passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/scalarfield_algebra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Algebra of Differentiable Scalar Fields
+
+The class :class:`DiffScalarFieldAlgebra` implements the commutative algebra
+`C^k(M)` of differentiable scalar fields on a differentiable manifold `M` of
+class `C^k` over a topological field `K` (in
+most applications, `K = \RR` or `K = \CC`). By *differentiable scalar field*,
+it is meant a function `M\rightarrow K` that is `k`-times continuously
+differentiable. `C^k(M)` is an algebra over `K`, whose ring product is the
+pointwise multiplication of `K`-valued functions, which is clearly commutative.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2014-2015): initial version
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [KN1963]_
+- [Lee2013]_
+- [ONe1983]_
+"""
+
+#******************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#******************************************************************************
+
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield import DiffScalarField
+from sage.manifolds.scalarfield_algebra import ScalarFieldAlgebra
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+from sage.symbolic.ring import SymbolicRing
+
+
+class DiffScalarFieldAlgebra(ScalarFieldAlgebra):
+    r"""
+    Commutative algebra of differentiable scalar fields on a differentiable
+    manifold.
+
+    If `M` is a differentiable manifold of class `C^k` over a topological
+    field `K`, the *commutative algebra of scalar fields on* `M` is the set
+    `C^k(M)` of all `k`-times continuously differentiable maps `M\rightarrow K`.
+    The set `C^k(M)` is an algebra over `K`, whose ring product is the
+    pointwise multiplication of `K`-valued functions, which is clearly
+    commutative.
+
+    If `K = \RR` or `K = \CC`, the field `K` over which the
+    algebra `C^k(M)` is constructed is represented by Sage's Symbolic Ring
+    ``SR``, since there is no exact representation of `\RR` nor `\CC` in Sage.
+
+    Via its base class
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.scalarfield_algebra.ScalarFieldAlgebra`,
+    the class :class:`DiffScalarFieldAlgebra` inherits from
+    :class:`~sage.structure.parent.Parent`, with the category set to
+    :class:`~sage.categories.commutative_algebras.CommutativeAlgebras`.
+    The corresponding *element* class is
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield.DiffScalarField`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- the differentiable manifold `M` on which the scalar fields
+      are defined (must be an instance of class
+      :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`)
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Algebras of scalar fields on the sphere `S^2` and on some open subset of
+    it::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+        ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra() ; CM
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: W = U.intersection(V)  # S^2 minus the two poles
+        sage: CW = W.scalar_field_algebra() ; CW
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the Open subset W of the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    `C^k(M)` and `C^k(W)` belong to the category of commutative
+    algebras over `\RR` (represented here by Sage's Symbolic Ring)::
+
+        sage: CM.category()
+        Join of Category of commutative algebras over Symbolic Ring and Category of homsets of topological spaces
+        sage: CM.base_ring()
+        Symbolic Ring
+        sage: CW.category()
+        Join of Category of commutative algebras over Symbolic Ring and Category of homsets of topological spaces
+        sage: CW.base_ring()
+        Symbolic Ring
+
+    The elements of `C^k(M)` are scalar fields on `M`::
+
+        sage: CM.an_element()
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM.an_element().display()  # this sample element is a constant field
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ 2
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 2
+
+    Those of `C^k(W)` are scalar fields on `W`::
+
+        sage: CW.an_element()
+        Scalar field on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: CW.an_element().display()  # this sample element is a constant field
+        W → ℝ
+        (x, y) ↦ 2
+        (u, v) ↦ 2
+
+    The zero element::
+
+        sage: CM.zero()
+        Scalar field zero on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM.zero().display()
+        zero: M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ 0
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: CW.zero()
+        Scalar field zero on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CW.zero().display()
+        zero: W → ℝ
+           (x, y) ↦ 0
+           (u, v) ↦ 0
+
+    The unit element::
+
+        sage: CM.one()
+        Scalar field 1 on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: CM.one().display()
+        1: M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ 1
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 1
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: CW.one()
+        Scalar field 1 on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: CW.one().display()
+        1: W → ℝ
+        (x, y) ↦ 1
+        (u, v) ↦ 1
+
+    A generic element can be constructed as for any parent in Sage, namely
+    by means of the ``__call__`` operator on the parent (here with the
+    dictionary of the coordinate expressions defining the scalar field)::
+
+        sage: f = CM({c_xy: atan(x^2+y^2), c_uv: pi/2 - atan(u^2+v^2)}); f
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: f.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/2*pi - arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+        sage: f.parent()
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+
+    Specific elements can also be constructed in this way::
+
+        sage: CM(0) == CM.zero()
+        True
+        sage: CM(1) == CM.one()
+        True
+
+    Note that the zero scalar field is cached::
+
+        sage: CM(0) is CM.zero()
+        True
+
+    Elements can also be constructed by means of the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold.scalar_field` acting on
+    the domain (this allows one to set the name of the scalar field at the
+    construction)::
+
+        sage: f1 = M.scalar_field({c_xy: atan(x^2+y^2), c_uv: pi/2 - atan(u^2+v^2)},
+        ....:                     name='f')
+        sage: f1.parent()
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: f1 == f
+        True
+        sage: M.scalar_field(0, chart='all') == CM.zero()
+        True
+
+    The algebra `C^k(M)` coerces to `C^k(W)` since `W` is an open
+    subset of `M`::
+
+        sage: CW.has_coerce_map_from(CM)
+        True
+
+    The reverse is of course false::
+
+        sage: CM.has_coerce_map_from(CW)
+        False
+
+    The coercion map is nothing but the restriction to `W` of scalar fields
+    on `M`::
+
+        sage: fW = CW(f) ; fW
+        Scalar field on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: fW.display()
+        W → ℝ
+        (x, y) ↦ arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        (u, v) ↦ 1/2*pi - arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: CW(CM.one()) == CW.one()
+        True
+
+    The coercion map allows for the addition of elements of `C^k(W)`
+    with elements of `C^k(M)`, the result being an element of
+    `C^k(W)`::
+
+        sage: s = fW + f
+        sage: s.parent()
+        Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the Open subset W of the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        W → ℝ
+        (x, y) ↦ 2*arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        (u, v) ↦ pi - 2*arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+
+    Another coercion is that from the Symbolic Ring, the parent of all
+    symbolic expressions (cf. :class:`~sage.symbolic.ring.SymbolicRing`).
+    Since the Symbolic Ring is the base ring for the algebra ``CM``, the
+    coercion of a symbolic expression ``s`` is performed by the operation
+    ``s*CM.one()``, which invokes the reflected multiplication operator
+    :meth:`sage.manifolds.scalarfield.ScalarField._rmul_`. If the symbolic
+    expression does not involve any chart coordinate, the outcome is a
+    constant scalar field::
+
+        sage: h = CM(pi*sqrt(2)) ; h
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: h.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ sqrt(2)*pi
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ sqrt(2)*pi
+        sage: a = var('a')
+        sage: h = CM(a); h.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ a
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ a
+
+    If the symbolic expression involves some coordinate of one of the
+    manifold's charts, the outcome is initialized only on the chart domain::
+
+        sage: h = CM(a+x); h.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ a + x
+        on W: (u, v) ↦ (a*u^2 + a*v^2 + u)/(u^2 + v^2)
+        sage: h = CM(a+u); h.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on W: (x, y) ↦ (a*x^2 + a*y^2 + x)/(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ a + u
+
+    If the symbolic expression involves coordinates of different charts,
+    the scalar field is created as a Python object, but is not initialized,
+    in order to avoid any ambiguity::
+
+        sage: h = CM(x+u); h.display()
+        M → ℝ
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: TESTS OF THE ALGEBRA LAWS:
+
+    Ring laws::
+
+        sage: h = CM(pi*sqrt(2))
+        sage: s = f + h ; s
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ sqrt(2)*pi + arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/2*pi*(2*sqrt(2) + 1) - arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: s = f - h ; s
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ -sqrt(2)*pi + arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ -1/2*pi*(2*sqrt(2) - 1) - arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: s = f*h ; s
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ sqrt(2)*pi*arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/2*sqrt(2)*(pi^2 - 2*pi*arctan(u^2 + v^2))
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: s = f/h ; s
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ 1/2*sqrt(2)*arctan(x^2 + y^2)/pi
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/4*sqrt(2)*(pi - 2*arctan(u^2 + v^2))/pi
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f*(h+f) == f*h + f*f
+        True
+
+    Ring laws with coercion::
+
+        sage: f - fW == CW.zero()
+        True
+        sage: f/fW == CW.one()
+        True
+        sage: s = f*fW ; s
+        Scalar field on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        W → ℝ
+        (x, y) ↦ arctan(x^2 + y^2)^2
+        (u, v) ↦ 1/4*pi^2 - pi*arctan(u^2 + v^2) + arctan(u^2 + v^2)^2
+        sage: s/f == fW
+        True
+
+    Multiplication by a number::
+
+        sage: s = 2*f ; s
+        Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: s.display()
+        M → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ 2*arctan(x^2 + y^2)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ pi - 2*arctan(u^2 + v^2)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: 0*f == CM.zero()
+        True
+        sage: 1*f == f
+        True
+        sage: 2*(f/2) == f
+        True
+        sage: (f+2*f)/3 == f
+        True
+        sage: 1/3*(f+2*f) == f
+        True
+
+    The Sage test suite for algebras is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(CM).run()
+
+    It is passed also for `C^k(W)`::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(CW).run()
+    """
+
+    Element = DiffScalarField
+
+    def __init__(self, domain):
+        r"""
+        Construct an algebra of differentiable scalar fields.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra(); CM
+            Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: type(CM)
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra_with_category'>
+            sage: type(CM).__base__
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra'>
+            sage: TestSuite(CM).run()
+        """
+        ScalarFieldAlgebra.__init__(self, domain)
+
+    #### Methods required for any Parent
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from other parent.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            sage: CM._coerce_map_from_(SR)
+            True
+            sage: SCR = SR.subring(no_variables=True); SCR
+            Symbolic Constants Subring
+            sage: CM._coerce_map_from_(SCR)
+            True
+            sage: CM._coerce_map_from_(X.function_ring())
+            True
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x>0})
+            sage: CU = U.scalar_field_algebra()
+            sage: CM._coerce_map_from_(CU)
+            False
+            sage: CU._coerce_map_from_(CM)
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.chart_func import ChartFunctionRing
+
+        if isinstance(other, SymbolicRing):
+            return True  # coercion from the base ring (multiplication by the
+                         # algebra unit, i.e. self.one())
+                         # cf. ScalarField._lmul_() for the implementation of
+                         # the coercion map
+        elif isinstance(other, DiffScalarFieldAlgebra):
+            return self._domain.is_subset(other._domain)
+        elif isinstance(other, ChartFunctionRing):
+            return self._domain.is_subset(other._chart.domain())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    #### End of methods required for any Parent
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            sage: CM._repr_()
+            'Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(CM)  # indirect doctest
+            'Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+        """
+        return "Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on " + \
+               "the {}".format(self._domain)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            sage: CM._latex_()
+            'C^{\\infty}\\left(M\\right)'
+            sage: latex(CM)  # indirect doctest
+            C^{\infty}\left(M\right)
+        """
+        degree = self._domain.diff_degree()
+        if degree == infinity:
+            latex_degree = r"\infty"  # to skip the "+" in latex(infinity)
+        else:
+            latex_degree = "{}".format(degree)
+        return r"C^{" + latex_degree + r"}\left(" + self._domain._latex_() + \
+               r"\right)"