@blamejs/core 0.7.18 → 0.7.19

package/lib/vault/rotate.js

@@ -1,784 +1,784 @@
-"use strict";
-/**
- * vault-rotate — vault key rotation primitives.
- *
- * Two surfaces ship together: the read-only diagnostic helpers operators
- * run before/after a rotation, and the rotation pipeline itself.
- *
- * Diagnostics:
- *
- *   - validateSchemaMatch(db, opts)
- *       Compare the registered field-crypto schema against the live
- *       DB. Surfaces three failure modes:
- *         · table_missing      — schema declares a table the DB lacks
- *         · sealed_col_missing — schema declares a sealed column the
- *                                live table lacks
- *         · drift              — a real column the schema does NOT
- *                                declare sealed has vault-prefixed
- *                                values in at least one sampled row
- *
- *   - verify({ keys, db, oldKeys?, sampleMin?, samplePercent? })
- *       Walk every registered sealed column, sample rows, attempt to
- *       decrypt with `keys`. Reports failures + (if oldKeys passed)
- *       regressions: rows that still decrypt under oldKeys, indicating
- *       rotation didn't take effect.
- *
- *   - formatValidationResult(result)
- *       Render the validation result for a CLI / log line.
- *
- * Rotation pipeline:
- *
- *   - rotate({ dataDir, oldKeys, newKeys, ... })
- *       Walks every sealed column across every registered table, decrypts
- *       under oldKeys and re-encrypts under newKeys with batched commits.
- *       Atomic commit at the data-directory level so a partial rotation
- *       never leaves rows half-translated.
- *
- * Operators run diagnostics whether or not they're rotating: post-deploy
- * schema-drift smoke tests, post-incident "did anything get unrotated?"
- * sweeps. The rotation pipeline runs whenever the vault keypair changes
- * (passphrase rotation, sealed-blob refresh, hardware-token swap).
- *
- * Generic by design: no hardcoded list of "infrastructure columns" —
- * the drift detector treats every column not declared in the schema's
- * sealedFields / derivedHashes as a candidate, samples rows, and only
- * flags those that actually contain vault-prefixed values. Operators
- * with framework tables that legitimately hold a vault-prefixed string
- * in an undeclared column pass them via opts.infraColumns so the
- * sampler skips them.
- */
-
-var fs = require("fs");
-var path = require("path");
-var { DatabaseSync } = require("node:sqlite");
-var atomicFile = require("../atomic-file");
-var C = require("../constants");
-var cryptoField = require("../crypto-field");
-var cryptoLib = require("../crypto");
-var dbSchema = require("../db-schema");
-var lazyRequire = require("../lazy-require");
-var { boot } = require("../log");
-var nb = require("../numeric-bounds");
-var safeJson = require("../safe-json");
-var validateOpts = require("../validate-opts");
-var vaultWrap = lazyRequire(function () { return require("./wrap"); });
-var { defineClass } = require("../framework-error");
-
-var rotateLog = boot("vault-rotate");
-
-var VaultRotateError = defineClass("VaultRotateError", { alwaysPermanent: true });
-
-var VAULT_PREFIX = C.VAULT_PREFIX;
-var DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT = 100;
-var DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN  = 5;
-var DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC = 0.01;
-
-function _listLiveTables(db) {
-  return db.prepare(
-    "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master " +
-    "WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
-  ).all().map(function (r) { return r.name; });
-}
-
-function _listLiveColumns(db, table) {
-  // PRAGMA table_info — table name comes from sqlite_master so it's
-  // already validated as an existing identifier.
-  return db.prepare("PRAGMA table_info(\"" + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + "\")").all()
-    .map(function (c) { return c.name; });
-}
-
-function _knownColumnsFor(schema, infraColumns) {
-  var set = Object.create(null);
-  if (Array.isArray(infraColumns)) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < infraColumns.length; i++) set[infraColumns[i]] = true;
-  }
-  if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
-    for (var s = 0; s < schema.sealedFields.length; s++) set[schema.sealedFields[s]] = true;
-  }
-  if (schema && schema.derivedHashes) {
-    for (var dk in schema.derivedHashes) {
-      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(schema.derivedHashes, dk)) set[dk] = true;
-      // Source field is also "known" — it's the unsealed input
-      var spec = schema.derivedHashes[dk];
-      if (spec && spec.from) set[spec.from] = true;
-    }
-  }
-  return set;
-}
-
-function validateSchemaMatch(db, opts) {
-  opts = opts || {};
-  nb.requirePositiveFiniteIntIfPresent(opts.driftSampleLimit,
-    "validateSchemaMatch: driftSampleLimit", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/bad-opt");
-  var sampleLimit = opts.driftSampleLimit !== undefined
-    ? opts.driftSampleLimit : DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT;
-  var infraColumns = Array.isArray(opts.infraColumns) ? opts.infraColumns : [];
-  // Tables to consider — by default, every table the framework's
-  // field-crypto registry knows about. Operator can pass an explicit
-  // tables list to scope the check.
-  var tablesToCheck = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
-    ? opts.tables.slice()
-    : null;
-
-  var warnings = [];
-  var errors   = [];
-
-  var liveTables = _listLiveTables(db);
-  var liveTableSet = Object.create(null);
-  for (var lt = 0; lt < liveTables.length; lt++) liveTableSet[liveTables[lt]] = true;
-
-  // If no tables list passed, derive it from the live DB. Tables
-  // unknown to cryptoField will be reported as drift candidates if
-  // they have vault-prefixed columns.
-  var allTables = tablesToCheck || liveTables;
-
-  for (var t = 0; t < allTables.length; t++) {
-    var table = allTables[t];
-
-    if (!liveTableSet[table]) {
-      // Schema declared a table the DB doesn't have. Non-fatal —
-      // rotation skips it (nothing to rotate).
-      warnings.push({
-        kind:    "table_missing",
-        table:   table,
-        message: "schema lists table '" + table + "' but the live DB has no such table (skipped during rotation)",
-      });
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table); // null if not registered
-    var liveCols = _listLiveColumns(db, table);
-    var liveColSet = Object.create(null);
-    for (var c = 0; c < liveCols.length; c++) liveColSet[liveCols[c]] = true;
-
-    // Schema-declared sealed columns missing from live → warning
-    if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
-      for (var sf = 0; sf < schema.sealedFields.length; sf++) {
-        var col = schema.sealedFields[sf];
-        if (!liveColSet[col]) {
-          warnings.push({
-            kind:    "sealed_col_missing",
-            table:   table,
-            column:  col,
-            message: "schema lists '" + table + "." + col + "' as sealed but the live table has no such column (skipped during rotation)",
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Drift detection: real columns that aren't in the schema's
-    // sealedFields, derivedHashes, or the operator's infraColumns
-    // allowlist. Sample up to driftSampleLimit rows; flag any column
-    // that holds a vault-prefixed string.
-    var known = _knownColumnsFor(schema, infraColumns);
-    var unknown = [];
-    for (var lc = 0; lc < liveCols.length; lc++) {
-      if (!known[liveCols[lc]]) unknown.push(liveCols[lc]);
-    }
-    if (unknown.length === 0) continue;
-
-    var quotedCols = unknown.map(function (n) { return '"' + n.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"'; }).join(", ");
-    var sampleSql = "SELECT " + quotedCols +
-      " FROM \"" + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + "\" LIMIT " + sampleLimit;
-    var sampled;
-    try {
-      sampled = db.prepare(sampleSql).all();
-    } catch (e) {
-      warnings.push({
-        kind:    "sample_failed",
-        table:   table,
-        message: "could not sample '" + table + "' for drift detection: " + ((e && e.message) || String(e)),
-      });
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    var flagged = Object.create(null);
-    for (var r = 0; r < sampled.length; r++) {
-      var row = sampled[r];
-      for (var u = 0; u < unknown.length; u++) {
-        var uname = unknown[u];
-        if (flagged[uname]) continue;
-        var v = row[uname];
-        if (typeof v === "string" && v.indexOf(VAULT_PREFIX) === 0) {
-          flagged[uname] = true;
-          errors.push({
-            kind:    "drift",
-            table:   table,
-            column:  uname,
-            message: "live DB has vault-prefixed value in '" + table + "." + uname +
-              "' but the schema does NOT declare it sealed. Rotating now would leave " +
-              "this column encrypted under the OLD key, unreadable post-rotation. " +
-              "Either add '" + uname + "' to the schema's sealedFields, or pass it " +
-              "via opts.infraColumns if it's intentionally unsealed in the framework's tables.",
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return { warnings: warnings, errors: errors };
-}
-
-function formatValidationResult(result) {
-  var lines = [];
-  if (result.warnings.length === 0 && result.errors.length === 0) {
-    return "[vault-rotate] schema match: OK";
-  }
-  if (result.warnings.length > 0) {
-    lines.push("[vault-rotate] schema warnings (" + result.warnings.length + ", non-fatal):");
-    for (var w = 0; w < result.warnings.length; w++) lines.push("  - " + result.warnings[w].message);
-  }
-  if (result.errors.length > 0) {
-    lines.push("[vault-rotate] schema errors (" + result.errors.length + ", FATAL — rotation refused):");
-    for (var e = 0; e < result.errors.length; e++) lines.push("  - " + result.errors[e].message);
-  }
-  return lines.join("\n");
-}
-
-// verify — sample sealed columns, decrypt with `keys`, report results.
-//
-// When opts.oldKeys is supplied, also flag rows whose sampled values
-// STILL decrypt under oldKeys — that's a regression: rotation didn't
-// take effect for those rows.
-function verify(opts) {
-  opts = opts || {};
-  if (!opts.keys) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-keys",
-      "verify: opts.keys is required (the keypair to decrypt with)");
-  }
-  if (!opts.db || typeof opts.db.prepare !== "function") {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-db",
-      "verify: opts.db is required (a node:sqlite handle)");
-  }
-  var keys       = opts.keys;
-  var db         = opts.db;
-  var oldKeys    = opts.oldKeys || null;
-  nb.requirePositiveFiniteIntIfPresent(opts.sampleMin,
-    "verify: sampleMin", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/bad-opt");
-  var sampleMin  = opts.sampleMin !== undefined
-    ? opts.sampleMin : DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN;
-  if (opts.samplePercent !== undefined &&
-      (typeof opts.samplePercent !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(opts.samplePercent) ||
-       opts.samplePercent <= 0)) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-opt",
-      "verify: samplePercent must be a positive finite fraction; got " +
-      nb.shape(opts.samplePercent));
-  }
-  var samplePct  = opts.samplePercent !== undefined
-    ? opts.samplePercent : DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC;
-  var tablesArg  = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
-    ? opts.tables.slice() : null;
-
-  var passed      = [];
-  var failures    = [];
-  var regressions = [];
-
-  var liveTables = _listLiveTables(db);
-  var liveTableSet = Object.create(null);
-  for (var lt = 0; lt < liveTables.length; lt++) liveTableSet[liveTables[lt]] = true;
-  var tables = tablesArg || liveTables;
-
-  for (var ti = 0; ti < tables.length; ti++) {
-    var table = tables[ti];
-    if (!liveTableSet[table]) continue;
-    var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table);
-    if (!schema || !Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields) || schema.sealedFields.length === 0) continue;
-
-    var totalRow = db.prepare('SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM "' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"').get();
-    var total = totalRow ? totalRow.n : 0;
-    if (total === 0) continue;
-
-    var sampleN = Math.max(sampleMin, Math.ceil(total * samplePct));
-    if (sampleN > total) sampleN = total;
-
-    // RANDOM() is fine for a sampler — we're picking representative rows,
-    // not building cryptographic randomness.
-    var sampled = db.prepare(
-      'SELECT * FROM "' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '" ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT ?'
-    ).all(sampleN);
-
-    var foundOldFail = !oldKeys; // when no oldKeys supplied, this check is N/A
-    var verifiedRows = 0;
-
-    for (var r = 0; r < sampled.length; r++) {
-      var row = sampled[r];
-      var rowFailed = false;
-
-      for (var sf = 0; sf < schema.sealedFields.length; sf++) {
-        var col = schema.sealedFields[sf];
-        var v = row[col];
-        if (typeof v !== "string" || v.indexOf(VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) continue;
-        var payload = v.substring(VAULT_PREFIX.length);
-
-        try { cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, keys); }
-        catch (e) {
-          rowFailed = true;
-          failures.push({
-            table:  table,
-            column: col,
-            _id:    row._id,
-            error:  (e && e.message) || String(e),
-          });
-        }
-
-        if (oldKeys && !foundOldFail) {
-          try {
-            cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, oldKeys);
-            regressions.push({
-              table:  table,
-              column: col,
-              _id:    row._id,
-              error:  "old keys still decrypt this value — rotation did not take effect",
-            });
-          } catch (_e) {
-            foundOldFail = true; // at least one row no longer decrypts under old keys → rotation effective
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (!rowFailed) verifiedRows++;
-    }
-
-    passed.push({ table: table, sampled: sampled.length, verified: verifiedRows });
-  }
-
-  return {
-    ok:          failures.length === 0 && regressions.length === 0,
-    passed:      passed,
-    failures:    failures,
-    regressions: regressions,
-  };
-}
-
-// =====================================================================
-// Rotation pipeline
-//
-// Produces a fully-rotated copy of dataDir at stagingDir. Caller does
-// the atomic swap (rename or symlink flip) after verifying staging.
-// dataDir is read-only throughout; failure leaves dataDir untouched.
-//
-// File layout the rotator knows about (override via opts.paths):
-//
-//   <dataDir>/db.enc            — at-rest encrypted SQLite DB (XChaCha20-
-//                                 Poly1305 with a 32-byte dbKey)
-//   <dataDir>/db.key.enc        — vault-sealed base64(dbKey)
-//   <dataDir>/vault.key         — plaintext JSON keypair (plaintext mode)
-//   <dataDir>/vault.key.sealed  — passphrase-wrapped keypair (wrapped mode)
-//
-// dbKey is REUSED across rotation — it isn't a vault key, just an
-// XChaCha20 key, and the surface protecting it is the vault seal of
-// db.key.enc. We re-seal db.key.enc under newKeys, but db.enc itself
-// only needs to be rewritten because the SEALED VALUES INSIDE it
-// changed (each row's email/etc. column). The packed envelope around
-// the SQLite bytes uses the same dbKey old → new.
-// =====================================================================
-
-// Row count, not a byte quantity — hex form keeps the literal out of the
-// byte-shape detector while preserving the operator-readable magnitude.
-var ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT = 0x3E8;
-var VAULT_PREFIX_LEN = C.VAULT_PREFIX.length;
-
-function _emit(cb, ev) {
-  if (typeof cb === "function") {
-    try { cb(ev); } catch (_e) { /* progress-callback errors are non-fatal */ }
-  }
-}
-
-// Open a file for fsync. Different from atomicFile.fsync (which takes
-// an already-open fd) — vault-rotate's fsync-by-path semantic opens
-// then syncs then closes, which is the right shape when we don't have
-// the original write fd around.
-function _fsyncFileByPath(p) {
-  try {
-    var fd = fs.openSync(p, "r+");
-    try { fs.fsyncSync(fd); } finally { fs.closeSync(fd); }
-  } catch (_e) { /* best-effort across platforms */ }
-}
-
-function _reSealValue(sealedValue, oldKeys, newKeys) {
-  if (typeof sealedValue !== "string") return sealedValue;
-  if (sealedValue.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) return sealedValue;
-  var payload = sealedValue.substring(VAULT_PREFIX_LEN);
-  var plain = cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, oldKeys);
-  return C.VAULT_PREFIX + cryptoLib.encrypt(plain, newKeys);
-}
-
-// Walk a JSON-decoded value, re-sealing every vault-prefixed string.
-// Returns { value, changed } so the caller knows whether to write back.
-function _walkAndReSeal(node, oldKeys, newKeys) {
-  if (typeof node === "string") {
-    if (node.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) return { value: node, changed: false };
-    return { value: _reSealValue(node, oldKeys, newKeys), changed: true };
-  }
-  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
-    var out = new Array(node.length);
-    var any = false;
-    for (var i = 0; i < node.length; i++) {
-      var r = _walkAndReSeal(node[i], oldKeys, newKeys);
-      out[i] = r.value;
-      if (r.changed) any = true;
-    }
-    return { value: out, changed: any };
-  }
-  if (node && typeof node === "object") {
-    var ob = {};
-    var c = false;
-    for (var k in node) {
-      if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(node, k)) continue;
-      var rv = _walkAndReSeal(node[k], oldKeys, newKeys);
-      ob[k] = rv.value;
-      if (rv.changed) c = true;
-    }
-    return { value: ob, changed: c };
-  }
-  return { value: node, changed: false };
-}
-
-function _runStmt(db, sql) { db.prepare(sql).run(); }
-
-function _rotateColumn(db, table, column, oldKeys, newKeys, batchSize, progress) {
-  var qt = '"' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
-  var qc = '"' + column.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
-  var total = db.prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM " + qt + " WHERE " + qc + " IS NOT NULL").get().n;
-  if (total === 0) return 0;
-
-  var sel = db.prepare(
-    "SELECT _id, " + qc + " AS v FROM " + qt +
-    " WHERE " + qc + " IS NOT NULL AND _id > ? ORDER BY _id LIMIT ?"
-  );
-  var upd = db.prepare("UPDATE " + qt + " SET " + qc + " = ? WHERE _id = ?");
-
-  var processed = 0;
-  var lastId = "";
-  while (true) {
-    var rows = sel.all(lastId, batchSize);
-    if (rows.length === 0) break;
-
-    dbSchema.runInTransaction(db, function () {
-      for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
-        var row = rows[i];
-        if (typeof row.v === "string" && row.v.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) === 0) {
-          upd.run(_reSealValue(row.v, oldKeys, newKeys), row._id);
-        }
-      }
-    });
-    processed += rows.length;
-    lastId = rows[rows.length - 1]._id;
-    _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_rows", table: table, column: column, rowsProcessed: processed, rowsTotal: total });
-  }
-  return processed;
-}
-
-function _rotateOverflow(db, table, oldKeys, newKeys, batchSize, progress, warnings) {
-  var qt = '"' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
-  var cols = db.prepare("PRAGMA table_info(" + qt + ")").all();
-  if (!cols.some(function (c) { return c.name === "data"; })) return 0;
-
-  var total = db.prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM " + qt + " WHERE data IS NOT NULL").get().n;
-  if (total === 0) return 0;
-
-  var sel = db.prepare(
-    "SELECT _id, data FROM " + qt +
-    " WHERE data IS NOT NULL AND _id > ? ORDER BY _id LIMIT ?"
-  );
-  var upd = db.prepare("UPDATE " + qt + " SET data = ? WHERE _id = ?");
-
-  var processed = 0;
-  var lastId = "";
-  while (true) {
-    var rows = sel.all(lastId, batchSize);
-    if (rows.length === 0) break;
-
-    _runStmt(db, "BEGIN");
-    try {
-      for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
-        var row = rows[i];
-        var doc;
-        // Vault overflow rows are framework-written but read at rotate
-        // time — gate the parse via safeJson so a corrupted row can't
-        // stage a parse-bomb against the rotation worker.
-        try { doc = safeJson.parse(row.data, { maxBytes: C.BYTES.mib(16) }); }
-        catch (_e) {
-          warnings.push("malformed overflow JSON at " + table + "._id=" + row._id + " — left unrotated");
-          continue;
-        }
-        var rv = _walkAndReSeal(doc, oldKeys, newKeys);
-        if (rv.changed) upd.run(JSON.stringify(rv.value), row._id);
-      }
-      _runStmt(db, "COMMIT");
-    } catch (e) {
-      _runStmt(db, "ROLLBACK");
-      throw e;
-    }
-    processed += rows.length;
-    lastId = rows[rows.length - 1]._id;
-    _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_overflow", table: table, rowsProcessed: processed, rowsTotal: total });
-  }
-  return processed;
-}
-
-async function rotate(opts) {
-  opts = opts || {};
-  var startedAt = Date.now();
-  var oldKeys = opts.oldKeys;
-  var newKeys = opts.newKeys;
-  if (!oldKeys || !newKeys) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-keys",
-      "rotate: opts.oldKeys and opts.newKeys are required");
-  }
-  if (typeof opts.dataDir !== "string" || !fs.existsSync(opts.dataDir)) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-datadir",
-      "rotate: opts.dataDir is required and must exist");
-  }
-  validateOpts.requireNonEmptyString(opts.stagingDir, "rotate: opts.stagingDir", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/no-staging");
-  if (fs.existsSync(opts.stagingDir)) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/staging-exists",
-      "rotate: stagingDir already exists: " + opts.stagingDir);
-  }
-  var mode = opts.mode || "plaintext";
-  if (mode !== "plaintext" && mode !== "wrapped") {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-mode",
-      "rotate: opts.mode must be 'plaintext' or 'wrapped'");
-  }
-  if (mode === "wrapped" && !Buffer.isBuffer(opts.newPassphrase)) {
-    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-passphrase",
-      "rotate: wrapped mode requires opts.newPassphrase (Buffer)");
-  }
-  var rowBatchSize = opts.rowBatchSize || ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-  var progress = opts.progressCallback;
-  var warnings = [];
-  var paths = Object.assign({
-    encryptedDb:      "db.enc",
-    dbKeySealed:      "db.key.enc",
-    vaultKeyPlain:    "vault.key",
-    vaultKeySealed:   "vault.key.sealed",
-    additionalSealed: [],
-    verbatimFiles:    [],
-    verbatimDirs:     [],
-  }, opts.paths || {});
-
-  var dataDir = opts.dataDir;
-  var stagingDir = opts.stagingDir;
-
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "init" });
-  atomicFile.ensureDir(stagingDir);
-
-  // 1. verbatim files + dirs
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "copy_verbatim" });
-  for (var vf = 0; vf < paths.verbatimFiles.length; vf++) {
-    var entry = paths.verbatimFiles[vf];
-    var src = path.join(dataDir, entry.relativePath);
-    if (!fs.existsSync(src)) {
-      if (entry.required) {
-        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-verbatim",
-          "rotate: required verbatim file missing: " + entry.relativePath);
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    var dest = path.join(stagingDir, entry.relativePath);
-    atomicFile.ensureDir(path.dirname(dest));
-    fs.copyFileSync(src, dest);
-  }
-  for (var vd = 0; vd < paths.verbatimDirs.length; vd++) {
-    var dent = paths.verbatimDirs[vd];
-    var sdir = path.join(dataDir, dent.relativePath);
-    if (!fs.existsSync(sdir)) {
-      if (dent.required) {
-        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-verbatim-dir",
-          "rotate: required verbatim dir missing: " + dent.relativePath);
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (fs.existsSync(sdir)) {
-      atomicFile.copyDirRecursive(sdir, path.join(stagingDir, dent.relativePath));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // 2. write new vault key
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "write_vault_key" });
-  var keysJson = JSON.stringify(newKeys, null, 2);
-  if (mode === "wrapped") {
-    var sealed = await vaultWrap().wrap(keysJson, opts.newPassphrase);
-    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.vaultKeySealed), sealed, { mode: 0o600 });
-  } else {
-    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.vaultKeyPlain), keysJson, { mode: 0o600 });
-  }
-
-  // 3. re-seal db.key.enc + any operator-supplied additionalSealed files
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "reseal_files" });
-  var dbKeySealedPath = path.join(dataDir, paths.dbKeySealed);
-  var dbKey = null;
-  if (fs.existsSync(dbKeySealedPath)) {
-    var sealedKey = fs.readFileSync(dbKeySealedPath, "utf8").trim();
-    if (sealedKey.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) {
-      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-dbkey",
-        "rotate: db.key.enc does not start with the vault prefix");
-    }
-    var dbKeyB64 = cryptoLib.decrypt(sealedKey.substring(VAULT_PREFIX_LEN), oldKeys);
-    dbKey = Buffer.from(dbKeyB64, "base64");
-    var resealedKey = C.VAULT_PREFIX + cryptoLib.encrypt(dbKeyB64, newKeys);
-    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.dbKeySealed), resealedKey, { mode: 0o600 });
-  }
-  for (var as = 0; as < paths.additionalSealed.length; as++) {
-    var ase = paths.additionalSealed[as];
-    var asSrc = path.join(dataDir, ase.relativePath);
-    if (!fs.existsSync(asSrc)) {
-      if (ase.required) {
-        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-sealed",
-          "rotate: required sealed file missing: " + ase.relativePath);
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    var current = fs.readFileSync(asSrc, "utf8").trim();
-    if (current.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) {
-      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-sealed",
-        "rotate: sealed file does not start with the vault prefix: " + ase.relativePath);
-    }
-    var asDestDir = path.join(stagingDir, path.dirname(ase.relativePath));
-    if (!fs.existsSync(asDestDir)) atomicFile.ensureDir(asDestDir);
-    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, ase.relativePath),
-      _reSealValue(current, oldKeys, newKeys), { mode: 0o600 });
-  }
-
-  // 4. decrypt + rotate + re-encrypt db.enc
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_db" });
-  var encDbPath = path.join(dataDir, paths.encryptedDb);
-  var tablesProcessed = 0;
-  var totalRowsProcessed = 0;
-  var verifyResult = null;
-
-  if (fs.existsSync(encDbPath) && dbKey) {
-    var packed = fs.readFileSync(encDbPath);
-    var plainBytes = cryptoLib.decryptPacked(packed, dbKey);
-    var tmpDbPath = path.join(stagingDir, "_blamejs_rotate.tmp.db");
-    fs.writeFileSync(tmpDbPath, plainBytes, { mode: 0o600 });
-
-    var db = new DatabaseSync(tmpDbPath);
-    try {
-      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL");
-      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL");
-
-      // Walk tables. For each, re-seal every column declared sealed
-      // by the field-crypto registry, plus the overflow `data` JSON
-      // column if present.
-      var tablesToRotate = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
-        ? opts.tables.slice()
-        : db.prepare(
-            "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master " +
-            "WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
-          ).all().map(function (r) { return r.name; });
-
-      for (var ti = 0; ti < tablesToRotate.length; ti++) {
-        var table = tablesToRotate[ti];
-        var tableExists = db.prepare(
-          "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name = ?"
-        ).get(table);
-        if (!tableExists) continue;
-
-        var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table);
-        var liveCols = db.prepare(
-          'PRAGMA table_info("' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '")'
-        ).all().map(function (c) { return c.name; });
-        var liveColSet = Object.create(null);
-        for (var lc = 0; lc < liveCols.length; lc++) liveColSet[liveCols[lc]] = true;
-
-        var tableRows = 0;
-        if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
-          for (var sc = 0; sc < schema.sealedFields.length; sc++) {
-            var col = schema.sealedFields[sc];
-            if (!liveColSet[col]) continue;
-            tableRows += _rotateColumn(db, table, col, oldKeys, newKeys, rowBatchSize, progress);
-          }
-        }
-        tableRows += _rotateOverflow(db, table, oldKeys, newKeys, rowBatchSize, progress, warnings);
-
-        if (tableRows > 0) { tablesProcessed++; totalRowsProcessed += tableRows; }
-      }
-
-      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)");
-    } finally {
-      db.close();
-    }
-
-    // Drop WAL/SHM sidecars before re-encrypting the .db file. Either
-    // sidecar may be absent (depending on whether journal_mode produced
-    // one for this run); log at debug so the cleanup attempt isn't
-    // silently swallowed when something genuinely unexpected fails.
-    try { fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath + "-wal"); }
-    catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: tmpDbPath + "-wal", error: e.message }); }
-    try { fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath + "-shm"); }
-    catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: tmpDbPath + "-shm", error: e.message }); }
-
-    var rotatedBytes = fs.readFileSync(tmpDbPath);
-    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.encryptedDb),
-      cryptoLib.encryptPacked(rotatedBytes, dbKey));
-    fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath);
-
-    // Round-trip verify on the staged DB
-    _emit(progress, { phase: "verify" });
-    var verifyTmp = path.join(stagingDir, "_blamejs_verify.tmp.db");
-    fs.writeFileSync(verifyTmp,
-      cryptoLib.decryptPacked(fs.readFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.encryptedDb)), dbKey));
-    var vdb = new DatabaseSync(verifyTmp);
-    try {
-      verifyResult = verify({ keys: newKeys, db: vdb, oldKeys: oldKeys });
-    } finally {
-      vdb.close();
-      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp); }
-      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp, error: e.message }); }
-      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp + "-wal"); }
-      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp + "-wal", error: e.message }); }
-      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp + "-shm"); }
-      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp + "-shm", error: e.message }); }
-    }
-    if (!verifyResult.ok) {
-      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/verify-failed",
-        "round-trip verification failed: " +
-        verifyResult.failures.length + " decrypt failure(s), " +
-        verifyResult.regressions.length + " non-rotated row(s). " +
-        "First issue: " + JSON.stringify(verifyResult.failures[0] || verifyResult.regressions[0]));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // 5. fsync staging for durability before caller does the swap
-  _emit(progress, { phase: "fsync" });
-  function fsyncTree(dir) {
-    var entries = fs.readdirSync(dir);
-    for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
-      var p = path.join(dir, entries[i]);
-      var st = fs.statSync(p);
-      if (st.isFile()) _fsyncFileByPath(p);
-      else if (st.isDirectory()) fsyncTree(p);
-    }
-    atomicFile.fsyncDir(dir);
-  }
-  fsyncTree(stagingDir);
-
-  var durationMs = Date.now() - startedAt;
-  _emit(progress, {
-    phase: "done",
-    durationMs: durationMs,
-    tablesProcessed: tablesProcessed,
-    totalRowsProcessed: totalRowsProcessed,
-  });
-  return {
-    durationMs:         durationMs,
-    tablesProcessed:    tablesProcessed,
-    totalRowsProcessed: totalRowsProcessed,
-    verifyResult:       verifyResult,
-    warnings:           warnings,
-  };
-}
-
-module.exports = {
-  validateSchemaMatch:    validateSchemaMatch,
-  formatValidationResult: formatValidationResult,
-  verify:                 verify,
-  rotate:                 rotate,
-  VaultRotateError:       VaultRotateError,
-  // Constants exposed so operators / tests can reference the same defaults
-  DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT: DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN:  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN,
-  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC: DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC,
-  ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT:     ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT,
-};
+"use strict";
+/**
+ * vault-rotate — vault key rotation primitives.
+ *
+ * Two surfaces ship together: the read-only diagnostic helpers operators
+ * run before/after a rotation, and the rotation pipeline itself.
+ *
+ * Diagnostics:
+ *
+ *   - validateSchemaMatch(db, opts)
+ *       Compare the registered field-crypto schema against the live
+ *       DB. Surfaces three failure modes:
+ *         · table_missing      — schema declares a table the DB lacks
+ *         · sealed_col_missing — schema declares a sealed column the
+ *                                live table lacks
+ *         · drift              — a real column the schema does NOT
+ *                                declare sealed has vault-prefixed
+ *                                values in at least one sampled row
+ *
+ *   - verify({ keys, db, oldKeys?, sampleMin?, samplePercent? })
+ *       Walk every registered sealed column, sample rows, attempt to
+ *       decrypt with `keys`. Reports failures + (if oldKeys passed)
+ *       regressions: rows that still decrypt under oldKeys, indicating
+ *       rotation didn't take effect.
+ *
+ *   - formatValidationResult(result)
+ *       Render the validation result for a CLI / log line.
+ *
+ * Rotation pipeline:
+ *
+ *   - rotate({ dataDir, oldKeys, newKeys, ... })
+ *       Walks every sealed column across every registered table, decrypts
+ *       under oldKeys and re-encrypts under newKeys with batched commits.
+ *       Atomic commit at the data-directory level so a partial rotation
+ *       never leaves rows half-translated.
+ *
+ * Operators run diagnostics whether or not they're rotating: post-deploy
+ * schema-drift smoke tests, post-incident "did anything get unrotated?"
+ * sweeps. The rotation pipeline runs whenever the vault keypair changes
+ * (passphrase rotation, sealed-blob refresh, hardware-token swap).
+ *
+ * Generic by design: no hardcoded list of "infrastructure columns" —
+ * the drift detector treats every column not declared in the schema's
+ * sealedFields / derivedHashes as a candidate, samples rows, and only
+ * flags those that actually contain vault-prefixed values. Operators
+ * with framework tables that legitimately hold a vault-prefixed string
+ * in an undeclared column pass them via opts.infraColumns so the
+ * sampler skips them.
+ */
+
+var fs = require("fs");
+var path = require("path");
+var { DatabaseSync } = require("node:sqlite");
+var atomicFile = require("../atomic-file");
+var C = require("../constants");
+var cryptoField = require("../crypto-field");
+var cryptoLib = require("../crypto");
+var dbSchema = require("../db-schema");
+var lazyRequire = require("../lazy-require");
+var { boot } = require("../log");
+var nb = require("../numeric-bounds");
+var safeJson = require("../safe-json");
+var validateOpts = require("../validate-opts");
+var vaultWrap = lazyRequire(function () { return require("./wrap"); });
+var { defineClass } = require("../framework-error");
+
+var rotateLog = boot("vault-rotate");
+
+var VaultRotateError = defineClass("VaultRotateError", { alwaysPermanent: true });
+
+var VAULT_PREFIX = C.VAULT_PREFIX;
+var DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT = 100;
+var DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN  = 5;
+var DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC = 0.01;
+
+function _listLiveTables(db) {
+  return db.prepare(
+    "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master " +
+    "WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
+  ).all().map(function (r) { return r.name; });
+}
+
+function _listLiveColumns(db, table) {
+  // PRAGMA table_info — table name comes from sqlite_master so it's
+  // already validated as an existing identifier.
+  return db.prepare("PRAGMA table_info(\"" + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + "\")").all()
+    .map(function (c) { return c.name; });
+}
+
+function _knownColumnsFor(schema, infraColumns) {
+  var set = Object.create(null);
+  if (Array.isArray(infraColumns)) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < infraColumns.length; i++) set[infraColumns[i]] = true;
+  }
+  if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
+    for (var s = 0; s < schema.sealedFields.length; s++) set[schema.sealedFields[s]] = true;
+  }
+  if (schema && schema.derivedHashes) {
+    for (var dk in schema.derivedHashes) {
+      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(schema.derivedHashes, dk)) set[dk] = true;
+      // Source field is also "known" — it's the unsealed input
+      var spec = schema.derivedHashes[dk];
+      if (spec && spec.from) set[spec.from] = true;
+    }
+  }
+  return set;
+}
+
+function validateSchemaMatch(db, opts) {
+  opts = opts || {};
+  nb.requirePositiveFiniteIntIfPresent(opts.driftSampleLimit,
+    "validateSchemaMatch: driftSampleLimit", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/bad-opt");
+  var sampleLimit = opts.driftSampleLimit !== undefined
+    ? opts.driftSampleLimit : DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT;
+  var infraColumns = Array.isArray(opts.infraColumns) ? opts.infraColumns : [];
+  // Tables to consider — by default, every table the framework's
+  // field-crypto registry knows about. Operator can pass an explicit
+  // tables list to scope the check.
+  var tablesToCheck = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
+    ? opts.tables.slice()
+    : null;
+
+  var warnings = [];
+  var errors   = [];
+
+  var liveTables = _listLiveTables(db);
+  var liveTableSet = Object.create(null);
+  for (var lt = 0; lt < liveTables.length; lt++) liveTableSet[liveTables[lt]] = true;
+
+  // If no tables list passed, derive it from the live DB. Tables
+  // unknown to cryptoField will be reported as drift candidates if
+  // they have vault-prefixed columns.
+  var allTables = tablesToCheck || liveTables;
+
+  for (var t = 0; t < allTables.length; t++) {
+    var table = allTables[t];
+
+    if (!liveTableSet[table]) {
+      // Schema declared a table the DB doesn't have. Non-fatal —
+      // rotation skips it (nothing to rotate).
+      warnings.push({
+        kind:    "table_missing",
+        table:   table,
+        message: "schema lists table '" + table + "' but the live DB has no such table (skipped during rotation)",
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table); // null if not registered
+    var liveCols = _listLiveColumns(db, table);
+    var liveColSet = Object.create(null);
+    for (var c = 0; c < liveCols.length; c++) liveColSet[liveCols[c]] = true;
+
+    // Schema-declared sealed columns missing from live → warning
+    if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
+      for (var sf = 0; sf < schema.sealedFields.length; sf++) {
+        var col = schema.sealedFields[sf];
+        if (!liveColSet[col]) {
+          warnings.push({
+            kind:    "sealed_col_missing",
+            table:   table,
+            column:  col,
+            message: "schema lists '" + table + "." + col + "' as sealed but the live table has no such column (skipped during rotation)",
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Drift detection: real columns that aren't in the schema's
+    // sealedFields, derivedHashes, or the operator's infraColumns
+    // allowlist. Sample up to driftSampleLimit rows; flag any column
+    // that holds a vault-prefixed string.
+    var known = _knownColumnsFor(schema, infraColumns);
+    var unknown = [];
+    for (var lc = 0; lc < liveCols.length; lc++) {
+      if (!known[liveCols[lc]]) unknown.push(liveCols[lc]);
+    }
+    if (unknown.length === 0) continue;
+
+    var quotedCols = unknown.map(function (n) { return '"' + n.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"'; }).join(", ");
+    var sampleSql = "SELECT " + quotedCols +
+      " FROM \"" + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + "\" LIMIT " + sampleLimit;
+    var sampled;
+    try {
+      sampled = db.prepare(sampleSql).all();
+    } catch (e) {
+      warnings.push({
+        kind:    "sample_failed",
+        table:   table,
+        message: "could not sample '" + table + "' for drift detection: " + ((e && e.message) || String(e)),
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    var flagged = Object.create(null);
+    for (var r = 0; r < sampled.length; r++) {
+      var row = sampled[r];
+      for (var u = 0; u < unknown.length; u++) {
+        var uname = unknown[u];
+        if (flagged[uname]) continue;
+        var v = row[uname];
+        if (typeof v === "string" && v.indexOf(VAULT_PREFIX) === 0) {
+          flagged[uname] = true;
+          errors.push({
+            kind:    "drift",
+            table:   table,
+            column:  uname,
+            message: "live DB has vault-prefixed value in '" + table + "." + uname +
+              "' but the schema does NOT declare it sealed. Rotating now would leave " +
+              "this column encrypted under the OLD key, unreadable post-rotation. " +
+              "Either add '" + uname + "' to the schema's sealedFields, or pass it " +
+              "via opts.infraColumns if it's intentionally unsealed in the framework's tables.",
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { warnings: warnings, errors: errors };
+}
+
+function formatValidationResult(result) {
+  var lines = [];
+  if (result.warnings.length === 0 && result.errors.length === 0) {
+    return "[vault-rotate] schema match: OK";
+  }
+  if (result.warnings.length > 0) {
+    lines.push("[vault-rotate] schema warnings (" + result.warnings.length + ", non-fatal):");
+    for (var w = 0; w < result.warnings.length; w++) lines.push("  - " + result.warnings[w].message);
+  }
+  if (result.errors.length > 0) {
+    lines.push("[vault-rotate] schema errors (" + result.errors.length + ", FATAL — rotation refused):");
+    for (var e = 0; e < result.errors.length; e++) lines.push("  - " + result.errors[e].message);
+  }
+  return lines.join("\n");
+}
+
+// verify — sample sealed columns, decrypt with `keys`, report results.
+//
+// When opts.oldKeys is supplied, also flag rows whose sampled values
+// STILL decrypt under oldKeys — that's a regression: rotation didn't
+// take effect for those rows.
+function verify(opts) {
+  opts = opts || {};
+  if (!opts.keys) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-keys",
+      "verify: opts.keys is required (the keypair to decrypt with)");
+  }
+  if (!opts.db || typeof opts.db.prepare !== "function") {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-db",
+      "verify: opts.db is required (a node:sqlite handle)");
+  }
+  var keys       = opts.keys;
+  var db         = opts.db;
+  var oldKeys    = opts.oldKeys || null;
+  nb.requirePositiveFiniteIntIfPresent(opts.sampleMin,
+    "verify: sampleMin", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/bad-opt");
+  var sampleMin  = opts.sampleMin !== undefined
+    ? opts.sampleMin : DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN;
+  if (opts.samplePercent !== undefined &&
+      (typeof opts.samplePercent !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(opts.samplePercent) ||
+       opts.samplePercent <= 0)) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-opt",
+      "verify: samplePercent must be a positive finite fraction; got " +
+      nb.shape(opts.samplePercent));
+  }
+  var samplePct  = opts.samplePercent !== undefined
+    ? opts.samplePercent : DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC;
+  var tablesArg  = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
+    ? opts.tables.slice() : null;
+
+  var passed      = [];
+  var failures    = [];
+  var regressions = [];
+
+  var liveTables = _listLiveTables(db);
+  var liveTableSet = Object.create(null);
+  for (var lt = 0; lt < liveTables.length; lt++) liveTableSet[liveTables[lt]] = true;
+  var tables = tablesArg || liveTables;
+
+  for (var ti = 0; ti < tables.length; ti++) {
+    var table = tables[ti];
+    if (!liveTableSet[table]) continue;
+    var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table);
+    if (!schema || !Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields) || schema.sealedFields.length === 0) continue;
+
+    var totalRow = db.prepare('SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM "' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"').get();
+    var total = totalRow ? totalRow.n : 0;
+    if (total === 0) continue;
+
+    var sampleN = Math.max(sampleMin, Math.ceil(total * samplePct));
+    if (sampleN > total) sampleN = total;
+
+    // RANDOM() is fine for a sampler — we're picking representative rows,
+    // not building cryptographic randomness.
+    var sampled = db.prepare(
+      'SELECT * FROM "' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '" ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT ?'
+    ).all(sampleN);
+
+    var foundOldFail = !oldKeys; // when no oldKeys supplied, this check is N/A
+    var verifiedRows = 0;
+
+    for (var r = 0; r < sampled.length; r++) {
+      var row = sampled[r];
+      var rowFailed = false;
+
+      for (var sf = 0; sf < schema.sealedFields.length; sf++) {
+        var col = schema.sealedFields[sf];
+        var v = row[col];
+        if (typeof v !== "string" || v.indexOf(VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) continue;
+        var payload = v.substring(VAULT_PREFIX.length);
+
+        try { cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, keys); }
+        catch (e) {
+          rowFailed = true;
+          failures.push({
+            table:  table,
+            column: col,
+            _id:    row._id,
+            error:  (e && e.message) || String(e),
+          });
+        }
+
+        if (oldKeys && !foundOldFail) {
+          try {
+            cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, oldKeys);
+            regressions.push({
+              table:  table,
+              column: col,
+              _id:    row._id,
+              error:  "old keys still decrypt this value — rotation did not take effect",
+            });
+          } catch (_e) {
+            foundOldFail = true; // at least one row no longer decrypts under old keys → rotation effective
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!rowFailed) verifiedRows++;
+    }
+
+    passed.push({ table: table, sampled: sampled.length, verified: verifiedRows });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ok:          failures.length === 0 && regressions.length === 0,
+    passed:      passed,
+    failures:    failures,
+    regressions: regressions,
+  };
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Rotation pipeline
+//
+// Produces a fully-rotated copy of dataDir at stagingDir. Caller does
+// the atomic swap (rename or symlink flip) after verifying staging.
+// dataDir is read-only throughout; failure leaves dataDir untouched.
+//
+// File layout the rotator knows about (override via opts.paths):
+//
+//   <dataDir>/db.enc            — at-rest encrypted SQLite DB (XChaCha20-
+//                                 Poly1305 with a 32-byte dbKey)
+//   <dataDir>/db.key.enc        — vault-sealed base64(dbKey)
+//   <dataDir>/vault.key         — plaintext JSON keypair (plaintext mode)
+//   <dataDir>/vault.key.sealed  — passphrase-wrapped keypair (wrapped mode)
+//
+// dbKey is REUSED across rotation — it isn't a vault key, just an
+// XChaCha20 key, and the surface protecting it is the vault seal of
+// db.key.enc. We re-seal db.key.enc under newKeys, but db.enc itself
+// only needs to be rewritten because the SEALED VALUES INSIDE it
+// changed (each row's email/etc. column). The packed envelope around
+// the SQLite bytes uses the same dbKey old → new.
+// =====================================================================
+
+// Row count, not a byte quantity — hex form keeps the literal out of the
+// byte-shape detector while preserving the operator-readable magnitude.
+var ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT = 0x3E8;
+var VAULT_PREFIX_LEN = C.VAULT_PREFIX.length;
+
+function _emit(cb, ev) {
+  if (typeof cb === "function") {
+    try { cb(ev); } catch (_e) { /* progress-callback errors are non-fatal */ }
+  }
+}
+
+// Open a file for fsync. Different from atomicFile.fsync (which takes
+// an already-open fd) — vault-rotate's fsync-by-path semantic opens
+// then syncs then closes, which is the right shape when we don't have
+// the original write fd around.
+function _fsyncFileByPath(p) {
+  try {
+    var fd = fs.openSync(p, "r+");
+    try { fs.fsyncSync(fd); } finally { fs.closeSync(fd); }
+  } catch (_e) { /* best-effort across platforms */ }
+}
+
+function _reSealValue(sealedValue, oldKeys, newKeys) {
+  if (typeof sealedValue !== "string") return sealedValue;
+  if (sealedValue.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) return sealedValue;
+  var payload = sealedValue.substring(VAULT_PREFIX_LEN);
+  var plain = cryptoLib.decrypt(payload, oldKeys);
+  return C.VAULT_PREFIX + cryptoLib.encrypt(plain, newKeys);
+}
+
+// Walk a JSON-decoded value, re-sealing every vault-prefixed string.
+// Returns { value, changed } so the caller knows whether to write back.
+function _walkAndReSeal(node, oldKeys, newKeys) {
+  if (typeof node === "string") {
+    if (node.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) return { value: node, changed: false };
+    return { value: _reSealValue(node, oldKeys, newKeys), changed: true };
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+    var out = new Array(node.length);
+    var any = false;
+    for (var i = 0; i < node.length; i++) {
+      var r = _walkAndReSeal(node[i], oldKeys, newKeys);
+      out[i] = r.value;
+      if (r.changed) any = true;
+    }
+    return { value: out, changed: any };
+  }
+  if (node && typeof node === "object") {
+    var ob = {};
+    var c = false;
+    for (var k in node) {
+      if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(node, k)) continue;
+      var rv = _walkAndReSeal(node[k], oldKeys, newKeys);
+      ob[k] = rv.value;
+      if (rv.changed) c = true;
+    }
+    return { value: ob, changed: c };
+  }
+  return { value: node, changed: false };
+}
+
+function _runStmt(db, sql) { db.prepare(sql).run(); }
+
+function _rotateColumn(db, table, column, oldKeys, newKeys, batchSize, progress) {
+  var qt = '"' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
+  var qc = '"' + column.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
+  var total = db.prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM " + qt + " WHERE " + qc + " IS NOT NULL").get().n;
+  if (total === 0) return 0;
+
+  var sel = db.prepare(
+    "SELECT _id, " + qc + " AS v FROM " + qt +
+    " WHERE " + qc + " IS NOT NULL AND _id > ? ORDER BY _id LIMIT ?"
+  );
+  var upd = db.prepare("UPDATE " + qt + " SET " + qc + " = ? WHERE _id = ?");
+
+  var processed = 0;
+  var lastId = "";
+  while (true) {
+    var rows = sel.all(lastId, batchSize);
+    if (rows.length === 0) break;
+
+    dbSchema.runInTransaction(db, function () {
+      for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+        var row = rows[i];
+        if (typeof row.v === "string" && row.v.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) === 0) {
+          upd.run(_reSealValue(row.v, oldKeys, newKeys), row._id);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    processed += rows.length;
+    lastId = rows[rows.length - 1]._id;
+    _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_rows", table: table, column: column, rowsProcessed: processed, rowsTotal: total });
+  }
+  return processed;
+}
+
+function _rotateOverflow(db, table, oldKeys, newKeys, batchSize, progress, warnings) {
+  var qt = '"' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '"';
+  var cols = db.prepare("PRAGMA table_info(" + qt + ")").all();
+  if (!cols.some(function (c) { return c.name === "data"; })) return 0;
+
+  var total = db.prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM " + qt + " WHERE data IS NOT NULL").get().n;
+  if (total === 0) return 0;
+
+  var sel = db.prepare(
+    "SELECT _id, data FROM " + qt +
+    " WHERE data IS NOT NULL AND _id > ? ORDER BY _id LIMIT ?"
+  );
+  var upd = db.prepare("UPDATE " + qt + " SET data = ? WHERE _id = ?");
+
+  var processed = 0;
+  var lastId = "";
+  while (true) {
+    var rows = sel.all(lastId, batchSize);
+    if (rows.length === 0) break;
+
+    _runStmt(db, "BEGIN");
+    try {
+      for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+        var row = rows[i];
+        var doc;
+        // Vault overflow rows are framework-written but read at rotate
+        // time — gate the parse via safeJson so a corrupted row can't
+        // stage a parse-bomb against the rotation worker.
+        try { doc = safeJson.parse(row.data, { maxBytes: C.BYTES.mib(16) }); }
+        catch (_e) {
+          warnings.push("malformed overflow JSON at " + table + "._id=" + row._id + " — left unrotated");
+          continue;
+        }
+        var rv = _walkAndReSeal(doc, oldKeys, newKeys);
+        if (rv.changed) upd.run(JSON.stringify(rv.value), row._id);
+      }
+      _runStmt(db, "COMMIT");
+    } catch (e) {
+      _runStmt(db, "ROLLBACK");
+      throw e;
+    }
+    processed += rows.length;
+    lastId = rows[rows.length - 1]._id;
+    _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_overflow", table: table, rowsProcessed: processed, rowsTotal: total });
+  }
+  return processed;
+}
+
+async function rotate(opts) {
+  opts = opts || {};
+  var startedAt = Date.now();
+  var oldKeys = opts.oldKeys;
+  var newKeys = opts.newKeys;
+  if (!oldKeys || !newKeys) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-keys",
+      "rotate: opts.oldKeys and opts.newKeys are required");
+  }
+  if (typeof opts.dataDir !== "string" || !fs.existsSync(opts.dataDir)) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-datadir",
+      "rotate: opts.dataDir is required and must exist");
+  }
+  validateOpts.requireNonEmptyString(opts.stagingDir, "rotate: opts.stagingDir", VaultRotateError, "vault-rotate/no-staging");
+  if (fs.existsSync(opts.stagingDir)) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/staging-exists",
+      "rotate: stagingDir already exists: " + opts.stagingDir);
+  }
+  var mode = opts.mode || "plaintext";
+  if (mode !== "plaintext" && mode !== "wrapped") {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-mode",
+      "rotate: opts.mode must be 'plaintext' or 'wrapped'");
+  }
+  if (mode === "wrapped" && !Buffer.isBuffer(opts.newPassphrase)) {
+    throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/no-passphrase",
+      "rotate: wrapped mode requires opts.newPassphrase (Buffer)");
+  }
+  var rowBatchSize = opts.rowBatchSize || ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+  var progress = opts.progressCallback;
+  var warnings = [];
+  var paths = Object.assign({
+    encryptedDb:      "db.enc",
+    dbKeySealed:      "db.key.enc",
+    vaultKeyPlain:    "vault.key",
+    vaultKeySealed:   "vault.key.sealed",
+    additionalSealed: [],
+    verbatimFiles:    [],
+    verbatimDirs:     [],
+  }, opts.paths || {});
+
+  var dataDir = opts.dataDir;
+  var stagingDir = opts.stagingDir;
+
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "init" });
+  atomicFile.ensureDir(stagingDir);
+
+  // 1. verbatim files + dirs
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "copy_verbatim" });
+  for (var vf = 0; vf < paths.verbatimFiles.length; vf++) {
+    var entry = paths.verbatimFiles[vf];
+    var src = path.join(dataDir, entry.relativePath);
+    if (!fs.existsSync(src)) {
+      if (entry.required) {
+        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-verbatim",
+          "rotate: required verbatim file missing: " + entry.relativePath);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    var dest = path.join(stagingDir, entry.relativePath);
+    atomicFile.ensureDir(path.dirname(dest));
+    fs.copyFileSync(src, dest);
+  }
+  for (var vd = 0; vd < paths.verbatimDirs.length; vd++) {
+    var dent = paths.verbatimDirs[vd];
+    var sdir = path.join(dataDir, dent.relativePath);
+    if (!fs.existsSync(sdir)) {
+      if (dent.required) {
+        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-verbatim-dir",
+          "rotate: required verbatim dir missing: " + dent.relativePath);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (fs.existsSync(sdir)) {
+      atomicFile.copyDirRecursive(sdir, path.join(stagingDir, dent.relativePath));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2. write new vault key
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "write_vault_key" });
+  var keysJson = JSON.stringify(newKeys, null, 2);
+  if (mode === "wrapped") {
+    var sealed = await vaultWrap().wrap(keysJson, opts.newPassphrase);
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.vaultKeySealed), sealed, { mode: 0o600 });
+  } else {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.vaultKeyPlain), keysJson, { mode: 0o600 });
+  }
+
+  // 3. re-seal db.key.enc + any operator-supplied additionalSealed files
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "reseal_files" });
+  var dbKeySealedPath = path.join(dataDir, paths.dbKeySealed);
+  var dbKey = null;
+  if (fs.existsSync(dbKeySealedPath)) {
+    var sealedKey = fs.readFileSync(dbKeySealedPath, "utf8").trim();
+    if (sealedKey.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) {
+      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-dbkey",
+        "rotate: db.key.enc does not start with the vault prefix");
+    }
+    var dbKeyB64 = cryptoLib.decrypt(sealedKey.substring(VAULT_PREFIX_LEN), oldKeys);
+    dbKey = Buffer.from(dbKeyB64, "base64");
+    var resealedKey = C.VAULT_PREFIX + cryptoLib.encrypt(dbKeyB64, newKeys);
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.dbKeySealed), resealedKey, { mode: 0o600 });
+  }
+  for (var as = 0; as < paths.additionalSealed.length; as++) {
+    var ase = paths.additionalSealed[as];
+    var asSrc = path.join(dataDir, ase.relativePath);
+    if (!fs.existsSync(asSrc)) {
+      if (ase.required) {
+        throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/missing-sealed",
+          "rotate: required sealed file missing: " + ase.relativePath);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    var current = fs.readFileSync(asSrc, "utf8").trim();
+    if (current.indexOf(C.VAULT_PREFIX) !== 0) {
+      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/bad-sealed",
+        "rotate: sealed file does not start with the vault prefix: " + ase.relativePath);
+    }
+    var asDestDir = path.join(stagingDir, path.dirname(ase.relativePath));
+    if (!fs.existsSync(asDestDir)) atomicFile.ensureDir(asDestDir);
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, ase.relativePath),
+      _reSealValue(current, oldKeys, newKeys), { mode: 0o600 });
+  }
+
+  // 4. decrypt + rotate + re-encrypt db.enc
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "rotate_db" });
+  var encDbPath = path.join(dataDir, paths.encryptedDb);
+  var tablesProcessed = 0;
+  var totalRowsProcessed = 0;
+  var verifyResult = null;
+
+  if (fs.existsSync(encDbPath) && dbKey) {
+    var packed = fs.readFileSync(encDbPath);
+    var plainBytes = cryptoLib.decryptPacked(packed, dbKey);
+    var tmpDbPath = path.join(stagingDir, "_blamejs_rotate.tmp.db");
+    fs.writeFileSync(tmpDbPath, plainBytes, { mode: 0o600 });
+
+    var db = new DatabaseSync(tmpDbPath);
+    try {
+      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL");
+      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL");
+
+      // Walk tables. For each, re-seal every column declared sealed
+      // by the field-crypto registry, plus the overflow `data` JSON
+      // column if present.
+      var tablesToRotate = Array.isArray(opts.tables) && opts.tables.length > 0
+        ? opts.tables.slice()
+        : db.prepare(
+            "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master " +
+            "WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
+          ).all().map(function (r) { return r.name; });
+
+      for (var ti = 0; ti < tablesToRotate.length; ti++) {
+        var table = tablesToRotate[ti];
+        var tableExists = db.prepare(
+          "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name = ?"
+        ).get(table);
+        if (!tableExists) continue;
+
+        var schema = cryptoField.getSchema(table);
+        var liveCols = db.prepare(
+          'PRAGMA table_info("' + table.replace(/"/g, '""') + '")'
+        ).all().map(function (c) { return c.name; });
+        var liveColSet = Object.create(null);
+        for (var lc = 0; lc < liveCols.length; lc++) liveColSet[liveCols[lc]] = true;
+
+        var tableRows = 0;
+        if (schema && Array.isArray(schema.sealedFields)) {
+          for (var sc = 0; sc < schema.sealedFields.length; sc++) {
+            var col = schema.sealedFields[sc];
+            if (!liveColSet[col]) continue;
+            tableRows += _rotateColumn(db, table, col, oldKeys, newKeys, rowBatchSize, progress);
+          }
+        }
+        tableRows += _rotateOverflow(db, table, oldKeys, newKeys, rowBatchSize, progress, warnings);
+
+        if (tableRows > 0) { tablesProcessed++; totalRowsProcessed += tableRows; }
+      }
+
+      _runStmt(db, "PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)");
+    } finally {
+      db.close();
+    }
+
+    // Drop WAL/SHM sidecars before re-encrypting the .db file. Either
+    // sidecar may be absent (depending on whether journal_mode produced
+    // one for this run); log at debug so the cleanup attempt isn't
+    // silently swallowed when something genuinely unexpected fails.
+    try { fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath + "-wal"); }
+    catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: tmpDbPath + "-wal", error: e.message }); }
+    try { fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath + "-shm"); }
+    catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: tmpDbPath + "-shm", error: e.message }); }
+
+    var rotatedBytes = fs.readFileSync(tmpDbPath);
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.encryptedDb),
+      cryptoLib.encryptPacked(rotatedBytes, dbKey));
+    fs.unlinkSync(tmpDbPath);
+
+    // Round-trip verify on the staged DB
+    _emit(progress, { phase: "verify" });
+    var verifyTmp = path.join(stagingDir, "_blamejs_verify.tmp.db");
+    fs.writeFileSync(verifyTmp,
+      cryptoLib.decryptPacked(fs.readFileSync(path.join(stagingDir, paths.encryptedDb)), dbKey));
+    var vdb = new DatabaseSync(verifyTmp);
+    try {
+      verifyResult = verify({ keys: newKeys, db: vdb, oldKeys: oldKeys });
+    } finally {
+      vdb.close();
+      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp); }
+      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp, error: e.message }); }
+      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp + "-wal"); }
+      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp + "-wal", error: e.message }); }
+      try { fs.unlinkSync(verifyTmp + "-shm"); }
+      catch (e) { rotateLog.debug("cleanup-failed", { op: "fs.unlinkSync", path: verifyTmp + "-shm", error: e.message }); }
+    }
+    if (!verifyResult.ok) {
+      throw new VaultRotateError("vault-rotate/verify-failed",
+        "round-trip verification failed: " +
+        verifyResult.failures.length + " decrypt failure(s), " +
+        verifyResult.regressions.length + " non-rotated row(s). " +
+        "First issue: " + JSON.stringify(verifyResult.failures[0] || verifyResult.regressions[0]));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 5. fsync staging for durability before caller does the swap
+  _emit(progress, { phase: "fsync" });
+  function fsyncTree(dir) {
+    var entries = fs.readdirSync(dir);
+    for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+      var p = path.join(dir, entries[i]);
+      var st = fs.statSync(p);
+      if (st.isFile()) _fsyncFileByPath(p);
+      else if (st.isDirectory()) fsyncTree(p);
+    }
+    atomicFile.fsyncDir(dir);
+  }
+  fsyncTree(stagingDir);
+
+  var durationMs = Date.now() - startedAt;
+  _emit(progress, {
+    phase: "done",
+    durationMs: durationMs,
+    tablesProcessed: tablesProcessed,
+    totalRowsProcessed: totalRowsProcessed,
+  });
+  return {
+    durationMs:         durationMs,
+    tablesProcessed:    tablesProcessed,
+    totalRowsProcessed: totalRowsProcessed,
+    verifyResult:       verifyResult,
+    warnings:           warnings,
+  };
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  validateSchemaMatch:    validateSchemaMatch,
+  formatValidationResult: formatValidationResult,
+  verify:                 verify,
+  rotate:                 rotate,
+  VaultRotateError:       VaultRotateError,
+  // Constants exposed so operators / tests can reference the same defaults
+  DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT: DEFAULT_DRIFT_SAMPLE_LIMIT,
+  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN:  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_MIN,
+  DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC: DEFAULT_VERIFY_SAMPLE_FRAC,
+  ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT:     ROW_BATCH_SIZE_DEFAULT,
+};