wasmtime 20.0.2 → 21.0.1

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-codegen-0.108.1/src/ir/instructions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1020 @@
+//! Instruction formats and opcodes.
+//!
+//! The `instructions` module contains definitions for instruction formats, opcodes, and the
+//! in-memory representation of IR instructions.
+//!
+//! A large part of this module is auto-generated from the instruction descriptions in the meta
+//! directory.
+
+use crate::constant_hash::Table;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use core::str::FromStr;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "enable-serde")]
+use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::bitset::BitSet;
+use crate::entity;
+use crate::ir::{
+    self,
+    condcodes::{FloatCC, IntCC},
+    trapcode::TrapCode,
+    types, Block, FuncRef, MemFlags, SigRef, StackSlot, Type, Value,
+};
+
+/// Some instructions use an external list of argument values because there is not enough space in
+/// the 16-byte `InstructionData` struct. These value lists are stored in a memory pool in
+/// `dfg.value_lists`.
+pub type ValueList = entity::EntityList<Value>;
+
+/// Memory pool for holding value lists. See `ValueList`.
+pub type ValueListPool = entity::ListPool<Value>;
+
+/// A pair of a Block and its arguments, stored in a single EntityList internally.
+///
+/// NOTE: We don't expose either value_to_block or block_to_value outside of this module because
+/// this operation is not generally safe. However, as the two share the same underlying layout,
+/// they can be stored in the same value pool.
+///
+/// BlockCall makes use of this shared layout by storing all of its contents (a block and its
+/// argument) in a single EntityList. This is a bit better than introducing a new entity type for
+/// the pair of a block name and the arguments entity list, as we don't pay any indirection penalty
+/// to get to the argument values -- they're stored in-line with the block in the same list.
+///
+/// The BlockCall::new function guarantees this layout by requiring a block argument that's written
+/// in as the first element of the EntityList. Any subsequent entries are always assumed to be real
+/// Values.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct BlockCall {
+    /// The underlying storage for the BlockCall. The first element of the values EntityList is
+    /// guaranteed to always be a Block encoded as a Value via BlockCall::block_to_value.
+    /// Consequently, the values entity list is never empty.
+    values: entity::EntityList<Value>,
+}
+
+impl BlockCall {
+    // NOTE: the only uses of this function should be internal to BlockCall. See the block comment
+    // on BlockCall for more context.
+    fn value_to_block(val: Value) -> Block {
+        Block::from_u32(val.as_u32())
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: the only uses of this function should be internal to BlockCall. See the block comment
+    // on BlockCall for more context.
+    fn block_to_value(block: Block) -> Value {
+        Value::from_u32(block.as_u32())
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a BlockCall with the given block and arguments.
+    pub fn new(block: Block, args: &[Value], pool: &mut ValueListPool) -> Self {
+        let mut values = ValueList::default();
+        values.push(Self::block_to_value(block), pool);
+        values.extend(args.iter().copied(), pool);
+        Self { values }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the block for this BlockCall.
+    pub fn block(&self, pool: &ValueListPool) -> Block {
+        let val = self.values.first(pool).unwrap();
+        Self::value_to_block(val)
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the block for this BlockCall.
+    pub fn set_block(&mut self, block: Block, pool: &mut ValueListPool) {
+        *self.values.get_mut(0, pool).unwrap() = Self::block_to_value(block);
+    }
+
+    /// Append an argument to the block args.
+    pub fn append_argument(&mut self, arg: Value, pool: &mut ValueListPool) {
+        self.values.push(arg, pool);
+    }
+
+    /// Return a slice for the arguments of this block.
+    pub fn args_slice<'a>(&self, pool: &'a ValueListPool) -> &'a [Value] {
+        &self.values.as_slice(pool)[1..]
+    }
+
+    /// Return a slice for the arguments of this block.
+    pub fn args_slice_mut<'a>(&'a mut self, pool: &'a mut ValueListPool) -> &'a mut [Value] {
+        &mut self.values.as_mut_slice(pool)[1..]
+    }
+
+    /// Remove the argument at ix from the argument list.
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, ix: usize, pool: &mut ValueListPool) {
+        self.values.remove(1 + ix, pool)
+    }
+
+    /// Clear out the arguments list.
+    pub fn clear(&mut self, pool: &mut ValueListPool) {
+        self.values.truncate(1, pool)
+    }
+
+    /// Appends multiple elements to the arguments.
+    pub fn extend<I>(&mut self, elements: I, pool: &mut ValueListPool)
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = Value>,
+    {
+        self.values.extend(elements, pool)
+    }
+
+    /// Return a value that can display this block call.
+    pub fn display<'a>(&self, pool: &'a ValueListPool) -> DisplayBlockCall<'a> {
+        DisplayBlockCall { block: *self, pool }
+    }
+
+    /// Deep-clone the underlying list in the same pool. The returned
+    /// list will have identical contents but changes to this list
+    /// will not change its contents or vice-versa.
+    pub fn deep_clone(&self, pool: &mut ValueListPool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            values: self.values.deep_clone(pool),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for the context needed to display a [BlockCall] value.
+pub struct DisplayBlockCall<'a> {
+    block: BlockCall,
+    pool: &'a ValueListPool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Display for DisplayBlockCall<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.block.block(&self.pool))?;
+        let args = self.block.args_slice(&self.pool);
+        if !args.is_empty() {
+            write!(f, "(")?;
+            for (ix, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
+                if ix > 0 {
+                    write!(f, ", ")?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "{}", arg)?;
+            }
+            write!(f, ")")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+// Include code generated by `cranelift-codegen/meta/src/gen_inst.rs`. This file contains:
+//
+// - The `pub enum InstructionFormat` enum with all the instruction formats.
+// - The `pub enum InstructionData` enum with all the instruction data fields.
+// - The `pub enum Opcode` definition with all known opcodes,
+// - The `const OPCODE_FORMAT: [InstructionFormat; N]` table.
+// - The private `fn opcode_name(Opcode) -> &'static str` function, and
+// - The hash table `const OPCODE_HASH_TABLE: [Opcode; N]`.
+//
+// For value type constraints:
+//
+// - The `const OPCODE_CONSTRAINTS : [OpcodeConstraints; N]` table.
+// - The `const TYPE_SETS : [ValueTypeSet; N]` table.
+// - The `const OPERAND_CONSTRAINTS : [OperandConstraint; N]` table.
+//
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/opcodes.rs"));
+
+impl Display for Opcode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", opcode_name(*self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Opcode {
+    /// Get the instruction format for this opcode.
+    pub fn format(self) -> InstructionFormat {
+        OPCODE_FORMAT[self as usize - 1]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the constraint descriptor for this opcode.
+    /// Panic if this is called on `NotAnOpcode`.
+    pub fn constraints(self) -> OpcodeConstraints {
+        OPCODE_CONSTRAINTS[self as usize - 1]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the instruction is a resumable trap.
+    pub fn is_resumable_trap(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Opcode::ResumableTrap | Opcode::ResumableTrapnz => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// This trait really belongs in cranelift-reader where it is used by the `.clif` file parser, but since
+// it critically depends on the `opcode_name()` function which is needed here anyway, it lives in
+// this module. This also saves us from running the build script twice to generate code for the two
+// separate crates.
+impl FromStr for Opcode {
+    type Err = &'static str;
+
+    /// Parse an Opcode name from a string.
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, &'static str> {
+        use crate::constant_hash::{probe, simple_hash};
+
+        match probe::<&str, [Option<Self>]>(&OPCODE_HASH_TABLE, s, simple_hash(s)) {
+            Err(_) => Err("Unknown opcode"),
+            // We unwrap here because probe() should have ensured that the entry
+            // at this index is not None.
+            Ok(i) => Ok(OPCODE_HASH_TABLE[i].unwrap()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Table<&'a str> for [Option<Opcode>] {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+
+    fn key(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<&'a str> {
+        self[idx].map(opcode_name)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A variable list of `Value` operands used for function call arguments and passing arguments to
+/// basic blocks.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct VariableArgs(Vec<Value>);
+
+impl VariableArgs {
+    /// Create an empty argument list.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(Vec::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Add an argument to the end.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, v: Value) {
+        self.0.push(v)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the list is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert this to a value list in `pool` with `fixed` prepended.
+    pub fn into_value_list(self, fixed: &[Value], pool: &mut ValueListPool) -> ValueList {
+        let mut vlist = ValueList::default();
+        vlist.extend(fixed.iter().cloned(), pool);
+        vlist.extend(self.0, pool);
+        vlist
+    }
+}
+
+// Coerce `VariableArgs` into a `&[Value]` slice.
+impl Deref for VariableArgs {
+    type Target = [Value];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[Value] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for VariableArgs {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Value] {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for VariableArgs {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        for (i, val) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i == 0 {
+                write!(fmt, "{}", val)?;
+            } else {
+                write!(fmt, ", {}", val)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for VariableArgs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Analyzing an instruction.
+///
+/// Avoid large matches on instruction formats by using the methods defined here to examine
+/// instructions.
+impl InstructionData {
+    /// Get the destinations of this instruction, if it's a branch.
+    ///
+    /// `br_table` returns the empty slice.
+    pub fn branch_destination<'a>(&'a self, jump_tables: &'a ir::JumpTables) -> &[BlockCall] {
+        match self {
+            Self::Jump {
+                ref destination, ..
+            } => std::slice::from_ref(destination),
+            Self::Brif { blocks, .. } => blocks.as_slice(),
+            Self::BranchTable { table, .. } => jump_tables.get(*table).unwrap().all_branches(),
+            _ => {
+                debug_assert!(!self.opcode().is_branch());
+                &[]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a mutable slice of the destinations of this instruction, if it's a branch.
+    ///
+    /// `br_table` returns the empty slice.
+    pub fn branch_destination_mut<'a>(
+        &'a mut self,
+        jump_tables: &'a mut ir::JumpTables,
+    ) -> &mut [BlockCall] {
+        match self {
+            Self::Jump {
+                ref mut destination,
+                ..
+            } => std::slice::from_mut(destination),
+            Self::Brif { blocks, .. } => blocks.as_mut_slice(),
+            Self::BranchTable { table, .. } => {
+                jump_tables.get_mut(*table).unwrap().all_branches_mut()
+            }
+            _ => {
+                debug_assert!(!self.opcode().is_branch());
+                &mut []
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the values used in this instruction according to the given
+    /// function.
+    pub fn map_values(
+        &mut self,
+        pool: &mut ValueListPool,
+        jump_tables: &mut ir::JumpTables,
+        mut f: impl FnMut(Value) -> Value,
+    ) {
+        for arg in self.arguments_mut(pool) {
+            *arg = f(*arg);
+        }
+
+        for block in self.branch_destination_mut(jump_tables) {
+            for arg in block.args_slice_mut(pool) {
+                *arg = f(*arg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a trapping instruction, get its trap code. Otherwise, return
+    /// `None`.
+    pub fn trap_code(&self) -> Option<TrapCode> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::CondTrap { code, .. } | Self::Trap { code, .. } => Some(code),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a control-flow instruction depending on an integer condition, gets its
+    /// condition.  Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn cond_code(&self) -> Option<IntCC> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::IntCompare { cond, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::IntCompareImm { cond, .. } => Some(cond),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a control-flow instruction depending on a floating-point condition, gets its
+    /// condition.  Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn fp_cond_code(&self) -> Option<FloatCC> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::FloatCompare { cond, .. } => Some(cond),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a trapping instruction, get an exclusive reference to its
+    /// trap code. Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn trap_code_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut TrapCode> {
+        match self {
+            Self::CondTrap { code, .. } | Self::Trap { code, .. } => Some(code),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is an atomic read/modify/write instruction, return its subopcode.
+    pub fn atomic_rmw_op(&self) -> Option<ir::AtomicRmwOp> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::AtomicRmw { op, .. } => Some(op),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a load/store instruction, returns its immediate offset.
+    pub fn load_store_offset(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::Load { offset, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::StackLoad { offset, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::Store { offset, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::StackStore { offset, .. } => Some(offset.into()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a load/store instruction, return its memory flags.
+    pub fn memflags(&self) -> Option<MemFlags> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::Load { flags, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::LoadNoOffset { flags, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::Store { flags, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::StoreNoOffset { flags, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::AtomicCas { flags, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::AtomicRmw { flags, .. } => Some(flags),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If this instruction references a stack slot, return it
+    pub fn stack_slot(&self) -> Option<StackSlot> {
+        match self {
+            &InstructionData::StackStore { stack_slot, .. }
+            | &InstructionData::StackLoad { stack_slot, .. } => Some(stack_slot),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return information about a call instruction.
+    ///
+    /// Any instruction that can call another function reveals its call signature here.
+    pub fn analyze_call<'a>(&'a self, pool: &'a ValueListPool) -> CallInfo<'a> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Call {
+                func_ref, ref args, ..
+            } => CallInfo::Direct(func_ref, args.as_slice(pool)),
+            Self::CallIndirect {
+                sig_ref, ref args, ..
+            } => CallInfo::Indirect(sig_ref, &args.as_slice(pool)[1..]),
+            _ => {
+                debug_assert!(!self.opcode().is_call());
+                CallInfo::NotACall
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn sign_extend_immediates(&mut self, ctrl_typevar: Type) {
+        if ctrl_typevar.is_invalid() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let bit_width = ctrl_typevar.bits();
+
+        match self {
+            Self::BinaryImm64 {
+                opcode,
+                arg: _,
+                imm,
+            } => {
+                if *opcode == Opcode::SdivImm || *opcode == Opcode::SremImm {
+                    imm.sign_extend_from_width(bit_width);
+                }
+            }
+            Self::IntCompareImm {
+                opcode,
+                arg: _,
+                cond,
+                imm,
+            } => {
+                debug_assert_eq!(*opcode, Opcode::IcmpImm);
+                if cond.unsigned() != *cond {
+                    imm.sign_extend_from_width(bit_width);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information about call instructions.
+pub enum CallInfo<'a> {
+    /// This is not a call instruction.
+    NotACall,
+
+    /// This is a direct call to an external function declared in the preamble. See
+    /// `DataFlowGraph.ext_funcs`.
+    Direct(FuncRef, &'a [Value]),
+
+    /// This is an indirect call with the specified signature. See `DataFlowGraph.signatures`.
+    Indirect(SigRef, &'a [Value]),
+}
+
+/// Value type constraints for a given opcode.
+///
+/// The `InstructionFormat` determines the constraints on most operands, but `Value` operands and
+/// results are not determined by the format. Every `Opcode` has an associated
+/// `OpcodeConstraints` object that provides the missing details.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct OpcodeConstraints {
+    /// Flags for this opcode encoded as a bit field:
+    ///
+    /// Bits 0-2:
+    ///     Number of fixed result values. This does not include `variable_args` results as are
+    ///     produced by call instructions.
+    ///
+    /// Bit 3:
+    ///     This opcode is polymorphic and the controlling type variable can be inferred from the
+    ///     designated input operand. This is the `typevar_operand` index given to the
+    ///     `InstructionFormat` meta language object. When this bit is not set, the controlling
+    ///     type variable must be the first output value instead.
+    ///
+    /// Bit 4:
+    ///     This opcode is polymorphic and the controlling type variable does *not* appear as the
+    ///     first result type.
+    ///
+    /// Bits 5-7:
+    ///     Number of fixed value arguments. The minimum required number of value operands.
+    flags: u8,
+
+    /// Permitted set of types for the controlling type variable as an index into `TYPE_SETS`.
+    typeset_offset: u8,
+
+    /// Offset into `OPERAND_CONSTRAINT` table of the descriptors for this opcode. The first
+    /// `num_fixed_results()` entries describe the result constraints, then follows constraints for
+    /// the fixed `Value` input operands. (`num_fixed_value_arguments()` of them).
+    constraint_offset: u16,
+}
+
+impl OpcodeConstraints {
+    /// Can the controlling type variable for this opcode be inferred from the designated value
+    /// input operand?
+    /// This also implies that this opcode is polymorphic.
+    pub fn use_typevar_operand(self) -> bool {
+        (self.flags & 0x8) != 0
+    }
+
+    /// Is it necessary to look at the designated value input operand in order to determine the
+    /// controlling type variable, or is it good enough to use the first return type?
+    ///
+    /// Most polymorphic instructions produce a single result with the type of the controlling type
+    /// variable. A few polymorphic instructions either don't produce any results, or produce
+    /// results with a fixed type. These instructions return `true`.
+    pub fn requires_typevar_operand(self) -> bool {
+        (self.flags & 0x10) != 0
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of *fixed* result values produced by this opcode.
+    /// This does not include `variable_args` produced by calls.
+    pub fn num_fixed_results(self) -> usize {
+        (self.flags & 0x7) as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of *fixed* input values required by this opcode.
+    ///
+    /// This does not include `variable_args` arguments on call and branch instructions.
+    ///
+    /// The number of fixed input values is usually implied by the instruction format, but
+    /// instruction formats that use a `ValueList` put both fixed and variable arguments in the
+    /// list. This method returns the *minimum* number of values required in the value list.
+    pub fn num_fixed_value_arguments(self) -> usize {
+        ((self.flags >> 5) & 0x7) as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Get the offset into `TYPE_SETS` for the controlling type variable.
+    /// Returns `None` if the instruction is not polymorphic.
+    fn typeset_offset(self) -> Option<usize> {
+        let offset = usize::from(self.typeset_offset);
+        if offset < TYPE_SETS.len() {
+            Some(offset)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the offset into OPERAND_CONSTRAINTS where the descriptors for this opcode begin.
+    fn constraint_offset(self) -> usize {
+        self.constraint_offset as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Get the value type of result number `n`, having resolved the controlling type variable to
+    /// `ctrl_type`.
+    pub fn result_type(self, n: usize, ctrl_type: Type) -> Type {
+        debug_assert!(n < self.num_fixed_results(), "Invalid result index");
+        match OPERAND_CONSTRAINTS[self.constraint_offset() + n].resolve(ctrl_type) {
+            ResolvedConstraint::Bound(t) => t,
+            ResolvedConstraint::Free(ts) => panic!("Result constraints can't be free: {:?}", ts),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the value type of input value number `n`, having resolved the controlling type variable
+    /// to `ctrl_type`.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike results, it is possible for some input values to vary freely within a specific
+    /// `ValueTypeSet`. This is represented with the `ArgumentConstraint::Free` variant.
+    pub fn value_argument_constraint(self, n: usize, ctrl_type: Type) -> ResolvedConstraint {
+        debug_assert!(
+            n < self.num_fixed_value_arguments(),
+            "Invalid value argument index"
+        );
+        let offset = self.constraint_offset() + self.num_fixed_results();
+        OPERAND_CONSTRAINTS[offset + n].resolve(ctrl_type)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the typeset of allowed types for the controlling type variable in a polymorphic
+    /// instruction.
+    pub fn ctrl_typeset(self) -> Option<ValueTypeSet> {
+        self.typeset_offset().map(|offset| TYPE_SETS[offset])
+    }
+
+    /// Is this instruction polymorphic?
+    pub fn is_polymorphic(self) -> bool {
+        self.ctrl_typeset().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+type BitSet8 = BitSet<u8>;
+type BitSet16 = BitSet<u16>;
+
+/// A value type set describes the permitted set of types for a type variable.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ValueTypeSet {
+    /// Allowed lane sizes
+    pub lanes: BitSet16,
+    /// Allowed int widths
+    pub ints: BitSet8,
+    /// Allowed float widths
+    pub floats: BitSet8,
+    /// Allowed ref widths
+    pub refs: BitSet8,
+    /// Allowed dynamic vectors minimum lane sizes
+    pub dynamic_lanes: BitSet16,
+}
+
+impl ValueTypeSet {
+    /// Is `scalar` part of the base type set?
+    ///
+    /// Note that the base type set does not have to be included in the type set proper.
+    fn is_base_type(self, scalar: Type) -> bool {
+        let l2b = scalar.log2_lane_bits();
+        if scalar.is_int() {
+            self.ints.contains(l2b)
+        } else if scalar.is_float() {
+            self.floats.contains(l2b)
+        } else if scalar.is_ref() {
+            self.refs.contains(l2b)
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Does `typ` belong to this set?
+    pub fn contains(self, typ: Type) -> bool {
+        if typ.is_dynamic_vector() {
+            let l2l = typ.log2_min_lane_count();
+            self.dynamic_lanes.contains(l2l) && self.is_base_type(typ.lane_type())
+        } else {
+            let l2l = typ.log2_lane_count();
+            self.lanes.contains(l2l) && self.is_base_type(typ.lane_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get an example member of this type set.
+    ///
+    /// This is used for error messages to avoid suggesting invalid types.
+    pub fn example(self) -> Type {
+        let t = if self.ints.max().unwrap_or(0) > 5 {
+            types::I32
+        } else if self.floats.max().unwrap_or(0) > 5 {
+            types::F32
+        } else {
+            types::I8
+        };
+        t.by(1 << self.lanes.min().unwrap()).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Operand constraints. This describes the value type constraints on a single `Value` operand.
+enum OperandConstraint {
+    /// This operand has a concrete value type.
+    Concrete(Type),
+
+    /// This operand can vary freely within the given type set.
+    /// The type set is identified by its index into the TYPE_SETS constant table.
+    Free(u8),
+
+    /// This operand is the same type as the controlling type variable.
+    Same,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.lane_of()`.
+    LaneOf,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.as_truthy()`.
+    AsTruthy,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.half_width()`.
+    HalfWidth,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.double_width()`.
+    DoubleWidth,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.split_lanes()`.
+    SplitLanes,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.merge_lanes()`.
+    MergeLanes,
+
+    /// This operands is `ctrlType.dynamic_to_vector()`.
+    DynamicToVector,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.narrower()`.
+    Narrower,
+
+    /// This operand is `ctrlType.wider()`.
+    Wider,
+}
+
+impl OperandConstraint {
+    /// Resolve this operand constraint into a concrete value type, given the value of the
+    /// controlling type variable.
+    pub fn resolve(&self, ctrl_type: Type) -> ResolvedConstraint {
+        use self::OperandConstraint::*;
+        use self::ResolvedConstraint::Bound;
+        match *self {
+            Concrete(t) => Bound(t),
+            Free(vts) => ResolvedConstraint::Free(TYPE_SETS[vts as usize]),
+            Same => Bound(ctrl_type),
+            LaneOf => Bound(ctrl_type.lane_of()),
+            AsTruthy => Bound(ctrl_type.as_truthy()),
+            HalfWidth => Bound(ctrl_type.half_width().expect("invalid type for half_width")),
+            DoubleWidth => Bound(
+                ctrl_type
+                    .double_width()
+                    .expect("invalid type for double_width"),
+            ),
+            SplitLanes => {
+                if ctrl_type.is_dynamic_vector() {
+                    Bound(
+                        ctrl_type
+                            .dynamic_to_vector()
+                            .expect("invalid type for dynamic_to_vector")
+                            .split_lanes()
+                            .expect("invalid type for split_lanes")
+                            .vector_to_dynamic()
+                            .expect("invalid dynamic type"),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    Bound(
+                        ctrl_type
+                            .split_lanes()
+                            .expect("invalid type for split_lanes"),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            MergeLanes => {
+                if ctrl_type.is_dynamic_vector() {
+                    Bound(
+                        ctrl_type
+                            .dynamic_to_vector()
+                            .expect("invalid type for dynamic_to_vector")
+                            .merge_lanes()
+                            .expect("invalid type for merge_lanes")
+                            .vector_to_dynamic()
+                            .expect("invalid dynamic type"),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    Bound(
+                        ctrl_type
+                            .merge_lanes()
+                            .expect("invalid type for merge_lanes"),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            DynamicToVector => Bound(
+                ctrl_type
+                    .dynamic_to_vector()
+                    .expect("invalid type for dynamic_to_vector"),
+            ),
+            Narrower => {
+                let ctrl_type_bits = ctrl_type.log2_lane_bits();
+                let mut tys = ValueTypeSet::default();
+
+                // We're testing scalar values, only.
+                tys.lanes = BitSet::from_range(0, 1);
+
+                if ctrl_type.is_int() {
+                    // The upper bound in from_range is exclusive, and we want to exclude the
+                    // control type to construct the interval of [I8, ctrl_type).
+                    tys.ints = BitSet8::from_range(3, ctrl_type_bits as u8);
+                } else if ctrl_type.is_float() {
+                    // The upper bound in from_range is exclusive, and we want to exclude the
+                    // control type to construct the interval of [F32, ctrl_type).
+                    tys.floats = BitSet8::from_range(5, ctrl_type_bits as u8);
+                } else {
+                    panic!("The Narrower constraint only operates on floats or ints");
+                }
+                ResolvedConstraint::Free(tys)
+            }
+            Wider => {
+                let ctrl_type_bits = ctrl_type.log2_lane_bits();
+                let mut tys = ValueTypeSet::default();
+
+                // We're testing scalar values, only.
+                tys.lanes = BitSet::from_range(0, 1);
+
+                if ctrl_type.is_int() {
+                    let lower_bound = ctrl_type_bits as u8 + 1;
+                    // The largest integer type we can represent in `BitSet8` is I128, which is
+                    // represented by bit 7 in the bit set. Adding one to exclude I128 from the
+                    // lower bound would overflow as 2^8 doesn't fit in a u8, but this would
+                    // already describe the empty set so instead we leave `ints` in its default
+                    // empty state.
+                    if lower_bound < BitSet8::bits() as u8 {
+                        // The interval should include all types wider than `ctrl_type`, so we use
+                        // `2^8` as the upper bound, and add one to the bits of `ctrl_type` to define
+                        // the interval `(ctrl_type, I128]`.
+                        tys.ints = BitSet8::from_range(lower_bound, 8);
+                    }
+                } else if ctrl_type.is_float() {
+                    // The interval should include all float types wider than `ctrl_type`, so we
+                    // use `2^7` as the upper bound, and add one to the bits of `ctrl_type` to
+                    // define the interval `(ctrl_type, F64]`.
+                    tys.floats = BitSet8::from_range(ctrl_type_bits as u8 + 1, 7);
+                } else {
+                    panic!("The Wider constraint only operates on floats or ints");
+                }
+
+                ResolvedConstraint::Free(tys)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The type constraint on a value argument once the controlling type variable is known.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ResolvedConstraint {
+    /// The operand is bound to a known type.
+    Bound(Type),
+    /// The operand type can vary freely within the given set.
+    Free(ValueTypeSet),
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloc::string::ToString;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inst_data_is_copy() {
+        fn is_copy<T: Copy>() {}
+        is_copy::<InstructionData>();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inst_data_size() {
+        // The size of `InstructionData` is performance sensitive, so make sure
+        // we don't regress it unintentionally.
+        assert_eq!(std::mem::size_of::<InstructionData>(), 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn opcodes() {
+        use core::mem;
+
+        let x = Opcode::Iadd;
+        let mut y = Opcode::Isub;
+
+        assert!(x != y);
+        y = Opcode::Iadd;
+        assert_eq!(x, y);
+        assert_eq!(x.format(), InstructionFormat::Binary);
+
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", Opcode::IaddImm), "IaddImm");
+        assert_eq!(Opcode::IaddImm.to_string(), "iadd_imm");
+
+        // Check the matcher.
+        assert_eq!("iadd".parse::<Opcode>(), Ok(Opcode::Iadd));
+        assert_eq!("iadd_imm".parse::<Opcode>(), Ok(Opcode::IaddImm));
+        assert_eq!("iadd\0".parse::<Opcode>(), Err("Unknown opcode"));
+        assert_eq!("".parse::<Opcode>(), Err("Unknown opcode"));
+        assert_eq!("\0".parse::<Opcode>(), Err("Unknown opcode"));
+
+        // Opcode is a single byte, and because Option<Opcode> originally came to 2 bytes, early on
+        // Opcode included a variant NotAnOpcode to avoid the unnecessary bloat. Since then the Rust
+        // compiler has brought in NonZero optimization, meaning that an enum not using the 0 value
+        // can be optional for no size cost. We want to ensure Option<Opcode> remains small.
+        assert_eq!(mem::size_of::<Opcode>(), mem::size_of::<Option<Opcode>>());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn instruction_data() {
+        use core::mem;
+        // The size of the `InstructionData` enum is important for performance. It should not
+        // exceed 16 bytes. Use `Box<FooData>` out-of-line payloads for instruction formats that
+        // require more space than that. It would be fine with a data structure smaller than 16
+        // bytes, but what are the odds of that?
+        assert_eq!(mem::size_of::<InstructionData>(), 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn constraints() {
+        let a = Opcode::Iadd.constraints();
+        assert!(a.use_typevar_operand());
+        assert!(!a.requires_typevar_operand());
+        assert_eq!(a.num_fixed_results(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(a.num_fixed_value_arguments(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(a.result_type(0, types::I32), types::I32);
+        assert_eq!(a.result_type(0, types::I8), types::I8);
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.value_argument_constraint(0, types::I32),
+            ResolvedConstraint::Bound(types::I32)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.value_argument_constraint(1, types::I32),
+            ResolvedConstraint::Bound(types::I32)
+        );
+
+        let b = Opcode::Bitcast.constraints();
+        assert!(!b.use_typevar_operand());
+        assert!(!b.requires_typevar_operand());
+        assert_eq!(b.num_fixed_results(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(b.num_fixed_value_arguments(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(b.result_type(0, types::I32), types::I32);
+        assert_eq!(b.result_type(0, types::I8), types::I8);
+        match b.value_argument_constraint(0, types::I32) {
+            ResolvedConstraint::Free(vts) => assert!(vts.contains(types::F32)),
+            _ => panic!("Unexpected constraint from value_argument_constraint"),
+        }
+
+        let c = Opcode::Call.constraints();
+        assert_eq!(c.num_fixed_results(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(c.num_fixed_value_arguments(), 0);
+
+        let i = Opcode::CallIndirect.constraints();
+        assert_eq!(i.num_fixed_results(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(i.num_fixed_value_arguments(), 1);
+
+        let cmp = Opcode::Icmp.constraints();
+        assert!(cmp.use_typevar_operand());
+        assert!(cmp.requires_typevar_operand());
+        assert_eq!(cmp.num_fixed_results(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(cmp.num_fixed_value_arguments(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(cmp.result_type(0, types::I64), types::I8);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn value_set() {
+        use crate::ir::types::*;
+
+        let vts = ValueTypeSet {
+            lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+            ints: BitSet8::from_range(4, 7),
+            floats: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            refs: BitSet8::from_range(5, 7),
+            dynamic_lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 4),
+        };
+        assert!(!vts.contains(I8));
+        assert!(vts.contains(I32));
+        assert!(vts.contains(I64));
+        assert!(vts.contains(I32X4));
+        assert!(vts.contains(I32X4XN));
+        assert!(!vts.contains(F32));
+        assert!(vts.contains(R32));
+        assert!(vts.contains(R64));
+        assert_eq!(vts.example().to_string(), "i32");
+
+        let vts = ValueTypeSet {
+            lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+            ints: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            floats: BitSet8::from_range(5, 7),
+            refs: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            dynamic_lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(vts.example().to_string(), "f32");
+
+        let vts = ValueTypeSet {
+            lanes: BitSet16::from_range(1, 8),
+            ints: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            floats: BitSet8::from_range(5, 7),
+            refs: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            dynamic_lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(vts.example().to_string(), "f32x2");
+
+        let vts = ValueTypeSet {
+            lanes: BitSet16::from_range(2, 8),
+            ints: BitSet8::from_range(3, 7),
+            floats: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            refs: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            dynamic_lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(vts.example().to_string(), "i32x4");
+
+        let vts = ValueTypeSet {
+            // TypeSet(lanes=(1, 256), ints=(8, 64))
+            lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 9),
+            ints: BitSet8::from_range(3, 7),
+            floats: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            refs: BitSet8::from_range(0, 0),
+            dynamic_lanes: BitSet16::from_range(0, 8),
+        };
+        assert!(vts.contains(I32));
+        assert!(vts.contains(I32X4));
+        assert!(!vts.contains(R32));
+        assert!(!vts.contains(R64));
+    }
+}