@needle-tools/engine 4.7.1 → 4.7.2-alpha

package/src/engine-components/Camera.ts

@@ -1,720 +1,720 @@
-import { Color, EquirectangularReflectionMapping, Euler, Frustum, Matrix4, OrthographicCamera, PerspectiveCamera, Ray, Vector3 } from "three";
-import { Texture } from "three";
-
-import { showBalloonMessage } from "../engine/debug/index.js";
-import { Gizmos } from "../engine/engine_gizmos.js";
-import { serializable } from "../engine/engine_serialization_decorator.js";
-import { Context } from "../engine/engine_setup.js";
-import { RenderTexture } from "../engine/engine_texture.js";
-import { getTempColor, getWorldPosition } from "../engine/engine_three_utils.js";
-import type { ICamera } from "../engine/engine_types.js"
-import { getParam } from "../engine/engine_utils.js";
-import { RGBAColor } from "../engine/js-extensions/index.js";
-import { Behaviour, GameObject } from "./Component.js";
-import { OrbitControls } from "./OrbitControls.js";
-
-/**  
- * The ClearFlags enum is used to determine how the camera clears the background 
- */
-export enum ClearFlags {
-    /** Don't clear the background */
-    None = 0,
-    /** Clear the background with a skybox */
-    Skybox = 1,
-    /** Clear the background with a solid color. The alpha channel of the color determines the transparency */
-    SolidColor = 2,
-    /** Clear the background with a transparent color */
-    Uninitialized = 4,
-}
-
-const debug = getParam("debugcam");
-const debugscreenpointtoray = getParam("debugscreenpointtoray");
-
-/**
- * Camera component that handles rendering from a specific viewpoint in the scene.
- * Supports both perspective and orthographic cameras with various rendering options.
- * Internally, this component uses {@link PerspectiveCamera} and {@link OrthographicCamera} three.js objects.
- * 
- * @category Camera Controls
- * @group Components
- */
-export class Camera extends Behaviour implements ICamera {
-
-    /**
-     * Returns whether this component is a camera
-     * @returns {boolean} Always returns true
-     */
-    get isCamera() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /** 
-     * Gets or sets the camera's aspect ratio (width divided by height).
-     * For perspective cameras, this directly affects the camera's projection matrix.
-     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
-     */
-    get aspect(): number {
-        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) return this._cam.aspect;
-        return (this.context.domWidth / this.context.domHeight);
-    }
-    @serializable()
-    set aspect(value: number) {
-        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
-            if (this._cam.aspect !== value) {
-                this._cam.aspect = value;
-                this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the camera's field of view in degrees for perspective cameras.
-     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
-     */
-    get fieldOfView(): number | undefined {
-        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
-            return this._cam.fov;
-        }
-        return this._fov;
-    }
-    @serializable()
-    set fieldOfView(val: number | undefined) {
-        const changed = this.fieldOfView != val;
-        this._fov = val;
-        if (changed && this._cam) {
-            if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
-                if (this._fov === undefined) {
-                    console.warn("Can not set undefined fov on PerspectiveCamera");
-                    return;
-                }
-                this._cam.fov = this._fov;
-                this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the camera's near clipping plane distance.
-     * Objects closer than this distance won't be rendered.
-     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
-     */
-    get nearClipPlane(): number { return this._nearClipPlane; }
-    @serializable()
-    set nearClipPlane(val) {
-        const changed = this._nearClipPlane != val;
-        this._nearClipPlane = val;
-        if (this._cam && (changed || this._cam.near != val)) {
-            this._cam.near = val;
-            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-        }
-    }
-    private _nearClipPlane: number = 0.1;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the camera's far clipping plane distance.
-     * Objects farther than this distance won't be rendered.
-     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
-     */
-    get farClipPlane(): number { return this._farClipPlane; }
-    @serializable()
-    set farClipPlane(val) {
-        const changed = this._farClipPlane != val;
-        this._farClipPlane = val;
-        if (this._cam && (changed || this._cam.far != val)) {
-            this._cam.far = val;
-            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-        }
-    }
-    private _farClipPlane: number = 1000;
-
-    /**
-     * Applies both the camera's near and far clipping planes and updates the projection matrix.
-     * This ensures rendering occurs only within the specified distance range.
-     */
-    applyClippingPlane() {
-        if (this._cam) {
-            this._cam.near = this._nearClipPlane;
-            this._cam.far = this._farClipPlane;
-            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the camera's clear flags that determine how the background is rendered.
-     * Options include skybox, solid color, or transparent background.
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public get clearFlags(): ClearFlags {
-        return this._clearFlags;
-    }
-    public set clearFlags(val: ClearFlags | "skybox" | "solidcolor") {
-
-        if (typeof val === "string") {
-            switch (val) {
-                case "skybox":
-                    val = ClearFlags.Skybox;
-                    break;
-                case "solidcolor":
-                    val = ClearFlags.SolidColor;
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    val = ClearFlags.None;
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (val === this._clearFlags) return;
-        this._clearFlags = val;
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if the camera should use orthographic projection instead of perspective.
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public orthographic: boolean = false;
-
-    /**
-     * The size of the orthographic camera's view volume when in orthographic mode.
-     * Larger values show more of the scene.
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public orthographicSize: number = 5;
-
-    /**
-     * Controls the transparency level of the camera background in AR mode on supported devices.
-     * Value from 0 (fully transparent) to 1 (fully opaque).
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public ARBackgroundAlpha: number = 0;
-
-    /** 
-     * Gets or sets the layers mask that determines which objects this camera will render.
-     * Uses the {@link https://threejs.org/docs/#api/en/core/Layers.mask|three.js layers mask} convention.
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public set cullingMask(val: number) {
-        this._cullingMask = val;
-        if (this._cam) {
-            this._cam.layers.mask = val;
-        }
-    }
-    public get cullingMask(): number {
-        if (this._cam) return this._cam.layers.mask;
-        return this._cullingMask;
-    }
-    private _cullingMask: number = 0xffffffff;
-
-    /**
-     * Sets only a specific layer to be active for rendering by this camera.
-     * This is equivalent to calling `layers.set(val)` on the three.js camera object.
-     * @param val The layer index to set active
-     */
-    public set cullingLayer(val: number) {
-        this.cullingMask = (1 << val | 0) >>> 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the blurriness of the skybox background.
-     * Values range from 0 (sharp) to 1 (maximum blur).
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public set backgroundBlurriness(val: number | undefined) {
-        if (val === this._backgroundBlurriness) return;
-        if (val === undefined)
-            this._backgroundBlurriness = undefined;
-        else
-            this._backgroundBlurriness = Math.min(Math.max(val, 0), 1);
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-    }
-    public get backgroundBlurriness(): number | undefined {
-        return this._backgroundBlurriness;
-    }
-    private _backgroundBlurriness?: number = undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the intensity of the skybox background.
-     * Values range from 0 (dark) to 10 (very bright).
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public set backgroundIntensity(val: number | undefined) {
-        if (val === this._backgroundIntensity) return;
-        if (val === undefined)
-            this._backgroundIntensity = undefined;
-        else
-            this._backgroundIntensity = Math.min(Math.max(val, 0), 10);
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-    }
-    public get backgroundIntensity(): number | undefined {
-        return this._backgroundIntensity;
-    }
-    private _backgroundIntensity?: number = undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the rotation of the skybox background.
-     * Controls the orientation of the environment map.
-     */
-    @serializable(Euler)
-    public set backgroundRotation(val: Euler | undefined) {
-        if (val === this._backgroundRotation) return;
-        if (val === undefined)
-            this._backgroundRotation = undefined;
-        else
-            this._backgroundRotation = val;
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-    }
-    public get backgroundRotation(): Euler | undefined {
-        return this._backgroundRotation;
-    }
-    private _backgroundRotation?: Euler = undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the intensity of the environment lighting.
-     * Controls how strongly the environment map affects scene lighting.
-     */
-    @serializable()
-    public set environmentIntensity(val: number | undefined) {
-        this._environmentIntensity = val;
-    }
-    public get environmentIntensity(): number | undefined {
-        return this._environmentIntensity;
-    }
-    private _environmentIntensity?: number = undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the background color of the camera when {@link ClearFlags} is set to {@link ClearFlags.SolidColor}.
-     * The alpha component controls transparency.
-     */
-    @serializable(RGBAColor)
-    public get backgroundColor(): RGBAColor | null {
-        return this._backgroundColor ?? null;
-    }
-    public set backgroundColor(val: RGBAColor | Color | null) {
-        if (!val) return;
-        if (!this._backgroundColor) {
-            this._backgroundColor = new RGBAColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
-        }
-
-        this._backgroundColor.copy(val);
-
-        // set background color to solid if provided color doesnt have any alpha channel
-        if ((!("alpha" in val) || val.alpha === undefined)) {
-            this._backgroundColor.alpha = 1;
-        }
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets or sets the texture that the camera should render to instead of the screen.
-     * Useful for creating effects like mirrors, portals or custom post processing.
-     */
-    @serializable(RenderTexture)
-    public set targetTexture(rt: RenderTexture | null) {
-        this._targetTexture = rt;
-    }
-    public get targetTexture(): RenderTexture | null {
-        return this._targetTexture;
-    }
-    private _targetTexture: RenderTexture | null = null;
-
-    private _backgroundColor?: RGBAColor;
-    private _fov?: number;
-    private _cam: PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null = null;
-    private _clearFlags: ClearFlags = ClearFlags.SolidColor;
-    private _skybox?: CameraSkybox;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the three.js camera object. Creates one if it doesn't exist yet.
-     * @returns {PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera} The three.js camera object
-     * @deprecated Use {@link threeCamera} instead
-     */
-    public get cam(): PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera {
-        return this.threeCamera;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the three.js camera object. Creates one if it doesn't exist yet.
-     * @returns {PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera} The three.js camera object
-     */
-    public get threeCamera(): PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera {
-        if (this.activeAndEnabled)
-            this.buildCamera();
-        return this._cam!;
-    }
-
-    private static _origin: Vector3 = new Vector3();
-    private static _direction: Vector3 = new Vector3();
-
-    /**
-     * Converts screen coordinates to a ray in world space.
-     * Useful for implementing picking or raycasting from screen to world.
-     * 
-     * @param x The x screen coordinate
-     * @param y The y screen coordinate
-     * @param ray Optional ray object to reuse instead of creating a new one
-     * @returns {Ray} A ray originating from the camera position pointing through the screen point
-     */
-    public screenPointToRay(x: number, y: number, ray?: Ray): Ray {
-        const cam = this.threeCamera;
-        const origin = Camera._origin;
-        origin.set(x, y, -1);
-        this.context.input.convertScreenspaceToRaycastSpace(origin);
-        if (debugscreenpointtoray) console.log("screenPointToRay", x.toFixed(2), y.toFixed(2), "now:", origin.x.toFixed(2), origin.y.toFixed(2), "isInXR:" + this.context.isInXR);
-        origin.z = -1;
-        origin.unproject(cam);
-        const dir = Camera._direction.set(origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
-        const camPosition = getWorldPosition(cam);
-        dir.sub(camPosition);
-        dir.normalize();
-        if (ray) {
-            ray.set(camPosition, dir);
-            return ray;
-        }
-        else {
-            return new Ray(camPosition.clone(), dir.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private _frustum?: Frustum;
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the camera's view frustum for culling and visibility checks.
-     * Creates the frustum if it doesn't exist and returns it.
-     * 
-     * @returns {Frustum} The camera's view frustum
-     */
-    public getFrustum(): Frustum {
-        if (!this._frustum) {
-            this._frustum = new Frustum();
-            this.updateFrustum();
-        }
-        return this._frustum;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Forces an update of the camera's frustum.
-     * This is automatically called every frame in onBeforeRender.
-     */
-    public updateFrustum() {
-        if (!this._frustum) this._frustum = new Frustum();
-        this._frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(this.getProjectionScreenMatrix(this._projScreenMatrix, true), this.context.renderer.coordinateSystem);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets this camera's projection-screen matrix.
-     * 
-     * @param target Matrix4 object to store the result in
-     * @param forceUpdate Whether to force recalculation of the matrix
-     * @returns {Matrix4} The requested projection screen matrix
-     */
-    public getProjectionScreenMatrix(target: Matrix4, forceUpdate?: boolean) {
-        if (forceUpdate) {
-            this._projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices(this.threeCamera.projectionMatrix, this.threeCamera.matrixWorldInverse);
-        }
-        if (target === this._projScreenMatrix) return target;
-        return target.copy(this._projScreenMatrix);
-    }
-    private readonly _projScreenMatrix = new Matrix4();
-
-    /** @internal */
-    awake() {
-        if (debugscreenpointtoray) {
-            window.addEventListener("pointerdown", evt => {
-                const px = evt.clientX;
-                const py = evt.clientY;
-                console.log("touch", px.toFixed(2), py.toFixed(2))
-                const ray = this.screenPointToRay(px, py);
-                const randomHex = "#" + Math.floor(Math.random() * 16777215).toString(16);
-                Gizmos.DrawRay(ray.origin, ray.direction, randomHex, 10);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** @internal */
-    onEnable(): void {
-        if (debug) console.log(`Camera enabled: \"${this.name}\". ClearFlags=${ClearFlags[this._clearFlags]}`, this);
-        this.buildCamera();
-        if (this.tag == "MainCamera" || !this.context.mainCameraComponent) {
-            this.context.setCurrentCamera(this);
-            handleFreeCam(this);
-        }
-        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera({ applySkybox: true });
-    }
-
-    /** @internal */
-    onDisable() {
-        this.context.removeCamera(this);
-    }
-
-
-    /** @internal */
-    onBeforeRender() {
-        if (this._cam) {
-
-            if (this._frustum) {
-                this.updateFrustum();
-            }
-
-            // because the background color may be animated!
-            if (this._clearFlags === ClearFlags.SolidColor)
-                this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
-
-            if (this._targetTexture) {
-                if (this.context.isManagedExternally) {
-                    // TODO: rendering with r3f renderer does throw an shader error for some reason?
-                    if (!this["_warnedAboutExternalRenderer"]) {
-                        this["_warnedAboutExternalRenderer"] = true;
-                        console.warn("Rendering with external renderer is not supported yet. This may not work or throw errors. Please remove the the target texture from your camera: " + this.name, this.targetTexture)
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // TODO: optimize to not render twice if this is already the main camera. In that case we just want to blit
-                const composer = this.context.composer;
-                const useNormalRenderer = true;// this.context.isInXR || !composer;
-                const renderer = useNormalRenderer ? this.context.renderer : composer;
-                if (renderer) {
-                    // TODO: we should do this in onBeforeRender for the main camera only
-                    const mainCam = this.context.mainCameraComponent;
-                    this.applyClearFlags();
-                    this._targetTexture.render(this.context.scene, this._cam, renderer);
-                    mainCam?.applyClearFlags();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** 
-     * Creates a three.js camera object if it doesn't exist yet and sets its properties.
-     * This is called internally when accessing the {@link threeCamera} property.
-     */
-    buildCamera() {
-        if (this._cam) return;
-
-        const cameraAlreadyCreated = this.gameObject["isCamera"];
-
-        // TODO: when exporting from blender we already have a camera in the children
-        let cam: PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null = null;
-        if (cameraAlreadyCreated) {
-            cam = this.gameObject as any;
-            cam?.layers.enableAll();
-            if (cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera)
-                this._fov = cam.fov;
-        }
-        else
-            cam = this.gameObject.children[0] as PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null;
-        if (cam && cam.isCamera) {
-            if (cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
-                if (this._fov)
-                    cam.fov = this._fov;
-                cam.near = this._nearClipPlane;
-                cam.far = this._farClipPlane;
-                cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
-            }
-        }
-        else if (!this.orthographic) {
-            cam = new PerspectiveCamera(this.fieldOfView, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, this._nearClipPlane, this._farClipPlane);
-            if (this.fieldOfView)
-                cam.fov = this.fieldOfView;
-            this.gameObject.add(cam);
-        }
-        else {
-            const factor = this.orthographicSize * 100;
-            cam = new OrthographicCamera(window.innerWidth / -factor, window.innerWidth / factor, window.innerHeight / factor, window.innerHeight / -factor, this._nearClipPlane, this._farClipPlane);
-            this.gameObject.add(cam);
-        }
-        this._cam = cam;
-
-        this._cam.layers.mask = this._cullingMask;
-
-        if (this.tag == "MainCamera") {
-            this.context.setCurrentCamera(this);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Applies clear flags if this is the active main camera.
-     * @param opts Options for applying clear flags
-     */
-    applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera(opts?: { applySkybox: boolean }) {
-        if (this.context.mainCameraComponent === this) {
-            this.applyClearFlags(opts);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Applies this camera's clear flags and related settings to the renderer.
-     * This controls how the background is rendered (skybox, solid color, transparent).
-     * @param opts Options for applying clear flags
-     */
-    applyClearFlags(opts?: { applySkybox: boolean }) {
-        if (!this._cam) {
-            if (debug) console.log("Camera does not exist (apply clear flags)")
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // restore previous fov (e.g. when user was in VR or AR and the camera's fov has changed)
-        this.fieldOfView = this._fov;
-
-        if (debug) {
-            const msg = `[Camera] Apply ClearFlags: ${ClearFlags[this._clearFlags]} - \"${this.name}\"`;
-            console.debug(msg);
-        }
-
-        const hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute = this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-image") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-color");
-
-        switch (this._clearFlags) {
-            case ClearFlags.None:
-                return;
-
-            case ClearFlags.Skybox:
-                if (Camera.backgroundShouldBeTransparent(this.context)) {
-                    if (!this.ARBackgroundAlpha || this.ARBackgroundAlpha < 0.001) {
-                        this.context.scene.background = null;
-                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
-                        return;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // apply the skybox only if it is not already set or if it's the first time (e.g. if the _skybox is not set yet)
-                if (!this.scene.background || !this._skybox || opts?.applySkybox === true)
-                    this.applySceneSkybox();
-
-                // set background blurriness and intensity
-                if (this._backgroundBlurriness !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-blurriness"))
-                    this.context.scene.backgroundBlurriness = this._backgroundBlurriness;
-                else if (debug) console.warn(`Camera \"${this.name}\" has no background blurriness`)
-
-                if (this._backgroundIntensity !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-intensity"))
-                    this.context.scene.backgroundIntensity = this._backgroundIntensity;
-
-                if (this._backgroundRotation !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-rotation"))
-                    this.context.scene.backgroundRotation = this._backgroundRotation;
-
-                else if (debug) console.warn(`Camera \"${this.name}\" has no background intensity`)
-
-                break;
-            case ClearFlags.SolidColor:
-                if (this._backgroundColor && !hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute) {
-                    let alpha = this._backgroundColor.alpha;
-                    // when in WebXR use ar background alpha override or set to 0
-                    if (Camera.backgroundShouldBeTransparent(this.context)) {
-                        alpha = this.ARBackgroundAlpha ?? 0;
-                    }
-                    this.context.scene.background = null;
-                    // In WebXR VR the background colorspace is wrong
-                    if (this.context.xr?.isVR) {
-                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(getTempColor(this._backgroundColor).convertLinearToSRGB());
-                    } else {
-                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(this._backgroundColor, alpha);
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (!this._backgroundColor) {
-                    if (debug) console.warn(`[Camera] has no background color \"${this.name}\" `)
-                }
-                break;
-            case ClearFlags.Uninitialized:
-                if (!hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute) {
-                    this.context.scene.background = null
-                    this.context.renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
-                }
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Applies the skybox texture to the scene background.
-     */
-    applySceneSkybox() {
-        if (!this._skybox)
-            this._skybox = new CameraSkybox(this);
-        this._skybox.apply();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if the background should be transparent when in passthrough AR mode.
-     * 
-     * @param context The current rendering context
-     * @returns {boolean} True when in XR on a pass through device where the background should be invisible
-     */
-    static backgroundShouldBeTransparent(context: Context) {
-        const session = context.renderer.xr?.getSession();
-        if (!session) return false;
-        if (typeof session["_transparent"] === "boolean") {
-            return session["_transparent"];
-        }
-        const environmentBlendMode = session.environmentBlendMode;
-        if (debug)
-            showBalloonMessage("Environment blend mode: " + environmentBlendMode + " on " + navigator.userAgent);
-        let transparent = environmentBlendMode === 'additive' || environmentBlendMode === 'alpha-blend';
-        if (context.isInAR) {
-            if (environmentBlendMode === "opaque") {
-                // workaround for Quest 2 returning opaque when it should be alpha-blend
-                // check user agent if this is the Quest browser and return true if so
-                if (navigator.userAgent?.includes("OculusBrowser")) {
-                    transparent = true;
-                }
-                // Mozilla WebXR Viewer
-                else if (navigator.userAgent?.includes("Mozilla") && navigator.userAgent?.includes("Mobile WebXRViewer/v2")) {
-                    transparent = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        session["_transparent"] = transparent;
-        return transparent;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Helper class for managing skybox textures for cameras.
- * Handles retrieving and applying skybox textures to the scene.
- */
-class CameraSkybox {
-
-    private _camera: Camera;
-    private _skybox?: Texture;
-
-    get context() { return this._camera?.context; }
-
-    constructor(camera: Camera) {
-        this._camera = camera;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Applies the skybox texture to the scene background.
-     * Retrieves the texture based on the camera's source ID.
-     */
-    apply() {
-        this._skybox = this.context.lightmaps.tryGetSkybox(this._camera.sourceId) as Texture;
-        if (!this._skybox) {
-            if (!this["_did_log_failed_to_find_skybox"]) {
-                this["_did_log_failed_to_find_skybox"] = true;
-                console.warn(`Camera \"${this._camera.name}\" has no skybox texture. ${this._camera.sourceId}`);
-            }
-        }
-        else if (this.context.scene.background !== this._skybox) {
-
-            const hasBackgroundAttribute = this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-image") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-color") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("skybox-image");
-
-            if (debug) console.debug(`[Camera] Apply Skybox ${this._skybox?.name} ${hasBackgroundAttribute} - \"${this._camera.name}\"`);
-            if (!hasBackgroundAttribute?.length) {
-                this._skybox.mapping = EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
-                this.context.scene.background = this._skybox;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Adds orbit controls to the camera if the freecam URL parameter is enabled.
- * 
- * @param cam The camera to potentially add orbit controls to
- */
-function handleFreeCam(cam: Camera) {
-    const isFreecam = getParam("freecam");
-    if (isFreecam) {
-        if (cam.context.mainCameraComponent === cam) {
-            GameObject.getOrAddComponent(cam.gameObject, OrbitControls);
-        }
-    }
+import { Color, EquirectangularReflectionMapping, Euler, Frustum, Matrix4, OrthographicCamera, PerspectiveCamera, Ray, Vector3 } from "three";
+import { Texture } from "three";
+
+import { showBalloonMessage } from "../engine/debug/index.js";
+import { Gizmos } from "../engine/engine_gizmos.js";
+import { serializable } from "../engine/engine_serialization_decorator.js";
+import { Context } from "../engine/engine_setup.js";
+import { RenderTexture } from "../engine/engine_texture.js";
+import { getTempColor, getWorldPosition } from "../engine/engine_three_utils.js";
+import type { ICamera } from "../engine/engine_types.js"
+import { getParam } from "../engine/engine_utils.js";
+import { RGBAColor } from "../engine/js-extensions/index.js";
+import { Behaviour, GameObject } from "./Component.js";
+import { OrbitControls } from "./OrbitControls.js";
+
+/**  
+ * The ClearFlags enum is used to determine how the camera clears the background 
+ */
+export enum ClearFlags {
+    /** Don't clear the background */
+    None = 0,
+    /** Clear the background with a skybox */
+    Skybox = 1,
+    /** Clear the background with a solid color. The alpha channel of the color determines the transparency */
+    SolidColor = 2,
+    /** Clear the background with a transparent color */
+    Uninitialized = 4,
+}
+
+const debug = getParam("debugcam");
+const debugscreenpointtoray = getParam("debugscreenpointtoray");
+
+/**
+ * Camera component that handles rendering from a specific viewpoint in the scene.
+ * Supports both perspective and orthographic cameras with various rendering options.
+ * Internally, this component uses {@link PerspectiveCamera} and {@link OrthographicCamera} three.js objects.
+ * 
+ * @category Camera Controls
+ * @group Components
+ */
+export class Camera extends Behaviour implements ICamera {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether this component is a camera
+     * @returns {boolean} Always returns true
+     */
+    get isCamera() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * Gets or sets the camera's aspect ratio (width divided by height).
+     * For perspective cameras, this directly affects the camera's projection matrix.
+     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
+     */
+    get aspect(): number {
+        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) return this._cam.aspect;
+        return (this.context.domWidth / this.context.domHeight);
+    }
+    @serializable()
+    set aspect(value: number) {
+        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
+            if (this._cam.aspect !== value) {
+                this._cam.aspect = value;
+                this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the camera's field of view in degrees for perspective cameras.
+     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
+     */
+    get fieldOfView(): number | undefined {
+        if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
+            return this._cam.fov;
+        }
+        return this._fov;
+    }
+    @serializable()
+    set fieldOfView(val: number | undefined) {
+        const changed = this.fieldOfView != val;
+        this._fov = val;
+        if (changed && this._cam) {
+            if (this._cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
+                if (this._fov === undefined) {
+                    console.warn("Can not set undefined fov on PerspectiveCamera");
+                    return;
+                }
+                this._cam.fov = this._fov;
+                this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the camera's near clipping plane distance.
+     * Objects closer than this distance won't be rendered.
+     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
+     */
+    get nearClipPlane(): number { return this._nearClipPlane; }
+    @serializable()
+    set nearClipPlane(val) {
+        const changed = this._nearClipPlane != val;
+        this._nearClipPlane = val;
+        if (this._cam && (changed || this._cam.near != val)) {
+            this._cam.near = val;
+            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+        }
+    }
+    private _nearClipPlane: number = 0.1;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the camera's far clipping plane distance.
+     * Objects farther than this distance won't be rendered.
+     * When set, automatically updates the projection matrix.
+     */
+    get farClipPlane(): number { return this._farClipPlane; }
+    @serializable()
+    set farClipPlane(val) {
+        const changed = this._farClipPlane != val;
+        this._farClipPlane = val;
+        if (this._cam && (changed || this._cam.far != val)) {
+            this._cam.far = val;
+            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+        }
+    }
+    private _farClipPlane: number = 1000;
+
+    /**
+     * Applies both the camera's near and far clipping planes and updates the projection matrix.
+     * This ensures rendering occurs only within the specified distance range.
+     */
+    applyClippingPlane() {
+        if (this._cam) {
+            this._cam.near = this._nearClipPlane;
+            this._cam.far = this._farClipPlane;
+            this._cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the camera's clear flags that determine how the background is rendered.
+     * Options include skybox, solid color, or transparent background.
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public get clearFlags(): ClearFlags {
+        return this._clearFlags;
+    }
+    public set clearFlags(val: ClearFlags | "skybox" | "solidcolor") {
+
+        if (typeof val === "string") {
+            switch (val) {
+                case "skybox":
+                    val = ClearFlags.Skybox;
+                    break;
+                case "solidcolor":
+                    val = ClearFlags.SolidColor;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    val = ClearFlags.None;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (val === this._clearFlags) return;
+        this._clearFlags = val;
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the camera should use orthographic projection instead of perspective.
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public orthographic: boolean = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The size of the orthographic camera's view volume when in orthographic mode.
+     * Larger values show more of the scene.
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public orthographicSize: number = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * Controls the transparency level of the camera background in AR mode on supported devices.
+     * Value from 0 (fully transparent) to 1 (fully opaque).
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public ARBackgroundAlpha: number = 0;
+
+    /** 
+     * Gets or sets the layers mask that determines which objects this camera will render.
+     * Uses the {@link https://threejs.org/docs/#api/en/core/Layers.mask|three.js layers mask} convention.
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public set cullingMask(val: number) {
+        this._cullingMask = val;
+        if (this._cam) {
+            this._cam.layers.mask = val;
+        }
+    }
+    public get cullingMask(): number {
+        if (this._cam) return this._cam.layers.mask;
+        return this._cullingMask;
+    }
+    private _cullingMask: number = 0xffffffff;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets only a specific layer to be active for rendering by this camera.
+     * This is equivalent to calling `layers.set(val)` on the three.js camera object.
+     * @param val The layer index to set active
+     */
+    public set cullingLayer(val: number) {
+        this.cullingMask = (1 << val | 0) >>> 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the blurriness of the skybox background.
+     * Values range from 0 (sharp) to 1 (maximum blur).
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public set backgroundBlurriness(val: number | undefined) {
+        if (val === this._backgroundBlurriness) return;
+        if (val === undefined)
+            this._backgroundBlurriness = undefined;
+        else
+            this._backgroundBlurriness = Math.min(Math.max(val, 0), 1);
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+    }
+    public get backgroundBlurriness(): number | undefined {
+        return this._backgroundBlurriness;
+    }
+    private _backgroundBlurriness?: number = undefined;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the intensity of the skybox background.
+     * Values range from 0 (dark) to 10 (very bright).
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public set backgroundIntensity(val: number | undefined) {
+        if (val === this._backgroundIntensity) return;
+        if (val === undefined)
+            this._backgroundIntensity = undefined;
+        else
+            this._backgroundIntensity = Math.min(Math.max(val, 0), 10);
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+    }
+    public get backgroundIntensity(): number | undefined {
+        return this._backgroundIntensity;
+    }
+    private _backgroundIntensity?: number = undefined;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the rotation of the skybox background.
+     * Controls the orientation of the environment map.
+     */
+    @serializable(Euler)
+    public set backgroundRotation(val: Euler | undefined) {
+        if (val === this._backgroundRotation) return;
+        if (val === undefined)
+            this._backgroundRotation = undefined;
+        else
+            this._backgroundRotation = val;
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+    }
+    public get backgroundRotation(): Euler | undefined {
+        return this._backgroundRotation;
+    }
+    private _backgroundRotation?: Euler = undefined;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the intensity of the environment lighting.
+     * Controls how strongly the environment map affects scene lighting.
+     */
+    @serializable()
+    public set environmentIntensity(val: number | undefined) {
+        this._environmentIntensity = val;
+    }
+    public get environmentIntensity(): number | undefined {
+        return this._environmentIntensity;
+    }
+    private _environmentIntensity?: number = undefined;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the background color of the camera when {@link ClearFlags} is set to {@link ClearFlags.SolidColor}.
+     * The alpha component controls transparency.
+     */
+    @serializable(RGBAColor)
+    public get backgroundColor(): RGBAColor | null {
+        return this._backgroundColor ?? null;
+    }
+    public set backgroundColor(val: RGBAColor | Color | null) {
+        if (!val) return;
+        if (!this._backgroundColor) {
+            this._backgroundColor = new RGBAColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
+        }
+
+        this._backgroundColor.copy(val);
+
+        // set background color to solid if provided color doesnt have any alpha channel
+        if ((!("alpha" in val) || val.alpha === undefined)) {
+            this._backgroundColor.alpha = 1;
+        }
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or sets the texture that the camera should render to instead of the screen.
+     * Useful for creating effects like mirrors, portals or custom post processing.
+     */
+    @serializable(RenderTexture)
+    public set targetTexture(rt: RenderTexture | null) {
+        this._targetTexture = rt;
+    }
+    public get targetTexture(): RenderTexture | null {
+        return this._targetTexture;
+    }
+    private _targetTexture: RenderTexture | null = null;
+
+    private _backgroundColor?: RGBAColor;
+    private _fov?: number;
+    private _cam: PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null = null;
+    private _clearFlags: ClearFlags = ClearFlags.SolidColor;
+    private _skybox?: CameraSkybox;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the three.js camera object. Creates one if it doesn't exist yet.
+     * @returns {PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera} The three.js camera object
+     * @deprecated Use {@link threeCamera} instead
+     */
+    public get cam(): PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera {
+        return this.threeCamera;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the three.js camera object. Creates one if it doesn't exist yet.
+     * @returns {PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera} The three.js camera object
+     */
+    public get threeCamera(): PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera {
+        if (this.activeAndEnabled)
+            this.buildCamera();
+        return this._cam!;
+    }
+
+    private static _origin: Vector3 = new Vector3();
+    private static _direction: Vector3 = new Vector3();
+
+    /**
+     * Converts screen coordinates to a ray in world space.
+     * Useful for implementing picking or raycasting from screen to world.
+     * 
+     * @param x The x screen coordinate
+     * @param y The y screen coordinate
+     * @param ray Optional ray object to reuse instead of creating a new one
+     * @returns {Ray} A ray originating from the camera position pointing through the screen point
+     */
+    public screenPointToRay(x: number, y: number, ray?: Ray): Ray {
+        const cam = this.threeCamera;
+        const origin = Camera._origin;
+        origin.set(x, y, -1);
+        this.context.input.convertScreenspaceToRaycastSpace(origin);
+        if (debugscreenpointtoray) console.log("screenPointToRay", x.toFixed(2), y.toFixed(2), "now:", origin.x.toFixed(2), origin.y.toFixed(2), "isInXR:" + this.context.isInXR);
+        origin.z = -1;
+        origin.unproject(cam);
+        const dir = Camera._direction.set(origin.x, origin.y, origin.z);
+        const camPosition = getWorldPosition(cam);
+        dir.sub(camPosition);
+        dir.normalize();
+        if (ray) {
+            ray.set(camPosition, dir);
+            return ray;
+        }
+        else {
+            return new Ray(camPosition.clone(), dir.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private _frustum?: Frustum;
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the camera's view frustum for culling and visibility checks.
+     * Creates the frustum if it doesn't exist and returns it.
+     * 
+     * @returns {Frustum} The camera's view frustum
+     */
+    public getFrustum(): Frustum {
+        if (!this._frustum) {
+            this._frustum = new Frustum();
+            this.updateFrustum();
+        }
+        return this._frustum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces an update of the camera's frustum.
+     * This is automatically called every frame in onBeforeRender.
+     */
+    public updateFrustum() {
+        if (!this._frustum) this._frustum = new Frustum();
+        this._frustum.setFromProjectionMatrix(this.getProjectionScreenMatrix(this._projScreenMatrix, true), this.context.renderer.coordinateSystem);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets this camera's projection-screen matrix.
+     * 
+     * @param target Matrix4 object to store the result in
+     * @param forceUpdate Whether to force recalculation of the matrix
+     * @returns {Matrix4} The requested projection screen matrix
+     */
+    public getProjectionScreenMatrix(target: Matrix4, forceUpdate?: boolean) {
+        if (forceUpdate) {
+            this._projScreenMatrix.multiplyMatrices(this.threeCamera.projectionMatrix, this.threeCamera.matrixWorldInverse);
+        }
+        if (target === this._projScreenMatrix) return target;
+        return target.copy(this._projScreenMatrix);
+    }
+    private readonly _projScreenMatrix = new Matrix4();
+
+    /** @internal */
+    awake() {
+        if (debugscreenpointtoray) {
+            window.addEventListener("pointerdown", evt => {
+                const px = evt.clientX;
+                const py = evt.clientY;
+                console.log("touch", px.toFixed(2), py.toFixed(2))
+                const ray = this.screenPointToRay(px, py);
+                const randomHex = "#" + Math.floor(Math.random() * 16777215).toString(16);
+                Gizmos.DrawRay(ray.origin, ray.direction, randomHex, 10);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @internal */
+    onEnable(): void {
+        if (debug) console.log(`Camera enabled: \"${this.name}\". ClearFlags=${ClearFlags[this._clearFlags]}`, this);
+        this.buildCamera();
+        if (this.tag == "MainCamera" || !this.context.mainCameraComponent) {
+            this.context.setCurrentCamera(this);
+            handleFreeCam(this);
+        }
+        this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera({ applySkybox: true });
+    }
+
+    /** @internal */
+    onDisable() {
+        this.context.removeCamera(this);
+    }
+
+
+    /** @internal */
+    onBeforeRender() {
+        if (this._cam) {
+
+            if (this._frustum) {
+                this.updateFrustum();
+            }
+
+            // because the background color may be animated!
+            if (this._clearFlags === ClearFlags.SolidColor)
+                this.applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera();
+
+            if (this._targetTexture) {
+                if (this.context.isManagedExternally) {
+                    // TODO: rendering with r3f renderer does throw an shader error for some reason?
+                    if (!this["_warnedAboutExternalRenderer"]) {
+                        this["_warnedAboutExternalRenderer"] = true;
+                        console.warn("Rendering with external renderer is not supported yet. This may not work or throw errors. Please remove the the target texture from your camera: " + this.name, this.targetTexture)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // TODO: optimize to not render twice if this is already the main camera. In that case we just want to blit
+                const composer = this.context.composer;
+                const useNormalRenderer = true;// this.context.isInXR || !composer;
+                const renderer = useNormalRenderer ? this.context.renderer : composer;
+                if (renderer) {
+                    // TODO: we should do this in onBeforeRender for the main camera only
+                    const mainCam = this.context.mainCameraComponent;
+                    this.applyClearFlags();
+                    this._targetTexture.render(this.context.scene, this._cam, renderer);
+                    mainCam?.applyClearFlags();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * Creates a three.js camera object if it doesn't exist yet and sets its properties.
+     * This is called internally when accessing the {@link threeCamera} property.
+     */
+    buildCamera() {
+        if (this._cam) return;
+
+        const cameraAlreadyCreated = this.gameObject["isCamera"];
+
+        // TODO: when exporting from blender we already have a camera in the children
+        let cam: PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null = null;
+        if (cameraAlreadyCreated) {
+            cam = this.gameObject as any;
+            cam?.layers.enableAll();
+            if (cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera)
+                this._fov = cam.fov;
+        }
+        else
+            cam = this.gameObject.children[0] as PerspectiveCamera | OrthographicCamera | null;
+        if (cam && cam.isCamera) {
+            if (cam instanceof PerspectiveCamera) {
+                if (this._fov)
+                    cam.fov = this._fov;
+                cam.near = this._nearClipPlane;
+                cam.far = this._farClipPlane;
+                cam.updateProjectionMatrix();
+            }
+        }
+        else if (!this.orthographic) {
+            cam = new PerspectiveCamera(this.fieldOfView, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, this._nearClipPlane, this._farClipPlane);
+            if (this.fieldOfView)
+                cam.fov = this.fieldOfView;
+            this.gameObject.add(cam);
+        }
+        else {
+            const factor = this.orthographicSize * 100;
+            cam = new OrthographicCamera(window.innerWidth / -factor, window.innerWidth / factor, window.innerHeight / factor, window.innerHeight / -factor, this._nearClipPlane, this._farClipPlane);
+            this.gameObject.add(cam);
+        }
+        this._cam = cam;
+
+        this._cam.layers.mask = this._cullingMask;
+
+        if (this.tag == "MainCamera") {
+            this.context.setCurrentCamera(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies clear flags if this is the active main camera.
+     * @param opts Options for applying clear flags
+     */
+    applyClearFlagsIfIsActiveCamera(opts?: { applySkybox: boolean }) {
+        if (this.context.mainCameraComponent === this) {
+            this.applyClearFlags(opts);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies this camera's clear flags and related settings to the renderer.
+     * This controls how the background is rendered (skybox, solid color, transparent).
+     * @param opts Options for applying clear flags
+     */
+    applyClearFlags(opts?: { applySkybox: boolean }) {
+        if (!this._cam) {
+            if (debug) console.log("Camera does not exist (apply clear flags)")
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // restore previous fov (e.g. when user was in VR or AR and the camera's fov has changed)
+        this.fieldOfView = this._fov;
+
+        if (debug) {
+            const msg = `[Camera] Apply ClearFlags: ${ClearFlags[this._clearFlags]} - \"${this.name}\"`;
+            console.debug(msg);
+        }
+
+        const hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute = this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-image") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-color");
+
+        switch (this._clearFlags) {
+            case ClearFlags.None:
+                return;
+
+            case ClearFlags.Skybox:
+                if (Camera.backgroundShouldBeTransparent(this.context)) {
+                    if (!this.ARBackgroundAlpha || this.ARBackgroundAlpha < 0.001) {
+                        this.context.scene.background = null;
+                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // apply the skybox only if it is not already set or if it's the first time (e.g. if the _skybox is not set yet)
+                if (!this.scene.background || !this._skybox || opts?.applySkybox === true)
+                    this.applySceneSkybox();
+
+                // set background blurriness and intensity
+                if (this._backgroundBlurriness !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-blurriness"))
+                    this.context.scene.backgroundBlurriness = this._backgroundBlurriness;
+                else if (debug) console.warn(`Camera \"${this.name}\" has no background blurriness`)
+
+                if (this._backgroundIntensity !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-intensity"))
+                    this.context.scene.backgroundIntensity = this._backgroundIntensity;
+
+                if (this._backgroundRotation !== undefined && !this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-rotation"))
+                    this.context.scene.backgroundRotation = this._backgroundRotation;
+
+                else if (debug) console.warn(`Camera \"${this.name}\" has no background intensity`)
+
+                break;
+            case ClearFlags.SolidColor:
+                if (this._backgroundColor && !hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute) {
+                    let alpha = this._backgroundColor.alpha;
+                    // when in WebXR use ar background alpha override or set to 0
+                    if (Camera.backgroundShouldBeTransparent(this.context)) {
+                        alpha = this.ARBackgroundAlpha ?? 0;
+                    }
+                    this.context.scene.background = null;
+                    // In WebXR VR the background colorspace is wrong
+                    if (this.context.xr?.isVR) {
+                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(getTempColor(this._backgroundColor).convertLinearToSRGB());
+                    } else {
+                        this.context.renderer.setClearColor(this._backgroundColor, alpha);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (!this._backgroundColor) {
+                    if (debug) console.warn(`[Camera] has no background color \"${this.name}\" `)
+                }
+                break;
+            case ClearFlags.Uninitialized:
+                if (!hasBackgroundImageOrColorAttribute) {
+                    this.context.scene.background = null
+                    this.context.renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies the skybox texture to the scene background.
+     */
+    applySceneSkybox() {
+        if (!this._skybox)
+            this._skybox = new CameraSkybox(this);
+        this._skybox.apply();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the background should be transparent when in passthrough AR mode.
+     * 
+     * @param context The current rendering context
+     * @returns {boolean} True when in XR on a pass through device where the background should be invisible
+     */
+    static backgroundShouldBeTransparent(context: Context) {
+        const session = context.renderer.xr?.getSession();
+        if (!session) return false;
+        if (typeof session["_transparent"] === "boolean") {
+            return session["_transparent"];
+        }
+        const environmentBlendMode = session.environmentBlendMode;
+        if (debug)
+            showBalloonMessage("Environment blend mode: " + environmentBlendMode + " on " + navigator.userAgent);
+        let transparent = environmentBlendMode === 'additive' || environmentBlendMode === 'alpha-blend';
+        if (context.isInAR) {
+            if (environmentBlendMode === "opaque") {
+                // workaround for Quest 2 returning opaque when it should be alpha-blend
+                // check user agent if this is the Quest browser and return true if so
+                if (navigator.userAgent?.includes("OculusBrowser")) {
+                    transparent = true;
+                }
+                // Mozilla WebXR Viewer
+                else if (navigator.userAgent?.includes("Mozilla") && navigator.userAgent?.includes("Mobile WebXRViewer/v2")) {
+                    transparent = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        session["_transparent"] = transparent;
+        return transparent;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper class for managing skybox textures for cameras.
+ * Handles retrieving and applying skybox textures to the scene.
+ */
+class CameraSkybox {
+
+    private _camera: Camera;
+    private _skybox?: Texture;
+
+    get context() { return this._camera?.context; }
+
+    constructor(camera: Camera) {
+        this._camera = camera;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies the skybox texture to the scene background.
+     * Retrieves the texture based on the camera's source ID.
+     */
+    apply() {
+        this._skybox = this.context.lightmaps.tryGetSkybox(this._camera.sourceId) as Texture;
+        if (!this._skybox) {
+            if (!this["_did_log_failed_to_find_skybox"]) {
+                this["_did_log_failed_to_find_skybox"] = true;
+                console.warn(`Camera \"${this._camera.name}\" has no skybox texture. ${this._camera.sourceId}`);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (this.context.scene.background !== this._skybox) {
+
+            const hasBackgroundAttribute = this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-image") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("background-color") || this.context.domElement.getAttribute("skybox-image");
+
+            if (debug) console.debug(`[Camera] Apply Skybox ${this._skybox?.name} ${hasBackgroundAttribute} - \"${this._camera.name}\"`);
+            if (!hasBackgroundAttribute?.length) {
+                this._skybox.mapping = EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
+                this.context.scene.background = this._skybox;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adds orbit controls to the camera if the freecam URL parameter is enabled.
+ * 
+ * @param cam The camera to potentially add orbit controls to
+ */
+function handleFreeCam(cam: Camera) {
+    const isFreecam = getParam("freecam");
+    if (isFreecam) {
+        if (cam.context.mainCameraComponent === cam) {
+            GameObject.getOrAddComponent(cam.gameObject, OrbitControls);
+        }
+    }
 }