passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/calculus/desolvers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1864 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Solving ordinary differential equations
+
+This file contains functions useful for solving differential equations
+which occur commonly in a 1st semester differential equations
+course. For another numerical solver see the :meth:`ode_solver` function
+and the optional package Octave.
+
+Solutions from the Maxima package can contain the three constants
+``_C``, ``_K1``, and ``_K2`` where the underscore is used to distinguish
+them from symbolic variables that the user might have used. You can
+substitute values for them, and make them into accessible usable
+symbolic variables, for example with ``var("_C")``.
+
+Commands:
+
+- :func:`desolve` -- compute the "general solution" to a 1st or 2nd order
+  ODE via Maxima
+
+- :func:`desolve_laplace` -- solve an ODE using Laplace transforms via
+  Maxima. Initial conditions are optional
+
+- :func:`desolve_rk4` -- solve numerically an IVP for one first order
+  equation, return list of points or plot
+
+- :func:`desolve_system_rk4` -- solve numerically an IVP for a system of first
+  order equations, return list of points
+
+- :func:`desolve_odeint` -- solve numerically a system of first-order ordinary
+  differential equations using :func:`~scipy:scipy.integrate.odeint` from
+  the module :mod:`scipy:scipy.integrate`.
+
+- :func:`desolve_system` -- solve a system of 1st order ODEs of any size using
+  Maxima. Initial conditions are optional
+
+- :func:`eulers_method` -- approximate solution to a 1st order DE,
+  presented as a table
+
+- :func:`eulers_method_2x2` -- approximate solution to a 1st order system
+  of DEs, presented as a table
+
+- :func:`eulers_method_2x2_plot` -- plot the sequence of points obtained
+  from Euler's method
+
+The following functions require the optional package ``tides``:
+
+- :func:`desolve_mintides` -- numerical solution of a system of 1st order ODEs via
+  the Taylor series integrator method implemented in TIDES
+
+- :func:`desolve_tides_mpfr` -- arbitrary precision Taylor series integrator implemented in TIDES
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- David Joyner (3-2006) - Initial version of functions
+
+- Marshall Hampton (7-2007) - Creation of Python module and testing
+
+- Robert Bradshaw (10-2008) - Some interface cleanup.
+
+- Robert Marik (10-2009) - Some bugfixes and enhancements
+
+- Miguel Marco (06-2014) - Tides desolvers
+"""
+
+##########################################################################
+#  Copyright (C) 2006 David Joyner <wdjoyner@gmail.com>, Marshall Hampton,
+#  Robert Marik <marik@mendelu.cz>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL):
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+##########################################################################
+
+import os
+import shutil
+
+from sage.calculus.functional import diff
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+lazy_import("sage.interfaces.maxima_lib","maxima")
+from sage.misc.functional import N
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RealField
+from sage.structure.element import Expression
+
+
+def fricas_desolve(de, dvar, ics, ivar):
+    r"""
+    Solve an ODE using FriCAS.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x) + y - 1, y, algorithm='fricas')             # optional - fricas
+        _C0*e^(-x) + 1
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y, x) + y == y^3*sin(x), y, algorithm='fricas')  # optional - fricas
+        -1/5*(2*cos(x)*y(x)^2 + 4*sin(x)*y(x)^2 - 5)*e^(-2*x)/y(x)^2
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import fricas_desolve
+        sage: Y = fricas_desolve(diff(y,x) + y - 1, y, [42,1783], x)  # optional - fricas
+        sage: Y.subs(x=42)                                            # optional - fricas
+        1783
+    """
+    from sage.interfaces.fricas import fricas
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    if ics is None:
+        y = fricas(de).solve(dvar.operator(), ivar).sage()
+    else:
+        eq = fricas.equation(ivar, ics[0])
+        y = fricas(de).solve(dvar.operator(), eq, ics[1:]).sage()
+
+    if isinstance(y, dict):
+        basis = y["basis"]
+        particular = y["particular"]
+        return particular + sum(SR.var("_C" + str(i)) * v
+                                for i, v in enumerate(basis))
+    return y
+
+
+def fricas_desolve_system(des, dvars, ics, ivar):
+    r"""
+    Solve a system of first order ODEs using FriCAS.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: y = function('y')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x,t) + y - 1 == 0
+        sage: de2 = diff(y,t) - x + 1 == 0
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x, y], algorithm='fricas')          # optional - fricas
+        [x(t) == _C0*cos(t) + cos(t)^2 + _C1*sin(t) + sin(t)^2,
+         y(t) == -_C1*cos(t) + _C0*sin(t) + 1]
+
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x,y], [0,1,2], algorithm='fricas')  # optional - fricas
+        [x(t) == cos(t)^2 + sin(t)^2 - sin(t), y(t) == cos(t) + 1]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import fricas_desolve_system
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: fricas_desolve_system([diff(x,t) + 1 == 0], [x], None, t)   # optional - fricas
+        [x(t) == _C0 - t]
+
+        sage: y = function('y')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x,t) + y - 1 == 0
+        sage: de2 = diff(y,t) - x + 1 == 0
+        sage: sol = fricas_desolve_system([de1,de2], [x,y], [0,1,-1], t)  # optional - fricas
+        sage: sol                                                         # optional - fricas
+        [x(t) == cos(t)^2 + sin(t)^2 + 2*sin(t), y(t) == -2*cos(t) + 1]
+    """
+    from sage.interfaces.fricas import fricas
+    from sage.symbolic.relation import solve
+    from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    ops = [dvar.operator() for dvar in dvars]
+    y = fricas(des).solve(ops, ivar).sage()
+    basis = y["basis"]
+    particular = y["particular"]
+    pars = [SR.var("_C" + str(i)) for i in range(len(basis))]
+    solv = particular + sum(p * v for p, v in zip(pars, basis))
+
+    if ics is None:
+        sols = solv
+    else:
+        ics0 = ics[0]
+        eqs = [val == sol.subs({ivar: ics0}) for val, sol in zip(ics[1:], solv)]
+        pars_values = solve(eqs, pars, solution_dict=True)
+        sols = [sol.subs(pars_values[0]) for sol in solv]
+
+    return [dvar == sol for dvar, sol in zip(dvars, sols)]
+
+
+def desolve(de, dvar, ics=None, ivar=None, show_method=False, contrib_ode=False,
+            algorithm='maxima'):
+    r"""
+    Solve a 1st or 2nd order linear ODE, including IVP and BVP.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``de`` -- an expression or equation representing the ODE
+
+    - ``dvar`` -- the dependent variable (hereafter called `y`)
+
+    - ``ics`` -- (optional) the initial or boundary conditions
+
+      - for a first-order equation, specify the initial `x` and `y`
+
+      - for a second-order equation, specify the initial `x`, `y`,
+        and `dy/dx`, i.e. write `[x_0, y(x_0), y'(x_0)]`
+
+      - for a second-order boundary solution, specify initial and
+        final `x` and `y` boundary conditions, i.e. write `[x_0, y(x_0), x_1, y(x_1)]`.
+
+      - gives an error if the solution is not SymbolicEquation (as happens for
+        example for a Clairaut equation)
+
+    - ``ivar`` -- (optional) the independent variable (hereafter called
+      `x`), which must be specified if there is more than one
+      independent variable in the equation
+
+    - ``show_method`` -- (optional) if ``True``, then Sage returns pair
+      ``[solution, method]``, where method is the string describing
+      the method which has been used to get a solution (Maxima uses the
+      following order for first order equations: linear, separable,
+      exact (including exact with integrating factor), homogeneous,
+      bernoulli, generalized homogeneous) - use carefully in class,
+      see below the example of an equation which is separable but
+      this property is not recognized by Maxima and the equation is solved
+      as exact.
+
+    - ``contrib_ode`` -- (optional) if ``True``, ``desolve`` allows to solve
+      Clairaut, Lagrange, Riccati and some other equations. This may take
+      a long time and is thus turned off by default.  Initial conditions
+      can be used only if the result is one SymbolicEquation (does not
+      contain a singular solution, for example).
+
+    - ``algorithm`` -- (default: ``'maxima'``) one of
+
+      * ``'maxima'`` -- use maxima
+      * ``'fricas'`` -- use FriCAS (the optional fricas spkg has to be installed)
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    In most cases return a SymbolicEquation which defines the solution
+    implicitly.  If the result is in the form `y(x)=\ldots` (happens for
+    linear eqs.), return the right-hand side only. The possible
+    constant solutions of separable ODEs are omitted.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Use ``desolve? <tab>`` if the output in the Sage notebook is truncated.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x) + y - 1, y)
+        (_C + e^x)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f = desolve(diff(y,x) + y - 1, y, ics=[10,2]); f
+        (e^10 + e^x)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: plot(f)                                                                   # needs sage.plot
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+    We can also solve second-order differential equations::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: de = diff(y,x,2) - y == x
+        sage: desolve(de, y)
+        _K2*e^(-x) + _K1*e^x - x
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f = desolve(de, y, [10,2,1]); f
+        -x + 7*e^(x - 10) + 5*e^(-x + 10)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f(x=10)
+        2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: diff(f,x)(x=10)
+        1
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: de = diff(y,x,2) + y == 0
+        sage: desolve(de, y)
+        _K2*cos(x) + _K1*sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(de, y, [0,1,pi/2,4])
+        cos(x) + 4*sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(y*diff(y,x)+sin(x)==0,y)
+        -1/2*y(x)^2 == _C - cos(x)
+
+    Clairaut equation: general and singular solutions::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)^2+x*diff(y,x)-y==0,y,contrib_ode=True,show_method=True)
+        [[y(x) == _C^2 + _C*x, y(x) == -1/4*x^2], 'clairau...']
+
+    For equations involving more variables we specify an independent variable::
+
+        sage: a,b,c,n=var('a b c n')
+        sage: desolve(x^2*diff(y,x)==a+b*x^n+c*x^2*y^2,y,ivar=x,contrib_ode=True)
+        [[y(x) == 0, (b*x^(n - 2) + a/x^2)*c^2*u == 0]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(x^2*diff(y,x)==a+b*x^n+c*x^2*y^2,y,ivar=x,contrib_ode=True,show_method=True)
+        [[[y(x) == 0, (b*x^(n - 2) + a/x^2)*c^2*u == 0]], 'riccati']
+
+
+    Higher order equations, not involving independent variable::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(diff(y,x,1))^3==0,y).expand()
+        1/6*y(x)^3 + _K1*y(x) == _K2 + x
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(diff(y,x,1))^3==0,y,[0,1,1,3]).expand()
+        1/6*y(x)^3 - 5/3*y(x) == x - 3/2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(diff(y,x,1))^3==0,y,[0,1,1,3],show_method=True)
+        [1/6*y(x)^3 - 5/3*y(x) == x - 3/2, 'freeofx']
+
+    Separable equations - Sage returns solution in implicit form::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)*sin(y) == cos(x),y)
+        -cos(y(x)) == _C + sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)*sin(y) == cos(x),y,show_method=True)
+        [-cos(y(x)) == _C + sin(x), 'separable']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)*sin(y) == cos(x),y,[pi/2,1])
+        -cos(y(x)) == -cos(1) + sin(x) - 1
+
+    Linear equation - Sage returns the expression on the right hand side only::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)+(y) == cos(x),y)
+        1/2*((cos(x) + sin(x))*e^x + 2*_C)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)+(y) == cos(x),y,show_method=True)
+        [1/2*((cos(x) + sin(x))*e^x + 2*_C)*e^(-x), 'linear']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)+(y) == cos(x),y,[0,1])
+        1/2*(cos(x)*e^x + e^x*sin(x) + 1)*e^(-x)
+
+    This ODE with separated variables is solved as
+    exact. Explanation - factor does not split `e^{x-y}` in Maxima
+    into `e^{x}e^{y}`::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)==exp(x-y),y,show_method=True)
+        [-e^x + e^y(x) == _C, 'exact']
+
+    You can solve Bessel equations, also using initial
+    conditions, but you cannot put (sometimes desired) the initial
+    condition at `x=0`, since this point is a singular point of the
+    equation. Anyway, if the solution should be bounded at `x=0`, then
+    ``_K2=0``. ::
+
+        sage: desolve(x^2*diff(y,x,x)+x*diff(y,x)+(x^2-4)*y==0,y)
+        _K1*bessel_J(2, x) + _K2*bessel_Y(2, x)
+
+    Example of difficult ODE producing an error::
+
+        sage: desolve(sqrt(y)*diff(y,x)+e^(y)+cos(x)-sin(x+y)==0,y) # not tested
+        Traceback (click to the left for traceback)
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError, "Maxima was unable to solve this ODE. Consider to set option contrib_ode to True."
+
+    Another difficult ODE with error - moreover, it takes a long time::
+
+        sage: desolve(sqrt(y)*diff(y,x)+e^(y)+cos(x)-sin(x+y)==0,y,contrib_ode=True) # not tested
+
+    Some more types of ODEs::
+
+        sage: desolve(x*diff(y,x)^2-(1+x*y)*diff(y,x)+y==0,y,contrib_ode=True,show_method=True)
+        [[y(x) == _C + log(x), y(x) == _C*e^x], 'factor']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x)==(x+y)^2,y,contrib_ode=True,show_method=True)
+        [[[x == _C - arctan(sqrt(t)), y(x) == -x - sqrt(t)], [x == _C + arctan(sqrt(t)), y(x) == -x + sqrt(t)]], 'lagrange']
+
+    These two examples produce an error (as expected, Maxima 5.18 cannot
+    solve equations from initial conditions). Maxima 5.18
+    returns false answer in this case! ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(diff(y,x,1))^3==0,y,[0,1,2]).expand() # not tested
+        Traceback (click to the left for traceback)
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError, "Maxima was unable to solve this ODE. Consider to set option contrib_ode to True."
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(diff(y,x,1))^3==0,y,[0,1,2],show_method=True) # not tested
+        Traceback (click to the left for traceback)
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError, "Maxima was unable to solve this ODE. Consider to set option contrib_ode to True."
+
+    Second order linear ODE::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y)
+        (_K2*x + _K1)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y,show_method=True)
+        [(_K2*x + _K1)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x), 'variationofparameters']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y,[0,3,1])
+        1/2*(7*x + 6)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y,[0,3,1],show_method=True)
+        [1/2*(7*x + 6)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x), 'variationofparameters']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y,[0,3,pi/2,2])
+        3*(x*(e^(1/2*pi) - 2)/pi + 1)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == cos(x),y,[0,3,pi/2,2],show_method=True)
+        [3*(x*(e^(1/2*pi) - 2)/pi + 1)*e^(-x) + 1/2*sin(x), 'variationofparameters']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y)
+        (_K2*x + _K1)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y,show_method=True)
+        [(_K2*x + _K1)*e^(-x), 'constcoeff']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y,[0,3,1])
+        (4*x + 3)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y,[0,3,1],show_method=True)
+        [(4*x + 3)*e^(-x), 'constcoeff']
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y,[0,3,pi/2,2])
+        (2*x*(2*e^(1/2*pi) - 3)/pi + 3)*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+2*diff(y,x)+y == 0,y,[0,3,pi/2,2],show_method=True)
+        [(2*x*(2*e^(1/2*pi) - 3)/pi + 3)*e^(-x), 'constcoeff']
+
+    Using ``algorithm='fricas'`` we can invoke the differential
+    equation solver from FriCAS.  For example, it can solve higher
+    order linear equations::
+
+        sage: de = x^3*diff(y, x, 3) + x^2*diff(y, x, 2) - 2*x*diff(y, x) + 2*y - 2*x^4
+        sage: Y = desolve(de, y, algorithm='fricas'); Y               # optional - fricas
+        (2*x^3 - 3*x^2 + 1)*_C0/x + (x^3 - 1)*_C1/x
+         + (x^3 - 3*x^2 - 1)*_C2/x + 1/15*(x^5 - 10*x^3 + 20*x^2 + 4)/x
+
+    The initial conditions are then interpreted as `[x_0, y(x_0),
+    y'(x_0), \ldots, y^(n)(x_0)]`::
+
+        sage: Y = desolve(de, y, ics=[1,3,7], algorithm='fricas'); Y  # optional - fricas
+        1/15*(x^5 + 15*x^3 + 50*x^2 - 21)/x
+
+    FriCAS can also solve some non-linear equations::
+
+        sage: de = diff(y, x) == y / (x+y*log(y))
+        sage: Y = desolve(de, y, algorithm='fricas'); Y               # optional - fricas
+        1/2*(log(y(x))^2*y(x) - 2*x)/y(x)
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    :issue:`9961` fixed (allow assumptions on the dependent variable in desolve)::
+
+        sage: y=function('y')(x); assume(x>0); assume(y>0)
+        sage: sage.calculus.calculus.maxima('domain:real')  # needed since Maxima 5.26.0 to get the answer as below
+        real
+        sage: desolve(x*diff(y,x)-x*sqrt(y^2+x^2)-y == 0, y, contrib_ode=True)
+        [x - arcsinh(y(x)/x) == _C]
+
+    :issue:`10682` updated Maxima to 5.26, and it started to show a different
+    solution in the complex domain for the ODE above::
+
+        sage: forget()
+        sage: sage.calculus.calculus.maxima('domain:complex')  # back to the default complex domain
+        complex
+        sage: assume(x>0)
+        sage: assume(y>0)
+        sage: desolve(x*diff(y,x)-x*sqrt(y^2+x^2)-y == 0, y, contrib_ode=True)
+        [x - arcsinh(y(x)^2/(x*sqrt(y(x)^2))) - arcsinh(y(x)/x) + 1/2*log(4*(x^2 + 2*y(x)^2 + 2*sqrt(x^2*y(x)^2 + y(x)^4))/x^2) == _C]
+
+    :issue:`6479` fixed::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve( diff(y,x,x) == 0, y, [0,0,1])
+        x
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve( diff(y,x,x) == 0, y, [0,1,1])
+        x + 1
+
+    :issue:`9835` fixed::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve(diff(y,x,2)+y*(1-y^2)==0,y,[0,-1,1,1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: Unable to use initial condition for this equation (freeofx).
+
+    :issue:`8931` fixed::
+
+        sage: x=var('x'); f=function('f')(x); k=var('k'); assume(k>0)
+        sage: desolve(diff(f,x,2)/f==k,f,ivar=x)
+        _K1*e^(sqrt(k)*x) + _K2*e^(-sqrt(k)*x)
+
+    :issue:`15775` fixed::
+
+        sage: forget()
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve(diff(y, x) == sqrt(abs(y)), dvar=y, ivar=x)
+        sqrt(-y(x))*(sgn(y(x)) - 1) + (sgn(y(x)) + 1)*sqrt(y(x)) == _C + x
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Joyner (1-2006)
+    - Robert Bradshaw (10-2008)
+    - Robert Marik (10-2009)
+    """
+    if isinstance(de, Expression) and de.is_relational():
+        de = de.lhs() - de.rhs()
+    if isinstance(dvar, Expression) and dvar.is_symbol():
+        raise ValueError("You have to declare dependent variable as a function evaluated at the independent variable, eg. y=function('y')(x)")
+    # for backwards compatibility
+    if isinstance(dvar, list):
+        dvar, ivar = dvar
+    elif ivar is None:
+        ivars = de.variables()
+        ivars = [t for t in ivars if t is not dvar]
+        if len(ivars) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+        ivar = ivars[0]
+
+    if algorithm == "fricas":
+        return fricas_desolve(de, dvar, ics, ivar)
+    elif algorithm != "maxima":
+        raise ValueError("unknown algorithm %s" % algorithm)
+
+    de00 = de._maxima_()
+    P = de00.parent()
+    dvar_str = P(dvar.operator()).str()
+    ivar_str = P(ivar).str()
+    de00 = de00.str()
+
+    def sanitize_var(exprs):
+        return exprs.replace("'" + dvar_str + "(" + ivar_str + ")", dvar_str)
+    de0 = sanitize_var(de00)
+    ode_solver = "ode2"
+    cmd = "(TEMP:%s(%s,%s,%s), if TEMP=false then TEMP else substitute(%s=%s(%s),TEMP))" % (ode_solver, de0, dvar_str, ivar_str, dvar_str, dvar_str, ivar_str)
+    # we produce string like this
+    # ode2('diff(y,x,2)+2*'diff(y,x,1)+y-cos(x),y(x),x)
+    soln = P(cmd)
+
+    if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+        if contrib_ode:
+            ode_solver = "contrib_ode"
+            P("load('contrib_ode)")
+            cmd = "(TEMP:%s(%s,%s,%s), if TEMP=false then TEMP else substitute(%s=%s(%s),TEMP))" % (ode_solver, de0, dvar_str, ivar_str, dvar_str, dvar_str, ivar_str)
+            # we produce string like this
+            # (TEMP:contrib_ode(x*('diff(y,x,1))^2-(x*y+1)*'diff(y,x,1)+y,y,x), if TEMP=false then TEMP else substitute(y=y(x),TEMP))
+            soln = P(cmd)
+            if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+                raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this ODE.")
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this ODE. Consider to set option contrib_ode to True.")
+
+    if show_method:
+        maxima_method = P("method")
+
+    if ics is not None:
+        if not (isinstance(soln.sage(), Expression) and soln.sage().is_relational()):
+            if not show_method:
+                maxima_method = P("method")
+            raise NotImplementedError("Unable to use initial condition for this equation (%s)." % (str(maxima_method).strip()))
+        if len(ics) == 2:
+            tempic = (ivar == ics[0])._maxima_().str()
+            tempic = tempic + "," + (dvar == ics[1])._maxima_().str()
+            cmd = "(TEMP:ic1(%s(%s,%s,%s),%s),substitute(%s=%s(%s),TEMP))" % (ode_solver, de00, dvar_str, ivar_str, tempic, dvar_str, dvar_str, ivar_str)
+            cmd = sanitize_var(cmd)
+            # we produce string like this
+            # (TEMP:ic2(ode2('diff(y,x,2)+2*'diff(y,x,1)+y-cos(x),y,x),x=0,y=3,'diff(y,x)=1),substitute(y=y(x),TEMP))
+            soln = P(cmd)
+        if len(ics) == 3:
+            # fixed ic2 command from Maxima - we have to ensure that %k1, %k2 do not depend on variables, should be removed when fixed in Maxima
+            P("ic2_sage(soln,xa,ya,dya):=block([programmode:true,backsubst:true,singsolve:true,temp,%k2,%k1,TEMP_k], \
+                noteqn(xa), noteqn(ya), noteqn(dya), boundtest('%k1,%k1), boundtest('%k2,%k2), \
+                temp: lhs(soln) - rhs(soln), \
+                TEMP_k:solve([subst([xa,ya],soln), subst([dya,xa], lhs(dya)=-subst(0,lhs(dya),diff(temp,lhs(xa)))/diff(temp,lhs(ya)))],[%k1,%k2]), \
+                if not freeof(lhs(ya),TEMP_k) or not freeof(lhs(xa),TEMP_k) then return (false), \
+                temp: maplist(lambda([zz], subst(zz,soln)), TEMP_k), \
+                if length(temp)=1 then return(first(temp)) else return(temp))")
+            tempic = P(ivar == ics[0]).str()
+            tempic += "," + P(dvar == ics[1]).str()
+            tempic += ",'diff(" + dvar_str + "," + ivar_str + ")=" + P(ics[2]).str()
+            cmd = "(TEMP:ic2_sage(%s(%s,%s,%s),%s),substitute(%s=%s(%s),TEMP))" % (ode_solver, de00, dvar_str, ivar_str, tempic, dvar_str, dvar_str, ivar_str)
+            cmd = sanitize_var(cmd)
+            # we produce string like this
+            # (TEMP:ic2(ode2('diff(y,x,2)+2*'diff(y,x,1)+y-cos(x),y,x),x=0,y=3,'diff(y,x)=1),substitute(y=y(x),TEMP))
+            soln = P(cmd)
+            if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+                raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this IVP. Remove the initial condition to get the general solution.")
+        if len(ics) == 4:
+            # fixed bc2 command from Maxima - we have to ensure that %k1, %k2 do not depend on variables, should be removed when fixed in Maxima
+            P("bc2_sage(soln,xa,ya,xb,yb):=block([programmode:true,backsubst:true,singsolve:true,temp,%k1,%k2,TEMP_k], \
+                noteqn(xa), noteqn(ya), noteqn(xb), noteqn(yb), boundtest('%k1,%k1), boundtest('%k2,%k2), \
+                TEMP_k:solve([subst([xa,ya],soln), subst([xb,yb],soln)], [%k1,%k2]), \
+                if not freeof(lhs(ya),TEMP_k) or not freeof(lhs(xa),TEMP_k) then return (false), \
+                temp: maplist(lambda([zz], subst(zz,soln)),TEMP_k), \
+                if length(temp)=1 then return(first(temp)) else return(temp))")
+            cmd = "bc2_sage(%s(%s,%s,%s),%s,%s=%s,%s,%s=%s)" % (ode_solver, de00, dvar_str, ivar_str, P(ivar == ics[0]).str(), dvar_str, P(ics[1]).str(), P(ivar == ics[2]).str(), dvar_str, P(ics[3]).str())
+            cmd = "(TEMP:%s,substitute(%s=%s(%s),TEMP))" % (cmd, dvar_str, dvar_str, ivar_str)
+            cmd = sanitize_var(cmd)
+            # we produce string like this
+            # (TEMP:bc2(ode2('diff(y,x,2)+2*'diff(y,x,1)+y-cos(x),y,x),x=0,y=3,x=%pi/2,y=2),substitute(y=y(x),TEMP))
+            soln = P(cmd)
+            if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+                raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this BVP. Remove the initial condition to get the general solution.")
+
+    soln = soln.sage()
+    if isinstance(soln, Expression) and soln.is_relational() and soln.lhs() == dvar:
+        # Remark: Here we do not check that the right hand side does not depend on dvar.
+        # This probably will not happen for solutions obtained via ode2, anyway.
+        soln = soln.rhs()
+    if show_method:
+        return [soln, maxima_method.str()]
+    return soln
+
+
+def desolve_laplace(de, dvar, ics=None, ivar=None):
+    """
+    Solve an ODE using Laplace transforms. Initial conditions are optional.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``de`` -- a lambda expression representing the ODE (e.g. ``de =
+      diff(y,x,2) == diff(y,x)+sin(x)``)
+
+    - ``dvar`` -- the dependent variable (e.g. ``y``)
+
+    - ``ivar`` -- (optional) the independent variable (hereafter called
+      `x`), which must be specified if there is more than one
+      independent variable in the equation.
+
+    - ``ics`` -- list of numbers representing initial conditions, (e.g.
+      ``f(0)=1``, ``f'(0)=2`` corresponds to ``ics = [0,1,2]``)
+
+    OUTPUT: solution of the ODE as symbolic expression
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: u=function('u')(x)
+        sage: eq = diff(u,x) - exp(-x) - u == 0
+        sage: desolve_laplace(eq,u)
+        1/2*(2*u(0) + 1)*e^x - 1/2*e^(-x)
+
+    We can use initial conditions::
+
+        sage: desolve_laplace(eq,u,ics=[0,3])
+        -1/2*e^(-x) + 7/2*e^x
+
+    The initial conditions do not persist in the system (as they persisted
+    in previous versions)::
+
+        sage: desolve_laplace(eq,u)
+        1/2*(2*u(0) + 1)*e^x - 1/2*e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: f=function('f')(x)
+        sage: eq = diff(f,x) + f == 0
+        sage: desolve_laplace(eq,f,[0,1])
+        e^(-x)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: x = var('x')
+        sage: f = function('f')(x)
+        sage: de = diff(f,x,x) - 2*diff(f,x) + f
+        sage: desolve_laplace(de,f)
+        -x*e^x*f(0) + x*e^x*D[0](f)(0) + e^x*f(0)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve_laplace(de,f,ics=[0,1,2])
+        x*e^x + e^x
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`4839` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: soln = desolve_laplace(diff(x,t)+x==1, x, ics=[0,2])
+        sage: soln
+        e^(-t) + 1
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: soln(t=3)
+        e^(-3) + 1
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Joyner (1-2006,8-2007)
+
+    - Robert Marik (10-2009)
+    """
+    # This is the original code from David Joyner (inputs and outputs strings)
+    # maxima("de:"+de._repr_()+"=0;")
+    # if ics is not None:
+    #     d = len(ics)
+    #     for i in range(d-1):
+    #         ic = "atvalue(diff("+vars[1]+"("+vars[0]+"),"+str(vars[0])+","+str(i)+"),"+str(vars[0])+"="+str(ics[0])+","+str(ics[1+i])+")"
+    #         maxima(ic)
+    #
+    # cmd = "desolve("+de._repr_()+","+vars[1]+"("+vars[0]+"));"
+    # return maxima(cmd).rhs()._maxima_init_()
+
+    # verbatim copy from desolve - begin
+    if isinstance(de, Expression) and de.is_relational():
+        de = de.lhs() - de.rhs()
+    if isinstance(dvar, Expression) and dvar.is_symbol():
+        raise ValueError("You have to declare dependent variable as a function evaluated at the independent variable, eg. y=function('y')(x)")
+    # for backwards compatibility
+    if isinstance(dvar, list):
+        dvar, ivar = dvar
+    elif ivar is None:
+        ivars = de.variables()
+        ivars = [t for t in ivars if t is not dvar]
+        if len(ivars) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+        ivar = ivars[0]
+    # verbatim copy from desolve - end
+
+    dvar_str = str(dvar)
+
+    def sanitize_var(exprs):
+        # 'y(x) -> y(x)
+        return exprs.replace("'" + dvar_str, dvar_str)
+
+    de0 = de._maxima_()
+    P = de0.parent()
+    i = dvar_str.find('(')
+    dvar_str = dvar_str[:i + 1] + '_SAGE_VAR_' + dvar_str[i + 1:]
+    cmd = sanitize_var("desolve(" + de0.str() + "," + dvar_str + ")")
+    soln = P(cmd).rhs()
+    if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+        raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this ODE.")
+    soln = soln.sage()
+    if ics is not None:
+        d = len(ics)
+        for i in range(d - 1):
+            soln = eval('soln.substitute(diff(dvar,ivar,i)(' + str(ivar) + '=ics[0])==ics[i+1])')
+    return soln
+
+
+def desolve_system(des, vars, ics=None, ivar=None, algorithm='maxima'):
+    r"""
+    Solve a system of any size of 1st order ODEs. Initial conditions
+    are optional.
+
+    One dimensional systems are passed to :meth:`desolve_laplace`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``des`` -- list of ODEs
+
+    - ``vars`` -- list of dependent variables
+
+    - ``ics`` -- (optional) list of initial values for ``ivar`` and ``vars``;
+      if ``ics`` is defined, it should provide initial conditions for each
+      variable, otherwise an exception would be raised
+
+    - ``ivar`` -- (optional) the independent variable, which must be
+      specified if there is more than one independent variable in the
+      equation
+
+    - ``algorithm`` -- (default: ``'maxima'``) one of
+
+      * ``'maxima'`` -- use maxima
+      * ``'fricas'`` -- use FriCAS (the optional fricas spkg has to be installed)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: y = function('y')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x,t) + y - 1 == 0
+        sage: de2 = diff(y,t) - x + 1 == 0
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x,y])
+        [x(t) == (x(0) - 1)*cos(t) - (y(0) - 1)*sin(t) + 1,
+         y(t) == (y(0) - 1)*cos(t) + (x(0) - 1)*sin(t) + 1]
+
+    The same system solved using FriCAS::
+
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x,y], algorithm='fricas')  # optional - fricas
+        [x(t) == _C0*cos(t) + cos(t)^2 + _C1*sin(t) + sin(t)^2,
+         y(t) == -_C1*cos(t) + _C0*sin(t) + 1]
+
+    Now we give some initial conditions::
+
+        sage: sol = desolve_system([de1, de2], [x,y], ics=[0,1,2]); sol
+        [x(t) == -sin(t) + 1, y(t) == cos(t) + 1]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: solnx, solny = sol[0].rhs(), sol[1].rhs()
+        sage: plot([solnx,solny],(0,1))  # not tested
+        sage: parametric_plot((solnx,solny),(0,1))  # not tested
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Check that :issue:`9823` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x,t) + 1 == 0
+        sage: desolve_system([de1], [x])
+        -t + x(0)
+
+    Check that :issue:`16568` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x = function('x')(t)
+        sage: y = function('y')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x,t) + y - 1 == 0
+        sage: de2 = diff(y,t) - x + 1 == 0
+        sage: des = [de1,de2]
+        sage: ics = [0,1,-1]
+        sage: vars = [x,y]
+        sage: sol = desolve_system(des, vars, ics); sol
+        [x(t) == 2*sin(t) + 1, y(t) == -2*cos(t) + 1]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: solx, soly = sol[0].rhs(), sol[1].rhs()
+        sage: RR(solx(t=3))
+        1.28224001611973
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P1 = plot([solx,soly], (0,1))                                             # needs sage.plot
+        sage: P2 = parametric_plot((solx,soly), (0,1))                                  # needs sage.plot
+
+    Now type ``show(P1)``, ``show(P2)`` to view these plots.
+
+    Check that :issue:`9824` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: epsilon = var('epsilon')
+        sage: x1 = function('x1')(t)
+        sage: x2 = function('x2')(t)
+        sage: de1 = diff(x1,t) == epsilon
+        sage: de2 = diff(x2,t) == -2
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x1, x2], ivar=t)
+        [x1(t) == epsilon*t + x1(0), x2(t) == -2*t + x2(0)]
+        sage: desolve_system([de1, de2], [x1, x2], ics=[1,1], ivar=t)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Initial conditions aren't complete: number of vars is different
+        from number of dependent variables. Got ics = [1, 1], vars = [x1(t), x2(t)]
+
+    Check that :issue:`9825` is fixed::
+
+        sage: t = var('t')
+        sage: x1, x2=function("x1, x2")
+        sage: de1=x1(t).diff(t)==-3*(x2(t)-1)
+        sage: de2=x2(t).diff(t)==1
+        sage: Sol=desolve_system([de1, de2],[x1(t),x2(t)],ivar=t) ; Sol
+        [x1(t) == -3/2*t^2 - 3*t*x2(0) + 3*t + x1(0), x2(t) == t + x2(0)]
+
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - Robert Bradshaw (10-2008)
+    - Sergey Bykov (10-2014)
+    """
+    if ics is not None:
+        if len(ics) != (len(vars) + 1):
+            raise ValueError("Initial conditions aren't complete: number of vars is different from number of dependent variables. Got ics = {0}, vars = {1}".format(ics, vars))
+
+    if len(des) == 1 and algorithm == "maxima":
+        return desolve_laplace(des[0], vars[0], ics=ics, ivar=ivar)
+    ivars = set()
+    for i, de in enumerate(des):
+        if not (isinstance(de, Expression) and de.is_relational()):
+            des[i] = de == 0
+        ivars = ivars.union(set(de.variables()))
+    if ivar is None:
+        ivars = ivars - set(vars)
+        if len(ivars) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+        ivar = list(ivars)[0]
+
+    if algorithm == "fricas":
+        return fricas_desolve_system(des, vars, ics, ivar)
+    elif algorithm != "maxima":
+        raise ValueError("unknown algorithm %s" % algorithm)
+
+    dvars = [v._maxima_() for v in vars]
+    if ics is not None:
+        ivar_ic = ics[0]
+        for dvar, ic in zip(dvars, ics[1:]):
+            dvar.atvalue(ivar == ivar_ic, ic)
+    soln = dvars[0].parent().desolve(des, dvars)
+    if str(soln).strip() == 'false':
+        raise NotImplementedError("Maxima was unable to solve this system.")
+    soln = list(soln)
+    for i, sol in enumerate(soln):
+        soln[i] = sol.sage()
+    if ics is not None:
+        ivar_ic = ics[0]
+        for dvar, ic in zip(dvars, ics[:1]):
+            dvar.atvalue(ivar == ivar_ic, dvar)
+    return soln
+
+
+def eulers_method(f, x0, y0, h, x1, algorithm='table'):
+    r"""
+    This implements Euler's method for finding numerically the
+    solution of the 1st order ODE `y' = f(x,y)`, `y(a)=c`. The ``x``
+    column of the table increments from `x_0` to `x_1` by `h` (so
+    `(x_1-x_0)/h` must be an integer). In the ``y`` column, the new
+    `y`-value equals the old `y`-value plus the corresponding entry in the
+    last column.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This function is for pedagogical purposes only.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import eulers_method
+        sage: x,y = PolynomialRing(QQ,2,"xy").gens()
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1)
+             x                    y                  h*f(x,y)
+             0                    1                   -2
+           1/2                   -1                 -7/4
+             1                -11/4                -11/8
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: x,y = PolynomialRing(QQ,2,"xy").gens()
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1,algorithm='none')
+        [[0, 1], [1/2, -1], [1, -11/4], [3/2, -33/8]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: RR = RealField(sci_not=0, prec=4, rnd='RNDU')
+        sage: x,y = PolynomialRing(RR,2,"xy").gens()
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1,algorithm="None")
+        [[0, 1], [1/2, -1.0], [1, -2.7], [3/2, -4.0]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: RR = RealField(sci_not=0, prec=4, rnd='RNDU')
+        sage: x,y=PolynomialRing(RR,2,"xy").gens()
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1)
+             x                    y                  h*f(x,y)
+             0                    1                 -2.0
+           1/2                 -1.0                 -1.7
+             1                 -2.7                 -1.3
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: x,y=PolynomialRing(QQ,2,"xy").gens()
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,1,1,1/3,2)
+                 x                    y                  h*f(x,y)
+                 1                    1                  1/3
+               4/3                  4/3                    1
+               5/3                  7/3                 17/9
+                 2                 38/9                83/27
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1,algorithm='none')
+        [[0, 1], [1/2, -1], [1, -11/4], [3/2, -33/8]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: pts = eulers_method(5*x+y-5,0,1,1/2,1,algorithm='none')
+        sage: P1 = list_plot(pts)                                                       # needs sage.plot
+        sage: P2 = line(pts)                                                            # needs sage.plot
+        sage: (P1 + P2).show()                                                          # needs sage.plot
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Joyner
+    """
+    if algorithm == "table":
+        print("%10s %20s %25s" % ("x", "y", "h*f(x,y)"))
+    n = int((1.0) * (x1 - x0) / h)
+    x00 = x0
+    y00 = y0
+    soln = [[x00, y00]]
+    for i in range(n + 1):
+        if algorithm == "table":
+            print("%10r %20r %20r" % (x00, y00, h * f(x00, y00)))
+        y00 = y00 + h * f(x00, y00)
+        x00 = x00 + h
+        soln.append([x00, y00])
+    if algorithm != "table":
+        return soln
+
+
+def eulers_method_2x2(f, g, t0, x0, y0, h, t1, algorithm='table'):
+    r"""
+    This implements Euler's method for finding numerically the
+    solution of the 1st order system of two ODEs
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        x' &= f(t, x, y), x(t_0)=x_0 \\
+        y' &= g(t, x, y), y(t_0)=y_0.
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    The ``t`` column of the table increments from `t_0` to `t_1` by `h`
+    (so `\frac{t_1-t_0}{h}` must be an integer). In the ``x`` column,
+    the new `x`-value equals the old `x`-value plus the corresponding
+    entry in the next (third) column.  In the ``y`` column, the new
+    `y`-value equals the old `y`-value plus the corresponding entry in the
+    next (last) column.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This function is for pedagogical purposes only.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import eulers_method_2x2
+        sage: t, x, y = PolynomialRing(QQ,3,"txy").gens()
+        sage: f = x+y+t; g = x-y
+        sage: eulers_method_2x2(f,g, 0, 0, 0, 1/3, 1,algorithm='none')
+        [[0, 0, 0], [1/3, 0, 0], [2/3, 1/9, 0], [1, 10/27, 1/27], [4/3, 68/81, 4/27]]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: eulers_method_2x2(f,g, 0, 0, 0, 1/3, 1)
+             t                    x                h*f(t,x,y)                    y           h*g(t,x,y)
+             0                    0                         0                    0                    0
+           1/3                    0                       1/9                    0                    0
+           2/3                  1/9                      7/27                    0                 1/27
+             1                10/27                     38/81                 1/27                  1/9
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: RR = RealField(sci_not=0, prec=4, rnd='RNDU')
+        sage: t,x,y=PolynomialRing(RR,3,"txy").gens()
+        sage: f = x+y+t; g = x-y
+        sage: eulers_method_2x2(f,g, 0, 0, 0, 1/3, 1)
+             t                    x                h*f(t,x,y)                    y           h*g(t,x,y)
+             0                    0                      0.00                    0                 0.00
+           1/3                 0.00                      0.13                 0.00                 0.00
+           2/3                 0.13                      0.29                 0.00                0.043
+             1                 0.41                      0.57                0.043                 0.15
+
+    To numerically approximate `y(1)`, where `(1+t^2)y''+y'-y=0`,
+    `y(0)=1`, `y'(0)=-1`, using 4 steps of Euler's method, first
+    convert to a system: `y_1' = y_2`, `y_1(0)=1`; `y_2' =
+    \frac{y_1-y_2}{1+t^2}`, `y_2(0)=-1`.::
+
+         sage: RR = RealField(sci_not=0, prec=4, rnd='RNDU')
+         sage: t, x, y=PolynomialRing(RR,3,"txy").gens()
+         sage: f = y; g = (x-y)/(1+t^2)
+         sage: eulers_method_2x2(f,g, 0, 1, -1, 1/4, 1)
+             t                    x                h*f(t,x,y)                    y           h*g(t,x,y)
+             0                    1                     -0.25                   -1                 0.50
+           1/4                 0.75                     -0.12                -0.50                 0.29
+           1/2                 0.63                    -0.054                -0.21                 0.19
+           3/4                 0.63                   -0.0078               -0.031                 0.11
+             1                 0.63                     0.020                0.079                0.071
+
+    To numerically approximate `y(1)`, where `y''+ty'+y=0`, `y(0)=1`, `y'(0)=0`::
+
+        sage: t,x,y=PolynomialRing(RR,3,"txy").gens()
+        sage: f = y; g = -x-y*t
+        sage: eulers_method_2x2(f,g, 0, 1, 0, 1/4, 1)
+             t                    x                h*f(t,x,y)                    y           h*g(t,x,y)
+             0                    1                      0.00                    0                -0.25
+           1/4                  1.0                    -0.062                -0.25                -0.23
+           1/2                 0.94                     -0.11                -0.46                -0.17
+           3/4                 0.88                     -0.15                -0.62                -0.10
+             1                 0.75                     -0.17                -0.68               -0.015
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - David Joyner
+    """
+    if algorithm == "table":
+        print("%10s %20s %25s %20s %20s" % ("t", "x", "h*f(t,x,y)", "y", "h*g(t,x,y)"))
+    n = int((1.0) * (t1 - t0) / h)
+    t00 = t0
+    x00 = x0
+    y00 = y0
+    soln = [[t00, x00, y00]]
+    for i in range(n + 1):
+        if algorithm == "table":
+            print("%10r %20r %25r %20r %20r" % (t00, x00, h * f(t00, x00, y00), y00, h * g(t00, x00, y00)))
+        x01 = x00 + h * f(t00, x00, y00)
+        y00 = y00 + h * g(t00, x00, y00)
+        x00 = x01
+        t00 = t00 + h
+        soln.append([t00, x00, y00])
+    if algorithm != "table":
+        return soln
+
+
+def eulers_method_2x2_plot(f, g, t0, x0, y0, h, t1):
+    r"""
+    Plot solution of ODE.
+
+    This plots the solution in the rectangle with sides ``(xrange[0],xrange[1])`` and
+    ``(yrange[0],yrange[1])``, and plots using Euler's method the
+    numerical solution of the 1st order ODEs `x' = f(t,x,y)`,
+    `x(a)=x_0`, `y' = g(t,x,y)`, `y(a) = y_0`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This function is for pedagogical purposes only.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The following example plots the solution to
+    `\theta''+\sin(\theta)=0`, `\theta(0)=\frac 34`, `\theta'(0) =
+    0`.  Type ``P[0].show()`` to plot the solution,
+    ``(P[0]+P[1]).show()`` to plot `(t,\theta(t))` and
+    `(t,\theta'(t))`::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import eulers_method_2x2_plot
+        sage: f = lambda z : z[2]; g = lambda z : -sin(z[1])
+        sage: P = eulers_method_2x2_plot(f,g, 0.0, 0.75, 0.0, 0.1, 1.0)                 # needs sage.plot
+    """
+    from sage.plot.line import line
+
+    n = int((1.0) * (t1 - t0) / h)
+    t00 = t0
+    x00 = x0
+    y00 = y0
+    soln = [[t00, x00, y00]]
+    for i in range(n + 1):
+        x01 = x00 + h * f([t00, x00, y00])
+        y00 = y00 + h * g([t00, x00, y00])
+        x00 = x01
+        t00 = t00 + h
+        soln.append([t00, x00, y00])
+    Q1 = line([[x[0], x[1]] for x in soln], rgbcolor=(.25, .125, .75))
+    Q2 = line([[x[0], x[2]] for x in soln], rgbcolor=(.5, .125, .25))
+    return [Q1, Q2]
+
+
+def desolve_rk4_determine_bounds(ics, end_points=None):
+    """
+    Used to determine bounds for numerical integration.
+
+    - If ``end_points`` is None, the interval for integration is from ``ics[0]``
+      to ``ics[0]+10``
+
+    - If ``end_points`` is ``a`` or ``[a]``, the interval for integration is from ``min(ics[0],a)``
+      to ``max(ics[0],a)``
+
+    - If ``end_points`` is ``[a,b]``, the interval for integration is from ``min(ics[0],a)``
+      to ``max(ics[0],b)``
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import desolve_rk4_determine_bounds
+        sage: desolve_rk4_determine_bounds([0,2],1)
+        (0, 1)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve_rk4_determine_bounds([0,2])
+        (0, 10)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve_rk4_determine_bounds([0,2],[-2])
+        (-2, 0)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: desolve_rk4_determine_bounds([0,2],[-2,4])
+        (-2, 4)
+    """
+    if end_points is None:
+        return ics[0], ics[0] + 10
+    if not isinstance(end_points, list):
+        end_points = [end_points]
+    if len(end_points) == 1:
+        return min(ics[0], end_points[0]), max(ics[0], end_points[0])
+    else:
+        return min(ics[0], end_points[0]), max(ics[0], end_points[1])
+
+
+def desolve_rk4(de, dvar, ics=None, ivar=None, end_points=None, step=0.1, output='list', **kwds):
+    """
+    Solve numerically one first-order ordinary differential
+    equation.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    Input is similar to ``desolve`` command. The differential equation can be
+    written in a form close to the ``plot_slope_field`` or ``desolve`` command.
+
+    - Variant 1 (function in two variables)
+
+      - ``de`` -- right hand side, i.e. the function `f(x,y)` from ODE `y'=f(x,y)`
+
+      - ``dvar`` -- dependent variable (symbolic variable declared by var)
+
+    - Variant 2 (symbolic equation)
+
+      - ``de`` -- equation, including term with ``diff(y,x)``
+
+      - ``dvar`` -- dependent variable (declared as function of independent variable)
+
+    - Other parameters
+
+      - ``ivar`` -- should be specified, if there are more variables or if the equation is autonomous
+
+      - ``ics`` -- initial conditions in the form ``[x0,y0]``
+
+      - ``end_points`` -- the end points of the interval
+
+        - if ``end_points`` is a or [a], we integrate between ``min(ics[0],a)`` and ``max(ics[0],a)``
+        - if ``end_points`` is None, we use ``end_points=ics[0]+10``
+
+        - if end_points is [a,b] we integrate between ``min(ics[0], a)`` and ``max(ics[0], b)``
+
+      - ``step`` -- (default: 0.1) the length of the step (positive number)
+
+      - ``output`` -- (default: ``'list'``) one of ``'list'``,
+        ``'plot'``, ``'slope_field'`` (graph of the solution with slope field)
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    Return a list of points, or plot produced by ``list_plot``,
+    optionally with slope field.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :func:`ode_solver`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import desolve_rk4
+
+    Variant 2 for input - more common in numerics::
+
+        sage: x,y = var('x,y')
+        sage: desolve_rk4(x*y*(2-y),y,ics=[0,1],end_points=1,step=0.5)
+        [[0, 1], [0.5, 1.12419127424558], [1.0, 1.46159016228882...]]
+
+    Variant 1 for input - we can pass ODE in the form used by
+    desolve function In this example we integrate backwards, since
+    ``end_points < ics[0]``::
+
+        sage: y = function('y')(x)
+        sage: desolve_rk4(diff(y,x)+y*(y-1) == x-2,y,ics=[1,1],step=0.5, end_points=0)
+        [[0.0, 8.904257108962112], [0.5, 1.90932794536153...], [1, 1]]
+
+    Here we show how to plot simple pictures. For more advanced
+    applications use list_plot instead. To see the resulting picture
+    use ``show(P)`` in Sage notebook. ::
+
+        sage: x,y = var('x,y')
+        sage: P = desolve_rk4(y*(2-y), y, ics=[0,.1], ivar=x,                           # needs sage.plot
+        ....:                 output='slope_field', end_points=[-4,6], thickness=3)
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    `4`-th order Runge-Kutta method. Wrapper for command ``rk`` in
+    Maxima's dynamics package.  Perhaps could be faster by using
+    fast_float instead.
+
+    AUTHORS:
+
+    - Robert Marik (10-2009)
+    """
+    if ics is None:
+        raise ValueError("No initial conditions, specify with ics=[x0,y0].")
+
+    if output not in ['list', 'plot', 'slope_field']:
+        raise ValueError("Option output should be 'list', 'plot' or 'slope_field'.")
+
+    if ivar is None:
+        ivars = de.variables()
+        ivars = [t for t in ivars if t != dvar]
+        if len(ivars) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+        ivar = ivars[0]
+
+    step = abs(step)
+
+    def desolve_rk4_inner(de, dvar):
+        de0 = de._maxima_()
+        maxima("load('dynamics)")
+        lower_bound, upper_bound = desolve_rk4_determine_bounds(ics, end_points)
+        sol_1, sol_2 = [], []
+        if lower_bound < ics[0]:
+            cmd = "rk(%s,%s,%s,[%s,%s,%s,%s])\
+            " % (de0.str(), '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(dvar), str(ics[1]), '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(ivar), str(ics[0]), lower_bound, -step)
+            sol_1 = maxima(cmd).sage()
+            sol_1.pop(0)
+            sol_1.reverse()
+        if upper_bound > ics[0]:
+            cmd = "rk(%s,%s,%s,[%s,%s,%s,%s])\
+            " % (de0.str(), '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(dvar), str(ics[1]), '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(ivar), str(ics[0]), upper_bound, step)
+            sol_2 = maxima(cmd).sage()
+            sol_2.pop(0)
+        sol = sol_1
+        sol.extend([[ics[0], ics[1]]])
+        sol.extend(sol_2)
+
+        if output == 'list':
+            return sol
+        from sage.plot.plot import list_plot
+        from sage.plot.plot_field import plot_slope_field
+        R = list_plot(sol, plotjoined=True, **kwds)
+        if output == 'plot':
+            return R
+        if output == 'slope_field':
+            XMIN = sol[0][0]
+            YMIN = sol[0][1]
+            XMAX = XMIN
+            YMAX = YMIN
+            for s, t in sol:
+                XMAX = max(s, XMAX)
+                XMIN = min(s, XMIN)
+                YMAX = max(t, YMAX)
+                YMIN = min(t, YMIN)
+            return plot_slope_field(de, (ivar, XMIN, XMAX), (dvar, YMIN, YMAX)) + R
+
+    if not (isinstance(dvar, Expression) and dvar.is_symbol()):
+        from sage.calculus.functional import diff
+        from sage.symbolic.relation import solve
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+        if isinstance(de, Expression) and de.is_relational():
+            de = de.lhs() - de.rhs()
+        # consider to add warning if the solution is not unique
+        de = solve(de, diff(dvar, ivar), solution_dict=True)
+        if len(de) != 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Sorry, cannot find explicit formula for right-hand side of the ODE.")
+        with SR.temp_var() as dummy_dvar:
+            return desolve_rk4_inner(de[0][diff(dvar, ivar)].subs({dvar: dummy_dvar}), dummy_dvar)
+    else:
+        return desolve_rk4_inner(de, dvar)
+
+
+def desolve_system_rk4(des, vars, ics=None, ivar=None, end_points=None, step=0.1):
+    r"""
+    Solve numerically a system of first-order ordinary differential
+    equations using the `4`-th order Runge-Kutta method. Wrapper for
+    Maxima command ``rk``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    Input is similar to ``desolve_system`` and ``desolve_rk4`` commands
+
+    - ``des`` -- right hand sides of the system
+
+    - ``vars`` -- dependent variables
+
+    - ``ivar`` -- (optional) should be specified, if there are more variables or
+      if the equation is autonomous and the independent variable is
+      missing
+
+    - ``ics`` -- initial conditions in the form ``[x0,y01,y02,y03,....]``
+
+    - ``end_points`` -- the end points of the interval
+
+      - if ``end_points`` is a or [a], we integrate on between ``min(ics[0], a)`` and ``max(ics[0], a)``
+      - if ``end_points`` is None, we use ``end_points=ics[0]+10``
+
+      - if ``end_points`` is [a,b] we integrate on between ``min(ics[0], a)`` and ``max(ics[0], b)``
+
+    - ``step`` -- (default: 0.1) the length of the step
+
+    OUTPUT: a list of points
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :func:`ode_solver`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import desolve_system_rk4
+
+    Lotka Volterra system::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import desolve_system_rk4
+        sage: x,y,t = var('x y t')
+        sage: P = desolve_system_rk4([x*(1-y),-y*(1-x)], [x,y], ics=[0,0.5,2],
+        ....:                        ivar=t, end_points=20)
+        sage: Q = [[i,j] for i,j,k in P]
+        sage: LP = list_plot(Q)                                                         # needs sage.plot
+
+        sage: Q = [[j,k] for i,j,k in P]
+        sage: LP = list_plot(Q)                                                         # needs sage.plot
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    `4`-th order Runge-Kutta method. Wrapper for command ``rk`` in Maxima's
+    dynamics package.  Perhaps could be faster by using ``fast_float``
+    instead.
+
+    AUTHOR:
+
+    - Robert Marik (10-2009)
+    """
+    if ics is None:
+        raise ValueError("No initial conditions, specify with ics=[x0,y01,y02,...].")
+
+    ivars = set()
+
+    for de in des:
+        ivars = ivars.union(set(de.variables()))
+    if ivar is None:
+        ivars = ivars - set(vars)
+        if len(ivars) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+        ivar = list(ivars)[0]
+
+    dess = [de._maxima_().str() for de in des]
+    desstr = "[" + ",".join(dess) + "]"
+    varss = [varsi._maxima_().str() for varsi in vars]
+    varstr = "[" + ",".join(varss) + "]"
+    x0 = ics[0]
+    icss = [ics[i]._maxima_().str() for i in range(1, len(ics))]
+    icstr = "[" + ",".join(icss) + "]"
+    step = abs(step)
+
+    maxima("load('dynamics)")
+    lower_bound, upper_bound = desolve_rk4_determine_bounds(ics, end_points)
+    sol_1, sol_2 = [], []
+    if lower_bound < ics[0]:
+        cmd = "rk(%s,%s,%s,[%s,%s,%s,%s])\
+        " % (desstr, varstr, icstr, '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(ivar), str(x0), lower_bound, -step)
+        sol_1 = maxima(cmd).sage()
+        sol_1.pop(0)
+        sol_1.reverse()
+    if upper_bound > ics[0]:
+        cmd = "rk(%s,%s,%s,[%s,%s,%s,%s])\
+        " % (desstr, varstr, icstr, '_SAGE_VAR_' + str(ivar), str(x0), upper_bound, step)
+        sol_2 = maxima(cmd).sage()
+        sol_2.pop(0)
+    sol = sol_1
+    sol.append(ics)
+    sol.extend(sol_2)
+
+    return sol
+
+
+def desolve_odeint(des, ics, times, dvars, ivar=None, compute_jac=False, args=(),
+                   rtol=None, atol=None, tcrit=None, h0=0.0, hmax=0.0, hmin=0.0, ixpr=0,
+                   mxstep=0, mxhnil=0, mxordn=12, mxords=5, printmessg=0):
+    r"""
+    Solve numerically a system of first-order ordinary differential equations
+    using :func:`scipy:scipy.integrate.odeint`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``des`` -- right hand sides of the system
+
+    - ``ics`` -- initial conditions
+
+    - ``times`` -- a sequence of time points in which the solution must be found
+
+    - ``dvars`` -- dependent variables. ATTENTION: the order must be the same as
+      in ``des``, that means: ``d(dvars[i])/dt=des[i]``
+
+    - ``ivar`` -- independent variable, optional
+
+    - ``compute_jac`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the
+      Jacobian of ``des`` is computed and used during the integration of stiff
+      systems
+
+    Other Parameters (taken from the documentation of the
+    :func:`~scipy:scipy.integrate.odeint` function from
+    :mod:`scipy:scipy.integrate`):
+
+    - ``rtol``, ``atol`` : float
+      The input parameters ``rtol`` and ``atol`` determine the error
+      control performed by the solver.  The solver will control the
+      vector, `e`, of estimated local errors in `y`, according to an
+      inequality of the form:
+
+        max-norm of (e / ewt) <= 1
+
+      where ewt is a vector of positive error weights computed as:
+
+        ewt = rtol * abs(y) + atol
+
+      ``rtol`` and ``atol`` can be either vectors the same length as `y` or scalars.
+
+    - ``tcrit`` : array
+      Vector of critical points (e.g. singularities) where integration
+      care should be taken.
+
+    - ``h0`` : float, (0: solver-determined)
+      The step size to be attempted on the first step.
+
+    - ``hmax`` : float, (0: solver-determined)
+      The maximum absolute step size allowed.
+
+    - ``hmin`` : float, (0: solver-determined)
+      The minimum absolute step size allowed.
+
+    - ``ixpr`` : boolean.
+      Whether to generate extra printing at method switches.
+
+    - ``mxstep`` : integer, (0: solver-determined)
+      Maximum number of (internally defined) steps allowed for each
+      integration point in t.
+
+    - ``mxhnil`` : integer, (0: solver-determined)
+      Maximum number of messages printed.
+
+    - ``mxordn`` : integer, (0: solver-determined)
+      Maximum order to be allowed for the nonstiff (Adams) method.
+
+    - ``mxords`` : integer, (0: solver-determined)
+      Maximum order to be allowed for the stiff (BDF) method.
+
+    OUTPUT: a list with the solution of the system at each time in ``times``
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Lotka Volterra Equations::
+
+        sage: from sage.calculus.desolvers import desolve_odeint
+        sage: x,y = var('x,y')
+        sage: f = [x*(1-y), -y*(1-x)]
+        sage: sol = desolve_odeint(f, [0.5,2], srange(0,10,0.1), [x,y])                 # needs scipy
+        sage: p = line(zip(sol[:,0],sol[:,1]))                                          # needs scipy sage.plot
+        sage: p.show()                                                                  # needs scipy sage.plot
+
+    Lorenz Equations::
+
+        sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+        sage: # Next we define the parameters
+        sage: sigma = 10
+        sage: rho = 28
+        sage: beta = 8/3
+        sage: # The Lorenz equations
+        sage: lorenz = [sigma*(y-x),x*(rho-z)-y,x*y-beta*z]
+        sage: # Time and initial conditions
+        sage: times = srange(0,50.05,0.05)
+        sage: ics = [0,1,1]
+        sage: sol = desolve_odeint(lorenz, ics, times, [x,y,z],                         # needs scipy
+        ....:                      rtol=1e-13, atol=1e-14)
+
+    One-dimensional stiff system::
+
+        sage: y = var('y')
+        sage: epsilon = 0.01
+        sage: f = y^2*(1-y)
+        sage: ic = epsilon
+        sage: t = srange(0,2/epsilon,1)
+        sage: sol = desolve_odeint(f, ic, t, y,                                         # needs scipy
+        ....:                      rtol=1e-9, atol=1e-10, compute_jac=True)
+        sage: p = points(zip(t,sol[:,0]))                                               # needs scipy sage.plot
+        sage: p.show()                                                                  # needs scipy sage.plot
+
+    Another stiff system with some optional parameters with no
+    default value::
+
+        sage: y1,y2,y3 = var('y1,y2,y3')
+        sage: f1 = 77.27*(y2+y1*(1-8.375*1e-6*y1-y2))
+        sage: f2 = 1/77.27*(y3-(1+y1)*y2)
+        sage: f3 = 0.16*(y1-y3)
+        sage: f = [f1,f2,f3]
+        sage: ci = [0.2,0.4,0.7]
+        sage: t = srange(0,10,0.01)
+        sage: v = [y1,y2,y3]
+        sage: sol = desolve_odeint(f, ci, t, v, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-4,                   # needs scipy
+        ....:                      h0=0.1, hmax=1, hmin=1e-4, mxstep=1000, mxords=17)
+
+    AUTHOR:
+
+    - Oriol Castejon (05-2010)
+    """
+
+    from scipy.integrate import odeint
+
+    from sage.calculus.functions import jacobian
+    from sage.ext.fast_eval import fast_float
+
+    def desolve_odeint_inner(ivar):
+        # one-dimensional systems:
+        if len(dvars) == 1:
+            assert len(des) == 1
+            dvar = dvars[0]
+            de = des[0]
+            func = lambda y, t: fast_float(de, dvar, ivar)(y.item(), t)
+            if not compute_jac:
+                Dfun = None
+            else:
+                J = diff(de, dvar)
+                J = fast_float(J, dvar, ivar)
+
+                def Dfun(y, t):
+                    return [J(y.item(), t)]
+
+        # n-dimensional systems:
+        else:
+            variabs = dvars[:]
+            variabs.append(ivar)
+            desc = [fast_float(de, *variabs) for de in des]
+
+            def func(y, t):
+                v = list(y[:])
+                v.append(t)
+                return [dec(*v) for dec in desc]
+
+            if not compute_jac:
+                Dfun = None
+            else:
+                J = jacobian(des, dvars)
+                J = [list(v) for v in J]
+                J = fast_float(J, *variabs)
+
+                def Dfun(y, t):
+                    v = list(y[:])
+                    v.append(t)
+                    return [[element(*v) for element in row] for row in J]
+
+        return odeint(func, ics, times, args=args, Dfun=Dfun, rtol=rtol, atol=atol,
+                      tcrit=tcrit, h0=h0, hmax=hmax, hmin=hmin, ixpr=ixpr, mxstep=mxstep,
+                      mxhnil=mxhnil, mxordn=mxordn, mxords=mxords, printmessg=printmessg)
+
+    if isinstance(dvars, Expression) and dvars.is_symbol():
+        dvars = [dvars]
+
+    if not isinstance(des, (list, tuple)):
+        des = [des]
+
+    if ivar is None:
+        all_vars = set().union(*[de.variables() for de in des])
+        ivars = all_vars - set(dvars)
+
+        if len(ivars) == 1:
+            return desolve_odeint_inner(next(iter(ivars)))
+        elif not ivars:
+            from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+            with SR.temp_var() as ivar:
+                return desolve_odeint_inner(ivar)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine independent variable, please specify.")
+    return desolve_odeint_inner(ivar)
+
+
+def desolve_mintides(f, ics, initial, final, delta, tolrel=1e-16, tolabs=1e-16):
+    r"""
+    Solve numerically a system of first order differential equations using the
+    taylor series integrator implemented in mintides.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- symbolic function; its first argument will be the independent
+      variable, . Its output should be de derivatives of the dependent variables.
+
+    - ``ics`` -- list or tuple with the initial conditions
+
+    - ``initial`` -- the starting value for the independent variable
+
+    - ``final`` -- the final value for the independent value
+
+    - ``delta`` -- the size of the steps in the output
+
+    - ``tolrel`` -- the relative tolerance for the method
+
+    - ``tolabs`` -- the absolute tolerance for the method
+
+    OUTPUT: list with the positions of the IVP
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We integrate a periodic orbit of the Kepler problem along 50 periods::
+
+        sage: var('t,x,y,X,Y')
+        (t, x, y, X, Y)
+        sage: f(t,x,y,X,Y)=[X, Y, -x/(x^2+y^2)^(3/2), -y/(x^2+y^2)^(3/2)]
+        sage: ics = [0.8, 0, 0, 1.22474487139159]
+        sage: t = 100*pi
+        sage: sol = desolve_mintides(f, ics, 0, t, t, 1e-12, 1e-12) # optional -tides
+        sage: sol # optional -tides # abs tol 1e-5
+        [[0.000000000000000,
+        0.800000000000000,
+        0.000000000000000,
+        0.000000000000000,
+        1.22474487139159],
+        [314.159265358979,
+        0.800000000028622,
+        -5.91973525754241e-9,
+        7.56887091890590e-9,
+        1.22474487136329]]
+
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    Uses TIDES.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - A. Abad, R. Barrio, F. Blesa, M. Rodriguez. Algorithm 924. *ACM
+      Transactions on Mathematical Software* , *39* (1), 1-28.
+
+    - A. Abad, R. Barrio, F. Blesa, M. Rodriguez.
+      `TIDES tutorial: Integrating ODEs by using the Taylor Series Method.
+      <https://web.archive.org/web/20120206041615/http://www.unizar.es/acz/05Publicaciones/Monografias/MonografiasPublicadas/Monografia36/IndMonogr36.htm>`_
+    """
+    import subprocess
+    if subprocess.call('command -v gcc', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE):
+        raise RuntimeError('Unable to run because gcc cannot be found')
+    from sage.interfaces.tides import genfiles_mintides
+    from sage.misc.temporary_file import tmp_dir
+    tempdir = tmp_dir()
+    intfile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'integrator.c')
+    drfile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'driver.c')
+    fileoutput = os.path.join(tempdir, 'output')
+    runmefile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'runme')
+    genfiles_mintides(intfile, drfile, f, [N(_) for _ in ics],
+                      N(initial), N(final), N(delta), N(tolrel),
+                      N(tolabs), fileoutput)
+    subprocess.check_call('gcc -o ' + runmefile + ' ' + os.path.join(tempdir, '*.c ') +
+                          os.path.join('$SAGE_LOCAL', 'lib', 'libTIDES.a') + ' $LDFLAGS '
+                          + os.path.join('-L$SAGE_LOCAL', 'lib ') + ' -lm  -O2 ' +
+                          os.path.join('-I$SAGE_LOCAL', 'include '),
+                          shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    subprocess.check_call(os.path.join(tempdir, 'runme'), shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    with open(fileoutput) as outfile:
+        res = outfile.readlines()
+    for i in range(len(res)):
+        res[i] = [RealField()(_) for _ in res[i].split(' ') if len(_) > 2]
+    shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+    return res
+
+
+def desolve_tides_mpfr(f, ics, initial, final, delta, tolrel=1e-16, tolabs=1e-16, digits=50):
+    r"""
+    Solve numerically a system of first order differential equations using the
+    taylor series integrator in arbitrary precision implemented in tides.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``f`` -- symbolic function; its first argument will be the independent
+      variable. Its output should be de derivatives of the dependent variables.
+
+    - ``ics`` -- list or tuple with the initial conditions
+
+    - ``initial`` -- the starting value for the independent variable
+
+    - ``final`` -- the final value for the independent value
+
+    - ``delta`` -- the size of the steps in the output
+
+    - ``tolrel`` -- the relative tolerance for the method
+
+    - ``tolabs`` -- the absolute tolerance for the method
+
+    - ``digits`` -- the digits of precision used in the computation
+
+    OUTPUT: list with the positions of the IVP
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We integrate the Lorenz equations with Saltzman values for the parameters
+    along 10 periodic orbits with 100 digits of precision::
+
+        sage: var('t,x,y,z')
+        (t, x, y, z)
+        sage: s = 10
+        sage: r = 28
+        sage: b = 8/3
+        sage: f(t,x,y,z)= [s*(y-x),x*(r-z)-y,x*y-b*z]
+        sage: x0 = -13.7636106821342005250144010543616538641008648540923684535378642921202827747268115852940239346395038284
+        sage: y0 = -19.5787519424517955388380414460095588661142400534276438649791334295426354746147526415973165506704676171
+        sage: z0 = 27
+        sage: T = 15.586522107161747275678702092126960705284805489972439358895215783190198756258880854355851082660142374
+        sage: sol = desolve_tides_mpfr(f, [x0, y0, z0], 0, T, T, 1e-100, 1e-100, 100) # optional - tides
+        sage: sol # optional -tides # abs tol 1e-50
+        [[0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
+        -13.7636106821342005250144010543616538641008648540923684535378642921202827747268115852940239346395038,
+        -19.5787519424517955388380414460095588661142400534276438649791334295426354746147526415973165506704676,
+        27.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000],
+        [15.5865221071617472756787020921269607052848054899724393588952157831901987562588808543558510826601424,
+        -13.7636106821342005250144010543616538641008648540923684535378642921202827747268115852940239346315658,
+        -19.5787519424517955388380414460095588661142400534276438649791334295426354746147526415973165506778440,
+        26.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999636628]]
+
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    Uses TIDES.
+
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        This requires the package tides.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [ABBR2011]_
+    - [ABBR2012]_
+    """
+    import subprocess
+    if subprocess.call('command -v gcc', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE):
+        raise RuntimeError('Unable to run because gcc cannot be found')
+    from sage.functions.log import log
+    from sage.functions.other import ceil
+    from sage.interfaces.tides import genfiles_mpfr
+    from sage.misc.temporary_file import tmp_dir
+    tempdir = tmp_dir()
+    intfile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'integrator.c')
+    drfile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'driver.c')
+    fileoutput = os.path.join(tempdir, 'output')
+    runmefile = os.path.join(tempdir, 'runme')
+    genfiles_mpfr(intfile, drfile, f, ics, initial, final, delta, [], [],
+                  digits, tolrel, tolabs, fileoutput)
+    subprocess.check_call('gcc -o ' + runmefile + ' ' + os.path.join(tempdir, '*.c ') +
+                          os.path.join('$SAGE_LOCAL', 'lib', 'libTIDES.a') + ' $LDFLAGS '
+                          + os.path.join('-L$SAGE_LOCAL', 'lib ') + '-lmpfr -lgmp -lm  -O2 -w ' +
+                          os.path.join('-I$SAGE_LOCAL', 'include '),
+                          shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    subprocess.check_call(os.path.join(tempdir, 'runme'), shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    with open(fileoutput) as outfile:
+        res = outfile.readlines()
+    for i in range(len(res)):
+        res[i] = [RealField(ceil(digits * log(10, 2)))(piece)
+                  for piece in res[i].split(' ') if len(piece) > 2]
+    shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+    return res