passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/subset.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2721 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Subsets of Topological Manifolds
+
+The class :class:`ManifoldSubset` implements generic subsets of a
+topological manifold. Open subsets are implemented by the class
+:class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold` (since an
+open subset of a manifold is a manifold by itself), which inherits
+from :class:`ManifoldSubset`.  Besides, subsets that are images of
+a manifold subset under a continuous map are implemented by the
+subclass :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map_image.ImageManifoldSubset`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2015): review tweaks; removal of facade parents
+- Matthias Koeppe (2021): Families and posets of subsets
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [Lee2011]_
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+Two subsets on a manifold::
+
+    sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+    sage: a = M.subset('A'); a
+    Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+    sage: b = M.subset('B'); b
+    Subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+    sage: M.subset_family()
+    Set {A, B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+The intersection of the two subsets::
+
+    sage: c = a.intersection(b); c
+    Subset A_inter_B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+Their union::
+
+    sage: d = a.union(b); d
+    Subset A_union_B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+Families of subsets after the above operations::
+
+    sage: M.subset_family()
+    Set {A, A_inter_B, A_union_B, B, M} of subsets
+    of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+    sage: a.subset_family()
+    Set {A, A_inter_B} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+    sage: c.subset_family()
+    Set {A_inter_B} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+    sage: d.subset_family()
+    Set {A, A_inter_B, A_union_B, B} of subsets
+    of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+"""
+# ***************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2020 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015      Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#       Copyright (C) 2021      Matthias Koeppe <mkoeppe@math.ucdavis.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Optional
+
+from sage.categories.sets_cat import Sets
+from sage.manifolds.family import ManifoldObjectFiniteFamily, ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily
+from sage.manifolds.point import ManifoldPoint
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+class ManifoldSubset(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    Subset of a topological manifold.
+
+    The class :class:`ManifoldSubset` inherits from the generic
+    class :class:`~sage.structure.parent.Parent`.
+    The corresponding element class is
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`.
+
+    Note that open subsets are not implemented directly by this class, but
+    by the derived class :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`
+    (an open subset of a topological manifold being itself a topological
+    manifold).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``manifold`` -- topological manifold on which the subset is defined
+    - ``name`` -- string; name (symbol) given to the subset
+    - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to
+      denote the subset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+    - ``category`` -- (default: ``None``) to specify the category;
+      if ``None``, the category for generic subsets is used
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    A subset of a manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+        sage: from sage.manifolds.subset import ManifoldSubset
+        sage: A = ManifoldSubset(M, 'A', latex_name=r'\mathcal{A}')
+        sage: A
+        Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: latex(A)
+        \mathcal{A}
+        sage: A.is_subset(M)
+        True
+
+    Instead of importing :class:`ManifoldSubset` in the global
+    namespace, it is recommended to use the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset.subset` to create a new
+    subset::
+
+        sage: B = M.subset('B', latex_name=r'\mathcal{B}'); B
+        Subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: M.subset_family()
+        Set {A, B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+    The manifold is itself a subset::
+
+        sage: isinstance(M, ManifoldSubset)
+        True
+        sage: M in M.subsets()
+        True
+
+    Instances of :class:`ManifoldSubset` are parents::
+
+        sage: isinstance(A, Parent)
+        True
+        sage: A.category()
+        Category of subobjects of sets
+        sage: p = A.an_element(); p
+        Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: p.parent()
+        Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: p in A
+        True
+        sage: p in M
+        True
+    """
+
+    Element = ManifoldPoint
+
+    _name: str
+
+    def __init__(self, manifold, name: str, latex_name=None, category=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a manifold subset.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A'); A
+            Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: type(A)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset_with_category'>
+            sage: A.category()
+            Category of subobjects of sets
+            sage: TestSuite(A).run(skip='_test_elements')
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            ``_test_elements`` cannot be passed without a proper
+            coordinate definition of the subset.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a string".format(name))
+        self._name = name
+        if latex_name is None:
+            self._latex_name = self._name
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(latex_name, str):
+                raise TypeError("{} is not a string".format(latex_name))
+            self._latex_name = latex_name
+        if category is None:
+            category = Sets().Subobjects()
+            base = None
+        else:
+            base = manifold._field
+        Parent.__init__(self, base=base, category=category)
+        if self is not manifold:
+            for dom in manifold._subsets:
+                if name == dom._name:
+                    raise ValueError("the name '" + name +
+                                     "' is already used for another " +
+                                     "subset of the {}".format(manifold))
+            manifold._subsets.add(self)
+
+        # subsets containing self
+        self._supersets = {manifold, self}
+
+        # subsets of self
+        self._subsets = {self}
+
+        # subsets contained in self but not in another strict subset of self
+        self._top_subsets = {self}
+
+        # dict. of intersections with other subsets (key: subset name)
+        self._intersections = {}
+
+        # dict. of unions with other subsets (key: subset name)
+        self._unions = {}
+
+        self._open_covers = []  # list of open covers of self
+        self._is_open = False   # a priori (may be redefined by subclasses)
+        self._manifold = manifold  # the ambient manifold
+        self._has_defined_points = False
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        String representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: A._repr_()
+            'Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M'
+            sage: repr(A)  # indirect doctest
+            'Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M'
+        """
+        return "Subset {} of the {}".format(self._name, self._manifold)
+
+    def _latex_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: A._latex_()
+            'A'
+            sage: B = A.subset('B', latex_name=r'\mathcal{B}')
+            sage: B._latex_()
+            '\\mathcal{B}'
+            sage: latex(B)  # indirect doctest
+            \mathcal{B}
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: M._latex_()
+            'M'
+            sage: latex(M)
+            M
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', latex_name=r'\mathcal{M}',
+            ....:              structure='topological')
+            sage: M._latex_()
+            '\\mathcal{M}'
+            sage: latex(M)  # indirect doctest
+            \mathcal{M}
+        """
+        return self._latex_name
+
+    # ### Methods required for any Parent in the category of sets:
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, coords=None, chart=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None, check_coords=True):
+        r"""
+        Construct a point in the subset from its coordinates in some chart.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coords`` -- (default: ``None``) either (i) the point coordinates
+          (as a tuple or a list) in the chart ``chart`` or (ii) another point
+          in the subset
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) chart in which the coordinates
+          are given; if none are provided, the coordinates are assumed to
+          refer to the subset's default chart
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the point
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          point; if none are provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``check_coords`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determines whether
+          ``coords`` are valid coordinates for the chart ``chart``.
+          For symbolic coordinates, it is recommended to set ``check_coords``
+          to ``False``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        An instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`
+        representing a point in the current subset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M((-2,3)); p  # coord in the default chart
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: X(p)
+            (-2, 3)
+
+        A generic subset has no default chart, so the chart must
+        be explicitly given::
+
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: p = A((-2,3), chart=X); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: X(p)
+            (-2, 3)
+            sage: p.parent()
+            Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: p in A
+            True
+
+        Coordinates in a chart with some coordinate restrictions::
+
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart('u:(-1,1) v:(-1,1)')
+            sage: p = A((0,1/2), chart=Y); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: Y(p)
+            (0, 1/2)
+            sage: p = A((0,1/2), chart=Y, check_coords=False); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: Y(p)
+            (0, 1/2)
+            sage: p = A((3,1/2), chart=Y)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the coordinates (3, 1/2) are not valid on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+
+        Specifying the name of the point::
+
+            sage: p = A((-2,3), chart=X, name='p'); p
+            Point p on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        A point as entry::
+
+            sage: q = A(p); q
+            Point p on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: X(q)
+            (-2, 3)
+        """
+        if isinstance(coords, ManifoldPoint):
+            point = coords  # for readability
+            # This should actually never happen by the coercion framework...
+            if point.parent() is self:
+                return point
+            if point in self:
+                resu = self.element_class(self, name=point._name,
+                                          latex_name=point._latex_name)
+                for chart, coords in point._coordinates.items():
+                    resu._coordinates[chart] = coords
+                return resu
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("the {}".format(point) +
+                                 " is not in {}".format(self))
+        return self.element_class(self, coords=coords, chart=chart,
+                                  name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                  check_coords=check_coords)
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some point in the subset.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: p = A._an_element_(); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: p in A
+            True
+        """
+        # ! should be improved...
+        return self.element_class(self)
+
+    # ### End of methods required for any Parent in the category of sets
+
+    def __contains__(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Check whether ``point`` is contained in ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: p = A((-2,3), chart=X); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A.__contains__(p)
+            True
+            sage: p in A  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: A.__contains__(A.an_element())
+            True
+            sage: q = M((0,0), chart=X); q
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A.__contains__(q)
+            False
+        """
+        # for efficiency, a quick test first:
+        if point.parent() is self:
+            return True
+        if point.parent().is_subset(self):
+            return True
+        # ! should be improved once coordinate definition have been introduced
+        # in ManifoldSubset
+        return False
+
+    def lift(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the lift of ``p`` to the ambient manifold of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- point of the subset
+
+        OUTPUT: the same point, considered as a point of the ambient manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.open_subset('A', coord_def={X: x>0})
+            sage: p = A((1, -2)); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: p.parent()
+            Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q = A.lift(p); q
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q.parent()
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q.coord()
+            (1, -2)
+            sage: (p == q) and (q == p)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._manifold(p)
+
+    def retract(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the retract of ``p`` to ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- point of the ambient manifold
+
+        OUTPUT: the same point, considered as a point of the subset
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: A = M.open_subset('A', coord_def={X: x>0})
+            sage: p = M((1, -2)); p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: p.parent()
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q = A.retract(p); q
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q.parent()
+            Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q.coord()
+            (1, -2)
+            sage: (q == p) and (p == q)
+            True
+
+        Of course, if the point does not belong to ``A``, the ``retract``
+        method fails::
+
+            sage: p = M((-1, 3))  #  x < 0, so that p is not in A
+            sage: q = A.retract(p)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             is not in Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return self(p)
+
+    # ### Accessors
+
+    def manifold(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the ambient manifold of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: A.manifold()
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A.manifold() is M
+            True
+            sage: B = A.subset('B')
+            sage: B.manifold() is M
+            True
+
+        An alias is ``ambient``::
+
+            sage: A.ambient() is A.manifold()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._manifold
+
+    ambient = manifold
+
+    def is_open(self):
+        r"""
+        Return if ``self`` is an open set.
+
+        This method always returns ``False``, since open subsets must be
+        constructed as instances of the subclass
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`
+        (which redefines ``is_open``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: A.is_open()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def is_closed(self):
+        r"""
+        Return if ``self`` is a closed set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: M.is_closed()
+            True
+            sage: also_M = M.subset('also_M')
+            sage: M.declare_subset(also_M)
+            sage: also_M.is_closed()
+            True
+
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: A.is_closed()
+            False
+            sage: A.declare_empty()
+            sage: A.is_closed()
+            True
+
+            sage: N = M.open_subset('N')
+            sage: N.is_closed()
+            False
+            sage: complement_N = M.subset('complement_N')
+            sage: M.declare_union(N, complement_N, disjoint=True)
+            sage: complement_N.is_closed()
+            True
+        """
+        if self.manifold().is_subset(self):
+            return True
+        if self.is_empty():
+            return True
+        for other_name, intersection in self._intersections.items():
+            if intersection.is_empty():
+                other = self.manifold().subset_family()[other_name]
+                if other.is_open():
+                    try:
+                        union = self._unions[other_name]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        if union.is_open():
+                            # self is complement of open other in open union
+                            return True
+        return False
+
+    def open_covers(self, trivial=True, supersets=False):
+        r"""
+        Generate the open covers of the current subset.
+
+        If the current subset, `A` say, is a subset of the manifold `M`, an
+        *open cover* of `A` is a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` `F`
+        of open subsets `U \in F` of `M` such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            A \subset \bigcup_{U \in F} U.
+
+        If `A` is open, we ask that the above inclusion is actually an
+        identity:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            A = \bigcup_{U \in F} U.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the open covers as a family, sorted lexicographically by the
+            names of the subsets forming the open covers, use the method
+            :meth:`open_cover_family` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``trivial`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``self`` is open,
+          include the trivial open cover of ``self`` by itself
+        - ``supersets`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, include
+          open covers of all the supersets. It can also be an iterable of
+          supersets to include.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: M.open_covers()
+            <generator ...>
+            sage: list(M.open_covers())
+            [Set {M} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: list(U.open_covers())
+            [Set {U} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+            sage: A = U.open_subset('A')
+            sage: B = U.open_subset('B')
+            sage: U.declare_union(A,B)
+            sage: list(U.open_covers())
+            [Set {U} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Set {A, B} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+            sage: list(U.open_covers(trivial=False))
+            [Set {A, B} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: list(M.open_covers())
+            [Set {M} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Set {U, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Set {A, B, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+        """
+        if supersets is False:
+            supersets = [self]
+        elif supersets is True:
+            supersets = self._supersets
+        for superset in supersets:
+            for oc in superset._open_covers:
+                if not trivial:
+                    if any(x in supersets for x in oc):
+                        continue
+                yield ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(oc)
+
+    def open_cover_family(self, trivial=True, supersets=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the family of open covers of the current subset.
+
+        If the current subset, `A` say, is a subset of the manifold `M`, an
+        *open cover* of `A` is a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` `F`
+        of open subsets `U \in F` of `M` such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            A \subset \bigcup_{U \in F} U.
+
+        If `A` is open, we ask that the above inclusion is actually an
+        identity:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            A = \bigcup_{U \in F} U.
+
+        The family is sorted lexicographically by the names of the subsets
+        forming the open covers.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If you only need to iterate over the open covers in arbitrary
+            order, you can use the generator method :meth:`open_covers`
+            instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``trivial`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``self`` is open,
+          include the trivial open cover of ``self`` by itself
+        - ``supersets`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, include
+          open covers of all the supersets. It can also be an iterable of
+          supersets to include
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: M.open_cover_family()
+            Set {{M}} of objects of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: U.open_cover_family()
+            Set {{U}} of objects of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A = U.open_subset('A')
+            sage: B = U.open_subset('B')
+            sage: U.declare_union(A,B)
+            sage: U.open_cover_family()
+            Set {{A, B}, {U}} of objects of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: U.open_cover_family(trivial=False)
+            Set {{A, B}} of objects of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: M.open_cover_family()
+            Set {{A, B, V}, {M}, {U, V}} of objects of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return ManifoldObjectFiniteFamily(self.open_covers(
+            trivial=trivial, supersets=supersets))
+
+    def open_supersets(self):
+        r"""
+        Generate the open supersets of ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the open supersets as a family, sorted by name, use the method
+            :meth:`open_superset_family` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = U.subset('V')
+            sage: W = V.subset('W')
+            sage: sorted(W.open_supersets(), key=lambda S: S._name)
+            [2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+        """
+        for superset in self._supersets:
+            if superset.is_open():
+                yield superset
+
+    def open_superset_family(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the family of open supersets of ``self``.
+
+        The family is sorted by the alphabetical names of the subsets.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` instance containing all the
+          open supersets that have been defined on the current subset
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If you only need to iterate over the open supersets in arbitrary
+            order, you can use the generator method :meth:`open_supersets`
+            instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = U.subset('V')
+            sage: W = V.subset('W')
+            sage: W.open_superset_family()
+            Set {M, U} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(self.open_supersets())
+
+    def subsets(self):
+        r"""
+        Generate the subsets that have been defined on the current subset.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the subsets as a family, sorted by name, use the method
+            :meth:`subset_family` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Subsets of a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.subset('V')
+            sage: frozenset(M.subsets())  # random (set output)
+            {Subset V of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M}
+            sage: U in M.subsets()
+            True
+
+        The method :meth:`subset_family` returns a family (sorted
+        alphabetically by the subset names)::
+
+            sage: M.subset_family()
+            Set {M, U, V} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        yield from self._subsets
+
+    def subset_family(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the family of subsets that have been defined on the current subset.
+
+        The family is sorted by the alphabetical names of the subsets.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` instance containing all the
+          subsets that have been defined on the current subset
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If you only need to iterate over the subsets in arbitrary order,
+            you can use the generator method :meth:`subsets` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Subsets of a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.subset('V')
+            sage: M.subset_family()
+            Set {M, U, V} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(self.subsets())
+
+    def subset_digraph(self, loops=False, quotient=False, open_covers=False, points=False, lower_bound=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the digraph whose arcs represent subset relations among the subsets of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``loops`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include the trivial containment
+          of each subset in itself as loops of the digraph
+        - ``quotient`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to contract directed
+          cycles in the graph, replacing equivalence classes of equal subsets by a
+          single vertex. In this case, each vertex of the digraph is a set of
+          :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances.
+        - ``open_covers`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for open covers
+        - ``points`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for declared points;
+          this can also be an iterable for the points to include
+        - ``lower_bound`` -- (default: ``None``) only include supersets of this
+
+        OUTPUT: a digraph; each vertex of the digraph is either:
+
+        - a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` containing one instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset`.
+        - (if ``open_covers`` is ``True``) a tuple of :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` instances,
+          representing an open cover.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            sage: D = M.subset_digraph(); D
+            Digraph on 4 vertices
+            sage: D.edges(sort=True, key=lambda e: (e[0]._name, e[1]._name))            # needs sage.graphs
+            [(Set {U} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {M} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              None),
+             (Set {V} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {M} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              None),
+             (Set {W} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {M} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              None)]
+            sage: D.plot(layout='acyclic')                                              # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     try:
+            ....:         return element._name
+            ....:     except AttributeError:
+            ....:         return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            sage: D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')                # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+            sage: VW = V.union(W)
+            sage: D = M.subset_digraph(); D
+            Digraph on 5 vertices
+            sage: D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')                # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 12 graphics primitives
+
+        If ``open_covers`` is ``True``, the digraph includes a special vertex for
+        each nontrivial open cover of a subset::
+
+            sage: D = M.subset_digraph(open_covers=True)                                # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')                # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 14 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                try:
+                    return element._name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            D = M.subset_digraph()
+            g1 = D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')
+            VW = V.union(W)
+            D = M.subset_digraph()
+            g2 = D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')
+            D = M.subset_digraph(open_covers=True)
+            g3 = D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='acyclic')
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+        D = DiGraph(multiedges=False, loops=loops)
+
+        if loops:
+            add_edges = D.add_edges
+        else:
+            def add_edges(edges):
+                for u, v in edges:
+                    if u != v:
+                        D.add_edge((u, v))
+
+        if quotient:
+            def vertex_family(subset):
+                return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(subset.equal_subsets())
+        else:
+            def vertex_family(subset):
+                return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily([subset])
+        subset_to_vertex = {}
+
+        def vertex(subset):
+            try:
+                return subset_to_vertex[subset]
+            except KeyError:
+                family = vertex_family(subset)
+                for S in family:
+                    subset_to_vertex[S] = family
+                return family
+
+        if lower_bound is not None:
+            if not lower_bound.is_subset(self):
+                return D
+        visited = set()
+        to_visit = [self]
+        while to_visit:
+            S = to_visit.pop()
+            if S in visited:
+                continue
+            visited.add(S)
+
+            if lower_bound is None:
+                subsets = S._subsets
+            else:
+                subsets = [subset for subset in S._subsets
+                           if lower_bound.is_subset(subset)]
+
+            add_edges((vertex(subset), vertex(S)) for subset in subsets)
+
+            subsets_without_S = [subset for subset in subsets
+                                 if subset is not S]
+            to_visit.extend(subsets_without_S)
+
+        # Make sure to include isolated vertices in the graph
+        D.add_vertices(subset_to_vertex.values())
+
+        if open_covers:
+
+            def open_cover_vertex(open_cover):
+                return tuple(sorted(ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily([subset]) for subset in open_cover))
+
+            for S in visited:
+                add_edges((vertex(S), open_cover_vertex(open_cover))
+                          for open_cover in S.open_covers(trivial=False))
+
+        if points is not False:
+            subset_to_points = defaultdict(list)
+            if points is not True:
+                # Manifolds do not keep track of the points defined on them.
+                # Use the provided iterator.
+                def point_vertex(point):
+                    return point
+
+                for point in points:
+                    S = point.parent()
+                    subset_to_points[S].append(point)
+                    D.add_edge((point_vertex(point), vertex(S)))
+
+            # Add a placeholder vertex under each subset that has a defined
+            # point that we do not know about.
+            def anonymous_point_vertex(S):
+                return f"p{S._name}"
+
+            add_edges((anonymous_point_vertex(S), vertex(S))
+                      for S in visited
+                      if S.has_defined_points(subsets=False)
+                      and S not in subset_to_points)
+
+        return D
+
+    def subset_poset(self, open_covers=False, points=False, lower_bound=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the poset of equivalence classes of the subsets of ``self``.
+
+        Each element of the poset is a set of :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances,
+        which are known to be equal.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``open_covers`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for open covers
+        - ``points`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for declared points;
+          this can also be an iterable for the points to include
+        - ``lower_bound`` -- (default: ``None``) only include supersets of this
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(); P
+            Finite poset containing 4 elements
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: element._name for element in P})      # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+            sage: VW = V.union(W)
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(); P
+            Finite poset containing 5 elements
+            sage: P.maximal_elements()
+            [Set {M} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: sorted(P.minimal_elements(), key=lambda v: v._name)
+             [Set {U} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {V} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {W} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.subset import ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily
+            sage: sorted(P.lower_covers(ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily([M])), key=str)
+             [Set {U} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {V_union_W} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: element._name for element in P})      # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 10 graphics primitives
+
+        If ``open_covers`` is ``True``, the poset includes a special vertex for
+        each nontrivial open cover of a subset::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P
+            Finite poset containing 6 elements
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.subset import ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily
+            sage: sorted(P.upper_covers(ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily([VW])), key=str)
+            [(Set {V} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+              Set {W} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M),
+             Set {M} of open subsets of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     try:
+            ....:         return element._name
+            ....:     except AttributeError:
+            ....:         return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 12 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                try:
+                    return element._name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            VW = V.union(W)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True)
+            g3 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.posets.posets import Poset
+        return Poset(self.subset_digraph(open_covers=open_covers, points=points,
+                                         quotient=True, lower_bound=lower_bound))
+
+    def equal_subsets(self):
+        r"""
+        Generate the declared manifold subsets that are equal to ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the equal subsets as a family, sorted by name, use the method
+            :meth:`equal_subset_family` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = U.subset('V')
+            sage: V.declare_equal(M)
+            sage: sorted(V.equal_subsets(), key=lambda v: v._name)
+            [2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Subset V of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+        """
+        for S in self.supersets():
+            if S in self._subsets:
+                yield S
+
+    def equal_subset_family(self):
+        r"""
+        Generate the declared manifold subsets that are equal to ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If you only need to iterate over the equal sets in arbitrary order,
+            you can use the generator method :meth:`equal_subsets` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = U.subset('V')
+            sage: V.declare_equal(M)
+            sage: V.equal_subset_family()
+            Set {M, U, V} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(self.equal_subsets())
+
+    def supersets(self):
+        r"""
+        Generate the declared supersets of the current subset.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            To get the supersets as a family, sorted by name, use the method
+            :meth:`superset_family` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.subset('V')
+            sage: sorted(V.supersets(), key=lambda v: v._name)
+            [2-dimensional topological manifold M,
+             Subset V of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M]
+        """
+        yield from self._supersets
+
+    def superset_family(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the family of declared supersets of the current subset.
+
+        The family is sorted by the alphabetical names of the supersets.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily` instance containing all the
+          supersets
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If you only need to iterate over the supersets in arbitrary order,
+            you can use the generator method :meth:`supersets` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.subset('V')
+            sage: V.superset_family()
+            Set {M, V} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(self.supersets())
+
+    def superset_digraph(self, loops=False, quotient=False, open_covers=False, points=False, upper_bound=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the digraph whose arcs represent subset relations among the supersets of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``loops`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include the trivial containment
+          of each subset in itself as loops of the digraph
+        - ``quotient`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to contract
+          directed cycles in the graph, replacing equivalence classes of equal
+          subsets by a single vertex. In this case, each vertex of the digraph
+          is a set of :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances.
+        - ``open_covers`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for open covers
+        - ``points`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for declared points;
+          this can also be an iterable for the points to include
+        - ``upper_bound`` -- (default: ``None``) only include subsets of this
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            sage: VW = V.union(W)
+            sage: P = V.superset_digraph(loops=False, upper_bound=VW); P                # needs sage.graphs
+            Digraph on 2 vertices
+        """
+        if upper_bound is None:
+            upper_bound = self._manifold
+        return upper_bound.subset_digraph(loops=loops, open_covers=open_covers, points=points,
+                                          quotient=quotient, lower_bound=self)
+
+    def superset_poset(self, open_covers=False, points=False, upper_bound=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the poset of the supersets of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``open_covers`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for open covers
+        - ``points`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to include vertices for declared points;
+          this can also be an iterable for the points to include
+        - ``upper_bound`` -- (default: ``None``) only include subsets of this
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V'); W = M.open_subset('W')
+            sage: VW = V.union(W)
+            sage: P = V.superset_poset(); P                                             # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite poset containing 3 elements
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: element._name for element in P})      # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 6 graphics primitives
+        """
+        if upper_bound is None:
+            upper_bound = self._manifold
+        return upper_bound.subset_poset(open_covers=open_covers, points=points,
+                                        lower_bound=self)
+
+    def get_subset(self, name):
+        r"""
+        Get a subset by its name.
+
+        The subset must have been previously created by the method
+        :meth:`subset` (or
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold.open_subset`)
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string; name of the subset
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset` (or
+          of the derived class
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold` for an open
+          subset) representing the subset whose name is ``name``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B = A.subset('B')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: M.subset_family()
+            Set {A, B, M, U} of subsets of the 4-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M.get_subset('A')
+            Subset A of the 4-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M.get_subset('A') is A
+            True
+            sage: M.get_subset('B') is B
+            True
+            sage: A.get_subset('B') is B
+            True
+            sage: M.get_subset('U')
+            Open subset U of the 4-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M.get_subset('U') is U
+            True
+        """
+        for ss in self._subsets:
+            if ss._name == name:
+                return ss
+        raise ValueError("no subset of name '{}' found".format(name))
+
+    # ### End of accessors
+
+    def is_subset(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if and only if ``self`` is included in ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Subsets on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: a = M.subset('A')
+            sage: b = a.subset('B')
+            sage: c = M.subset('C')
+            sage: a.is_subset(M)
+            True
+            sage: b.is_subset(a)
+            True
+            sage: b.is_subset(M)
+            True
+            sage: a.is_subset(b)
+            False
+            sage: c.is_subset(a)
+            False
+        """
+        return self in other._subsets
+
+    def declare_union(self, *subsets_or_families, disjoint=False):
+        r"""
+        Declare that the current subset is the union of two subsets.
+
+        Suppose `U` is the current subset, then this method declares
+        that `U = \bigcup_{S\in F} S`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subsets_or_families`` -- finitely many subsets or iterables of subsets
+        - ``disjoint`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to declare the subsets
+          pairwise disjoint
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: AB = M.subset('AB')
+            sage: A = AB.subset('A')
+            sage: B = AB.subset('B')
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     try:
+            ....:         return element._name
+            ....:     except AttributeError:
+            ....:         return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P                               # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite poset containing 4 elements
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+
+            sage: AB.declare_union(A, B)
+            sage: A.union(B)
+            Subset AB of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P                               # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite poset containing 4 elements
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+
+            sage: B1 = B.subset('B1', is_open=True)
+            sage: B2 = B.subset('B2', is_open=True)
+            sage: B.declare_union(B1, B2, disjoint=True)
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P                               # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite poset containing 9 elements
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 19 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                try:
+                    return element._name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            AB = M.subset('AB')
+            A = AB.subset('A')
+            B = AB.subset('B')
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            AB.declare_union(A, B)
+            A.union(B)
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            B1 = B.subset('B1', is_open=True)
+            B2 = B.subset('B2', is_open=True)
+            B.declare_union(B1, B2, disjoint=True)
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True); P
+            g3 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        subsets = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families(*subsets_or_families)
+        if disjoint:
+            for U, V in itertools.combinations(subsets, 2):
+                U.intersection(V).declare_empty()
+        subsets = self._reduce_union_members(subsets)
+        if not subsets:
+            self.declare_empty()
+        elif len(subsets) == 1:
+            self.declare_equal(*subsets)
+        else:
+            subset_iter = iter(subsets)
+            first = next(subset_iter)
+            second = next(subset_iter)
+            self._declare_union_2_subsets(first, second.union(subset_iter))
+
+    def _declare_union_2_subsets(self, dom1, dom2):
+        r"""
+        Declare that the current subset is the union of two of its subsets.
+
+        Suppose `U` is the current subset, then this method declares that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            U = U_1 \cup U_2,
+
+        where `U_1 \subset U` and `U_2 \subset U`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dom1`` -- the subset `U_1`
+        - ``dom2`` -- the subset `U_2`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B = M.subset('B')
+            sage: M.declare_union(A, B)
+            sage: A.union(B)
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        if dom1 == dom2:
+            if dom1 != self:
+                raise ValueError("the union of two identical sets must be " +
+                                 "this set")
+            return
+        if not dom1.is_subset(self):
+            raise TypeError("the {} is not a subset of ".format(dom1) +
+                            "the {}".format(self))
+        if not dom2.is_subset(self):
+            raise TypeError("the {} is not a subset of ".format(dom2) +
+                            "the {}".format(self))
+        dom1._unions[dom2._name] = self
+        dom2._unions[dom1._name] = self
+        for oc1 in dom1._open_covers:
+            for oc2 in dom2._open_covers:
+                oc = oc1[:]
+                for s in oc2:
+                    if s not in oc:
+                        oc.append(s)
+                self._open_covers.append(oc)
+
+    def declare_equal(self, *others):
+        r"""
+        Declare that ``self`` and ``others`` are the same sets.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``others`` -- finitely many subsets or iterables of subsets of the same
+          manifold as ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: Vs = [M.open_subset(f'V{i}') for i in range(2)]
+            sage: UV = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: W = UV.open_subset('W')
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     return element._name
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 15 graphics primitives
+            sage: V.declare_equal(Vs)
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 11 graphics primitives
+            sage: W.declare_equal(U)
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 6 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                return element._name
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            U = M.open_subset('U')
+            V = M.open_subset('V')
+            Vs = [M.open_subset(f'V{i}') for i in range(2)]
+            UV = U.intersection(V)
+            W = UV.open_subset('W')
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            V.declare_equal(Vs)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            W.declare_equal(U)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g3 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        F = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families
+        equal_sets = F(self, *others)
+        all_supersets = F(*[S.supersets() for S in equal_sets])
+        all_subsets = F(*[S.subsets() for S in equal_sets])
+        for superset in all_supersets:
+            superset._subsets.update(all_subsets)
+        for subset in all_subsets:
+            subset._supersets.update(all_supersets)
+
+    def declare_subset(self, *supersets):
+        r"""
+        Declare ``self`` to be a subset of each of the given supersets.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``supersets`` -- other subsets of the same manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U1 = M.open_subset('U1')
+            sage: U2 = M.open_subset('U2')
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: V.superset_family()
+            Set {M, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U1.subset_family()
+            Set {U1} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     return element._name
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+            sage: V.declare_subset(U1, U2)
+            sage: V.superset_family()
+            Set {M, U1, U2, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 9 graphics primitives
+
+        Subsets in a directed cycle of inclusions are equal::
+
+            sage: M.declare_subset(V)
+            sage: M.superset_family()
+            Set {M, U1, U2, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: M.equal_subset_family()
+            Set {M, U1, U2, V} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                return element._name
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            U1 = M.open_subset('U1')
+            U2 = M.open_subset('U2')
+            V = M.open_subset('V')
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            V.declare_subset(U1, U2)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            M.declare_subset(V)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g3 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        F = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families
+        supersets = F(*supersets)
+        all_supersets = F(*[S.supersets() for S in supersets])
+        for superset in all_supersets:
+            superset._subsets.update(self._subsets)
+        for subset in self._subsets:
+            subset._supersets.update(all_supersets)
+
+    def declare_superset(self, *subsets):
+        r"""
+        Declare ``self`` to be a superset of each of the given subsets.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subsets`` -- other subsets of the same manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V1 = M.open_subset('V1')
+            sage: V2 = M.open_subset('V2')
+            sage: W = V1.intersection(V2)
+            sage: U.subset_family()
+            Set {U} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     return element._name
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 11 graphics primitives
+            sage: U.declare_superset(V1, V2)
+            sage: U.subset_family()
+            Set {U, V1, V1_inter_V2, V2} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 11 graphics primitives
+
+        Subsets in a directed cycle of inclusions are equal::
+
+            sage: W.declare_superset(U)
+            sage: W.subset_family()
+            Set {U, V1, V1_inter_V2, V2} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: W.equal_subset_family()
+            Set {U, V1, V1_inter_V2, V2} of open subsets of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                return element._name
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            U = M.open_subset('U')
+            V1 = M.open_subset('V1')
+            V2 = M.open_subset('V2')
+            W = V1.intersection(V2)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            def label(element):
+                return element._name
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            U.declare_superset(V1, V2)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            W.declare_superset(U)
+            P = M.subset_poset()
+            g3 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2, g3]), figsize=(8, 3))
+        """
+        F = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families
+        subsets = F(*subsets)
+        all_subsets = F(*[S.subsets() for S in subsets])
+        for subset in all_subsets:
+            subset._supersets.update(self._supersets)
+        for superset in self._supersets:
+            superset._subsets.update(all_subsets)
+
+    def declare_empty(self):
+        r"""
+        Declare that ``self`` is the empty set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A', is_open=True)
+            sage: AA = A.subset('AA')
+            sage: A
+            Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A.declare_empty()
+            sage: A.is_empty()
+            True
+
+        Empty sets do not allow to define points on them::
+
+            sage: A.point()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot define a point on the
+              Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+              because it has been declared empty
+
+        Emptiness transfers to subsets::
+
+            sage: AA.is_empty()
+            True
+            sage: AA.point()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot define a point on the
+              Subset AA of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+              because it has been declared empty
+            sage: AD = A.subset('AD')
+            sage: AD.is_empty()
+            True
+
+        If points have already been defined on ``self`` (or its subsets),
+        it is an error to declare it to be empty::
+
+            sage: B = M.subset('B')
+            sage: b = B.point(name='b'); b
+            Point b on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: B.declare_empty()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot be empty because it has defined points
+
+        Emptiness is recorded as empty open covers::
+
+            sage: P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True, points=[b])                      # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: def label(element):
+            ....:     if isinstance(element, str):
+            ....:         return element
+            ....:     try:
+            ....:         return element._name
+            ....:     except AttributeError:
+            ....:         return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            sage: P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})     # needs sage.graphs sage.plot
+            Graphics object consisting of 10 graphics primitives
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                if isinstance(element, str):
+                    return element
+                try:
+                    return element._name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(x._name for x in element)) + ']'
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            A = M.subset('A', is_open=True)
+            AA = A.subset('AA')
+            A.declare_empty()
+            AD = A.subset('AD')
+            B = M.subset('B')
+            b = B.point(name='b')
+
+            D = M.subset_digraph(open_covers=True, points=[b])
+            g1 = D.relabel(label, inplace=False).plot(layout='spring')
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True, points=[b])
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2]), figsize=(8, 5))
+        """
+        if self.has_defined_points():
+            raise TypeError('cannot be empty because it has defined points')
+        if not self.is_empty():
+            self._open_covers.append([])
+            self.declare_equal(self.subsets())
+
+    def is_empty(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether the current subset is empty.
+
+        By default, manifold subsets are considered nonempty: The method :meth:`point` can be
+        used to define points on it, either with or without coordinates some chart.
+
+        However, using :meth:`declare_empty`, a subset can be declared empty, and emptiness
+        transfers to all of its subsets.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A', is_open=True)
+            sage: AA = A.subset('AA')
+            sage: A.is_empty()
+            False
+            sage: A.declare_empty()
+            sage: A.is_empty()
+            True
+            sage: AA.is_empty()
+            True
+        """
+        if self.has_defined_points(subsets=False):
+            # Fast path, do not check subsets
+            return False
+        return any(not cover
+                   for cover in self.open_covers(trivial=False, supersets=True))
+
+    def declare_nonempty(self):
+        r"""
+        Declare that ``self`` is nonempty.
+
+        Once declared nonempty, ``self`` (or any of its supersets) cannot be declared empty.
+
+        This is equivalent to defining a point on ``self`` using :meth:`point`
+        but is cheaper than actually creating a :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`
+        instance.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A', is_open=True)
+            sage: AA = A.subset('AA')
+            sage: AA.declare_nonempty()
+            sage: A.has_defined_points()
+            True
+            sage: A.declare_empty()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: cannot be empty because it has defined points
+        """
+        if self.has_defined_points(subsets=False):
+            # Fast path, do not check subsets
+            return
+        if self.is_empty():
+            raise TypeError('cannot be nonempty because it has already been declared empty')
+        self._has_defined_points = True
+
+    def has_defined_points(self, subsets=True) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return whether any points have been defined on ``self`` or any of its subsets.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subsets`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False``, only consider points that have
+          been defined directly on ``self``. If ``True``, also consider points on all subsets.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A', is_open=True)
+            sage: AA = A.subset('AA')
+            sage: AA.point()
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: AA.has_defined_points()
+            True
+            sage: A.has_defined_points(subsets=False)
+            False
+            sage: A.has_defined_points()
+            True
+        """
+        if subsets:
+            return any(subset._has_defined_points for subset in self.subsets())
+        else:
+            return self._has_defined_points
+
+    def point(self, coords=None, chart=None, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Define a point in ``self``.
+
+        See :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint` for a
+        complete documentation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coords`` -- the point coordinates (as a tuple or a list) in the
+          chart specified by ``chart``
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) chart in which the point
+          coordinates are given; if ``None``, the coordinates are assumed
+          to refer to the default chart of the current subset
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the point
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          point; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the declared point, as an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Points on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((1,2), name='p'); p
+            Point p on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: p in M
+            True
+            sage: a = M.open_subset('A')
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = a.chart()
+            sage: q = a.point((-1,0), name='q'); q
+            Point q on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: q in a
+            True
+            sage: p._coordinates
+            {Chart (M, (x, y)): (1, 2)}
+            sage: q._coordinates
+            {Chart (A, (u, v)): (-1, 0)}
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, coords=coords, chart=chart,
+                                  name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def declare_closed(self):
+        r"""
+        Declare ``self`` to be a closed subset of the manifold.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B1 = A.subset('B1')
+            sage: B1.is_closed()
+            False
+            sage: B1.declare_closed()
+            sage: B1.is_closed()
+            True
+
+            sage: B2 = A.subset('B2')
+            sage: cl_B2 = B2.closure()
+            sage: A.declare_closed()
+            sage: cl_B2.is_subset(A)
+            True
+        """
+        if self.is_closed():
+            return
+        self.complement(is_open=True)
+        from sage.manifolds.subsets.closure import ManifoldSubsetClosure
+        for closure in self.manifold().subsets():
+            if isinstance(closure, ManifoldSubsetClosure):
+                if closure._subset.is_subset(self):
+                    closure.declare_subset(self)
+
+    # ### Construction of new sets from self:
+
+    def subset(self, name, latex_name=None, is_open=False):
+        r"""
+        Create a subset of the current subset.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- name given to the subset
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the subset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+        - ``is_open`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the created subset
+          is assumed to be open with respect to the manifold's topology
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the subset, as an instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset`, or
+          of the derived class
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`
+          if ``is_open`` is ``True``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Creating a subset of a manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: a = M.subset('A'); a
+            Subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        Creating a subset of ``A``::
+
+            sage: b = a.subset('B', latex_name=r'\mathcal{B}'); b
+            Subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: latex(b)
+            \mathcal{B}
+
+        We have then::
+
+            sage: b.is_subset(a)
+            True
+            sage: b in a.subsets()
+            True
+        """
+        if is_open:
+            return self.open_subset(name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        res = ManifoldSubset(self._manifold, name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        if self.is_empty():
+            self.declare_equal(res)
+        else:
+            self.declare_superset(res)
+        self._top_subsets.add(res)
+        return res
+
+    def open_subset(self, name, latex_name=None, coord_def={}, supersets=None):
+        r"""
+        Create an open subset of the manifold that is a subset of ``self``.
+
+        An open subset is a set that is (i) included in the manifold and (ii)
+        open with respect to the manifold's topology. It is a topological
+        manifold by itself. Hence the returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- name given to the open subset
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the subset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+        - ``coord_def`` -- (default: {}) definition of the subset in
+          terms of coordinates; ``coord_def`` must a be dictionary with keys
+          charts on the manifold and values the symbolic expressions formed
+          by the coordinates to define the subset
+        - ``supersets`` -- (default: only ``self``) list of sets that the
+          new open subset is a subset of
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the open subset, as an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`
+          or one of its subclasses
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: cl_D = M.subset('cl_D'); cl_D
+            Subset cl_D of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: D = cl_D.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1}); D
+            Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: D.is_subset(cl_D)
+            True
+            sage: D.is_subset(M)
+            True
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='differentiable')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: cl_D = M.subset('cl_D'); cl_D
+            Subset cl_D of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: D = cl_D.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1}); D
+            Open subset D of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+            sage: D.is_subset(cl_D)
+            True
+            sage: D.is_subset(M)
+            True
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='Riemannian')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: cl_D = M.subset('cl_D'); cl_D
+            Subset cl_D of the 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold R^2
+            sage: D = cl_D.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1}); D
+            Open subset D of the 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold R^2
+            sage: D.is_subset(cl_D)
+            True
+            sage: D.is_subset(M)
+            True
+        """
+        if supersets is None:
+            supersets = set()
+        else:
+            supersets = set(supersets)
+        supersets.update([self])
+        # Delegate to the manifold's method.
+        return self._manifold.open_subset(name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                          coord_def=coord_def,
+                                          supersets=supersets)
+
+    def _init_open_subset(self, resu, coord_def):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``resu`` as an open subset of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``resu`` -- an instance of :class:`TopologicalManifold` or
+          a subclass
+
+        - ``coord_def`` -- (default: {}) definition of the subset in
+          terms of coordinates; ``coord_def`` must a be dictionary with keys
+          charts on the manifold and values the symbolic expressions formed
+          by the coordinates to define the subset
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: cl_D = M.subset('cl_D')
+            sage: coord_def = {c_cart: x^2+y^2<1}
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D', coord_def=coord_def)
+            sage: D.is_subset(cl_D)
+            False
+            sage: cl_D._init_open_subset(D, coord_def)
+            sage: D.is_subset(cl_D)
+            True
+        """
+        resu._supersets.update(self._supersets)
+        self._subsets.add(resu)
+        # Recursively delegate to the supersets.
+        for superset in self._supersets:
+            if superset is not self:
+                superset._init_open_subset(resu, coord_def=coord_def)
+
+    def superset(self, name, latex_name=None, is_open=False):
+        r"""
+        Create a superset of the current subset.
+
+        A *superset* is a manifold subset in which the current subset is
+        included.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- name given to the superset
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the superset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+        - ``is_open`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the created
+          subset is assumed to be open with respect to the manifold's topology
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the superset, as an instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset` or
+          of the derived class
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`
+          if ``is_open`` is ``True``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Creating some superset of a given subset::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: a = M.subset('A')
+            sage: b = a.superset('B'); b
+            Subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: b.subset_family()
+            Set {A, B} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: a.superset_family()
+            Set {A, B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        The superset of the whole manifold is itself::
+
+            sage: M.superset('SM') is M
+            True
+
+        Two supersets of a given subset are a priori different::
+
+            sage: c = a.superset('C')
+            sage: c == b
+            False
+        """
+        if self is self._manifold:
+            return self
+        if is_open:
+            res = self._manifold.open_subset(name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        else:
+            res = ManifoldSubset(self._manifold, name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        res.declare_superset(self)
+        if is_open and self._is_open:
+            res._atlas = list(self._atlas)
+            res._top_charts = list(self._top_charts)
+            res._coord_changes = dict(self._coord_changes)
+            res._def_chart = self._def_chart
+        return res
+
+    def intersection(self, *others: ManifoldSubset, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None) -> ManifoldSubset:
+        r"""
+        Return the intersection of the current subset with other subsets.
+
+        This method may return a previously constructed intersection instead
+        of creating a new subset.  In this case, ``name`` and ``latex_name``
+        are not used.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``others`` -- other subsets of the same manifold
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the intersection
+          in the case the latter has to be created; the default is
+          ``self._name`` inter ``other._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          intersection in the case the latter has to be created; the default
+          is built upon the symbol `\cap`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset` representing the
+          subset that is the intersection of the current subset with ``others``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Intersection of two subsets::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: a = M.subset('A')
+            sage: b = M.subset('B')
+            sage: c = a.intersection(b); c
+            Subset A_inter_B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: a.subset_family()
+            Set {A, A_inter_B} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: b.subset_family()
+            Set {A_inter_B, B} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: c.superset_family()
+            Set {A, A_inter_B, B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        Intersection of six subsets::
+
+            sage: T = Manifold(2, 'T', structure='topological')
+            sage: S = [T.subset(f'S{i}') for i in range(6)]
+            sage: [S[i].intersection(S[i+3]) for i in range(3)]
+            [Subset S0_inter_S3 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T,
+             Subset S1_inter_S4 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T,
+             Subset S2_inter_S5 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T]
+            sage: inter_S_i = T.intersection(*S, name='inter_S_i'); inter_S_i
+            Subset inter_S_i of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T
+            sage: inter_S_i.superset_family()
+            Set {S0, S0_inter_S3, S0_inter_S3_inter_S1_inter_S4, S1, S1_inter_S4,
+                 S2, S2_inter_S5, S3, S4, S5, T, inter_S_i} of
+             subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                if isinstance(element, str):
+                    return element
+                try:
+                    return element._name.replace('_inter_', '∩')
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(label(x) for x in element)) + ']'
+
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            a = M.subset('A')
+            b = M.subset('B')
+            c = a.intersection(b); c
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True)
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+
+            T = Manifold(2, 'T', structure='topological')
+            from sage.typeset.unicode_art import unicode_subscript
+            S = [T.subset(f'S{unicode_subscript(i)}') for i in range(6)]
+            [S[i].intersection(S[i+3]) for i in range(3)]
+            T.intersection(*S, name='⋂ᵢSᵢ')
+            P = T.subset_poset(open_covers=True)
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2]), figsize=(8, 3))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: (a.intersection(b)).is_subset(a)
+            True
+            sage: (a.intersection(b)).is_subset(a)
+            True
+            sage: a.intersection(b) is b.intersection(a)
+            True
+            sage: a.intersection(a.intersection(b)) is a.intersection(b)
+            True
+            sage: (a.intersection(b)).intersection(a) is a.intersection(b)
+            True
+            sage: M.intersection(a) is a
+            True
+            sage: a.intersection(M) is a
+            True
+        """
+        subsets = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families(self, *others)
+        subset_iter = iter(self._reduce_intersection_members(subsets))
+        # _intersection_subset is able to build the intersection of several
+        # subsets directly; but because we cache only pairwise intersections,
+        # we build the intersection by a sequence of pairwise intersections.
+        res = next(subset_iter)
+        others = list(subset_iter)
+        if not others:
+            return res
+        for other in others[:-1]:
+            res = res._intersection_subset(other)
+        # The last one gets the name
+        return res._intersection_subset(others[-1], name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reduce_intersection_members(subsets):
+        r"""
+        Return a reduced set of subsets with the same intersection as the given subsets.
+
+        It is reduced with respect to two operations:
+
+        - replacing an inclusion chain by its minimal element
+
+        - replacing a pair of subsets with a declared intersection by the intersection
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subsets`` -- a non-empty iterable of :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances
+          of the same manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B1 = A.subset('B1')
+            sage: B2 = A.subset('B2')
+            sage: C = B1.intersection(B2)
+            sage: M._reduce_intersection_members([A, M, A])
+            Set {A} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M._reduce_intersection_members([A, B1])
+            Set {B1} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M._reduce_intersection_members([B1, B2])
+            Set {B1_inter_B2} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M._reduce_intersection_members([])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: input set must be nonempty
+        """
+        subsets = set(subsets)
+        if not subsets:
+            raise TypeError('input set must be nonempty')
+
+        def reduce():
+            # Greedily replace inclusion chains by their minimal element
+            # and pairs with declared intersections by their intersection
+            for U, V in itertools.combinations(subsets, 2):
+                if U.is_subset(V):
+                    subsets.remove(V)
+                    return True
+                if V.is_subset(U):
+                    subsets.remove(U)
+                    return True
+                try:
+                    UV = U._intersections[V._name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    subsets.difference_update([U, V])
+                    subsets.add(UV)
+                    return True
+            return False
+        while reduce():
+            pass
+        assert subsets   # there must be a survivor
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(subsets)
+
+    def _intersection_subset(self, *others, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a subset that is the intersection of ``self`` and ``others``.
+
+        The result is always a new subset of the manifold.  If the intersection
+        involves two subsets only, the result is stored in the dictionaries
+        of known intersections for later reuse by other methods.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``others`` -- an iterable of :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances
+          of the same manifold
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the intersection; the
+          default is ``self._name`` inter [...] inter ``last_other._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          intersection; the default is built upon the symbol `\cap`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: B1 = M.subset('B1')
+            sage: B2 = M.subset('B2')
+            sage: B3 = M.subset('B3')
+            sage: B1._intersection_subset(B2)
+            Subset B1_inter_B2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: B1._intersection_subset(B2, B3)
+            Subset B1_inter_B2_inter_B3 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        subsets = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families(self, *others)
+        if latex_name is None:
+            if name is None:
+                latex_name = r'\cap '.join(S._latex_name for S in subsets)
+            else:
+                latex_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            name = "_inter_".join(S._name for S in subsets)
+        if all(S.is_open() for S in subsets):
+            res = self.open_subset(name, latex_name=latex_name, supersets=subsets)
+        else:
+            res = self.subset(name, latex_name=latex_name)
+            res.declare_subset(subsets)
+            for S in subsets:
+                S._top_subsets.add(res)
+        if len(subsets) == 2:
+            S1, S2 = subsets
+            S1._intersections[S2._name] = S2._intersections[S1._name] = res
+        return res
+
+    def union(self, *others, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the union of the current subset with other subsets.
+
+        This method may return a previously constructed union instead
+        of creating a new subset.  In this case, ``name`` and ``latex_name``
+        are not used.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``others`` -- other subsets of the same manifold
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the union in the
+          case the latter has to be created; the default is
+          ``self._name`` union ``other._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          union in the case the latter has to be created; the default
+          is built upon the symbol `\cup`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset` representing the
+          subset that is the union of the current subset with ``others``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Union of two subsets::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: a = M.subset('A')
+            sage: b = M.subset('B')
+            sage: c = a.union(b); c
+            Subset A_union_B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: a.superset_family()
+            Set {A, A_union_B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: b.superset_family()
+            Set {A_union_B, B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: c.superset_family()
+            Set {A_union_B, M} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        Union of six subsets::
+
+            sage: T = Manifold(2, 'T', structure='topological')
+            sage: S = [T.subset(f'S{i}') for i in range(6)]
+            sage: [S[i].union(S[i+3]) for i in range(3)]
+            [Subset S0_union_S3 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T,
+             Subset S1_union_S4 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T,
+             Subset S2_union_S5 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T]
+            sage: union_S_i = S[0].union(S[1:], name='union_S_i'); union_S_i
+            Subset union_S_i of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T
+            sage: T.subset_family()
+            Set {S0, S0_union_S3, S0_union_S3_union_S1_union_S4, S1,
+                 S1_union_S4, S2, S2_union_S5, S3, S4, S5, T, union_S_i}
+             of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold T
+
+        .. PLOT::
+
+            def label(element):
+                if isinstance(element, str):
+                    return element
+                try:
+                    return element._name.replace('_union_', '∪')
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return '[' + ', '.join(sorted(label(x) for x in element)) + ']'
+
+            M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            a = M.subset('A')
+            b = M.subset('B')
+            c = a.union(b); c
+            P = M.subset_poset(open_covers=True)
+            g1 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+
+            T = Manifold(2, 'T', structure='topological')
+            from sage.typeset.unicode_art import unicode_subscript
+            S = [T.subset(f'S{unicode_subscript(i)}') for i in range(6)]
+            [S[i].union(S[i+3]) for i in range(3)]
+            union_S_i = S[0].union(S[1:], name='⋃ᵢSᵢ'); union_S_i
+            P = T.subset_poset(open_covers=True)
+            g2 = P.plot(element_labels={element: label(element) for element in P})
+
+            sphinx_plot(graphics_array([g1, g2]), figsize=(8, 3))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: a.is_subset(a.union(b))
+            True
+            sage: b.is_subset(a.union(b))
+            True
+            sage: a.union(b) is b.union(a)
+            True
+            sage: a.union(a.union(b)) is a.union(b)
+            True
+            sage: (a.union(b)).union(a) is a.union(b)
+            True
+            sage: a.union(M) is M
+            True
+            sage: M.union(a) is M
+            True
+
+        Check that :issue:`30401` is fixed::
+
+            sage: d = a.subset('D')
+            sage: e = a.subset('E')
+            sage: d.union(e).is_subset(a)
+            True
+        """
+        subsets = ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily.from_subsets_or_families(self, *others)
+        subsets = self._reduce_union_members(subsets)
+        assert subsets
+        subset_iter = iter(subsets)
+        res = next(subset_iter)
+        others = list(subset_iter)
+        if not others:
+            return res
+        for other in others[:-1]:
+            res = res._union_subset(other)
+        # The last one gets the name
+        return res._union_subset(others[-1], name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reduce_union_members(subsets):
+        r"""
+        Return a reduced set of subsets with the same union as the given subsets.
+
+        It is reduced with respect to two operations:
+
+        - replacing an inclusion chain by its maximal element
+
+        - replacing a pair of subsets with a declared union by the union
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subsets`` -- an iterable of :class:`ManifoldSubset` instances
+          of the same manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B1 = A.subset('B1')
+            sage: B2 = A.subset('B2')
+            sage: B = B1.union(B2)
+            sage: M._reduce_union_members([])
+            {}
+            sage: M._reduce_union_members([B1, B])
+            Set {B1_union_B2} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M._reduce_union_members([A, B1, B2])
+            Set {A} of subsets of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        subsets = set(subsets)
+
+        def reduce():
+            # Greedily replace inclusion chains by their maximal element
+            # and pairs with declared unions by their union
+            for U, V in itertools.combinations(subsets, 2):
+                if U.is_subset(V):
+                    subsets.remove(U)
+                    return True
+                if V.is_subset(U):
+                    subsets.remove(V)
+                    return True
+                try:
+                    UV = U._unions[V._name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    subsets.difference_update([U, V])
+                    subsets.add(UV)
+                    return True
+            return False
+        while reduce():
+            pass
+        return ManifoldSubsetFiniteFamily(subsets)
+
+    def _union_subset(self, other, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a subset of the manifold that is the union of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        The result is always a new subset of the manifold and is also
+        stored in ``self`` and ``other``'s dictionaries of known unions.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- an instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset`
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the union; the default is
+          ``self._name`` union ``other._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          union; the default is built upon the symbol `\cup`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: B1 = M.subset('B1')
+            sage: B2 = M.subset('B2')
+            sage: B1._union_subset(B2)
+            Subset B1_union_B2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        if latex_name is None:
+            if name is None:
+                latex_name = r'\cup '.join(S._latex_name for S in (self, other))
+            else:
+                latex_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            name = "_union_".join(S._name for S in (self, other))
+        res_open = all(S.is_open() for S in (self, other))
+        res = self.superset(name, latex_name, is_open=res_open)
+        res.declare_superset(other)
+        res._top_subsets.add(self)
+        res._top_subsets.add(other)
+        self._unions[other._name] = other._unions[self._name] = res
+        for sp in self._supersets:
+            if sp in other._supersets:
+                sp._subsets.add(res)
+                res._supersets.add(sp)
+        if res._is_open:
+            for chart in other._atlas:
+                if chart not in res._atlas:
+                    res._atlas.append(chart)
+            for chart in other._top_charts:
+                if chart not in res._top_charts:
+                    res._top_charts.append(chart)
+            res._coord_changes.update(other._coord_changes)
+        # Open covers of the union:
+        for oc1 in self._open_covers:
+            for oc2 in other._open_covers:
+                oc = oc1[:]
+                for s in oc2:
+                    if s not in oc:
+                        oc.append(s)
+            res._open_covers.append(oc)
+        return res
+
+    def complement(self, superset=None, name=None, latex_name=None, is_open=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the complement of ``self`` in the manifold or in ``superset``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``superset`` -- (default: ``self.manifold()``) a superset of ``self``
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the complement in the
+          case the latter has to be created; the default is
+          ``superset._name`` minus ``self._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          complement in the case the latter has to be created; the default
+          is built upon the symbol `\setminus`
+        - ``is_open`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the created
+          subset is assumed to be open with respect to the manifold's topology
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset` representing the subset that
+          is ``superset`` minus ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: B1 = A.subset('B1')
+            sage: B2 = A.subset('B2')
+            sage: B1.complement()
+            Subset M_minus_B1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: B1.complement(A)
+            Subset A_minus_B1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: B1.complement(B2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: superset must be a superset of self
+
+        Demanding that the complement is open makes ``self`` a closed subset::
+
+            sage: A.is_closed()  # False a priori
+            False
+            sage: A.complement(is_open=True)
+            Open subset M_minus_A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: A.is_closed()
+            True
+        """
+        if superset is None:
+            superset = self.manifold()
+        elif not self.is_subset(superset):
+            raise TypeError("superset must be a superset of self")
+        return superset.difference(self,
+                                   name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                   is_open=is_open)
+
+    def difference(self, other, name=None, latex_name=None, is_open=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the set difference of ``self`` minus ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another subset of the same manifold
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the difference in the
+          case the latter has to be created; the default is
+          ``self._name`` minus ``other._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          difference in the case the latter has to be created; the default
+          is built upon the symbol `\setminus`
+        - ``is_open`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the created
+          subset is assumed to be open with respect to the manifold's topology
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`ManifoldSubset` representing the subset that is
+          ``self`` minus ``other``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: A = M.subset('A')
+            sage: CA = M.difference(A); CA
+            Subset M_minus_A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: latex(CA)
+            M\setminus A
+            sage: A.intersection(CA).is_empty()
+            True
+            sage: A.union(CA)
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+            sage: O = M.open_subset('O')
+            sage: CO = M.difference(O); CO
+            Subset M_minus_O of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M.difference(O) is CO
+            True
+
+            sage: CO2 = M.difference(O, is_open=True, name='CO2'); CO2
+            Open subset CO2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: CO is CO2
+            False
+            sage: CO.is_subset(CO2) and CO2.is_subset(CO)
+            True
+            sage: M.difference(O, is_open=True)
+            Open subset CO2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+        Since `O` is open and we have asked `M\setminus O` to be open, `O`
+        is a clopen set (if `O\neq M` and `O\neq\emptyset`, this implies that
+        `M` is not connected)::
+
+            sage: O.is_closed() and O.is_open()
+            True
+        """
+        # See if it has been created already
+        diffs = []
+        for diff_name, intersection in other._intersections.items():
+            if intersection.is_empty():
+                try:
+                    union = other._unions[diff_name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if union == self:
+                        diff = self.subset_family()[diff_name]
+                        if not is_open:
+                            return diff
+                        if diff.is_open():
+                            return diff
+                        # is_open=True but we found a subset that
+                        # is not known to be open - and we cannot
+                        # declare it open.
+                        diffs.append(diff)
+
+        if latex_name is None:
+            if name is None:
+                latex_name = r'\setminus '.join(S._latex_name
+                                                for S in (self, other))
+            else:
+                latex_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            name = "_minus_".join(S._name for S in (self, other))
+
+        is_open = is_open or (self.is_open() and other.is_closed())
+
+        diff = self.subset(name=name, latex_name=latex_name, is_open=is_open)
+        diff.declare_equal(diffs)
+        self.declare_union(other, diff, disjoint=True)
+        return diff
+
+    def closure(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the topological closure of ``self`` as a subset of the manifold.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the difference in the
+          case the latter has to be created; the default prepends ``cl_``
+          to ``self._name``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          difference in the case the latter has to be created; the default
+          is built upon the operator `\mathrm{cl}`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - if ``self`` is already known to be closed (see :meth:`is_closed`),
+          ``self``; otherwise, an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.subsets.closure.ManifoldSubsetClosure`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: M.closure() is M
+            True
+            sage: D2 = M.open_subset('D2', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<2}); D2
+            Open subset D2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: cl_D2 = D2.closure(); cl_D2
+            Topological closure cl_D2 of the
+             Open subset D2 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: cl_D2.is_closed()
+            True
+            sage: cl_D2 is cl_D2.closure()
+            True
+
+            sage: D1 = D2.open_subset('D1'); D1
+            Open subset D1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: D1.closure().is_subset(D2.closure())
+            True
+        """
+        if self.is_closed():
+            return self
+        from sage.manifolds.subsets.closure import ManifoldSubsetClosure
+        return ManifoldSubsetClosure(self, name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    # ### End of construction of new sets from self