npm - opencode-skills-collection - Versions diffs - 4.0.52 → 4.0.54 - Mend

opencode-skills-collection 4.0.52 → 4.0.54

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package/bundled-skills/computer-use-agents/SKILL.md CHANGED Viewed

@@ -15,2138 +15,9 @@ moving cursors, clicking buttons, and typing text. Covers Anthropic's Computer
 Use, OpenAI's Operator/CUA, and open-source alternatives. Critical focus on
 sandboxing, security, and handling the unique challenges of vision-based control.
-## Patterns
+## Detailed Guide
-### Perception-Reasoning-Action Loop
-The fundamental architecture of computer use agents: observe screen,
-reason about next action, execute action, repeat. This loop integrates
-vision models with action execution through an iterative pipeline.
-Key components:
-1. PERCEPTION: Screenshot captures current screen state
-2. REASONING: Vision-language model analyzes and plans
-3. ACTION: Execute mouse/keyboard operations
-4. FEEDBACK: Observe result, continue or correct
-Critical insight: Vision agents are completely still during "thinking"
-phase (1-5 seconds), creating a detectable pause pattern.
-**When to use**: Building any computer use agent from scratch,Integrating vision models with desktop control,Understanding agent behavior patterns
-from anthropic import Anthropic
-from PIL import Image
-import base64
-import pyautogui
-import time
-class ComputerUseAgent:
-    """
-    Perception-Reasoning-Action loop implementation.
-    Based on Anthropic Computer Use patterns.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, client: Anthropic, model: str = "claude-sonnet-4-20250514"):
-        self.client = client
-        self.model = model
-        self.max_steps = 50  # Prevent runaway loops
-        self.action_delay = 0.5  # Seconds between actions
-    def capture_screenshot(self) -> str:
-        """Capture screen and return base64 encoded image."""
-        screenshot = pyautogui.screenshot()
-        # Resize for token efficiency (1280x800 is good balance)
-        screenshot = screenshot.resize((1280, 800), Image.LANCZOS)
-        import io
-        buffer = io.BytesIO()
-        screenshot.save(buffer, format="PNG")
-        return base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode()
-    def execute_action(self, action: dict) -> dict:
-        """Execute mouse/keyboard action on the computer."""
-        action_type = action.get("type")
-        if action_type == "click":
-            x, y = action["x"], action["y"]
-            button = action.get("button", "left")
-            pyautogui.click(x, y, button=button)
-            return {"success": True, "action": f"clicked at ({x}, {y})"}
-        elif action_type == "type":
-            text = action["text"]
-            pyautogui.typewrite(text, interval=0.02)
-            return {"success": True, "action": f"typed {len(text)} chars"}
-        elif action_type == "key":
-            key = action["key"]
-            pyautogui.press(key)
-            return {"success": True, "action": f"pressed {key}"}
-        elif action_type == "scroll":
-            direction = action.get("direction", "down")
-            amount = action.get("amount", 3)
-            scroll = -amount if direction == "down" else amount
-            pyautogui.scroll(scroll)
-            return {"success": True, "action": f"scrolled {direction}"}
-        elif action_type == "move":
-            x, y = action["x"], action["y"]
-            pyautogui.moveTo(x, y)
-            return {"success": True, "action": f"moved to ({x}, {y})"}
-        else:
-            return {"success": False, "error": f"Unknown action: {action_type}"}
-    def run(self, task: str) -> dict:
-        """
-        Run perception-reasoning-action loop until task complete.
-        The loop:
-        1. Screenshot current state
-        2. Send to vision model with task context
-        3. Parse action from response
-        4. Execute action
-        5. Repeat until done or max steps
-        """
-        messages = []
-        step_count = 0
-        system_prompt = """You are a computer use agent. You can see the screen
-        and control mouse/keyboard.
-        Available actions (respond with JSON):
-        - {"type": "click", "x": 100, "y": 200, "button": "left"}
-        - {"type": "type", "text": "hello world"}
-        - {"type": "key", "key": "enter"}
-        - {"type": "scroll", "direction": "down", "amount": 3}
-        - {"type": "done", "result": "task completed successfully"}
-        Always respond with ONLY a JSON action object.
-        Be precise with coordinates - click exactly where needed.
-        If you see an error, try to recover.
-        """
-        while step_count < self.max_steps:
-            step_count += 1
-            # 1. PERCEPTION: Capture current screen
-            screenshot_b64 = self.capture_screenshot()
-            # 2. REASONING: Send to vision model
-            user_content = [
-                {"type": "text", "text": f"Task: {task}\n\nStep {step_count}. What action should I take?"},
-                {"type": "image", "source": {
-                    "type": "base64",
-                    "media_type": "image/png",
-                    "data": screenshot_b64
-                }}
-            ]
-            messages.append({"role": "user", "content": user_content})
-            response = self.client.messages.create(
-                model=self.model,
-                max_tokens=1024,
-                system=system_prompt,
-                messages=messages
-            )
-            assistant_message = response.content[0].text
-            messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": assistant_message})
-            # 3. Parse action from response
-            import json
-            try:
-                action = json.loads(assistant_message)
-            except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                # Try to extract JSON from response
-                import re
-                match = re.search(r'\{[^}]+\}', assistant_message)
-                if match:
-                    action = json.loads(match.group())
-                else:
-                    continue
-            # Check if done
-            if action.get("type") == "done":
-                return {
-                    "success": True,
-                    "result": action.get("result"),
-                    "steps": step_count
-                }
-            # 4. ACTION: Execute
-            result = self.execute_action(action)
-            # Small delay for UI to update
-            time.sleep(self.action_delay)
-        return {
-            "success": False,
-            "error": "Max steps reached",
-            "steps": step_count
-        }
-# Usage
-agent = ComputerUseAgent(Anthropic())
-result = agent.run("Open Chrome and search for 'weather today'")
-### Anti_patterns
-- Running without step limits (infinite loops)
-- No delay between actions (UI can't keep up)
-- Screenshots at full resolution (token explosion)
-- Ignoring action failures (no recovery)
-### Sandboxed Environment Pattern
-Computer use agents MUST run in isolated, sandboxed environments.
-Never give agents direct access to your main system - the security
-risks are too high. Use Docker containers with virtual desktops.
-Key isolation requirements:
-1. NETWORK: Restrict to necessary endpoints only
-2. FILESYSTEM: Read-only or scoped to temp directories
-3. CREDENTIALS: No access to host credentials
-4. SYSCALLS: Filter dangerous system calls
-5. RESOURCES: Limit CPU, memory, time
-The goal is "blast radius minimization" - if the agent goes wrong,
-damage is contained to the sandbox.
-**When to use**: Deploying any computer use agent,Testing agent behavior safely,Running untrusted automation tasks
-# Dockerfile for sandboxed computer use environment
-# Based on Anthropic's reference implementation pattern
-FROM ubuntu:22.04
-# Install desktop environment
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
-    xvfb \
-    x11vnc \
-    fluxbox \
-    xterm \
-    firefox \
-    python3 \
-    python3-pip \
-    supervisor
-# Security: Create non-root user
-RUN useradd -m -s /bin/bash agent && \
-    mkdir -p /home/agent/.vnc
-# Install Python dependencies
-COPY requirements.txt /tmp/
-RUN pip3 install -r /tmp/requirements.txt
-# Security: Drop capabilities
-RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libcap2-bin && \
-    setcap -r /usr/bin/python3 || true
-# Copy agent code
-COPY --chown=agent:agent . /app
-WORKDIR /app
-# Supervisor config for virtual display + VNC
-COPY supervisord.conf /etc/supervisor/conf.d/
-# Expose VNC port only (not desktop directly)
-EXPOSE 5900
-# Run as non-root
-USER agent
-CMD ["/usr/bin/supervisord", "-c", "/etc/supervisor/conf.d/supervisord.conf"]
----
-# docker-compose.yml with security constraints
-version: '3.8'
-services:
-  computer-use-agent:
-    build: .
-    ports:
-      - "5900:5900"  # VNC for observation
-      - "8080:8080"  # API for control
-    # Security constraints
-    security_opt:
-      - no-new-privileges:true
-      - seccomp:seccomp-profile.json
-    # Resource limits
-    deploy:
-      resources:
-        limits:
-          cpus: '2'
-          memory: 4G
-        reservations:
-          cpus: '0.5'
-          memory: 1G
-    # Network isolation
-    networks:
-      - agent-network
-    # No access to host filesystem
-    volumes:
-      - agent-tmp:/tmp
-    # Read-only root filesystem
-    read_only: true
-    tmpfs:
-      - /run
-      - /var/run
-    # Environment
-    environment:
-      - DISPLAY=:99
-      - NO_PROXY=localhost
-networks:
-  agent-network:
-    driver: bridge
-    internal: true  # No internet by default
-volumes:
-  agent-tmp:
----
-# Python wrapper with additional runtime sandboxing
-import subprocess
-import os
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
-@dataclass
-class SandboxConfig:
-    """Configuration for agent sandbox."""
-    network_allowed: list[str] = None  # Allowed domains
-    max_runtime_seconds: int = 300
-    max_memory_mb: int = 2048
-    allow_downloads: bool = False
-    allow_clipboard: bool = False
-class SandboxedAgent:
-    """
-    Run computer use agent in Docker sandbox.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, config: SandboxConfig):
-        self.config = config
-        self.container_id: Optional[str] = None
-    def start(self):
-        """Start sandboxed environment."""
-        # Build network rules
-        network_rules = ""
-        if self.config.network_allowed:
-            for domain in self.config.network_allowed:
-                network_rules += f"--add-host={domain}:$(dig +short {domain}) "
-        else:
-            network_rules = "--network=none"
-        cmd = f"""
-        docker run -d \
-            --name computer-use-sandbox-$$ \
-            --security-opt no-new-privileges \
-            --cap-drop ALL \
-            --memory {self.config.max_memory_mb}m \
-            --cpus 2 \
-            --read-only \
-            --tmpfs /tmp \
-            {network_rules} \
-            computer-use-agent:latest
-        """
-        result = subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True, capture_output=True)
-        self.container_id = result.stdout.decode().strip()
-        # Set up kill timer
-        subprocess.Popen([
-            "sh", "-c",
-            f"sleep {self.config.max_runtime_seconds} && docker kill {self.container_id}"
-        ])
-        return self.container_id
-    def execute_task(self, task: str) -> dict:
-        """Execute task in sandbox."""
-        if not self.container_id:
-            self.start()
-        # Send task to agent via API
-        import requests
-        response = requests.post(
-            f"http://localhost:8080/task",
-            json={"task": task},
-            timeout=self.config.max_runtime_seconds
-        )
-        return response.json()
-    def stop(self):
-        """Stop and remove sandbox."""
-        if self.container_id:
-            subprocess.run(f"docker rm -f {self.container_id}", shell=True)
-            self.container_id = None
-### Anti_patterns
-- Running agents on host system directly
-- Giving sandbox full network access
-- Running as root in container
-- No resource limits (denial of service)
-- Persistent storage (data can leak between runs)
-### Anthropic Computer Use Implementation
-Official implementation pattern using Claude's computer use capability.
-Claude 3.5 Sonnet was the first frontier model to offer computer use.
-Claude Opus 4.5 is now the "best model in the world for computer use."
-Key capabilities:
-- screenshot: Capture current screen state
-- mouse: Click, move, drag operations
-- keyboard: Type text, press keys
-- bash: Run shell commands
-- text_editor: View and edit files
-Tool versions:
-- computer_20251124 (Opus 4.5): Adds zoom action for detailed inspection
-- computer_20250124 (All other models): Standard capabilities
-Critical limitation: "Some UI elements (like dropdowns and scrollbars)
-might be tricky for Claude to manipulate" - Anthropic docs
-**When to use**: Building production computer use agents,Need highest quality vision understanding,Full desktop control (not just browser)
-from anthropic import Anthropic
-from anthropic.types.beta import (
-    BetaToolComputerUse20241022,
-    BetaToolBash20241022,
-    BetaToolTextEditor20241022,
-)
-import subprocess
-import base64
-from PIL import Image
-import io
-class AnthropicComputerUse:
-    """
-    Official Anthropic Computer Use implementation.
-    Requires:
-    - Docker container with virtual display
-    - VNC for viewing agent actions
-    - Proper tool implementations
-    """
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.client = Anthropic()
-        self.model = "claude-sonnet-4-20250514"  # Best for computer use
-        self.screen_size = (1280, 800)
-    def get_tools(self) -> list:
-        """Define computer use tools."""
-        return [
-            BetaToolComputerUse20241022(
-                type="computer_20241022",
-                name="computer",
-                display_width_px=self.screen_size[0],
-                display_height_px=self.screen_size[1],
-            ),
-            BetaToolBash20241022(
-                type="bash_20241022",
-                name="bash",
-            ),
-            BetaToolTextEditor20241022(
-                type="text_editor_20241022",
-                name="str_replace_editor",
-            ),
-        ]
-    def execute_tool(self, name: str, input: dict) -> dict:
-        """Execute a tool and return result."""
-        if name == "computer":
-            return self._handle_computer_action(input)
-        elif name == "bash":
-            return self._handle_bash(input)
-        elif name == "str_replace_editor":
-            return self._handle_editor(input)
-        else:
-            return {"error": f"Unknown tool: {name}"}
-    def _handle_computer_action(self, input: dict) -> dict:
-        """Handle computer control actions."""
-        action = input.get("action")
-        if action == "screenshot":
-            # Capture via xdotool/scrot
-            subprocess.run(["scrot", "/tmp/screenshot.png"])
-            with open("/tmp/screenshot.png", "rb") as f:
-                img_data = f.read()
-            # Resize for efficiency
-            img = Image.open(io.BytesIO(img_data))
-            img = img.resize(self.screen_size, Image.LANCZOS)
-            buffer = io.BytesIO()
-            img.save(buffer, format="PNG")
-            return {
-                "type": "image",
-                "source": {
-                    "type": "base64",
-                    "media_type": "image/png",
-                    "data": base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode()
-                }
-            }
-        elif action == "mouse_move":
-            x, y = input.get("coordinate", [0, 0])
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "mousemove", str(x), str(y)])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "left_click":
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "click", "1"])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "right_click":
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "click", "3"])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "double_click":
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "click", "--repeat", "2", "1"])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "type":
-            text = input.get("text", "")
-            # Use xdotool type with delay for reliability
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "type", "--delay", "50", text])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "key":
-            key = input.get("key", "")
-            # Map common key names
-            key_map = {
-                "return": "Return",
-                "enter": "Return",
-                "tab": "Tab",
-                "escape": "Escape",
-                "backspace": "BackSpace",
-            }
-            xdotool_key = key_map.get(key.lower(), key)
-            subprocess.run(["xdotool", "key", xdotool_key])
-            return {"success": True}
-        elif action == "scroll":
-            direction = input.get("direction", "down")
-            amount = input.get("amount", 3)
-            button = "5" if direction == "down" else "4"
-            for _ in range(amount):
-                subprocess.run(["xdotool", "click", button])
-            return {"success": True}
-        return {"error": f"Unknown action: {action}"}
-    def _handle_bash(self, input: dict) -> dict:
-        """Execute bash command."""
-        command = input.get("command", "")
-        # Security: Sanitize and limit commands
-        dangerous_patterns = ["rm -rf", "mkfs", "dd if=", "> /dev/"]
-        for pattern in dangerous_patterns:
-            if pattern in command:
-                return {"error": "Dangerous command blocked"}
-        try:
-            result = subprocess.run(
-                command,
-                shell=True,
-                capture_output=True,
-                text=True,
-                timeout=30
-            )
-            return {
-                "stdout": result.stdout[:10000],  # Limit output
-                "stderr": result.stderr[:1000],
-                "returncode": result.returncode
-            }
-        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
-            return {"error": "Command timed out"}
-    def _handle_editor(self, input: dict) -> dict:
-        """Handle text editor operations."""
-        command = input.get("command")
-        path = input.get("path")
-        if command == "view":
-            try:
-                with open(path, "r") as f:
-                    content = f.read()
-                return {"content": content[:50000]}  # Limit size
-            except Exception as e:
-                return {"error": str(e)}
-        elif command == "str_replace":
-            old_str = input.get("old_str")
-            new_str = input.get("new_str")
-            try:
-                with open(path, "r") as f:
-                    content = f.read()
-                if old_str not in content:
-                    return {"error": "old_str not found in file"}
-                content = content.replace(old_str, new_str, 1)
-                with open(path, "w") as f:
-                    f.write(content)
-                return {"success": True}
-            except Exception as e:
-                return {"error": str(e)}
-        return {"error": f"Unknown editor command: {command}"}
-    def run_task(self, task: str, max_steps: int = 50) -> dict:
-        """Run computer use task with agentic loop."""
-        messages = [{"role": "user", "content": task}]
-        tools = self.get_tools()
-        for step in range(max_steps):
-            response = self.client.beta.messages.create(
-                model=self.model,
-                max_tokens=4096,
-                tools=tools,
-                messages=messages,
-                betas=["computer-use-2024-10-22"]
-            )
-            # Check for completion
-            if response.stop_reason == "end_turn":
-                return {
-                    "success": True,
-                    "result": response.content[0].text if response.content else "",
-                    "steps": step + 1
-                }
-            # Handle tool use
-            if response.stop_reason == "tool_use":
-                messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": response.content})
-                tool_results = []
-                for block in response.content:
-                    if block.type == "tool_use":
-                        result = self.execute_tool(block.name, block.input)
-                        tool_results.append({
-                            "type": "tool_result",
-                            "tool_use_id": block.id,
-                            "content": result
-                        })
-                messages.append({"role": "user", "content": tool_results})
-        return {"success": False, "error": "Max steps reached"}
-### Anti_patterns
-- Not using betas=['computer-use-2024-10-22'] flag
-- Full resolution screenshots (wasteful)
-- No command sanitization for bash tool
-- Unbounded execution time
-### Browser-Use Pattern (Playwright-based)
-For browser-only automation, using structured DOM access is more efficient
-than pixel-based computer use. Playwright MCP allows LLMs to control
-browsers using accessibility snapshots rather than screenshots.
-Advantages over vision-based:
-- Faster: No image processing required
-- Cheaper: Text tokens vs image tokens
-- More precise: Direct element targeting
-- More reliable: No coordinate drift
-When to use vision vs structured:
-- Vision: Desktop apps, complex UIs, visual verification
-- Structured: Web automation, form filling, data extraction
-**When to use**: Browser-only automation tasks,Form filling and web interactions,When speed and cost matter more than visual understanding
-from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
-import asyncio
-@dataclass
-class BrowserAction:
-    """Structured browser action."""
-    action: str  # click, type, navigate, scroll, extract
-    selector: Optional[str] = None
-    text: Optional[str] = None
-    url: Optional[str] = None
-class BrowserUseAgent:
-    """
-    Browser automation using Playwright with structured commands.
-    More efficient than pixel-based for web tasks.
-    """
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.browser = None
-        self.page = None
-    async def start(self, headless: bool = True):
-        """Start browser session."""
-        self.playwright = await async_playwright().start()
-        self.browser = await self.playwright.chromium.launch(headless=headless)
-        self.page = await self.browser.new_page()
-    async def get_page_snapshot(self) -> dict:
-        """
-        Get structured snapshot of page for LLM.
-        Uses accessibility tree for efficiency.
-        """
-        # Get accessibility tree
-        snapshot = await self.page.accessibility.snapshot()
-        # Get simplified DOM info
-        elements = await self.page.evaluate('''() => {
-            const interactable = [];
-            const selector = 'a, button, input, select, textarea, [role="button"]';
-            document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((el, i) => {
-                const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
-                if (rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0) {
-                    interactable.push({
-                        index: i,
-                        tag: el.tagName.toLowerCase(),
-                        text: el.textContent?.trim().slice(0, 100),
-                        type: el.type,
-                        placeholder: el.placeholder,
-                        name: el.name,
-                        id: el.id,
-                        class: el.className
-                    });
-                }
-            });
-            return interactable;
-        }''')
-        return {
-            "url": self.page.url,
-            "title": await self.page.title(),
-            "accessibility_tree": snapshot,
-            "interactable_elements": elements[:50]  # Limit for token efficiency
-        }
-    async def execute_action(self, action: BrowserAction) -> dict:
-        """Execute structured browser action."""
-        try:
-            if action.action == "navigate":
-                await self.page.goto(action.url, wait_until="domcontentloaded")
-                return {"success": True, "url": self.page.url}
-            elif action.action == "click":
-                await self.page.click(action.selector, timeout=5000)
-                await self.page.wait_for_load_state("networkidle", timeout=5000)
-                return {"success": True}
-            elif action.action == "type":
-                await self.page.fill(action.selector, action.text)
-                return {"success": True}
-            elif action.action == "scroll":
-                direction = action.text or "down"
-                distance = 500 if direction == "down" else -500
-                await self.page.evaluate(f"window.scrollBy(0, {distance})")
-                return {"success": True}
-            elif action.action == "extract":
-                # Extract text content
-                if action.selector:
-                    text = await self.page.text_content(action.selector)
-                else:
-                    text = await self.page.text_content("body")
-                return {"success": True, "text": text[:5000]}
-            elif action.action == "screenshot":
-                # Fall back to vision when needed
-                screenshot = await self.page.screenshot(type="png")
-                import base64
-                return {
-                    "success": True,
-                    "image": base64.b64encode(screenshot).decode()
-                }
-        except Exception as e:
-            return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
-        return {"success": False, "error": f"Unknown action: {action.action}"}
-    async def run_with_llm(self, task: str, llm_client, max_steps: int = 20):
-        """
-        Run browser task with LLM decision making.
-        Uses structured DOM instead of screenshots.
-        """
-        system_prompt = """You are a browser automation agent. You receive
-        page snapshots with interactable elements and decide actions.
-        Respond with JSON action:
-        - {"action": "navigate", "url": "https://..."}
-        - {"action": "click", "selector": "button.submit"}
-        - {"action": "type", "selector": "input[name='email']", "text": "..."}
-        - {"action": "scroll", "text": "down"}
-        - {"action": "extract", "selector": ".results"}
-        - {"action": "done", "result": "task completed"}
-        Use CSS selectors based on the element info provided.
-        Prefer id > name > class > text content for selectors.
-        """
-        messages = []
-        for step in range(max_steps):
-            # Get current page state
-            snapshot = await self.get_page_snapshot()
-            user_message = f"""Task: {task}
-            Current page:
-            URL: {snapshot['url']}
-            Title: {snapshot['title']}
-            Interactable elements:
-            {snapshot['interactable_elements']}
-            What action should I take?"""
-            messages.append({"role": "user", "content": user_message})
-            # Get LLM decision
-            response = llm_client.messages.create(
-                model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
-                max_tokens=1024,
-                system=system_prompt,
-                messages=messages
-            )
-            assistant_text = response.content[0].text
-            messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": assistant_text})
-            # Parse and execute
-            import json
-            action_dict = json.loads(assistant_text)
-            if action_dict.get("action") == "done":
-                return {"success": True, "result": action_dict.get("result")}
-            action = BrowserAction(**action_dict)
-            result = await self.execute_action(action)
-            if not result.get("success"):
-                messages.append({
-                    "role": "user",
-                    "content": f"Action failed: {result.get('error')}"
-                })
-            await asyncio.sleep(0.5)  # Rate limit
-        return {"success": False, "error": "Max steps reached"}
-    async def close(self):
-        """Clean up browser."""
-        if self.browser:
-            await self.browser.close()
-        if hasattr(self, 'playwright'):
-            await self.playwright.stop()
-# Usage
-async def main():
-    agent = BrowserUseAgent()
-    await agent.start(headless=False)
-    from anthropic import Anthropic
-    result = await agent.run_with_llm(
-        "Go to weather.com and find the weather for New York",
-        Anthropic()
-    )
-    print(result)
-    await agent.close()
-asyncio.run(main())
-### Anti_patterns
-- Using screenshots when DOM access works
-- Not waiting for page loads
-- Hardcoded selectors that break
-- No error recovery for stale elements
-### User Confirmation Pattern
-For sensitive actions, agents should pause and ask for human confirmation.
-"ChatGPT agent also pauses and asks for confirmation prior to taking
-sensitive steps such as completing a purchase."
-Sensitivity levels:
-1. LOW: Navigation, reading (auto-approve)
-2. MEDIUM: Form filling, clicking (log, maybe confirm)
-3. HIGH: Purchases, authentication, file operations (always confirm)
-4. CRITICAL: Credential entry, financial transactions (confirm + review)
-**When to use**: Actions with real-world consequences,Financial transactions,Authentication flows,File modifications
-from enum import Enum
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Callable, Optional
-import asyncio
-class ActionSeverity(Enum):
-    LOW = "low"           # Auto-approve
-    MEDIUM = "medium"     # Log, optional confirm
-    HIGH = "high"         # Always confirm
-    CRITICAL = "critical" # Confirm + review details
-@dataclass
-class SensitiveAction:
-    """Action that may need user confirmation."""
-    action_type: str
-    description: str
-    severity: ActionSeverity
-    details: dict
-class ConfirmationGate:
-    """
-    Gate sensitive actions through user confirmation.
-    """
-    # Action type -> severity mapping
-    ACTION_SEVERITY = {
-        # LOW - auto-approve
-        "navigate": ActionSeverity.LOW,
-        "scroll": ActionSeverity.LOW,
-        "read": ActionSeverity.LOW,
-        "screenshot": ActionSeverity.LOW,
-        # MEDIUM - log and maybe confirm
-        "click": ActionSeverity.MEDIUM,
-        "type": ActionSeverity.MEDIUM,
-        "search": ActionSeverity.MEDIUM,
-        # HIGH - always confirm
-        "download": ActionSeverity.HIGH,
-        "submit_form": ActionSeverity.HIGH,
-        "login": ActionSeverity.HIGH,
-        "file_write": ActionSeverity.HIGH,
-        # CRITICAL - confirm with full review
-        "purchase": ActionSeverity.CRITICAL,
-        "enter_password": ActionSeverity.CRITICAL,
-        "enter_credit_card": ActionSeverity.CRITICAL,
-        "send_money": ActionSeverity.CRITICAL,
-        "delete": ActionSeverity.CRITICAL,
-    }
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        confirm_callback: Callable[[SensitiveAction], bool] = None,
-        auto_confirm_low: bool = True,
-        auto_confirm_medium: bool = False
-    ):
-        self.confirm_callback = confirm_callback or self._default_confirm
-        self.auto_confirm_low = auto_confirm_low
-        self.auto_confirm_medium = auto_confirm_medium
-        self.action_log = []
-    def _default_confirm(self, action: SensitiveAction) -> bool:
-        """Default confirmation via CLI prompt."""
-        print(f"\n{'='*60}")
-        print(f"ACTION CONFIRMATION REQUIRED")
-        print(f"{'='*60}")
-        print(f"Type: {action.action_type}")
-        print(f"Severity: {action.severity.value.upper()}")
-        print(f"Description: {action.description}")
-        print(f"Details: {action.details}")
-        print(f"{'='*60}")
-        while True:
-            response = input("Allow this action? [y/n]: ").lower().strip()
-            if response in ['y', 'yes']:
-                return True
-            elif response in ['n', 'no']:
-                return False
-    def classify_action(self, action_type: str, context: dict) -> ActionSeverity:
-        """Classify action severity, considering context."""
-        base_severity = self.ACTION_SEVERITY.get(action_type, ActionSeverity.MEDIUM)
-        # Escalate based on context
-        if context.get("involves_credentials"):
-            return ActionSeverity.CRITICAL
-        if context.get("involves_money"):
-            return ActionSeverity.CRITICAL
-        if context.get("irreversible"):
-            return max(base_severity, ActionSeverity.HIGH, key=lambda x: x.value)
-        return base_severity
-    def check_action(
-        self,
-        action_type: str,
-        description: str,
-        details: dict = None
-    ) -> tuple[bool, str]:
-        """
-        Check if action should proceed.
-        Returns (approved, reason).
-        """
-        details = details or {}
-        severity = self.classify_action(action_type, details)
-        action = SensitiveAction(
-            action_type=action_type,
-            description=description,
-            severity=severity,
-            details=details
-        )
-        # Log all actions
-        self.action_log.append({
-            "action": action,
-            "timestamp": __import__('datetime').datetime.now().isoformat()
-        })
-        # Auto-approve low severity
-        if severity == ActionSeverity.LOW and self.auto_confirm_low:
-            return True, "auto-approved (low severity)"
-        # Maybe auto-approve medium
-        if severity == ActionSeverity.MEDIUM and self.auto_confirm_medium:
-            return True, "auto-approved (medium severity)"
-        # Request confirmation
-        approved = self.confirm_callback(action)
-        if approved:
-            return True, "user approved"
-        else:
-            return False, "user rejected"
-class ConfirmedComputerUseAgent:
-    """
-    Computer use agent with confirmation gates.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, base_agent, confirmation_gate: ConfirmationGate):
-        self.agent = base_agent
-        self.gate = confirmation_gate
-    def execute_action(self, action: dict) -> dict:
-        """Execute action with confirmation check."""
-        action_type = action.get("type", "unknown")
-        # Build description
-        if action_type == "click":
-            desc = f"Click at ({action.get('x')}, {action.get('y')})"
-        elif action_type == "type":
-            text = action.get('text', '')
-            # Mask if looks like password
-            if self._looks_sensitive(text):
-                desc = f"Type sensitive text ({len(text)} chars)"
-            else:
-                desc = f"Type: {text[:50]}..."
-        else:
-            desc = f"Execute: {action_type}"
-        # Context for severity classification
-        context = {
-            "involves_credentials": self._looks_sensitive(action.get("text", "")),
-            "involves_money": self._mentions_money(action),
-        }
-        # Check with gate
-        approved, reason = self.gate.check_action(
-            action_type, desc, context
-        )
-        if not approved:
-            return {
-                "success": False,
-                "error": f"Action blocked: {reason}",
-                "action": action_type
-            }
-        # Execute if approved
-        return self.agent.execute_action(action)
-    def _looks_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
-        """Check if text looks like sensitive data."""
-        if not text:
-            return False
-        # Common patterns
-        patterns = [
-            r'\b\d{16}\b',  # Credit card
-            r'\b\d{3,4}\b.*\b\d{3,4}\b',  # CVV-like
-            r'password',
-            r'secret',
-            r'api.?key',
-            r'token'
-        ]
-        import re
-        return any(re.search(p, text.lower()) for p in patterns)
-    def _mentions_money(self, action: dict) -> bool:
-        """Check if action involves money."""
-        text = str(action)
-        money_patterns = [
-            r'\$\d+', r'pay', r'purchase', r'buy', r'checkout',
-            r'credit', r'debit', r'invoice', r'payment'
-        ]
-        import re
-        return any(re.search(p, text.lower()) for p in money_patterns)
-# Usage
-gate = ConfirmationGate(
-    auto_confirm_low=True,
-    auto_confirm_medium=False  # Confirm clicks, typing
-)
-agent = ConfirmedComputerUseAgent(base_agent, gate)
-result = agent.execute_action({"type": "click", "x": 500, "y": 300})
-### Anti_patterns
-- Auto-approving all actions
-- Not logging rejected actions
-- Showing full passwords in confirmation
-- No timeout on confirmation (hangs forever)
-### Action Logging Pattern
-All computer use agent actions should be logged for:
-1. Debugging failed automations
-2. Security auditing
-3. Reproducibility
-4. Compliance requirements
-Log format should capture:
-- Timestamp
-- Action type and parameters
-- Screenshot before/after
-- Success/failure status
-- Model reasoning (if available)
-**When to use**: Production computer use deployments,Debugging automation failures,Security-sensitive environments
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional, Any
-import json
-import os
-@dataclass
-class ActionLogEntry:
-    """Single action log entry."""
-    timestamp: datetime
-    action_type: str
-    parameters: dict
-    success: bool
-    error: Optional[str] = None
-    screenshot_before: Optional[str] = None  # Path to screenshot
-    screenshot_after: Optional[str] = None
-    model_reasoning: Optional[str] = None
-    duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
-    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
-        return {
-            "timestamp": self.timestamp.isoformat(),
-            "action_type": self.action_type,
-            "parameters": self._sanitize_params(self.parameters),
-            "success": self.success,
-            "error": self.error,
-            "screenshot_before": self.screenshot_before,
-            "screenshot_after": self.screenshot_after,
-            "model_reasoning": self.model_reasoning,
-            "duration_ms": self.duration_ms
-        }
-    def _sanitize_params(self, params: dict) -> dict:
-        """Remove sensitive data from params."""
-        sanitized = {}
-        sensitive_keys = ['password', 'secret', 'token', 'key', 'credit_card']
-        for k, v in params.items():
-            if any(s in k.lower() for s in sensitive_keys):
-                sanitized[k] = "[REDACTED]"
-            elif isinstance(v, str) and len(v) > 100:
-                sanitized[k] = v[:100] + "...[truncated]"
-            else:
-                sanitized[k] = v
-        return sanitized
-@dataclass
-class TaskSession:
-    """A complete task execution session."""
-    session_id: str
-    task: str
-    start_time: datetime
-    end_time: Optional[datetime] = None
-    actions: list[ActionLogEntry] = field(default_factory=list)
-    success: bool = False
-    final_result: Optional[str] = None
-class ActionLogger:
-    """
-    Comprehensive action logging for computer use agents.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, log_dir: str = "./agent_logs"):
-        self.log_dir = log_dir
-        self.screenshot_dir = os.path.join(log_dir, "screenshots")
-        os.makedirs(self.screenshot_dir, exist_ok=True)
-        self.current_session: Optional[TaskSession] = None
-    def start_session(self, task: str) -> str:
-        """Start a new task session."""
-        import uuid
-        session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())[:8]
-        self.current_session = TaskSession(
-            session_id=session_id,
-            task=task,
-            start_time=datetime.now()
-        )
-        return session_id
-    def log_action(
-        self,
-        action_type: str,
-        parameters: dict,
-        success: bool,
-        error: Optional[str] = None,
-        screenshot_before: bytes = None,
-        screenshot_after: bytes = None,
-        model_reasoning: str = None,
-        duration_ms: int = None
-    ):
-        """Log a single action."""
-        if not self.current_session:
-            raise RuntimeError("No active session")
-        # Save screenshots if provided
-        screenshot_paths = {}
-        timestamp_str = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
-        if screenshot_before:
-            path = os.path.join(
-                self.screenshot_dir,
-                f"{self.current_session.session_id}_{timestamp_str}_before.png"
-            )
-            with open(path, "wb") as f:
-                f.write(screenshot_before)
-            screenshot_paths["before"] = path
-        if screenshot_after:
-            path = os.path.join(
-                self.screenshot_dir,
-                f"{self.current_session.session_id}_{timestamp_str}_after.png"
-            )
-            with open(path, "wb") as f:
-                f.write(screenshot_after)
-            screenshot_paths["after"] = path
-        # Create log entry
-        entry = ActionLogEntry(
-            timestamp=datetime.now(),
-            action_type=action_type,
-            parameters=parameters,
-            success=success,
-            error=error,
-            screenshot_before=screenshot_paths.get("before"),
-            screenshot_after=screenshot_paths.get("after"),
-            model_reasoning=model_reasoning,
-            duration_ms=duration_ms
-        )
-        self.current_session.actions.append(entry)
-        # Also append to running log file
-        self._append_to_log(entry)
-    def _append_to_log(self, entry: ActionLogEntry):
-        """Append entry to JSONL log file."""
-        log_file = os.path.join(
-            self.log_dir,
-            f"session_{self.current_session.session_id}.jsonl"
-        )
-        with open(log_file, "a") as f:
-            f.write(json.dumps(entry.to_dict()) + "\n")
-    def end_session(self, success: bool, result: str = None):
-        """End current session."""
-        if not self.current_session:
-            return
-        self.current_session.end_time = datetime.now()
-        self.current_session.success = success
-        self.current_session.final_result = result
-        # Write session summary
-        summary_file = os.path.join(
-            self.log_dir,
-            f"session_{self.current_session.session_id}_summary.json"
-        )
-        summary = {
-            "session_id": self.current_session.session_id,
-            "task": self.current_session.task,
-            "start_time": self.current_session.start_time.isoformat(),
-            "end_time": self.current_session.end_time.isoformat(),
-            "duration_seconds": (
-                self.current_session.end_time -
-                self.current_session.start_time
-            ).total_seconds(),
-            "total_actions": len(self.current_session.actions),
-            "successful_actions": sum(
-                1 for a in self.current_session.actions if a.success
-            ),
-            "failed_actions": sum(
-                1 for a in self.current_session.actions if not a.success
-            ),
-            "success": success,
-            "final_result": result
-        }
-        with open(summary_file, "w") as f:
-            json.dump(summary, f, indent=2)
-        self.current_session = None
-    def get_session_replay(self, session_id: str) -> list[dict]:
-        """Get all actions from a session for replay/debugging."""
-        log_file = os.path.join(self.log_dir, f"session_{session_id}.jsonl")
-        actions = []
-        with open(log_file, "r") as f:
-            for line in f:
-                actions.append(json.loads(line))
-        return actions
-# Integration with agent
-class LoggedComputerUseAgent:
-    """Computer use agent with comprehensive logging."""
-    def __init__(self, base_agent, logger: ActionLogger):
-        self.agent = base_agent
-        self.logger = logger
-    def run_task(self, task: str) -> dict:
-        """Run task with full logging."""
-        session_id = self.logger.start_session(task)
-        try:
-            result = self._run_with_logging(task)
-            self.logger.end_session(
-                success=result.get("success", False),
-                result=result.get("result")
-            )
-            return result
-        except Exception as e:
-            self.logger.end_session(success=False, result=str(e))
-            raise
-    def _run_with_logging(self, task: str) -> dict:
-        """Internal run with action logging."""
-        # This would wrap the base agent's run method
-        # and log each action
-        pass
-### Anti_patterns
-- Not sanitizing sensitive data in logs
-- Storing screenshots indefinitely (storage costs)
-- Not rotating log files
-- Logging synchronously (blocks agent)
-## Sharp Edges
-### Web Content Can Hijack Your Agent
-Severity: CRITICAL
-Situation: Computer use agent browsing the web
-Symptoms:
-Agent suddenly performs unexpected actions. Clicks malicious links.
-Enters credentials on phishing sites. Downloads files it shouldn't.
-Ignores your instructions and follows embedded commands instead.
-Why this breaks:
-"While all agents that process untrusted content are subject to prompt
-injection risks, browser use amplifies this risk in two ways. First,
-the attack surface is vast: every webpage, embedded document, advertisement,
-and dynamically loaded script represents a potential vector for malicious
-instructions. Second, browser agents can take many different actions—
-navigating to URLs, filling forms, clicking buttons, downloading files—
-that attackers can exploit."
-Real attacks have already happened:
-- "Microsoft Copilot agents were hijacked with emails containing malicious
-  instructions, which allowed attackers to extract entire CRM databases."
-- "Google's Workspace services were manipulated—hidden prompts inside
-  calendar invites and emails tricked Gemini agents into deleting events
-  and exposing sensitive messages."
-Even a 1% attack success rate represents meaningful risk at scale.
-Recommended fix:
-## Defense in depth - no single solution works
-1. Sandboxing (most effective):
-   ```python
-   # Docker with strict isolation
-   docker run \
-       --security-opt no-new-privileges \
-       --cap-drop ALL \
-       --network none \  # No internet!
-       --read-only \
-       computer-use-agent
-   ```
-2. Classifier-based detection:
-   ```python
-   def scan_for_injection(content: str) -> bool:
-       """Detect prompt injection attempts."""
-       patterns = [
-           r"ignore.*instructions",
-           r"disregard.*previous",
-           r"new.*instructions",
-           r"you are now",
-           r"act as if",
-           r"pretend to be",
-       ]
-       return any(re.search(p, content.lower()) for p in patterns)
-   # Check page content before processing
-   page_text = await page.text_content("body")
-   if scan_for_injection(page_text):
-       return {"error": "Potential injection detected"}
-   ```
-3. User confirmation for sensitive actions:
-   ```python
-   SENSITIVE_ACTIONS = {"download", "submit", "login", "purchase"}
-   if action_type in SENSITIVE_ACTIONS:
-       if not await get_user_confirmation(action):
-           return {"error": "User rejected action"}
-   ```
-4. Scoped credentials:
-   - Never give agent access to all credentials
-   - Use temporary, limited tokens
-   - Revoke after task completion
-### Vision Agents Click Exact Centers
-Severity: MEDIUM
-Situation: Agent clicking on UI elements
-Symptoms:
-Agent's clicks are detectable as non-human. Websites may block or
-CAPTCHA the agent. Anti-bot systems flag the interaction.
-Why this breaks:
-"When a vision model identifies a button, it calculates the center.
-Click coordinates land at mathematically precise positions—often exact
-element centers or grid-aligned pixel values. Humans don't click centers;
-their click distributions follow a Gaussian pattern around targets."
-The screenshot loop also creates detectable patterns:
-"Predictable pauses. Vision agents are completely still during their
-'thinking' phase. The pattern looks like: Action → Complete stillness
-(1-5 seconds) → Action → Complete stillness → Action."
-Sophisticated anti-bot systems detect:
-- Perfect center clicks
-- No mouse movement during "thinking"
-- Consistent timing between actions
-- Lack of micro-movements and hesitation
-Recommended fix:
-## Add human-like variance to actions
-```python
-import random
-import time
-def humanized_click(x: int, y: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
-    """Add human-like variance to click coordinates."""
-    # Gaussian distribution around target
-    # Humans typically land within ~10px of target
-    x_offset = int(random.gauss(0, 5))
-    y_offset = int(random.gauss(0, 5))
-    return (x + x_offset, y + y_offset)
-def humanized_delay():
-    """Add human-like delay between actions."""
-    # Humans have variable reaction times
-    base_delay = random.uniform(0.3, 0.8)
-    # Occasionally longer pauses (reading, thinking)
-    if random.random() < 0.2:
-        base_delay += random.uniform(0.5, 2.0)
-    time.sleep(base_delay)
-def humanized_movement(from_pos: tuple, to_pos: tuple):
-    """Move mouse in curved path like human."""
-    # Bezier curve or similar
-    # Humans don't move in straight lines
-    steps = random.randint(10, 20)
-    for i in range(steps):
-        t = i / steps
-        # Simple curve approximation
-        x = from_pos[0] + (to_pos[0] - from_pos[0]) * t
-        y = from_pos[1] + (to_pos[1] - from_pos[1]) * t
-        # Add wobble
-        x += random.gauss(0, 2)
-        y += random.gauss(0, 2)
-        pyautogui.moveTo(int(x), int(y))
-        time.sleep(0.01)
-```
-## Rotate user agents and fingerprints
-```python
-USER_AGENTS = [
-    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome/120...",
-    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) Safari/...",
-    # ... more realistic agents
-]
-await page.set_extra_http_headers({
-    "User-Agent": random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
-})
-```
-### Dropdowns, Scrollbars, and Drags Are Unreliable
-Severity: HIGH
-Situation: Agent interacting with complex UI elements
-Symptoms:
-Agent fails to select dropdown options. Scroll doesn't work as expected.
-Drag and drop completely fails. Hover menus disappear before clicking.
-Why this breaks:
-"Computer Use currently struggles with certain interface interactions,
-particularly scrolling, dragging, and zooming operations. Some UI elements
-(like dropdowns and scrollbars) might be tricky for Claude to manipulate."
-- Anthropic documentation
-Why these are hard:
-1. Dropdowns: Options appear after click, need second click to select
-2. Scrollbars: Small targets, need precise positioning
-3. Drag: Requires coordinated mouse down, move, mouse up
-4. Hover menus: Disappear when mouse moves away
-5. Canvas elements: No semantic information visible
-Vision models see pixels, not DOM structure. They don't "know" that
-a dropdown is a dropdown - they have to infer from visual cues.
-Recommended fix:
-## Use keyboard alternatives when possible
-```python
-# Instead of clicking dropdown, use keyboard
-async def select_dropdown_option(page, dropdown_selector, option_text):
-    # Focus the dropdown
-    await page.click(dropdown_selector)
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.3)
-    # Use keyboard to find option
-    await page.keyboard.type(option_text[:3])  # Type first letters
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.2)
-    await page.keyboard.press("Enter")
-```
-## Break complex actions into steps
-```python
-# Instead of drag-and-drop
-async def reliable_drag(page, source, target):
-    # Step 1: Click and hold
-    await page.mouse.move(source["x"], source["y"])
-    await page.mouse.down()
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.2)
-    # Step 2: Move in steps
-    steps = 10
-    for i in range(steps):
-        x = source["x"] + (target["x"] - source["x"]) * i / steps
-        y = source["y"] + (target["y"] - source["y"]) * i / steps
-        await page.mouse.move(x, y)
-        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
-    # Step 3: Release
-    await page.mouse.move(target["x"], target["y"])
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
-    await page.mouse.up()
-```
-## Fall back to DOM access for web
-```python
-# If vision fails, try direct DOM manipulation
-async def robust_select(page, select_selector, value):
-    try:
-        # Try vision approach first
-        await vision_agent.select(select_selector, value)
-    except Exception:
-        # Fall back to direct DOM
-        await page.select_option(select_selector, value=value)
-```
-## Add verification after action
-```python
-async def verified_scroll(page, direction):
-    # Get current scroll position
-    before = await page.evaluate("window.scrollY")
-    # Attempt scroll
-    await page.mouse.wheel(0, 500 if direction == "down" else -500)
-    await asyncio.sleep(0.3)
-    # Verify it worked
-    after = await page.evaluate("window.scrollY")
-    if before == after:
-        # Try alternative method
-        await page.keyboard.press("PageDown" if direction == "down" else "PageUp")
-```
-### Agents Are 2-5x Slower Than Humans
-Severity: MEDIUM
-Situation: Automating any computer task
-Symptoms:
-Task that takes human 1 minute takes agent 3-5 minutes.
-Users complain about speed. Timeouts occur.
-Why this breaks:
-"The technology can be slow compared to human operators, often requiring
-multiple screenshots and analysis cycles."
-Why so slow:
-1. Screenshot capture: 100-500ms
-2. Vision model inference: 1-5 seconds per screenshot
-3. Action execution: 200-500ms
-4. Wait for UI update: 500-1000ms
-5. Total per action: 2-7 seconds
-A task requiring 20 actions takes 40-140 seconds minimum.
-Humans do the same actions in 20-30 seconds.
-Recommended fix:
-## Accept the tradeoff
-Computer use is for:
-- Tasks humans don't want to do (repetitive)
-- Tasks that can run in background
-- Tasks where accuracy > speed
-## Optimize where possible
-```python
-# 1. Reduce screenshot resolution
-SCREEN_SIZE = (1280, 800)  # Not 4K
-# 2. Batch similar actions
-# Instead of: type "hello", wait, type " world"
-await page.type("hello world")
-# 3. Parallelize independent tasks
-# Run multiple sandboxed agents concurrently
-# 4. Cache repeated computations
-# If same screenshot, reuse analysis
-# 5. Use smaller models for simple decisions
-simple_model = "claude-haiku-..."  # For "is task done?"
-complex_model = "claude-sonnet-..."  # For complex reasoning
-```
-## Set realistic expectations
-```python
-# Estimate task duration
-def estimate_duration(task_complexity: str) -> int:
-    """Estimate task duration in seconds."""
-    estimates = {
-        "simple": 30,    # Single page, few actions
-        "medium": 120,   # Multi-page, moderate actions
-        "complex": 300,  # Many pages, complex interactions
-    }
-    return estimates.get(task_complexity, 120)
-# Inform users
-estimated = estimate_duration("medium")
-print(f"Estimated completion: {estimated // 60}m {estimated % 60}s")
-```
-### Screenshots Fill Up Context Window Fast
-Severity: HIGH
-Situation: Long-running computer use tasks
-Symptoms:
-Agent forgets earlier steps. Starts repeating actions.
-Errors increase as task progresses. Costs explode.
-Why this breaks:
-Each screenshot is ~1500-3000 tokens. A task with 30 screenshots
-uses 45,000-90,000 tokens just for images - before any text.
-Claude's context window is finite. When full:
-- Older context gets dropped
-- Agent loses memory of earlier steps
-- Task coherence decreases
-"Getting agents to make consistent progress across multiple context
-windows remains an open problem. The core challenge is that they must
-work in discrete sessions, and each new session begins with no memory
-of what came before." - Anthropic engineering blog
-Recommended fix:
-## Implement context management
-```python
-class ContextManager:
-    """Manage context window usage for computer use."""
-    MAX_SCREENSHOTS = 10  # Keep only recent screenshots
-    MAX_TOKENS = 100000
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.messages = []
-        self.screenshot_count = 0
-    def add_screenshot(self, screenshot_b64: str, description: str):
-        """Add screenshot with automatic pruning."""
-        self.screenshot_count += 1
-        # Keep only recent screenshots
-        if self.screenshot_count > self.MAX_SCREENSHOTS:
-            self._prune_old_screenshots()
-        # Store with description for context
-        self.messages.append({
-            "role": "user",
-            "content": [
-                {"type": "text", "text": description},
-                {"type": "image", "source": {...}}
-            ]
-        })
-    def _prune_old_screenshots(self):
-        """Remove old screenshots, keep text summaries."""
-        new_messages = []
-        screenshots_kept = 0
-        for msg in reversed(self.messages):
-            if self._has_image(msg):
-                if screenshots_kept < self.MAX_SCREENSHOTS:
-                    new_messages.insert(0, msg)
-                    screenshots_kept += 1
-                else:
-                    # Convert to text summary
-                    summary = self._summarize_screenshot(msg)
-                    new_messages.insert(0, {
-                        "role": msg["role"],
-                        "content": summary
-                    })
-            else:
-                new_messages.insert(0, msg)
-        self.messages = new_messages
-    def _summarize_screenshot(self, msg) -> str:
-        """Summarize screenshot to text."""
-        # Extract any text description
-        for content in msg.get("content", []):
-            if content.get("type") == "text":
-                return f"[Previous screenshot: {content['text']}]"
-        return "[Previous screenshot - details pruned]"
-    def add_checkpoint(self):
-        """Create a checkpoint summary."""
-        summary = self._create_progress_summary()
-        self.messages.append({
-            "role": "user",
-            "content": f"CHECKPOINT: {summary}"
-        })
-```
-## Use checkpointing for long tasks
-```python
-async def run_with_checkpoints(task: str, checkpoint_every: int = 10):
-    """Run task with periodic checkpoints."""
-    context = ContextManager()
-    step = 0
-    while not task_complete:
-        step += 1
-        # Take action...
-        if step % checkpoint_every == 0:
-            # Create checkpoint
-            context.add_checkpoint()
-            # Optional: persist to disk
-            save_checkpoint(context, step)
-```
-## Break into subtasks
-```python
-# Instead of one 50-step task:
-subtasks = [
-    "Navigate to the website and login",
-    "Find the settings page",
-    "Update the email address to ...",
-    "Save and verify the change"
-]
-for subtask in subtasks:
-    result = await agent.run(subtask)
-    if not result["success"]:
-        handle_error(subtask, result)
-        break
-```
-### Costs Can Explode Quickly
-Severity: HIGH
-Situation: Running computer use at scale
-Symptoms:
-API bill is 10x higher than expected. Single task costs $5+ instead of $0.50.
-Monthly costs reach thousands of dollars quickly.
-Why this breaks:
-Vision tokens are expensive. Each screenshot:
-- ~2000-3000 tokens per image
-- At $10/million tokens, that's $0.02-0.03 per screenshot
-- Task with 30 screenshots = $0.60-0.90 just for images
-But it compounds:
-- Screenshots accumulate in context
-- Model sees ALL previous screenshots each turn
-- Turn 10 processes 10 screenshots = $0.20-0.30
-- Turn 20 processes 20 screenshots = $0.40-0.60
-- Quadratic growth!
-Complex task: 50 turns × average 25 images in context = 1250 image tokens
-Plus text = could easily hit $5-10 per task.
-Recommended fix:
-## Monitor and limit costs
-```python
-class CostTracker:
-    """Track and limit computer use costs."""
-    # Anthropic pricing (approximate)
-    INPUT_COST_PER_1K = 0.003   # Text
-    OUTPUT_COST_PER_1K = 0.015
-    IMAGE_COST_PER_1K = 0.01    # Roughly
-    def __init__(self, max_cost_per_task: float = 1.0):
-        self.max_cost = max_cost_per_task
-        self.current_cost = 0.0
-        self.total_tokens = 0
-    def add_turn(
-        self,
-        input_tokens: int,
-        output_tokens: int,
-        image_tokens: int
-    ):
-        """Track cost of a single turn."""
-        cost = (
-            input_tokens / 1000 * self.INPUT_COST_PER_1K +
-            output_tokens / 1000 * self.OUTPUT_COST_PER_1K +
-            image_tokens / 1000 * self.IMAGE_COST_PER_1K
-        )
-        self.current_cost += cost
-        self.total_tokens += input_tokens + output_tokens + image_tokens
-        if self.current_cost > self.max_cost:
-            raise CostLimitExceeded(
-                f"Cost limit exceeded: ${self.current_cost:.2f} > ${self.max_cost:.2f}"
-            )
-        return cost
-class CostLimitExceeded(Exception):
-    pass
-# Usage
-tracker = CostTracker(max_cost_per_task=2.0)
-try:
-    for turn in turns:
-        tracker.add_turn(turn.input, turn.output, turn.images)
-except CostLimitExceeded:
-    print("Task aborted due to cost limit")
-```
-## Reduce image costs
-```python
-# 1. Lower resolution
-SCREEN_SIZE = (1024, 768)  # Smaller = fewer tokens
-# 2. JPEG instead of PNG (when quality ok)
-screenshot.save(buffer, format="JPEG", quality=70)
-# 3. Crop to relevant region
-def crop_relevant(screenshot: Image, focus_area: tuple):
-    """Crop to area of interest."""
-    return screenshot.crop(focus_area)
-# 4. Don't include screenshot every turn
-if not needs_visual_update:
-    # Text-only turn
-    messages.append({"role": "user", "content": "Continue..."})
-```
-## Use cheaper models strategically
-```python
-async def tiered_model_selection(task_complexity: str):
-    """Use appropriate model for task."""
-    if task_complexity == "simple":
-        return "claude-haiku-..."  # Cheapest
-    elif task_complexity == "medium":
-        return "claude-sonnet-4-20250514"  # Balanced
-    else:
-        return "claude-opus-4-5-..."  # Best but expensive
-```
-### Running Agent on Your Actual Computer
-Severity: CRITICAL
-Situation: Testing or deploying computer use
-Symptoms:
-Agent deletes important files. Sends emails from your account.
-Posts on social media. Accesses sensitive documents.
-Why this breaks:
-Computer use agents make mistakes. They can:
-- Misinterpret instructions
-- Click wrong buttons
-- Type in wrong fields
-- Follow prompt injection attacks
-Without sandboxing, these mistakes happen on your real system.
-There's no undo for "agent sent email to all contacts" or
-"agent deleted project folder."
-"Autonomous agents that can access external systems and APIs
-introduce new security risks. They may be vulnerable to prompt
-injection attacks, unauthorized access to sensitive data, or
-manipulation by malicious actors."
-Recommended fix:
-## ALWAYS use sandboxing
-```python
-# Minimum viable sandbox: Docker with restrictions
-docker run -it --rm \
-    --security-opt no-new-privileges \
-    --cap-drop ALL \
-    --network none \
-    --read-only \
-    --tmpfs /tmp \
-    --memory 2g \
-    --cpus 1 \
-    computer-use-sandbox
-```
-## Layer your defenses
-```python
-# Defense 1: Docker isolation
-# Defense 2: Non-root user
-# Defense 3: Network restrictions
-# Defense 4: Filesystem restrictions
-# Defense 5: Resource limits
-# Defense 6: Action confirmation
-# Defense 7: Action logging
-@dataclass
-class SandboxConfig:
-    docker_image: str = "computer-use-sandbox:latest"
-    network: str = "none"  # or specific allowlist
-    readonly_root: bool = True
-    max_memory_mb: int = 2048
-    max_cpu: float = 1.0
-    max_runtime_seconds: int = 300
-    require_confirmation: list = field(default_factory=lambda: [
-        "download", "submit", "login", "delete"
-    ])
-    log_all_actions: bool = True
-```
-## Test in isolated environment first
-```python
-class SandboxedTestRunner:
-    """Run tests in throwaway containers."""
-    async def run_test(self, test_task: str) -> dict:
-        # Spin up fresh container
-        container_id = await self.create_container()
-        try:
-            # Run task
-            result = await self.execute_in_container(container_id, test_task)
-            # Capture state for verification
-            state = await self.capture_container_state(container_id)
-            return {
-                "result": result,
-                "final_state": state,
-                "logs": await self.get_logs(container_id)
-            }
-        finally:
-            # Always destroy container
-            await self.destroy_container(container_id)
-```
-## Validation Checks
-### Computer Use Without Sandbox
-Severity: ERROR
-Computer use agents MUST run in sandboxed environments
-Message: Computer use without sandboxing detected. Use Docker containers with restrictions.
-### Sandbox With Full Network Access
-Severity: ERROR
-Sandboxed agents should have restricted network access
-Message: Sandbox has full network access. Use --network=none or specific allowlist.
-### Running as Root in Container
-Severity: ERROR
-Container agents should run as non-root user
-Message: Container running as root. Add --user flag or USER directive in Dockerfile.
-### Container Without Capability Drops
-Severity: WARNING
-Containers should drop unnecessary capabilities
-Message: Container has full capabilities. Add --cap-drop ALL.
-### Container Without Seccomp Profile
-Severity: WARNING
-Containers should use seccomp profiles for syscall filtering
-Message: No security options set. Consider --security-opt seccomp:profile.json
-### No Maximum Step Limit
-Severity: WARNING
-Computer use loops should have maximum step limits
-Message: Infinite loop risk. Add max_steps limit (recommended: 50).
-### No Execution Timeout
-Severity: WARNING
-Computer use should have timeout limits
-Message: No timeout on execution. Add timeout (recommended: 5-10 minutes).
-### Container Without Memory Limit
-Severity: WARNING
-Containers should have memory limits to prevent DoS
-Message: No memory limit on container. Add --memory 2g or similar.
-### No Cost Tracking
-Severity: WARNING
-Computer use should track API costs
-Message: No cost tracking. Monitor token usage to prevent bill surprises.
-### No Maximum Cost Limit
-Severity: INFO
-Consider adding cost limits per task
-Message: Consider adding max_cost_per_task to prevent expensive runaway tasks.
-## Collaboration
-### Delegation Triggers
-- user needs web-only automation -> browser-automation (Playwright/Selenium more efficient for web)
-- user needs security review -> security-specialist (Review sandboxing, prompt injection defenses)
-- user needs container orchestration -> devops (Kubernetes, Docker Swarm for scaling)
-- user needs vision model optimization -> llm-architect (Model selection, prompt engineering)
-- user needs multi-agent coordination -> multi-agent-orchestration (Multiple computer use agents working together)
+Read [the detailed guide](references/detailed-guide.md) before executing this skill. It retains the complete procedure and reference material. Treat its safety, prerequisites, and validation requirements as mandatory. For focused work, load the relevant sections; for end-to-end work, read the guide completely.
 ## When to Use
 - User mentions or implies: computer use