passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/interfaces/maple.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1402 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Interface to Maple
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- William Stein (2005): maple interface
+
+- Gregg Musiker (2006-02-02): tutorial
+
+- William Stein (2006-03-05): added tab completion, e.g., maple.[tab],
+  and help, e.g, maple.sin?.
+
+You must have the optional commercial Maple interpreter installed
+and available as the command ``maple`` in your PATH in
+order to use this interface. You do not have to install any
+optional Sage packages.
+
+Type ``maple.[tab]`` for a list of all the functions
+available from your Maple install. Type
+``maple.[tab]?`` for Maple's help about a given
+function. Type ``maple(...)`` to create a new Maple
+object, and ``maple.eval(...)`` to run a string using
+Maple (and get the result back as a string).
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: # optional - maple
+    sage: maple('3 * 5')
+    15
+    sage: maple.eval('ifactor(2005)')
+    '``(5)*``(401)'
+    sage: maple.ifactor(2005)
+    ``(5)*``(401)
+    sage: maple.fsolve('x^2=cos(x)+4', 'x=0..5')
+    1.914020619
+    sage: maple.factor('x^5 - y^5')
+    (x-y)*(x^4+x^3*y+x^2*y^2+x*y^3+y^4)
+
+If the string "error" (case insensitive) occurs in the output of
+anything from Maple, a :exc:`RuntimeError` exception is raised.
+
+Tutorial
+--------
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Gregg Musiker (2006-02-02): initial version.
+
+This tutorial is based on the Maple Tutorial for number theory from
+http://www.math.mun.ca/~drideout/m3370/numtheory.html.
+
+There are several ways to use the Maple Interface in Sage. We will
+discuss two of those ways in this tutorial.
+
+
+#. If you have a maple expression such as
+
+   ::
+
+       factor( (x^5-1));
+
+   We can write that in sage as
+
+   ::
+
+       sage: maple('factor(x^5-1)')                 # optional - maple
+       (x-1)*(x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1)
+
+   Notice, there is no need to use a semicolon.
+
+#. Since Sage is written in Python, we can also import maple
+   commands and write our scripts in a Pythonic way. For example,
+   ``factor()`` is a maple command, so we can also factor
+   in Sage using
+
+   ::
+
+       sage: maple('(x^5-1)').factor()              # optional - maple
+       (x-1)*(x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1)
+
+   where ``expression.command()`` means the same thing as
+   ``command(expression)`` in Maple. We will use this
+   second type of syntax whenever possible, resorting to the first
+   when needed.
+
+   ::
+
+       sage: maple('(x^12-1)/(x-1)').simplify()     # optional - maple
+       (x+1)*(x^2+1)*(x^2+x+1)*(x^2-x+1)*(x^4-x^2+1)
+
+
+The normal command will always reduce a rational function to the
+lowest terms. The factor command will factor a polynomial with
+rational coefficients into irreducible factors over the ring of
+integers. So for example,
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple('(x^12-1)').factor( )           # optional - maple
+    (x-1)*(x+1)*(x^2+x+1)*(x^2-x+1)*(x^2+1)*(x^4-x^2+1)
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple('(x^28-1)').factor( )           # optional - maple
+    (x-1)*(x^6+x^5+x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1)*(x+1)*(x^6-x^5+x^4-x^3+x^2-x+1)*(x^2+1)*(x^12-x^10+x^8-x^6+x^4-x^2+1)
+
+Another important feature of maple is its online help. We can
+access this through sage as well. After reading the description of
+the command, you can press :kbd:`q` to immediately get back to your
+original prompt.
+
+Incidentally you can always get into a maple console by the
+command ::
+
+    sage: maple.console()          # not tested
+    sage: !maple                   # not tested
+
+Note that the above two commands are slightly different, and the
+first is preferred.
+
+For example, for help on the maple command fibonacci, we type
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.help('fibonacci')  # not tested, since it uses a pager
+
+We see there are two choices. Type
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.help('combinat, fibonacci')   # not tested, since it uses a pager
+
+We now see how the Maple command fibonacci works under the
+combinatorics package. Try typing in
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.fibonacci(10)                # optional - maple
+    fibonacci(10)
+
+You will get fibonacci(10) as output since Maple has not loaded the
+combinatorics package yet. To rectify this type
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple('combinat[fibonacci]')(10)     # optional - maple
+    55
+
+instead.
+
+If you want to load the combinatorics package for future
+calculations, in Sage this can be done as
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.with_package('combinat')       # optional - maple
+
+or
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.load('combinat')               # optional - maple
+
+Now if we type ``maple.fibonacci(10)``, we get the
+correct output::
+
+    sage: maple.fibonacci(10)                  # optional - maple
+    55
+
+Some common maple packages include ``combinat``,
+``linalg``, and ``numtheory``. To produce
+the first 19 Fibonacci numbers, use the sequence command.
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple('seq(fibonacci(i),i=1..19)')     # optional - maple
+    1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584,
+    4181
+
+Two other useful Maple commands are ifactor and isprime. For
+example
+
+::
+
+    sage: maple.isprime(maple.fibonacci(27))     # optional - maple
+    false
+    sage: maple.ifactor(maple.fibonacci(27))     # optional - maple
+    ``(2)*``(17)*``(53)*``(109)
+
+Note that the isprime function that is included with Sage (which
+uses PARI) is better than the Maple one (it is faster and gives a
+provably correct answer, whereas Maple is sometimes wrong).
+
+::
+
+    sage: # optional - maple
+    sage: alpha = maple('(1+sqrt(5))/2')
+    sage: beta = maple('(1-sqrt(5))/2')
+    sage: f19  = alpha^19 - beta^19/maple('sqrt(5)')
+    sage: f19
+    (1/2+1/2*5^(1/2))^19-1/5*(1/2-1/2*5^(1/2))^19*5^(1/2)
+    sage: f19.simplify()          # somewhat randomly ordered output
+    6765+5778/5*5^(1/2)
+
+Let's say we want to write a maple program now that squares a
+number if it is positive and cubes it if it is negative. In maple,
+that would look like
+
+::
+
+    mysqcu := proc(x)
+    if x > 0 then x^2;
+    else x^3; fi;
+    end;
+
+In Sage, we write
+
+::
+
+    sage: mysqcu = maple('proc(x) if x > 0 then x^2 else x^3 fi end')    # optional - maple
+    sage: mysqcu(5)                                                      # optional - maple
+    25
+    sage: mysqcu(-5)                                                     # optional - maple
+    -125
+
+More complicated programs should be put in a separate file and
+loaded.
+"""
+
+#############################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2005 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#############################################################################
+
+import os
+
+import pexpect
+
+from sage.cpython.string import bytes_to_str
+from sage.env import DOT_SAGE
+from sage.interfaces.expect import (
+    Expect,
+    ExpectElement,
+    ExpectFunction,
+    FunctionElement,
+    gc_disabled,
+)
+from sage.interfaces.tab_completion import ExtraTabCompletion
+from sage.misc.instancedoc import instancedoc
+from sage.misc.pager import pager
+from sage.structure.richcmp import rich_to_bool
+
+COMMANDS_CACHE = '%s/maple_commandlist_cache.sobj' % DOT_SAGE
+
+
+class Maple(ExtraTabCompletion, Expect):
+    """
+    Interface to the Maple interpreter.
+
+    Type ``maple.[tab]`` for a list of all the functions
+    available from your Maple install. Type
+    ``maple.[tab]?`` for Maple's help about a given
+    function. Type ``maple(...)`` to create a new Maple
+    object, and ``maple.eval(...)`` to run a string using
+    Maple (and get the result back as a string).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, maxread=None, script_subdirectory=None, server=None,
+            server_tmpdir=None, logfile=None, ulimit=None):
+        """
+        Create an instance of the Maple interpreter.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.maple import maple
+            sage: maple == loads(dumps(maple))
+            True
+        """
+        __maple_iface_opts = [
+            'screenwidth=infinity',
+            'errorcursor=false']
+        __maple_command = 'maple -t -c "interface({})"'.format(
+            ','.join(__maple_iface_opts))
+        # errorcursor=false avoids maple command line interface to dump
+        # into the editor when an error occurs. Thus pexpect interface
+        # is not messed up if a maple error occurs.
+        # screenwidth=infinity prevents maple command interface from cutting
+        # your input lines. By doing this, file interface also works in the
+        # event that  sage_user_home + sage_tmp_file_stuff exceeds the
+        # length of 79 characters.
+        Expect.__init__(self,
+                        name='maple',
+                        prompt='#-->',
+                        command=__maple_command,
+                        server=server,
+                        server_tmpdir=server_tmpdir,
+                        ulimit=ulimit,
+                        script_subdirectory=script_subdirectory,
+                        restart_on_ctrlc=False,
+                        verbose_start=False,
+                        logfile=logfile,
+                        eval_using_file_cutoff=2048)  # 2048 is
+        # a small enough value to avoid conflicts with the 4096 limit
+        # hardcoded in Expect.
+
+    def _function_class(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._function_class()
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleFunction'>
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: type(maple.diff)
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleFunction'>
+        """
+        return MapleFunction
+
+    def _keyboard_interrupt(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._keyboard_interrupt()   # not tested
+            Interrupting Maple...
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: Ctrl-c pressed while running Maple
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: maple('Matrix(8000,8000)')    # not tested
+            #Press ctrl-c
+            ^CInterrupting Maple...
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: Ctrl-c pressed while running Maple
+        """
+        print("Interrupting %s..." % self)
+        self._expect.sendline(chr(3))  # send ctrl-c
+        self._expect.expect(self._prompt)
+        raise RuntimeError("Ctrl-c pressed while running %s" % self)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Maple().__reduce__()
+            (<function reduce_load_Maple at 0x...>, ())
+            sage: f, args = _
+            sage: f(*args)
+            Maple
+        """
+        return reduce_load_Maple, tuple([])
+
+    def _read_in_file_command(self, filename):
+        r"""
+        Return the string used to read filename into Maple.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._read_in_file_command('test')
+            'read "test"'
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: filename = tmp_filename()
+            sage: with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            ....:     _ = f.write('xx := 22;\n')
+            sage: maple.read(filename)
+            sage: maple.get('xx').strip()
+            '22'
+        """
+        return f'read "{filename}"'
+
+    def _quit_string(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._quit_string()
+            'quit'
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: m = Maple()
+            sage: a = m(2)
+            sage: m.is_running()
+            True
+            sage: m.quit()
+            sage: m.is_running()
+            False
+        """
+        return 'quit'
+
+    def _install_hints(self):
+        """
+        Hints for installing Maple on your computer.
+
+        AUTHORS:
+
+        - William Stein and Justin Walker (2006-02-12).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(maple._install_hints())
+            In order...
+        """
+        return """
+
+In order to use the Maple interface you need to have Maple installed
+and have a script in your PATH called "maple" that runs the
+command-line version of Maple.  Alternatively, you could use a remote
+connection to a server running Maple; for hints, type
+    print(maple._install_hints_ssh())
+
+  (1) You might have to buy Maple (http://webstore.maplesoft.com/).
+
+  (2) * LINUX: The maple script comes standard with your Maple install.
+
+      * APPLE OS X:
+          (a) create a file called maple (in your PATH), with the following contents:
+             #!/bin/sh
+             /Library/Frameworks/Maple.framework/Versions/Current/bin/maple $@
+          (b) Save the file.
+          (c) Make the file executable.
+                chmod +x maple
+
+      * WINDOWS:
+        You must install Maple-for-Linux into the Linux subsystem.
+"""
+
+    def expect(self):
+        """
+        Return the pexpect object for this Maple session.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: m = Maple()
+            sage: m.expect() is None
+            True
+            sage: m._start()
+            sage: m.expect()
+            Maple with PID ...
+            sage: m.quit()
+        """
+        return self._expect
+
+    def console(self):
+        r"""
+        Spawn a new Maple command-line session.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple.console()  # not tested
+                |\^/|     Maple 2019 (X86 64 LINUX)
+            ._|\|   |/|_. Copyright (c) Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc. 2019
+             \  MAPLE  /  All rights reserved. Maple is a trademark of
+             <____ ____>  Waterloo Maple Inc.
+                  |       Type ? for help.
+        """
+        maple_console()
+
+#     def killall(self):
+#         """
+#         Kill all running instances of the maple interpreter
+#         on this system.
+
+#         TODO: When Sage exits it doesn't correctly by default kill
+#         all running Maple interpreters, for some strange reason.
+#         Calling this function uses the kill and pidof operating system
+#         programs to find all instances of cmaple and kill them.
+#         """
+#         import os
+#         self._expect = None
+#         while True:
+#             pid = os.popen("pidof cmaple").read()[:-1]
+#             if len(pid) > 0:
+#                 os.system('kill -9 %s'%pid)
+#             else:
+#                 break
+
+    def completions(self, s):
+        """
+        Return all commands that complete the command starting with the
+        string ``s``.
+
+        This is like typing ``s`` + :kbd:`Ctrl` + :kbd:`T`
+        in the Maple interpreter.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = maple.completions('di')  # optional - maple
+            sage: 'divide' in c                # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        bs = chr(8) * len(s)
+        if self._expect is None:
+            self._start()
+        E = self._expect
+        E.sendline('%s%s%s' % (s, chr(20), bs))
+        t = E.timeout
+        E.timeout = 0.3  # since some things have no completion
+        try:
+            E.expect('----')
+        except pexpect.TIMEOUT:
+            E.timeout = t
+            return []
+        E.timeout = t
+        v = E.before
+        E.expect(self._prompt)
+        E.expect(self._prompt)
+        E.expect(self._prompt)
+        return [bytes_to_str(l) for l in v.split()[2:]]
+
+    def _commands(self):
+        """
+        Return list of all commands defined in Maple.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = maple._commands() # optional - maple
+            sage: len(c) > 100          # optional - maple
+            True
+            sage: 'dilog' in c          # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            v = sum([self.completions(chr(65 + n)) for n in range(26)], []) + \
+                sum([self.completions(chr(97 + n)) for n in range(26)], [])
+        except RuntimeError:
+            print("\n" * 3)
+            txt = "WARNING: You do not have a working version of Maple installed!"
+            print("═" * len(txt))
+            print(txt)
+            print("═" * len(txt))
+            v = []
+        v.sort()
+        return v
+
+    def _tab_completion(self, verbose=True, use_disk_cache=True):
+        """
+        Return a list of all the commands defined in Maple and optionally
+        (per default) store them to disk.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = maple._tab_completion(use_disk_cache=False, verbose=False) # optional - maple
+            sage: len(c) > 100  # optional - maple
+            True
+            sage: 'dilog' in c  # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__tab_completion
+        except AttributeError:
+            import sage.misc.persist
+            if use_disk_cache:
+                try:
+                    self.__tab_completion = sage.misc.persist.load(COMMANDS_CACHE)
+                    return self.__tab_completion
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+            if verbose:
+                print("\nBuilding Maple command completion list (this takes")
+                print("a few seconds only the first time you do it).")
+                print("To force rebuild later, delete %s." % COMMANDS_CACHE)
+            v = self._commands()
+            self.__tab_completion = v
+            if len(v) > 200:
+                # Maple is actually installed.
+                sage.misc.persist.save(v, COMMANDS_CACHE)
+            return v
+
+    def _eval_line(self, line, allow_use_file=True, wait_for_prompt=True, restart_if_needed=False):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._eval_line('2+2')  # optional - maple
+            '4'
+        """
+        line += ';'
+        with gc_disabled():
+            z = Expect._eval_line(self, line, allow_use_file=allow_use_file,
+                    wait_for_prompt=wait_for_prompt).replace('\\\n', '').strip()
+            if z.lower().find("error") != -1:
+                raise RuntimeError("An error occurred running a Maple command:\nINPUT:\n%s\nOUTPUT:\n%s" % (line, z))
+        return z
+
+    def _eval_line_using_file(self, line, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._eval_line_using_file('2+2')  # optional - maple
+            '4'
+        """
+        line += ';'  # Adds the maple ";" thing like in self._eval_line
+        return Expect._eval_line_using_file(self, line, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def cputime(self, t=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the amount of CPU time that the Maple session has used.
+
+        If ``t`` is not None, then it returns the difference
+        between the current CPU time and ``t``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: t = maple.cputime()
+            sage: t                   # random
+            0.02
+            sage: x = maple('x')
+            sage: maple.diff(x^2, x)
+            2*x
+            sage: maple.cputime(t)    # random
+            0.0
+        """
+        if t is None:
+            return float(self('time()'))
+        return float(self('time() - %s' % float(t)))
+
+    def set(self, var, value):
+        """
+        Set the variable ``var`` to the given ``value``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple.set('xx', '2') # optional - maple
+            sage: maple.get('xx')      # optional - maple
+            '2'
+        """
+        cmd = '%s:=%s:' % (var, value)
+        out = self.eval(cmd)
+        if out.find("error") != -1:
+            raise TypeError("Error executing code in Maple\nCODE:\n\t%s\nMaple ERROR:\n\t%s" % (cmd, out))
+
+    def get(self, var):
+        """
+        Get the value of the variable ``var``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple.set('xx', '2') # optional - maple
+            sage: maple.get('xx')      # optional - maple
+            '2'
+        """
+        return self.eval('printf("%%q",%s)' % var)
+
+    def _object_class(self):
+        """
+        Return the class of MapleElements.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._object_class()
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleElement'>
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: m = maple(2)  # optional - maple
+            sage: type(m)       # optional - maple
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleElement'>
+        """
+        return MapleElement
+
+    def _function_element_class(self):
+        """
+        Return the MapleFunctionElement class.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._function_element_class()
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleFunctionElement'>
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: two = maple(2)  # optional - maple
+            sage: type(two.gcd)   # optional - maple
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.maple.MapleFunctionElement'>
+        """
+        return MapleFunctionElement
+
+    def _equality_symbol(self):
+        """
+        Return the symbol used for equality testing in Maple.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._equality_symbol()
+            '='
+
+            sage: maple(2) == maple(2) # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        return '='
+
+    def _true_symbol(self):
+        """
+        Return the symbol used for truth in Maple.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._true_symbol()
+            'true'
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: maple(2) == maple(2) # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        return 'true'
+
+    def _assign_symbol(self):
+        """
+        Return the symbol used for assignment in Maple.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple._assign_symbol()
+            ':='
+        """
+        return ":="
+
+    def _source(self, s):
+        """
+        Try to return the source code of a Maple function ``s`` as a string.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(maple._source('curry').strip())  # optional - maple
+            ... -> subs('_X' = _passed[2 .. _npassed],() -> ...(_X, _passed))
+            sage: maple._source('ZZZ')                  # not tested
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            Exception: no source code could be found
+        """
+        cmd = 'echo "interface(verboseproc=2): print(%s);" | maple -q' % s
+        src = os.popen(cmd).read()
+        if src.strip() == s:
+            raise RuntimeError("no source code could be found")
+        it = (line.strip() for line in src.splitlines())
+        return ''.join(l for l in it if l)
+
+    def source(self, s):
+        """
+        Display the Maple source (if possible) about ``s``.
+
+        This is the same as
+        returning the output produced by the following Maple commands:
+
+        interface(verboseproc=2): print(s)
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``s`` -- string representing the function whose
+          source code you want
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple.source('curry')  # not tested
+            ... -> subs('_X' = _passed[2 .. _npassed],() -> ...(_X, _passed))
+        """
+        try:
+            pager()(self._source(s))
+        except Exception:
+            pager()('No source code could be found.')
+
+    def _help(self, string):
+        r"""
+        Return the Maple help on ``string``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: txt = maple._help('igcd')  # optional - maple
+            sage: txt.find('igcd - greatest common divisor') >= 0 # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        return bytes_to_str(os.popen(f'echo "?{string}" | maple -q').read())
+
+    def help(self, string):
+        """
+        Display Maple help about ``string``.
+
+        This is the same as typing "?string" in the Maple console.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``string`` -- string to search for in the maple help
+          system
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: maple.help('Psi')  # not tested
+            Psi - the Digamma and Polygamma functions
+            ...
+        """
+        pager()(self._help(string))
+
+    def with_package(self, package):
+        """
+        Make a package of Maple procedures available in the interpreter.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``package`` -- string
+
+        EXAMPLES: Some functions are unknown to Maple until you use with to
+        include the appropriate package.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: maple.quit()   # reset maple
+            sage: maple('partition(10)')
+            partition(10)
+            sage: maple('bell(10)')
+            bell(10)
+            sage: maple.with_package('combinat')
+            sage: maple('partition(10)')
+            [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2, 2, 2], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3], [1, 2, 2, 2, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3], [1, 1, 2, 3, 3], [2, 2, 3, 3], [1, 3, 3, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4], [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4], [1, 1, 2, 2, 4], [2, 2, 2, 4], [1, 1, 1, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4], [3, 3, 4], [1, 1, 4, 4], [2, 4, 4], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5], [1, 1, 1, 2, 5], [1, 2, 2, 5], [1, 1, 3, 5], [2, 3, 5], [1, 4, 5], [5, 5], [1, 1, 1, 1, 6], [1, 1, 2, 6], [2, 2, 6], [1, 3, 6], [4, 6], [1, 1, 1, 7], [1, 2, 7], [3, 7], [1, 1, 8], [2, 8], [1, 9], [10]]
+            sage: maple('bell(10)')
+            115975
+            sage: maple('fibonacci(10)')
+            55
+        """
+        self.eval('with(%s)' % package)
+
+    load = with_package
+
+    def clear(self, var):
+        """
+        Clear the variable named ``var``.
+
+        To clear a Maple variable, you must assign 'itself' to itself.
+        In Maple 'expr' prevents expr to be evaluated.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: maple.set('xx', '2')
+            sage: maple.get('xx')
+            '2'
+            sage: maple.clear('xx')
+            sage: maple.get('xx')
+            'xx'
+        """
+        self.set(var, f"'{var}'")
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class MapleFunction(ExpectFunction):
+    def _instancedoc_(self):
+        """
+        Return the Maple help for this function. This gets called when
+        doing ``?`` on ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: txt = maple.igcd._instancedoc_()  # optional - maple
+            sage: txt.find('igcd - greatest common divisor') >= 0 # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        M = self._parent
+        return M._help(self._name)
+
+    def _sage_src_(self):
+        """
+        Return the source code of ``self``.
+
+        This is the function that eventually gets called when doing
+        maple.gcd?? for example.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(maple.curry._sage_src_().strip()) # optional - maple
+            ... -> subs('_X' = _passed[2 .. _npassed],() -> ...(_X, _passed))
+            sage: maple.ZZZ._sage_src_()                 # not tested
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            Exception: no source code could be found
+        """
+        M = self._parent
+        return M._source(self._name)
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class MapleFunctionElement(FunctionElement):
+    def _instancedoc_(self):
+        """
+        Return the Maple help for this function.
+
+        This gets called when doing "?" on ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: two = maple(2)  # optional - maple
+            sage: txt = two.igcd._instancedoc_()  # optional - maple
+            sage: txt.find('igcd - greatest common divisor') >= 0 # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        return self._obj.parent()._help(self._name)
+
+    def _sage_src_(self):
+        """
+        Return the source code of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: g = maple('gcd')                    # optional - maple
+            sage: print(g.curry._sage_src_().strip()) # optional - maple
+            ... -> subs('_X' = _passed[2 .. _npassed],() -> ...(_X, _passed))
+            sage: m = maple('2')                      # optional - maple
+            sage: m.ZZZ._sage_src_()                  # not tested
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            Exception: no source code could be found
+        """
+        return self._obj.parent()._source(self._name)
+
+
+@instancedoc
+class MapleElement(ExtraTabCompletion, ExpectElement):
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        """
+        Return a floating point version of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: float(maple(1/2))  # optional - maple
+            0.5
+            sage: type(_)            # optional - maple
+            <... 'float'>
+        """
+        return float(maple.eval('evalf(%s)' % self.name()))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a 64-bit integer representing the hash of ``self``. Since
+        Python uses 32-bit hashes, it will automatically convert the result
+        of this to a 32-bit hash.
+
+        These examples are optional, and require Maple to be installed. You
+        don't need to install any Sage packages for this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: m = maple('x^2+y^2')
+            sage: m.__hash__()          # random
+            188724254834261060184983038723355865733
+            sage: hash(m)               # random
+            5035731711831192733
+            sage: m = maple('x^2+y^3')
+            sage: m.__hash__()          # random
+            264835029579301191531663246434344770556
+            sage: hash(m)               # random
+            -2187277978252104690
+        """
+        return int(maple.eval('StringTools:-Hash(convert(%s, string))' % self.name())[1:-1], 16)
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare equality between ``self`` and ``other``, using maple.
+
+        These examples are optional, and require Maple to be installed. You
+        don't need to install any Sage packages for this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: a = maple(5)
+            sage: b = maple(5)
+            sage: a == b
+            True
+            sage: a == 5
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: c = maple(3)
+            sage: a == c
+            False
+            sage: a < c
+            False
+            sage: a < 6
+            True
+            sage: c <= a
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: M = matrix(ZZ, 2, range(1,5))
+            sage: Mm = maple(M)
+            sage: Mm == Mm
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: x = var('x')
+            sage: t = maple((x+1)^2)
+            sage: u = maple(x^2+2*x+1)
+            sage: u == t # todo: not implemented
+            True         # returns False, should use 'testeq' in maple
+            sage: maple.eval('testeq(%s = %s)' % (t.name(),u.name()))
+            'true'
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        if P.eval("evalb(%s %s %s)" % (self.name(), P._equality_symbol(),
+                                       other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 0)
+        # Maple does not allow comparing objects of different types and
+        # it raises an error in this case.
+        # We catch the error, and return True for <
+        try:
+            if P.eval("evalb(%s %s %s)" % (self.name(), P._lessthan_symbol(),
+                                           other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
+                return rich_to_bool(op, -1)
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+            msg = str(e)
+            if 'is not valid' in msg and 'to < or <=' in msg:
+                if (hash(str(self)) < hash(str(other))):
+                    return rich_to_bool(op, -1)
+                else:
+                    return rich_to_bool(op, 1)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(e)
+        if P.eval("evalb(%s %s %s)" % (self.name(), P._greaterthan_symbol(),
+                                       other.name())) == P._true_symbol():
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 1)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def _mul_(self, right):
+        """
+        These examples are optional, and require Maple to be installed. You
+        don't need to install any Sage packages for this.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: t = maple(5); u = maple(3)
+            sage: t*u
+            15
+            sage: t._mul_(u)
+            15
+            sage: M = matrix(ZZ,2,range(4))
+            sage: Mm = maple(M)
+            sage: Mm*Mm
+            Matrix(2, 2, [[2,3],[6,11]])
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: # optional - maple
+            sage: v = vector(ZZ,2,[2,3])
+            sage: vm = maple(v)
+            sage: vm*Mm
+            Vector[row](2, [6,11])
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: t*Mm                                      # optional - maple
+            Matrix(2, 2, [[0,5],[10,15]])
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            return P.new('%s . %s' % (self._name, right._name))
+        except Exception as msg:
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    def _tab_completion(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = maple(2) # optional - maple
+            sage: 'sin' in a._tab_completion() # optional - maple
+            True
+        """
+        return self.parent()._tab_completion()
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        You can output Maple expressions in latex.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(latex(maple('(x^4 - y)/(y^2-3*x)')))   # optional - maple
+            {\frac {{x}^{4}-y}{{y}^{2}-3\,x}}
+            sage: print(latex(maple(pi - e^3)))                 # optional - maple
+            \pi-{{\rm e}^{3}}
+            sage: print(maple(pi - e^3)._latex_())              # optional - maple
+            \pi-{{\rm e}^{3}}
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+           Some expressions might require the Maple style file
+           ``maple2e.sty`` in order to latex correctly.
+        """
+        return self.parent().eval('latex(%s)' % self.name())
+
+    def op(self, i=None):
+        """
+        Return the `i`-th operand of this expression.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- integer or ``None``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = maple(vector(QQ,[4,5,6]))      # optional - maple
+            sage: V.op(1)                            # optional - maple
+            3
+            sage: V.op(2)                            # optional - maple
+            {1 = 4, 2 = 5, 3 = 6}
+        """
+        if i is None:
+            return self.parent().op(self)
+        return self.parent().op(i, self)
+
+    def _sage_(self):
+        r"""
+        Convert a maple expression back to a Sage expression.
+
+        This currently does not implement a serious parser
+        for the Maple output language.
+        Therefore only very simple expressions will convert successfully.
+
+        REFERENCE:
+
+        https://www.asc.tuwien.ac.at/compmath/download/Monagan_Maple_Programming.pdf
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: m = maple('x^2 + 5*y')        # optional - maple
+            sage: m.sage()                      # optional - maple
+            x^2 + 5*y
+            sage: m._sage_()                    # optional - maple
+            x^2 + 5*y
+
+            sage: m = maple('sin(sqrt(1-x^2)) * (1 - cos(1/x))^2')  # optional - maple
+            sage: m.sage()                                          # optional - maple
+            (cos(1/x) - 1)^2*sin(sqrt(-x^2 + 1))
+
+        Some matrices can be converted back::
+
+            sage: m = matrix(2, 2, [1, 2, x, 3])    # optional - maple
+            sage: mm = maple(m)                     # optional - maple
+            sage: mm.sage() == m                    # optional - maple
+            True
+
+        Some vectors can be converted back::
+
+            sage: m = vector([1, x, 2, 3])          # optional - maple
+            sage: mm = maple(m)                     # optional - maple
+            sage: mm.sage() == m                    # optional - maple
+            True
+
+        Integers and rationals are converted as such::
+
+            sage: maple(33).sage().parent()         # optional - maple
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: maple(191/5).sage().parent()      # optional - maple
+            Rational Field
+
+        Sets, lists, sequences::
+
+            sage: maple("[4,5,6]").sage()           # optional - maple
+            [4, 5, 6]
+            sage: maple({14,33,6}).sage()           # optional - maple
+            {6, 14, 33}
+            sage: maple("seq(i**2,i=1..5)").sage()  # optional - maple
+            (1, 4, 9, 16, 25)
+
+        Strings::
+
+            sage: maple('"banane"').sage()          # optional - maple
+            '"banane"'
+
+        Floats::
+
+            sage: Z3 = maple('evalf(Zeta(3))')   # optional - maple
+            sage: Z3.sage().parent()             # optional - maple
+            Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+            sage: sq5 = maple('evalf(sqrt(5),100)')   # optional - maple
+            sage: sq5 = sq5.sage(); sq5               # optional - maple
+            2.23606797749978969640...
+            sage: sq5.parent()                        # optional - maple
+            Real Field with 332 bits of precision
+
+        Equations::
+
+            sage: maple("x=4")                        # optional - maple
+            x = 4
+            sage: _.sage()                            # optional - maple
+            x == 4
+
+        Functions are now sometimes converted back correctly::
+
+            sage: maple(hypergeometric([3,4],[5],x))  # optional - maple
+            hypergeom([3, 4],[5],x)
+            sage: _.sage()                            # optional - maple
+            hypergeometric((3, 4), (5,), x)
+
+            sage: maple(zeta(5))                      # optional - maple
+            Zeta(5)
+            sage: _.sage()                            # optional - maple
+            zeta(5)
+
+            sage: maple(psi(2,x))                     # optional - maple
+            Psi(2,x)
+            sage: _.sage()                            # optional - maple
+            psi(2, x)
+
+            sage: maple("4+6*Zeta(3)").sage()         # optional - maple
+            6*zeta(3) + 4
+
+            sage: maple("Beta(x,y)^Zeta(9)+1").sage() # optional - maple
+            beta(x, y)^zeta(9) + 1
+
+        Sums and products::
+
+            sage: maple('Sum(x-k,k=1..n)').sage()     # optional - maple
+            sum(-k + x, k, 1, n)
+            sage: maple('Product(x-k,k=1..n)').sage() # optional - maple
+            product(-k + x, k, 1, n)
+
+        Integrals::
+
+            sage: maple('Int(exp(x),x=0..y)').sage()  # optional - maple
+            integrate(e^x, x, 0, y)
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        from sage.symbolic.expression import symbol_table
+        symbol_maple = symbol_table["maple"]
+        # The next few lines are a very crude excuse for a maple "parser"
+        maple_type = repr(self.whattype())
+        result = repr(self)
+        result = result.replace("Pi", "pi")
+        if maple_type == 'symbol':       # pi
+            pass   # left to symbolic ring
+        elif maple_type == 'string':     # "banane"
+            return result
+        elif maple_type == 'exprseq':   # 2, 2
+            n = self.parent()(f"[{self._name}]").nops()._sage_()
+            return tuple(self[i] for i in range(1, n + 1))
+        elif maple_type == 'set':        # {1, 2}
+            n = self.nops()._sage_()
+            return set(self.op(i)._sage_() for i in range(1, n + 1))
+        elif maple_type == 'list':        # [1, 2]
+            n = self.nops()._sage_()
+            return [self.op(i)._sage_() for i in range(1, n + 1)]
+        elif maple_type == "Matrix":     # Matrix(2, 2, [[1,2],[3,4]])
+            mn = self.op(1)
+            m = mn[1]._sage_()
+            n = mn[2]._sage_()
+            coeffs = [self[i + 1, j + 1]._sage_()
+                      for i in range(m) for j in range(n)]
+            return matrix(m, n, coeffs)
+        elif maple_type[:6] == "Vector":  # Vector[row](3, [4,5,6])
+            n = self.op(1)._sage_()
+            return vector([self[i + 1]._sage_() for i in range(n)])
+        elif maple_type == 'integer':
+            return ZZ(result)
+        elif maple_type == 'fraction':
+            return self.op(1)._sage_() / self.op(2)._sage_()
+        elif maple_type == "function":
+            # TODO : better back translation of function names
+            fun = str(self.op(0))
+            if fun in ['Sum', 'sum']:
+                from sage.misc.functional import symbolic_sum
+                term = self.op(1)._sage_()
+                variable = self.op(2).op(1)._sage_()
+                bounds = [b._sage_() for b in self.op(2).op(2).op()]
+                return symbolic_sum(term, variable, *bounds, hold=True)
+            if fun in ['Int', 'int']:
+                from sage.misc.functional import integral
+                term = self.op(1)._sage_()
+                variable = self.op(2).op(1)._sage_()
+                bounds = [b._sage_() for b in self.op(2).op(2).op()]
+                return integral(term, variable, *bounds, hold=True)
+            if fun in ['Product', 'product']:
+                from sage.misc.functional import symbolic_prod
+                term = self.op(1)._sage_()
+                variable = self.op(2).op(1)._sage_()
+                bounds = [b._sage_() for b in self.op(2).op(2).op()]
+                return symbolic_prod(term, variable, *bounds, hold=True)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    sage_fun = symbol_maple[(fun, int(self.nops()))]
+                    if self.nops() == 1:
+                        args = [self.op()._sage_()]
+                    else:
+                        args = [arg._sage_() for arg in self.op()]
+                    return sage_fun(*args)
+                except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                    pass
+        elif maple_type == "float":
+            from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField
+            mantissa = len(repr(self.op(1)))
+            prec = max(53, (mantissa * 13301) // 4004)
+            R = RealField(prec)
+            return R(result)
+        elif maple_type == '`+`':
+            return sum(term._sage_() for term in self.op())
+        elif maple_type == '`*`':
+            from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+            return prod(term._sage_() for term in self.op())
+        elif maple_type == '`^`':
+            return self.op(1)._sage_()**self.op(2)._sage_()
+        elif maple_type == '`=`':        # (1, 1) = 2
+            return (self.op(1)._sage_() == self.op(2)._sage_())
+        try:
+            from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+            return SR(result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Unable to parse Maple output: %s" % result)
+
+
+maple = Maple()  # an instance
+
+
+def reduce_load_Maple():
+    """
+    Return the maple object created in sage.interfaces.maple.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.maple import reduce_load_Maple
+        sage: reduce_load_Maple()
+        Maple
+    """
+    return maple
+
+
+def maple_console():
+    r"""
+    Spawn a new Maple command-line session.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: maple_console() #not tested
+            |^/|     Maple 11 (IBM INTEL LINUX)
+        ._|\|   |/|_. Copyright (c) Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc. 2007
+         \  MAPLE  /  All rights reserved. Maple is a trademark of
+         <____ ____>  Waterloo Maple Inc.
+              |       Type ? for help.
+        >
+    """
+    from sage.repl.rich_output.display_manager import get_display_manager
+    if not get_display_manager().is_in_terminal():
+        raise RuntimeError('Can use the console only in the terminal. Try %%maple magics instead.')
+    os.system('maple')
+
+
+def __doctest_cleanup():
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.maple import __doctest_cleanup
+        sage: m = maple(2)         # optional - maple
+        sage: maple.is_running()   # optional - maple
+        True
+        sage: __doctest_cleanup()
+        sage: maple.is_running()
+        False
+    """
+    import sage.interfaces.quit
+    sage.interfaces.quit.expect_quitall()
+
+
+"""
+The following only works in Maple >= 9, I guess, but could
+be useful.
+
+From Jaap Spies:  In addition Maple has a nice feature the function
+
+ > FunctionAdvisor();
+
+ > FunctionAdvisor(topics, quiet);
+      [DE, analytic_extension, asymptotic_expansion, branch_cuts,
+      branch_points, calling_sequence, class_members,
+      classify_function, definition, describe, differentiation_rule,
+      function_classes, identities, integral_form,
+      known_functions, relate, series, singularities, special_values,
+      specialize, sum_form, synonyms]
+
+ > FunctionAdvisor(syntax, hypergeom);
+                                            hypergeom([a, b], [c], z)
+
+Eventually this could be used to do an intelligent command
+completion.
+"""