247563f, 0.746589f, 0.185185f, 0.684211f,
+    0.037037f, 0.536062f, 0.0994152f, 0.598441f, 0.777778f, 0.278752f, 0.465887f, 0.964912f,
+    0.785575f, 0.28655f, 0.847953f, 0.348928f, 0.0292398f, 0.528265f, 0.7154f, 0.216374f,
+    0.39961f, 0.898636f, 0.961014f, 0.461988f, 0.0487329f, 0.547758f, 0.111111f, 0.610136f,
+    0.649123f, 0.150097f, 0.212476f, 0.711501f, 0.797271f, 0.298246f, 0.859649f, 0.360624f,
+    0.118908f, 0.617934f, 0.0565302f, 0.555556f, 0.329435f, 0.82846f, 0.516569f, 0.0175439f,
+    0.867446f, 0.368421f, 0.805068f, 0.306043f, 0.578947f, 0.079922f, 0.267057f, 0.766082f,
+    0.270955f, 0.76998f, 0.707602f, 0.208577f, 0.668616f, 0.169591f, 0.606238f, 0.107212f,
+    0.520468f, 0.0214425f, 0.45809f, 0.957115f, 0.419103f, 0.918129f, 0.356725f, 0.855751f,
+    0.988304f, 0.489279f, 0.426901f, 0.925926f, 0.450292f, 0.949318f, 0.512671f, 0.0136452f,
+    0.239766f, 0.738791f, 0.676413f, 0.177388f, 0.699805f, 0.20078f, 0.263158f, 0.762183f,
+    0.773879f, 0.274854f, 0.337232f, 0.836257f, 0.672515f, 0.173489f, 0.734893f, 0.235867f,
+    0.0253411f, 0.524366f, 0.586745f, 0.0877193f, 0.423002f, 0.922027f, 0.48538f, 0.984405f,
+    0.74269f, 0.243665f, 0.680312f, 0.181287f, 0.953216f, 0.454191f, 0.1423f, 0.641326f,
+    0.493177f, 0.992203f, 0.430799f, 0.929825f, 0.204678f, 0.703704f, 0.890838f, 0.391813f,
+    0.894737f, 0.395712f, 0.0838207f, 0.582846f, 0.0448343f, 0.54386f, 0.231969f, 0.730994f,
+    0.146199f, 0.645224f, 0.832359f, 0.333333f, 0.793372f, 0.294347f, 0.980507f, 0.481481f,
+    0.364522f, 0.863548f, 0.80117f, 0.302144f, 0.824561f, 0.325536f, 0.138402f, 0.637427f,
+    0.614035f, 0.11501f, 0.0526316f, 0.551657f, 0.0760234f, 0.575049f, 0.88694f, 0.387914f,
+};
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE float pnanovdb_dither_lookup(pnanovdb_bool_t enabled, int offset)
+{
+    return enabled ? pnanovdb_dither_lut[offset & 511] : 0.5f;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------ HDDA -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_HDDA
+
+// Comment out to disable this explicit round-off check
+#define PNANOVDB_ENFORCE_FORWARD_STEPPING
+
+#define PNANOVDB_HDDA_FLOAT_MAX 1e38f
+
+struct pnanovdb_hdda_t
+{
+    pnanovdb_int32_t dim;
+    float tmin;
+    float tmax;
+    pnanovdb_coord_t voxel;
+    pnanovdb_coord_t step;
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t delta;
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t next;
+};
+PNANOVDB_STRUCT_TYPEDEF(pnanovdb_hdda_t)
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_ijk(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) pos)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t voxel;
+    voxel.x = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).x));
+    voxel.y = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).y));
+    voxel.z = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).z));
+    return voxel;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_coord_t pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_voxel(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) pos, int dim)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t voxel;
+    voxel.x = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).x)) & (~(dim - 1));
+    voxel.y = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).y)) & (~(dim - 1));
+    voxel.z = pnanovdb_float_to_int32(pnanovdb_floor(PNANOVDB_DEREF(pos).z)) & (~(dim - 1));
+    return voxel;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_vec3_t pnanovdb_hdda_ray_start(PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) origin, float tmin, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) direction)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t pos = pnanovdb_vec3_add(
+        pnanovdb_vec3_mul(PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction), pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(tmin)),
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(origin)
+    );
+    return pos;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE void pnanovdb_hdda_init(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_hdda_t) hdda, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) origin, float tmin, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) direction, float tmax, int dim)
+{
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim = dim;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin = tmin;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmax = tmax;
+
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t pos = pnanovdb_hdda_ray_start(origin, tmin, direction);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t dir_inv = pnanovdb_vec3_div(pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(1.f), PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction));
+
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel = pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_voxel(PNANOVDB_REF(pos), dim);
+
+    // x
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction).x == 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x = PNANOVDB_HDDA_FLOAT_MAX;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x = 0;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.x = 0.f;
+    }
+    else if (dir_inv.x > 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x = 1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.x + dim - pos.x) * dir_inv.x;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.x = dir_inv.x;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x = -1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.x - pos.x) * dir_inv.x;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.x = -dir_inv.x;
+    }
+
+    // y
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction).y == 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y = PNANOVDB_HDDA_FLOAT_MAX;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y = 0;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.y = 0.f;
+    }
+    else if (dir_inv.y > 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y = 1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.y + dim - pos.y) * dir_inv.y;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.y = dir_inv.y;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y = -1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.y - pos.y) * dir_inv.y;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.y = -dir_inv.y;
+    }
+
+    // z
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction).z == 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z = PNANOVDB_HDDA_FLOAT_MAX;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z = 0;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.z = 0.f;
+    }
+    else if (dir_inv.z > 0.f)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z = 1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.z + dim - pos.z) * dir_inv.z;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.z = dir_inv.z;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z = -1;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.z - pos.z) * dir_inv.z;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.z = -dir_inv.z;
+    }
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_hdda_update(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_hdda_t) hdda, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) origin, PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) direction, int dim)
+{
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim == dim)
+    {
+        return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+    }
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim = dim;
+
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t pos = pnanovdb_vec3_add(
+        pnanovdb_vec3_mul(PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction), pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin)),
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(origin)
+    );
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t dir_inv = pnanovdb_vec3_div(pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(1.f), PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction));
+
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel = pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_voxel(PNANOVDB_REF(pos), dim);
+
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.x - pos.x) * dir_inv.x;
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x > 0)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x += dim * dir_inv.x;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.y - pos.y) * dir_inv.y;
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y > 0)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y += dim * dir_inv.y;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z != 0)
+    {
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin + (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.z - pos.z) * dir_inv.z;
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z > 0)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z += dim * dir_inv.z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return PNANOVDB_TRUE;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_hdda_step(PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_hdda_t) hdda)
+{
+    pnanovdb_bool_t ret;
+    if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x < PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y && PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x < PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z)
+    {
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_ENFORCE_FORWARD_STEPPING
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin - 0.999999f * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x + 1.0e-6f;
+        }
+#endif
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.x += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.x;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.x += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.x;
+        ret = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmax;
+    }
+    else if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y < PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z)
+    {
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_ENFORCE_FORWARD_STEPPING
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin - 0.999999f * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y + 1.0e-6f;
+        }
+#endif
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.y += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.y;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.y += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.y;
+        ret = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmax;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+#ifdef PNANOVDB_ENFORCE_FORWARD_STEPPING
+        if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin)
+        {
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin - 0.999999f * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z + 1.0e-6f;
+        }
+#endif
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).next.z += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).delta.z;
+        PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).voxel.z += PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).dim * PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).step.z;
+        ret = PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmin <= PNANOVDB_DEREF(hdda).tmax;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_hdda_ray_clip(
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) bbox_min,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) bbox_max,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) origin, PNANOVDB_INOUT(float) tmin,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) direction, PNANOVDB_INOUT(float) tmax
+)
+{
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t dir_inv = pnanovdb_vec3_div(pnanovdb_vec3_uniform(1.f), PNANOVDB_DEREF(direction));
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t t0 = pnanovdb_vec3_mul(pnanovdb_vec3_sub(PNANOVDB_DEREF(bbox_min), PNANOVDB_DEREF(origin)), dir_inv);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t t1 = pnanovdb_vec3_mul(pnanovdb_vec3_sub(PNANOVDB_DEREF(bbox_max), PNANOVDB_DEREF(origin)), dir_inv);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t tmin3 = pnanovdb_vec3_min(t0, t1);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t tmax3 = pnanovdb_vec3_max(t0, t1);
+    float tnear = pnanovdb_max(tmin3.x, pnanovdb_max(tmin3.y, tmin3.z));
+    float tfar = pnanovdb_min(tmax3.x, pnanovdb_min(tmax3.y, tmax3.z));
+    pnanovdb_bool_t hit = tnear <= tfar;
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(tmin) = pnanovdb_max(PNANOVDB_DEREF(tmin), tnear);
+    PNANOVDB_DEREF(tmax) = pnanovdb_min(PNANOVDB_DEREF(tmax), tfar);
+    return hit;
+}
+
+PNANOVDB_FORCE_INLINE pnanovdb_bool_t pnanovdb_hdda_zero_crossing(
+    pnanovdb_grid_type_t grid_type,
+    pnanovdb_buf_t buf,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(pnanovdb_readaccessor_t) acc,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) origin, float tmin,
+    PNANOVDB_IN(pnanovdb_vec3_t) direction, float tmax,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(float) thit,
+    PNANOVDB_INOUT(float) v
+)
+{
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_min = pnanovdb_root_get_bbox_min(buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root);
+    pnanovdb_coord_t bbox_max = pnanovdb_root_get_bbox_max(buf, PNANOVDB_DEREF(acc).root);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t bbox_minf = pnanovdb_coord_to_vec3(bbox_min);
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t bbox_maxf = pnanovdb_coord_to_vec3(pnanovdb_coord_add(bbox_max, pnanovdb_coord_uniform(1)));
+
+    pnanovdb_bool_t hit = pnanovdb_hdda_ray_clip(PNANOVDB_REF(bbox_minf), PNANOVDB_REF(bbox_maxf), origin, PNANOVDB_REF(tmin), direction, PNANOVDB_REF(tmax));
+    if (!hit || tmax > 1.0e20f)
+    {
+        return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    pnanovdb_vec3_t pos = pnanovdb_hdda_ray_start(origin, tmin, direction);
+    pnanovdb_coord_t ijk = pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_ijk(PNANOVDB_REF(pos));
+
+    pnanovdb_address_t address = pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FLOAT, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(ijk));
+    float v0 = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+
+    pnanovdb_int32_t dim = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_dim(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FLOAT, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(ijk)));
+    pnanovdb_hdda_t hdda;
+    pnanovdb_hdda_init(PNANOVDB_REF(hdda), origin, tmin, direction, tmax, dim);
+    while (pnanovdb_hdda_step(PNANOVDB_REF(hdda)))
+    {
+        pnanovdb_vec3_t pos_start = pnanovdb_hdda_ray_start(origin, hdda.tmin + 1.0001f, direction);
+        ijk = pnanovdb_hdda_pos_to_ijk(PNANOVDB_REF(pos_start));
+        dim = pnanovdb_uint32_as_int32(pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_dim(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FLOAT, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(ijk)));
+        pnanovdb_hdda_update(PNANOVDB_REF(hdda), origin, direction, dim);
+        if (hdda.dim > 1 || !pnanovdb_readaccessor_is_active(grid_type, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(ijk)))
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+        while (pnanovdb_hdda_step(PNANOVDB_REF(hdda)) && pnanovdb_readaccessor_is_active(grid_type, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(hdda.voxel)))
+        {
+            ijk = hdda.voxel;
+            pnanovdb_address_t address = pnanovdb_readaccessor_get_value_address(PNANOVDB_GRID_TYPE_FLOAT, buf, acc, PNANOVDB_REF(ijk));
+            PNANOVDB_DEREF(v) = pnanovdb_read_float(buf, address);
+            if (PNANOVDB_DEREF(v) * v0 < 0.f)
+            {
+                PNANOVDB_DEREF(thit) = hdda.tmin;
+                return PNANOVDB_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return PNANOVDB_FALSE;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // end of NANOVDB_PNANOVDB_H_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED