passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/degenerate_submanifold.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1668 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Degenerate submanifolds
+
+An *embedded (resp. immersed) degenerate submanifold of a proper
+pseudo-Riemannian manifold* `(M,g)` is an embedded (resp. immersed)
+submanifold `H` of `M` as a differentiable manifold such that pull
+back of the metric tensor `g` via the embedding (resp. immersion)
+endows `H` with the structure of a degenerate manifold.
+
+Degenerate submanifolds are study in many fields of mathematics and physics,
+for instance in Differential Geometry (especially in geometry of
+lightlike submanifold) and in General Relativity. In geometry of lightlike
+submanifolds, according to the dimension `r` of the radical distribution
+(see below for definition of radical distribution), degenerate submanifolds
+have been classified into 4 subgroups: `r`-lightlike submanifolds, Coisotropic
+submanifolds, Isotropic submanifolds and Totally lightlike submanifolds.
+(See the book of Krishan L. Duggal and Aurel Bejancu [DS2010]_.)
+
+In the present module, you can define any of the 4 types but most of the
+methods are implemented only for degenerate hypersurfaces who belong to
+`r`-lightlike submanifolds. However, they might be generalized to
+`1`-lightlike submanifolds. In the literature there is a new approach
+(the rigging technique) for studying `1`-lightlike submanifolds but
+here we use the method of Krishan L. Duggal and Aurel Bejancu based on
+the screen distribution.
+
+Let `H` be a lightlike hypersurface of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold
+`(M,g)`. Then the normal bundle `TH^\perp` intersect the tangent
+bundle `TH`. The radical distribution is defined as
+`Rad(TH)=TH\cap TH^\perp`. In case of hypersurfaces, and more
+generally `1`-lightlike submanifolds, this is a rank 1 distribution.
+A screen distribution `S(TH)` is a complementary of `Rad(TH)` in `TH`.
+
+Giving a screen distribution `S(TH)` and a null vector field `\xi`
+locally defined and spanning `Rad(TH)`, there exists a unique
+transversal null vector field 'N' locally defined and such that
+`g(N,\xi)=1`. From a transverse vector 'v', the null rigging 'N'
+is giving by the formula
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    N = \frac{1}{g(\xi, v)}\left(v-\frac{g(v,v)}{2g(\xi, v)}\xi\right)
+
+Tensors on the ambient manifold `M` are projected on `H` along `N`
+to obtain induced objects. For instance, induced connection is the
+linear connection defined on H through the Levi-Civitta connection of
+`g` along `N`.
+
+To work on a degenerate submanifold, after defining `H` as an instance
+of :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`,
+with the keyword ``structure='degenerate_metric'``, you have to set a
+transvervector `v` and screen distribution together with the radical
+distribution.
+
+An example of degenerate submanifold from General Relativity is the
+horizon of the Schwarzschild black hole. Allow us to recall that
+Schwarzschild black hole is the first non-trivial solution of Einstein's
+equations. It describes the metric inside a star of radius `R = 2m`,
+being `m` the inertial mass of the star. It can be seen as an open
+ball in a Lorentzian manifold structure on `\RR^4`::
+
+    sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+    sage: X_M.<t, r, th, ph> = \
+    ....: M.chart(r"t r:(0,oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi")
+    sage: var('m'); assume(m>0)
+    m
+    sage: g = M.metric()
+    sage: g[0,0], g[0,1], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = \
+    ....: -1+2*m/r, 2*m/r, 1+2*m/r, r^2, r^2*sin(th)^2
+
+Let us define the horizon as a degenerate hypersurface::
+
+    sage: H = Manifold(3, 'H', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+    sage: H
+    degenerate hypersurface H embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable
+    manifold M
+
+A `2`-dimensional degenerate submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold::
+
+    sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+    sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+    sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+    sage: S
+    2-dimensional degenerate submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional
+    differentiable manifold M
+    sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+    sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, u, v]},
+    ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+    sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+    ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+    sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+    sage: g = M.metric()
+    sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+    sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=[x,y])
+    sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+    sage: V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+    sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', V, xi)
+
+    sage: S.default_screen()
+    screen distribution Sc along the 2-dimensional degenerate submanifold
+    S embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into
+    the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: S.ambient_metric()
+    Lorentzian metric g on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: S.induced_metric()
+    degenerate metric gamma on the 2-dimensional degenerate submanifold S
+    embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    sage: S.first_fundamental_form()
+    Field of symmetric bilinear forms g|S along the 2-dimensional
+    degenerate submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+    with values on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: S.adapted_frame()
+    Vector frame (S, (vv_0,vv_1,vv_2,vv_3)) with values on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: S.projection(V)
+    Tensor field of type (1,0) along the 2-dimensional degenerate submanifold S
+    embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+    with values on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: S.weingarten_map()  # long time
+    Tensor field nabla_g(xi)|X(S) of type (1,1) along the 2-dimensional
+    degenerate submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+    with values on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    sage: SO = S.shape_operator()  # long time
+    sage: SO.display()             # long time
+    A^* = 0
+
+    sage: S.is_tangent(xi.along(Phi))
+    True
+    sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+    sage: S.is_tangent(v.along(Phi))
+    False
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Hans Fotsing Tetsing (2019) : initial version
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [DB1996]_
+- [DS2010]_
+- [FNO2019]_
+"""
+# *****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2019 Hans Fotsing Tetsing <hans.fotsing@aims-cameroon.org>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate import DegenerateManifold, TangentTensor
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.differentiable_submanifold import (
+    DifferentiableSubmanifold,
+)
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.pseudo_riemannian import PseudoRiemannianManifold
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module import VectorFieldModule
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+from sage.symbolic.expression import Expression
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import DegenerateMetric
+
+
+class DegenerateSubmanifold(DegenerateManifold, DifferentiableSubmanifold):
+    r"""
+    Degenerate submanifolds.
+
+    An *embedded (resp. immersed) degenerate submanifold of a proper
+    pseudo-Riemannian manifold* `(M,g)` is an embedded (resp. immersed)
+    submanifold `H` of `M` as a differentiable manifold such that pull
+    back of the metric tensor `g` via the embedding (resp. immersion)
+    endows `H` with the structure of a degenerate manifold.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``n`` -- positive integer; dimension of the manifold
+    - ``name`` -- string; name (symbol) given to the manifold
+    - ``ambient`` -- (default: ``None``) pseudo-Riemannian manifold `M` in
+      which the submanifold is embedded (or immersed). If ``None``, it is set
+      to ``self``
+    - ``metric_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; name (symbol) given to the
+      metric; if ``None``, ``'g'`` is used
+    - ``signature`` -- (default: ``None``) signature `S` of the metric as a
+      tuple: `S = (n_+, n_-, n_0)`, where `n_+` (resp. `n_-`, resp. `n_0`) is the
+      number of positive terms (resp. negative terms, resp. zero tems) in any
+      diagonal writing of the metric components; if ``signature`` is not
+      provided, `S` is set to `(ndim-1, 0, 1)`, being `ndim` the manifold's dimension
+    - ``base_manifold`` -- (default: ``None``) if not ``None``, must be a
+      topological manifold; the created object is then an open subset of
+      ``base_manifold``
+    - ``diff_degree`` -- (default: ``infinity``) degree of differentiability
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to
+      denote the manifold; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+    - ``metric_latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to
+      denote the metric; if none is provided, it is set to ``metric_name``
+    - ``start_index`` -- (default: 0) integer; lower value of the range of
+      indices used for "indexed objects" on the manifold, e.g., coordinates
+      in a chart
+      - ``category`` -- (default: ``None``) to specify the category; if
+      ``None``, ``Manifolds(field)`` is assumed (see the category
+      :class:`~sage.categories.manifolds.Manifolds`)
+    - ``unique_tag`` -- (default: ``None``) tag used to force the construction
+      of a new object when all the other arguments have been used previously
+      (without ``unique_tag``, the
+      :class:`~sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation`
+      behavior inherited from
+      :class:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset`
+      would return the previously constructed object corresponding to these
+      arguments)
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :mod:`~sage.manifolds.manifold` and
+        :mod:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.differentiable_submanifold`
+    """
+    def __init__(self, n, name, ambient=None, metric_name=None, signature=None,
+                 base_manifold=None, diff_degree=infinity, latex_name=None,
+                 metric_latex_name=None, start_index=0, category=None,
+                 unique_tag=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a degenerate submanifold.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A `2`-dimensional degenerate submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: S
+            2-dimensional degenerate submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional
+            differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        DegenerateManifold.__init__(self, n, name=name,
+                                          metric_name=metric_name,
+                                          signature=signature,
+                                          base_manifold=base_manifold,
+                                          diff_degree=diff_degree,
+                                          latex_name=latex_name,
+                                          metric_latex_name=metric_latex_name,
+                                          start_index=start_index,
+                                          category=category)
+        DifferentiableSubmanifold.__init__(self, n, name, self._field,
+                                           self._structure, ambient=ambient,
+                                           base_manifold=base_manifold,
+                                           latex_name=latex_name,
+                                           start_index=start_index,
+                                           category=category)
+        self._normal = None
+        self._first_fundamental_form = None
+        self._induced_metric = None
+        self._second_fundamental_form = {}
+        self._ambient_metric = None
+        self._gauss_curvature = {}
+        self._principal_directions = {}
+        self._principal_curvatures = {}
+        self._mean_curvature = {}
+        self._screens = {}
+        self._default_screen = None
+        self._adapted_frame = {}
+        self._shape_operator = {}
+        self._rotation_one_form = {}
+        signature = self._ambient.metric().signature()
+        ndim = self._ambient._dim
+        try:
+            if signature[0] == ndim or signature[1] == ndim:
+                raise ValueError("ambient must be a proper pseudo-Riemannian"
+                                 " or a degenerate manifold")
+        except TypeError:
+            if signature == ndim or signature == -ndim:
+                raise ValueError("ambient must be a proper pseudo-Riemannian"
+                                 " or a degenerate manifold")
+        self._transverse = {}
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the submanifold.
+
+        If no ambient manifold is specified, the submanifold is considered
+        as a manifold.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        A `2`-dimensional degenerate submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: S.__repr__()
+            '2-dimensional degenerate submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional
+            differentiable manifold M'
+        """
+        if self._ambient is None:
+            return super(DegenerateManifold, self).__repr__()
+        if self._ambient._dim - self._dim == 1:
+            return "degenerate hypersurface {} embedded " \
+                "in {}-dimensional differentiable " \
+                "manifold {}".format(self._name, self._ambient._dim,
+                                     self._ambient._name)
+        return "{}-dimensional degenerate submanifold {} embedded " \
+               "in {}-dimensional differentiable " \
+               "manifold {}".format(self._dim, self._name, self._ambient._dim,
+                                    self._ambient._name)
+
+    def ambient_metric(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the metric of the ambient manifold. The submanifold has to be
+        embedded
+
+        OUTPUT: the metric of the ambient manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The lightcone of the 3D Minkowski space::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v]},
+            ....:           name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:               latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: S.ambient_metric()
+            Lorentzian metric g on the 3-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+        """
+        if self._ambient_metric is None:
+            if not self._embedded or not isinstance(self._ambient,
+                            (PseudoRiemannianManifold, DegenerateManifold)):
+                raise ValueError("degenerate submanifold must be embedded in a "
+                                 "pseudo-Riemannian or degenerate manifold")
+            self._ambient_metric = self._ambient.metric()
+        return self._ambient_metric
+
+    def default_screen(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the default screen distribution.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi)  # long time
+            sage: S.default_screen()              # long time
+            screen distribution Sc along the degenerate hypersurface S embedded
+            in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into the 4-dimensional
+            Lorentzian manifold M
+        """
+        return self._default_screen
+
+    def list_of_screens(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the default screen distribution.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi)  # long time
+            sage: S.list_of_screens()             # long time
+            {'Sc': screen distribution Sc along the degenerate hypersurface S
+            embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into the
+            4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M}
+        """
+        return self._screens
+
+    def set_transverse(self, rigging=None, normal=None):
+        r"""
+        For setting a transversal distribution of the degenerate submanifold.
+
+        According to the type of the submanifold among the 4 possible types,
+        one must enter a list of normal transversal vector fields and/or a
+        list of transversal and not normal vector fields spanning a transverse
+        distribution.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rigging`` -- list or tuple (default: ``None``); list of vector fields
+          of the ambient manifold or chart function; of the ambient manifold in
+          the latter case, the corresponding gradient vector field with respect to
+          the ambient metric is calculated; the vectors must be linearly independent,
+          transversal to the submanifold but not normal
+        - ``normal`` -- list or tuple (default: ``None``); list of vector fields
+          of the ambient manifold or chart function; of the ambient manifold in
+          the latter case, the corresponding gradient vector field with respect to
+          the ambient metric is calculated; the vectors must be linearly independent,
+          transversal and normal to the submanifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The lightcone of the 3-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^3_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v]},
+            ....:                   name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2] = -1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=t)
+        """
+        if isinstance(rigging, (list, tuple)):
+            rigging = list(rigging)
+        else:
+            if rigging is not None:
+                rigging = [rigging]
+        if isinstance(normal, (list, tuple)):
+            normal = list(normal)
+        else:
+            if normal is not None:
+                normal = [normal]
+        frame = self.default_frame()
+        im = self.immersion()
+        g = self.ambient_metric().along(im)
+        nor = []
+        rig = []
+        l1, l2 = 0, 0
+        if normal is not None:
+            for u in normal:
+                if isinstance(u, Expression):
+                    u = self._ambient.scalar_field(u).gradient()
+                for v in frame:
+                    v = im.pushforward(v)
+                    if not g(u.along(im), v).is_zero():
+                        raise ValueError("{} is not tangent to {}".format(u.display(), self._name))
+                nor.append(u)
+                l1 += 1
+        if rigging is not None:
+            for u in rigging:
+                if isinstance(u, Expression):
+                    u = self._ambient.scalar_field(u).gradient()
+                rigg = False
+                for v in frame:
+                    v = im.pushforward(v)
+                    if not g(u.along(im), v).is_zero():
+                        rigg = True
+                if not rigg:
+                    raise ValueError("{} is normal to {}".format(u.display(), self._name))
+                rig.append(u)
+                l2 += 1
+        if l1+l2 != self._codim:
+            raise ValueError("length of the transverse must be {}".format(self._codim))
+        self._transverse['normal'] = tuple(nor)
+        self._transverse['rigging'] = tuple(rig)
+
+    def screen(self, name, screen, rad, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        For setting a screen distribution and vector fields of the radical distribution
+        that will be used for computations
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``None``); name given to the screen
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the screen; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``screen`` -- list or tuple  of vector fields
+          of the ambient manifold or chart function; of the ambient manifold in
+          the latter case, the corresponding gradient vector field with respect to
+          the ambient metric is calculated; the vectors must be linearly independent,
+          tangent to the submanifold but not normal
+        - ``rad`` -- -- list or tuple  of vector fields
+          of the ambient manifold or chart function; of the ambient manifold in
+          the latter case, the corresponding gradient vector field with respect to
+          the ambient metric is calculated; the vectors must be linearly independent,
+          tangent and normal to the submanifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi); Sc  # long time
+            screen distribution Sc along the degenerate hypersurface S embedded
+            in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into the 4-dimensional
+            Lorentzian manifold M
+        """
+        if isinstance(screen, (list, tuple)):
+            screen = list(screen)
+        else:
+            screen = [screen]
+        if isinstance(rad, (list, tuple)):
+            rad = list(rad)
+        else:
+            rad = [rad]
+        if name in self._screens:
+            if list(screen) == self._screens[name]._screen and list(rad) == self._screens[name]._rad:
+                return self._screens[name]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("a different screen distribution with the "
+                                 "same name had already been set")
+        if len(screen)+len(rad) != self._dim:
+            raise ValueError("total length screen+rad must be {}".format(self._dim))
+        frame = self.default_frame()
+        im = self.immersion()
+        g = self.ambient_metric().along(im)
+        for (i, u) in enumerate(screen):
+            if isinstance(u, Expression):
+                u = self._ambient.scalar_field(u).gradient()
+            screen[i] = u
+            sc = False
+            for v in frame:
+                v = im.pushforward(v)
+                if not g(u.along(im), v).is_zero():
+                    sc = True
+            if not sc:
+                raise ValueError("{} cannot belong to a screen distribution".format(u.display()))
+        for (i, u) in enumerate(rad):
+            if isinstance(u, Expression):
+                u = self._ambient.scalar_field(u).gradient()
+            rad[i] = u
+            for v in frame:
+                v = im.pushforward(v)
+                if not g(u.along(im), v).is_zero():
+                    raise ValueError("{} is not orthogonal to {}".format(u.display(), self._name))
+        for u in self._transverse['rigging']:
+            for v in screen:
+                if not g(u.along(im), v.along(im)).is_zero():
+                    raise ValueError("{} is not orthogonal to the rigging {}".format(v.display(), u.display()))
+        self._screens[name] = Screen(self, name, tuple(screen), tuple(rad), latex_name=latex_name)
+        self._default_screen = self._screens[name]
+        return self._screens[name]
+
+    def induced_metric(self) -> DegenerateMetric:
+        r"""
+        Return the pullback of the ambient metric.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - induced metric, as an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric.DegenerateMetric`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Section of the lightcone of the Minkowski space with a hyperplane
+        passing through the origin::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v, 0]},
+            ....:             name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: h = S.induced_metric(); h  # long time
+            degenerate metric gamma on the 2-dimensional degenerate
+            submanifold S embedded in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        if self._induced_metric is None or self._induced_metric._components == {}:
+            self._induced_metric = self.metric()
+            self._induced_metric.set(
+                               self.immersion().pullback(self.ambient_metric()))
+            self._induced_metric.set_name("gamma", r"\gamma")
+        return self._induced_metric
+
+    def first_fundamental_form(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of the ambient metric on vector field
+        along the submanifold and tangent to it. It is difference from
+        induced metric who gives the pullback of the ambient metric
+        on the submanifold.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the first fundamental form, as an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate.TangentTensor`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: h = S.first_fundamental_form()   # long time
+        """
+        if self._first_fundamental_form is None:
+            g = self.ambient_metric()
+            h = g.copy()
+            h.set_name(g._name+"|"+self._name, g._latex_name+r"|_"+self._latex_name)
+            h = TangentTensor(h, self.immersion())
+            self._first_fundamental_form = h
+        return self._first_fundamental_form
+
+    def _ambient_decomposition(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a list ``[screen, rad, normal, rig]`` where ``screen``
+        is a list a vector fields on the ambient manifold `M` spanning
+        the giving screen distribution, ``rad`` a list of vector fields
+        spanning radical distribution, ``normal`` list of normal transversal
+        vector fields, and ``rig`` list of rigging vector fields
+        corresponding to the giving screen.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`;
+          if ``None``, the default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a list of 4 lists, this 1st one being independent vector fields
+          spanning the screen distribution, the 2nd one independent vector fields
+          spanning the radical distribution, the 3rd one independent vector fields
+          spanning the transversal normal distribution, the 4th one being a list
+          of independent riggings in `Rig(T\Sigma)` according to the decomposition
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            TM_{|\Sigma}=S(T\Sigma)\oplus_{orth}((Rad(T\Sigma)\oplus_{orth}(
+            T\sigma^\perp\cap tr(TM))\oplus Rig(T\Sigma))
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);   # long time
+            sage: S._ambient_decomposition()        # long time
+            [[Vector field on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M,
+              Vector field on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M],
+             [Vector field on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M],
+             (),
+             [Vector field N on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M]]
+        """
+        try:
+            normal = self._transverse['normal']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("Set first transverse by using set_transverse")
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if isinstance(screen, Screen):
+            rad = screen._rad
+            screen = screen._screen
+            rig = self._transverse['rigging']
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("set first a screen distribution")
+        if self._codim == 1:
+            xi = rad[0]
+            v = rig[0]
+            g = self.ambient_metric()
+            N = (1/g(xi, v))*(v-(g(v,v)/(2*g(xi, v)))*xi)
+            if not self._adapted_frame:
+                N.set_name(name='N')
+            else:
+                n = len(self._adapted_frame)
+                N.set_name(name='N'+str(n))
+            rig = [N]
+        return [screen, rad, normal, rig]
+
+    def _adapted_frame_(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a frame
+        `(e_1,\ldots,e_p, \xi_1,\ldots, \xi_r, v_1,\ldots, v_q, N_1, \ldots, N_n)`
+        of the ambient manifold, being `e_i` vector fields
+        spanning the giving screen distribution, `\xi_i` vector fields spanning
+        radical distribution, `v_i` normal transversal vector fields, `N_i`
+        rigging vector fields corresponding to the giving screen.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`;
+          if ``None`` default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a frame on the ambient manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: T = S._adapted_frame_();         # long time
+        """
+
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen is None:
+            raise ValueError("set first a screen distribution")
+        if screen._name in self._adapted_frame:
+            return self._adapted_frame[screen._name]
+        decomposition = self._ambient_decomposition(screen)
+        sc, rad = decomposition[0], decomposition[1]
+        normal, rigging = decomposition[2], decomposition[3]
+        A = self._ambient.automorphism_field()
+        i = self._ambient._sindex
+        for u in sc:
+            for j in self._ambient.irange():
+                A[j,i] = u[j]
+            i += 1
+        for u in rad:
+            for j in self._ambient.irange():
+                A[j,i] = u[j]
+            i += 1
+        for u in normal:
+            for j in self._ambient.irange():
+                A[j,i] = u[j]
+            i += 1
+        for u in rigging:
+            for j in self._ambient.irange():
+                A[j,i] = u[j]
+            i += 1
+        f = self._ambient.default_frame()
+        GLHPhi = f.along(self.immersion())[0].parent().general_linear_group()
+        if not self._adapted_frame:
+            e = f.new_frame(A, 'vv')
+        else:
+            n = len(self._adapted_frame)
+            e = f.new_frame(A, 'vv'+str(n))
+        self.set_change_of_frame(f.along(self.immersion()), e.along(
+                  self.immersion()), GLHPhi(A.along(self.immersion())))
+        b = e.dual_basis()
+        if self._codim == 1:
+            if not self._adapted_frame:
+                e[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N')
+            else:
+                n = len(self._adapted_frame)
+                e[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N'+str(n))
+            e[self._dim-self._sindex-1].set_name('xi', latex_name=r'\xi')
+            if not self._adapted_frame:
+                b[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N^b', latex_name=r'N^\flat')
+            else:
+                b[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N'+str(n)+'^b', latex_name=r'N'+str(n)+r'^\flat')
+            b[self._dim-self._sindex-1].set_name('xi^b', latex_name=r'\xi^\flat')
+        self._adapted_frame[screen._name] = e
+        return e
+
+    def adapted_frame(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a frame
+        `(e_1,\ldots,e_p, \xi_1,\ldots, \xi_r, v_1,\ldots, v_q, N_1, \ldots, N_n)`
+        of the ambient manifold along the submanifold, being `e_i` vector fields
+        spanning the giving screen distribution, `\xi_i` vector fields spanning
+        radical distribution, `v_i` normal transversal vector fields, `N_i`
+        rigging vector fields corresponding to the giving screen.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          if ``None`` default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a frame on the ambient manifold along the submanifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: T = S.adapted_frame(); T         # long time
+            Vector frame (S, (vv_0,vv_1,vv_2,vv_3)) with values on the 4-dimensional
+            Lorentzian manifold M
+        """
+        e = self._adapted_frame_(screen).along(self.immersion())
+        b = e.dual_basis()
+        if self._codim == 1:
+            if not self._adapted_frame:
+                e[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N')
+            else:
+                n = len(self._adapted_frame)
+                e[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N'+str(n))
+            e[self._dim-self._sindex-1].set_name('xi', latex_name=r'\xi')
+            if not self._adapted_frame:
+                b[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N^b', latex_name=r'N^\flat')
+            else:
+                b[self._dim-self._sindex].set_name('N'+str(n)+'^b', latex_name=r'N'+str(n)+r'^\flat')
+            b[self._dim-self._sindex-1].set_name('xi^b', latex_name=r'\xi^\flat')
+        return self._adapted_frame_(screen).along(self.immersion())
+
+    def second_fundamental_form(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        This method is implemented only for null hypersurfaces. The method
+        returns a tensor `B` of type `(0,2)` instance of
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate.TangentTensor`
+        such that for two vector fields `U, V` on the ambient manifold along
+        the null hypersurface, one has:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \nabla_UV=D(U,V)+B(U,V)N
+
+        being `\nabla` the ambient connection, `D` the induced connection
+        and `N` the chosen rigging.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None``, the default screen is used
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate.TangentTensor`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);   # long time
+            sage: B = S.second_fundamental_form();  # long time
+            sage: B.display()                       # long time
+            B = 0
+        """
+        if self._ambient._dim-self._dim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("'second_fundamental_form' is defined" +
+                                      " only for hypersurfaces.")
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen._name not in self._second_fundamental_form:
+            resu = self._ambient.vector_field_module() \
+                .tensor((0, 2), name='B', latex_name='B', sym=[(0, 1)], antisym=[]) \
+                .along(self.immersion())
+            f = self.adapted_frame(screen)
+            rad = self._ambient_decomposition(screen)[1]
+            nab = self.ambient_metric().connection()
+            xi = rad[0]
+            A = self.screen_projection(nab(xi))
+            resu[f, :] = A[f, :]
+            im = self.immersion()
+            self._second_fundamental_form[screen._name] = TangentTensor(resu, im)
+        return self._second_fundamental_form[screen._name]
+
+    extrinsic_curvature = second_fundamental_form
+
+    def projection(self, tensor, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        For a given tensor `T` of type `(r, 1)` on the ambient manifold, this
+        method returns the tensor `T'` of type `(r,1)` such that for `r`
+        vector fields `v_1,\ldots,v_r`, `T'(v_1,\ldots,v_r)` is the projection
+        of  `T(v_1,\ldots,v_r)` on ``self`` along the bundle spanned by the
+        transversal vector fields provided by :meth:`set_transverse`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor`` -- a tensor of type `(r,1)` on the ambient manifold
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a tensor of type `(r,1)` on the ambient manifold along ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: U1 = S.projection(U)             # long time
+        """
+        if tensor.tensor_type()[0] != 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError("``projection`` is implemented only for "
+                                      "tensors with 1 as contravariant order")
+        return TangentTensor(tensor, self.immersion(), screen)
+
+    def screen_projection(self, tensor, screen=None):
+        r"""
+        For a given tensor `T` of type `(r, 1)` on the ambient manifold, this
+        method returns the tensor `T'` of type `(r,1)` such that for `r`
+        vector fields `v_1,\ldots,v_r`, `T'(v_1,\ldots,v_r)` is the projection
+        of  `T(v_1,\ldots,v_r)` on the bundle spanned by ``screen`` along the
+        bundle spanned by the transversal plus the radical vector fields provided.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor`` -- a tensor of type `(r,1)` on the ambient manifold
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a tensor of type `(r,1)` on the ambient manifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: U1 = S.screen_projection(U);     # long time
+        """
+        if tensor.tensor_type()[0] != 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError("``projection`` is implemented only for " +
+                                      "tensors with 1 as contravariant order")
+        frame = self.adapted_frame(screen)
+        T = tensor.copy()
+        try:
+            T = T.along(self.immersion())
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        T.display(frame)
+        for i in self._ambient.index_generator(T.tensor_rank()):
+            if i[0] in range(self._dim-self._sindex-1,self._ambient._dim-self._sindex):
+                T[frame, i] = 0
+        if tensor._latex_name is None:
+            T.set_name(tensor._name)
+        else:
+            T.set_name("P"+tensor._name, latex_name=r'P'+tensor._latex_name)
+        return TangentTensor(T, self.immersion(), screen)
+
+    def weingarten_map(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        This method is implemented only for hypersurfaces.
+        *Weigarten map* is the `1`-form `W` defined for a vector field
+        `U` tangent to ``self`` by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            W(U)=\nabla_U\xi
+
+        being `\nabla` the Levi-Civita connection of the ambient manifold
+        and `\xi` the chosen vector field spanning the radical distribution.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None`` the default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - tensor of type `(1,1)` instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate.TangentTensor`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: W = S.weingarten_map();          # long time
+            sage: W.display()                      # long time
+            nabla_g(xi)|X(S) = 0
+        """
+
+        im = self.immersion()
+        rad = self._ambient_decomposition(screen)[1]
+        nab = self.ambient_metric().connection()
+        xi = rad[0]
+        T = self.projection(nab(xi)).extension()
+        try:
+            T = T.along(im)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        T.set_name("nabla_g(xi)|X("+self._name+")",
+                   latex_name=r'\nabla_g(\xi)|_{\mathfrak{X}('+self._latex_name+r')}')
+        return TangentTensor(T, im, screen)
+
+    def shape_operator(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        This method is implemented only for hypersurfaces.
+        *shape operator* is the projection of the Weingarten map
+        on the screen distribution along the radical distribution.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None`` the default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - tensor of type `(1,1)` instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate.TangentTensor`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: SO = S.shape_operator();         # long time
+            sage: SO.display()                     # long time
+            A^* = 0
+        """
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen._name in self._shape_operator:
+            return self._shape_operator[screen._name]
+        im = self.immersion()
+        rad = self._ambient_decomposition(screen)[1]
+        nab = self.ambient_metric().connection()
+        xi = rad[0]
+        T = self.screen_projection(nab(-xi), screen=screen).extension()
+        try:
+            T = T.along(im)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        T.set_name("A^*", latex_name=r'A^\ast')
+        A = TangentTensor(T, im)
+        self._shape_operator[screen._name] = A
+        return A
+
+    def gauss_curvature(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+        Gauss curvature is the product of all eigenfunctions of the shape operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None`` the default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: a scalar function on ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: K = S.gauss_curvature();         # long time
+            sage: K.display()                      # long time
+            S → ℝ
+            (u, v, w) ↦ 0
+        """
+        if self._ambient._dim-self._dim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("'gauss_curvature' is defined"
+                             " only for hypersurfaces.")
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen._name not in self._gauss_curvature:
+            f = self.adapted_frame()
+            A = self.shape_operator()
+            self._gauss_curvature[screen._name] = self.scalar_field(
+              {chart: A[f,:,chart].determinant()
+                for chart in self.top_charts()})
+        return self._gauss_curvature[screen._name]
+
+    def principal_directions(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        Principal directions are eigenvectors of the shape operator. This
+        method is implemented only for hypersurfaces.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None`` default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - list of pairs (vector field, scalar field) representing the
+          principal directions and the associated principal curvatures
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi); T = S.adapted_frame()  # long time
+            sage: PD = S.principal_directions()                          # long time
+            sage: PD[2][0].display(T)                                    # long time
+            e_2 = xi
+        """
+        if self._codim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("'principal directions' is defined" +
+                                      " only for hypersurfaces.")
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen._name in self._principal_directions:
+            return self._principal_directions[screen._name]
+        a = self.shape_operator(screen)
+        frame = self.adapted_frame(screen)
+        pr_d = matrix(
+            [[a[frame, :][i, j].expr() for i in self.irange()]
+             for j in self.irange()]).eigenvectors_right()
+        res = []
+        counter = self.irange()
+        for eigen_space in pr_d:
+            for eigen_vector in eigen_space[1]:
+                v = self._ambient.vector_field(name="e_{}".format(next(counter))
+                                                            ).along(self.immersion())
+                v[frame, :] = list(eigen_vector) + [0]
+                res.append((TangentTensor(v, self.immersion()), self.scalar_field(
+                  {chart: eigen_space[0] for chart in self.top_charts()})))
+                #res[-1][0].set_name("e_{}".format(next(counter)))
+        self._principal_directions[screen._name] = res
+        return res
+
+    def mean_curvature(self, screen=None):
+        r"""
+
+        Mean curvature is the sum of principal curvatures. This
+        method is implemented only for hypersurfaces.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``screen`` -- (default: ``None``) an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.degenerate_submanifold.Screen`.
+          If ``None`` the default screen is used.
+
+        OUTPUT: the mean curvature, as a scalar field on the submanifold
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=x)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: m = S.mean_curvature(); m        # long time
+            Scalar field on the degenerate hypersurface S embedded in 4-dimensional
+            differentiable manifold M
+            sage: m.display()                      # long time
+            S → ℝ
+            (u, v, w) ↦ 0
+        """
+        if self._codim != 1:
+            raise ValueError("'mean_curvature' is defined" +
+                    " only for hypersurfaces.")
+        if screen is None:
+            screen = self.default_screen()
+        if screen._name in self._mean_curvature:
+            return self._mean_curvature[screen._name]
+        pc = [elt[-1] for elt in self.principal_directions(screen)]
+        self._mean_curvature[screen._name] = self.scalar_field({chart: sum(
+            pc).expr(chart)/self._dim for chart in self.top_charts()})
+        return self._mean_curvature[screen._name]
+
+    def is_tangent(self, v):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether a vector field on the ambient manifold along ``self``
+        is tangent to ``self`` or not.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- field on the ambient manifold along ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if ``v`` is everywhere tangent to ``self`` or ``False`` if
+          not
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);  # long time
+            sage: S.is_tangent(xi.along(Phi))      # long time
+            True
+            sage: S.is_tangent(v.along(Phi))       # long time
+            False
+        """
+        g = self.ambient_metric()
+        im = self.immersion()
+        decomposition = self._ambient_decomposition()
+        rad, normal = decomposition[1], decomposition[2]
+        for u in rad:
+            if not g.along(im)(u.along(im),v).is_zero():
+                return False
+        return all(g.along(im)(u.along(im), v).is_zero() for u in normal)
+
+
+#**************************************************************************************
+
+class Screen(VectorFieldModule):
+    r"""
+    Let `H` be a lightlike submanifold embedded in a pseudo-Riemannian
+    manifold `(M,g)` with `\Phi` the embedding map. A screen distribution
+    is a complementary `S(TH)` of the radical distribution `Rad(TM)=TH\cap
+    TH^\perp` in `TH`. One then has
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        TH=S(TH)\oplus_{orth}Rad(TH)
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``submanifold`` -- a lightlike submanifold, as an instance of
+      :class:`DegenerateSubmanifold`
+    - ``name`` -- name given to the screen distribution
+    - ``screen`` -- vector fields of the ambient manifold which
+      span the screen distribution
+    - ``rad`` -- vector fields of the ambient manifold which
+      span the radical distribution
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+      screen distribution; if ``None``, it is formed from ``name``
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The horizon of the Schwarzschild black hole::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+        sage: X_M.<t, r, th, ph> = \
+        ....: M.chart(r"t r:(0,oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi")
+        sage: var('m'); assume(m>0)
+        m
+        sage: g = M.metric()
+        sage: g[0,0], g[0,1], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = \
+        ....: -1+2*m/r, 2*m/r, 1+2*m/r, r^2, r^2*sin(th)^2
+        sage: H = Manifold(3, 'H', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+        sage: X_H.<ht,hth,hph> = \
+        ....: H.chart(r"ht:(-oo,oo):t hth:(0,pi):\theta hph:(0,2*pi):\phi")
+        sage: Phi = H.diff_map(M, {(X_H, X_M): [ht, 2*m,hth, hph]}, \
+        ....: name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+        sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(H, {(X_M, X_H): [t,th, ph]}, \
+        ....: name='Phi_inv', latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+        sage: H.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); H.declare_embedding()
+        sage: xi = M.vector_field(-1, 0, 0, 0)
+        sage: v = M.vector_field(r, -r, 0, 0)
+        sage: e1 = M.vector_field(0, 0, 1, 0)
+        sage: e2 = M.vector_field(0, 0, 0, 1)
+
+    A screen distribution for the Schwarzschild black hole horizon::
+
+        sage: H.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+        sage: S = H.screen('S', [e1, e2], (xi)); S  # long time
+        screen distribution S along the degenerate hypersurface H embedded
+        in 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into the
+        4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+    The corresponding normal tangent null vector field and null
+    transversal vector field::
+
+        sage: xi = S.normal_tangent_vector(); xi.display()  # long time
+        xi = -∂/∂t
+        sage: N = S.rigging(); N.display()  # long time
+        N = ∂/∂t - ∂/∂r
+
+    Those vector fields are normalized by `g(\xi,N)=1`::
+
+        sage: g.along(Phi)(xi, N).display()  # long time
+        g(xi,N): H → ℝ
+        (ht, hth, hph) ↦ 1
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, submanifold, name, screen, rad, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v]},
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2] = -1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=t)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = sqrt(x^2+y^2); xi[1] = x; xi[2] = y
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[1] = -y; U[2] = x
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', U, xi);
+        """
+        if not isinstance(submanifold, DegenerateSubmanifold):
+            raise TypeError("the first argument must be a null submanifold")
+        VectorFieldModule.__init__(self, submanifold, dest_map=submanifold.immersion())
+        try:
+            self._rigging = submanifold._transverse['rigging']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("set first transverse by using `set_transverse` method")
+        self._screen = list(screen)
+        self._rad = list(rad)
+        self._name = name
+        if not latex_name:
+            latex_name = name
+        self._latex_name = latex_name
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v]},
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2] = -1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=t)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = sqrt(x^2+y^2); xi[1] = x; xi[2] = y
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[1] = -y; U[2] = x
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', U, xi); Sc._repr_()
+            'screen distribution Sc along the degenerate hypersurface S embedded in
+            3-dimensional differentiable manifold M mapped into the 3-dimensional
+            Lorentzian manifold M'
+        """
+        description = "screen distribution "+self._name
+        if self._dest_map is self._domain.identity_map():
+            description += " on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += (" along the {}".format(self._domain)
+                            + " mapped into the {}".format(self._ambient_domain))
+        return description
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Access vector fields spanning the screen distribution.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- index of the coordinate; if the slice ``[:]``, then all
+          the coordinates are returned
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a vector field on the ambient manifold that belong to
+          the screen distribution
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [sqrt(u^2+v^2), u, v]},
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x, y]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}')
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2] = -1,1,1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=t)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = sqrt(x^2+y^2); xi[1] = x; xi[2] = y
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[1] = -y; U[2] = x
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', U, xi);
+            sage: Sc.__getitem__(0)
+            Vector field along the degenerate hypersurface S embedded in
+            3-dimensional differentiable manifold M with values on the 3-dimensional
+            Lorentzian manifold M
+        """
+        sc = [elt.along(self._domain.immersion()) for elt in self._screen]
+        return sc[i-self._domain._sindex]
+
+    def normal_tangent_vector(self):
+        r"""
+        Return either a list ``Rad`` of vector fields spanning the radical
+        distribution or (in case of a hypersurface) a normal tangent null
+        vector field spanning the radical distribution.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - either a list of vector fields or a single vector field in
+          case of a hypersurface
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);                  # long time
+            sage: Rad = Sc.normal_tangent_vector(); Rad.display()  # long time
+            xi = ∂/∂t + ∂/∂x
+        """
+        rad = [elt.along(self._domain.immersion()) for elt in self._rad]
+        if self._domain._codim == 1:
+            xi = rad[0]
+            xi.set_name(name='xi', latex_name=r'\xi')
+            return xi
+        else:
+            return rad
+
+    def rigging(self):
+        r"""
+        Return either a list ``Rad`` of vector fields spanning the
+        complementary of the normal distribution `TH^\perp` in the
+        transverse bundle or (when `H` is a null hypersurface) the
+        null transversal vector field defined in [DB1996]_.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - either a list made by vector fields or a vector field in
+          case of hypersurface
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A degenerate hyperplane the 4-dimensional Minkowski space `\RR^4_1`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: S = Manifold(3, 'S', ambient=M, structure='degenerate_metric')
+            sage: X_S.<u,v,w> = S.chart()
+            sage: Phi = S.diff_map(M, {(X_S, X): [u, u, v, w]},
+            ....:         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi');
+            sage: Phi_inv = M.diff_map(S, {(X, X_S): [x,y, z]}, name='Phi_inv',
+            ....:           latex_name=r'\Phi^{-1}');
+            sage: S.set_immersion(Phi, inverse=Phi_inv); S.declare_embedding()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1,1,1,1
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(); v[1] = 1
+            sage: S.set_transverse(rigging=v)
+            sage: xi = M.vector_field(); xi[0] = 1; xi[1] = 1
+            sage: U = M.vector_field(); U[2] = 1; V = M.vector_field(); V[3] = 1
+            sage: Sc = S.screen('Sc', (U,V), xi);    # long time
+            sage: rig = Sc.rigging(); rig.display()  # long time
+            N = -1/2 ∂/∂t + 1/2 ∂/∂x
+        """
+        im = self._domain.immersion()
+        rig = [elt.along(im) for elt in self._domain._transverse['rigging']]
+        if self._domain._codim != 1:
+            return rig
+        xi = self.normal_tangent_vector()
+        v = rig[0]
+        g = self._domain.ambient_metric().along(im)
+        N = (1/g(xi, v))*(v-(g(v,v)/(2*g(xi, v)))*xi)
+        N.set_name(name='N')
+        return N