passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/symplectic_form_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+# pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
+import pytest
+from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
+
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.sphere import Sphere
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.symplectic_space import (
+    StandardSymplecticSpace,
+)
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold import DifferentiableManifold
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield import DiffScalarField
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form import SymplecticForm
+from sage.manifolds.manifold import Manifold
+from sage.symbolic.function_factory import function
+
+
+class TestGenericSymplecticForm:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def omega(self):
+        # Generic 6-dimensional manifold
+        M = Manifold(6, "M")
+        return SymplecticForm(M, "omega")
+
+    def test_repr(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        assert (
+            str(omega)
+            == "Symplectic form omega on the 6-dimensional differentiable manifold M"
+        )
+
+    def test_new_instance_repr(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        omega1 = omega._new_instance()  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+        assert (
+            str(omega1)
+            == "Symplectic form unnamed symplectic form on the 6-dimensional differentiable manifold M"
+        )
+
+    def test_new_instance_same_type(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        omega1 = omega._new_instance()  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+        assert type(omega1) is type(omega)
+
+    def test_new_instance_same_parent(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        omega1 = omega._new_instance()  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+        assert omega1.parent() == omega.parent()
+
+    def test_init_derived_sets_poisson_tensor(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        omega._init_derived()  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+        assert omega._poisson is None  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+
+    def test_del_derived_resets_poisson_tensor(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        omega._del_derived()  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+        assert omega._poisson is None  # type: ignore reportPrivateUsage
+
+
+class TestCoherenceOfFormulas:
+    r"""
+    Test correctness of the implementation, by checking that equivalent formulas give the correct result.
+    We check it for the examples of `\R^2` and `S^2`, which should be enough.
+    """
+
+    @pytest.fixture(params=['R2', 'S2'])
+    def M(self, request: FixtureRequest):
+        if request.param == 'R2':
+            return StandardSymplecticSpace(2, 'R2', symplectic_name='omega')
+        elif request.param == 'S2':
+            # Init stereographic coordinates to get a complete atlas
+            return Sphere(2, coordinates='stereographic')
+
+    @pytest.fixture()
+    def omega(self, M):
+        if isinstance(M, StandardSymplecticSpace):
+            return M.symplectic_form()
+        else:
+            return SymplecticForm.wrap(M.metric().volume_form(), "omega")
+
+    def test_flat_of_hamiltonian_vector_field(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        H = generic_scalar_field(M, "H")
+        assert omega.flat(omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(H)) == -H.differential()
+
+    def test_hamiltonian_vector_field_contr_symplectic_form(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        H = generic_scalar_field(M, "H")
+        # X_H \lrcorner \omega + \dif H = 0
+        assert omega.contract(0, omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(H)) == -H.differential()
+
+    def test_poisson_bracket_as_contraction_symplectic_form(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        f = generic_scalar_field(M, "f")
+        g = generic_scalar_field(M, "g")
+        # {f, g} = \omega(X_f, X_g)
+        assert omega.poisson_bracket(f, g) == omega.contract(
+            0, omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(f)
+        ).contract(0, omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(g))
+
+    def test_poisson_bracket_as_contraction_poisson_tensor(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        f = generic_scalar_field(M, "f")
+        g = generic_scalar_field(M, "g")
+        # {f, g} = \pi(\dif f, \dif g)
+        assert omega.poisson_bracket(f, g) == omega.poisson().contract(
+            0, f.exterior_derivative()
+        ).contract(0, g.exterior_derivative())
+
+    def test_poisson_bracket_as_contraction_hamiltonian_vector_field(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        f = generic_scalar_field(M, "f")
+        g = generic_scalar_field(M, "g")
+        # {f, g} =  X_f (g)
+        assert omega.poisson_bracket(f, g) == omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(f)(g)
+        # {f, g} =  -X_g(f)
+        assert omega.poisson_bracket(f, g) == -omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(g)(f)
+
+    def test_poisson_bracket_as_commutator_hamiltonian_vector_fields(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        f = generic_scalar_field(M, "f")
+        g = generic_scalar_field(M, "g")
+        # [X_f, X_g] = X_{{f,g}}
+        assert omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(f).bracket(
+            omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(g)
+        ) == omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(omega.poisson_bracket(f, g))
+
+    def test_hodge_star_of_one_is_volume(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        assert M.one_scalar_field().hodge_dual(omega) == omega.volume_form()
+
+    def test_hodge_star_of_volume_is_one(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        assert omega.volume_form().hodge_dual(omega) == M.one_scalar_field()
+
+    def test_trace_of_two_form_is_given_using_contraction_with_omega(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        a = M.diff_form(2)
+        a[1,2] = 3
+        assert a.trace(using=omega) == a.up(omega, 1).trace()
+
+    def test_omega_on_forms_is_determinant_for_decomposables(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        a = M.one_form(1,2)
+        b = M.one_form(3,4)
+        c = M.one_form(5,6)
+        d = M.one_form(7,8)
+
+        assert omega.on_forms(a.wedge(b), c.wedge(d)) == omega.on_forms(a,c) * omega.on_forms(b, d) - omega.on_forms(a,d) * omega.on_forms(b,c)
+
+    def test_omega_on_one_forms_is_omega_on_dual_vectors(
+        self, M: DifferentiableManifold, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        a = M.one_form(1,2)
+        b = M.one_form(3,4)
+        assert omega.on_forms(a, b) == omega(a.up(omega), b.up(omega))
+
+
+def generic_scalar_field(M: DifferentiableManifold, name: str) -> DiffScalarField:
+    chart_functions = {chart: function(name)(*chart[:]) for chart in M.atlas()}
+    return M.scalar_field(chart_functions, name=name)
+
+
+class TestR2VectorSpace:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def M(self):
+        return StandardSymplecticSpace(2, 'R2', symplectic_name='omega')
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def omega(self, M):
+        return M.symplectic_form()
+
+    def test_display(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        assert str(omega.display()) == r"omega = -dq∧dp"
+
+    def test_poisson(self, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        # TODO: Shouldn't this be written with wedge product?
+        assert str(omega.poisson().display()) == r"poisson_omega = -e_q∧e_p"
+
+    def test_hamiltonian_vector_field(
+        self, M: StandardSymplecticSpace, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        H = generic_scalar_field(M, "H")
+        XH = omega.hamiltonian_vector_field(H)
+        assert str(XH.display()) == r"XH = d(H)/dp e_q - d(H)/dq e_p"
+
+    def test_flat(self, M: StandardSymplecticSpace, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        X = M.vector_field(1, 2, name='X')
+        assert str(X.display()) == r"X = e_q + 2 e_p"
+        assert str(omega.flat(X).display()) == r"X_flat = 2 dq - dp"
+
+    def test_hodge_star(self, M: StandardSymplecticSpace, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        # Standard basis
+        e = M.one_form(0,1, name='e')
+        f = M.one_form(1,0, name='f')
+        assert e.wedge(f) == omega
+
+        assert M.one_scalar_field().hodge_dual(omega) == omega
+        assert e.hodge_dual(omega) == e
+        assert f.hodge_dual(omega) == f
+        assert omega.hodge_dual(omega) == M.one_scalar_field()
+
+    def test_omega_on_one_forms(self, M: StandardSymplecticSpace, omega: SymplecticForm):
+        # Standard basis
+        e = M.one_form(0,1, name='e')
+        f = M.one_form(1,0, name='f')
+        assert e.wedge(f) == omega
+
+        assert omega.on_forms(e, f) == 1
+
+    def test_hodge_star_is_given_using_omega_on_forms(
+        self, M: StandardSymplecticSpace, omega: SymplecticForm
+    ):
+        a = M.one_form(1,2)
+        b = M.one_form(3,4)
+        assert a.wedge(b.hodge_dual(omega)) == omega.on_forms(a, b) * omega.volume_form()

sage/manifolds/differentiable/tangent_space.py

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+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Tangent Spaces
+
+The class :class:`TangentSpace` implements tangent vector spaces to a
+differentiable manifold.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2014-2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- Chap. 3 of [Lee2013]_
+"""
+
+#******************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#******************************************************************************
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tangent_vector import TangentVector
+from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+from sage.tensor.modules.finite_rank_free_module import FiniteRankFreeModule
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sage.manifolds.point import ManifoldPoint
+
+
+class TangentSpace(FiniteRankFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    Tangent space to a differentiable manifold at a given point.
+
+    Let `M` be a differentiable manifold of dimension `n` over a
+    topological field `K` and `p \in M`. The tangent space `T_p M` is an
+    `n`-dimensional vector space over `K` (without a distinguished basis).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`;
+      point `p` at which the tangent space is defined
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Tangent space on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+        sage: p = M.point((-1,2), name='p')
+        sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p) ; Tp
+        Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    Tangent spaces are free modules of finite rank over
+    :class:`~sage.symbolic.ring.SymbolicRing`
+    (actually vector spaces of finite dimension over the manifold base
+    field `K`, with `K=\RR` here)::
+
+        sage: Tp.base_ring()
+        Symbolic Ring
+        sage: Tp.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional vector spaces over Symbolic Ring
+        sage: Tp.rank()
+        2
+        sage: dim(Tp)
+        2
+
+    The tangent space is automatically endowed with bases deduced from the
+    vector frames around the point::
+
+        sage: Tp.bases()
+        [Basis (∂/∂x,∂/∂y) on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M]
+        sage: M.frames()
+        [Coordinate frame (M, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y))]
+
+    At this stage, only one basis has been defined in the tangent space, but
+    new bases can be added from vector frames on the manifold by means of the
+    method :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.VectorFrame.at`,
+    for instance, from the frame associated with some new coordinates::
+
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
+        sage: c_uv.frame().at(p)
+        Basis (∂/∂u,∂/∂v) on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M
+        sage: Tp.bases()
+        [Basis (∂/∂x,∂/∂y) on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M,
+         Basis (∂/∂u,∂/∂v) on the Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold M]
+
+    All the bases defined on ``Tp`` are on the same footing. Accordingly the
+    tangent space is not in the category of modules with a distinguished
+    basis::
+
+        sage: Tp in ModulesWithBasis(SR)
+        False
+
+    It is simply in the category of modules::
+
+        sage: Tp in Modules(SR)
+        True
+
+    Since the base ring is a field, it is actually in the category of
+    vector spaces::
+
+        sage: Tp in VectorSpaces(SR)
+        True
+
+    A typical element::
+
+        sage: v = Tp.an_element() ; v
+        Tangent vector at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: v.display()
+        ∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂y
+        sage: v.parent()
+        Tangent space at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    The zero vector::
+
+        sage: Tp.zero()
+        Tangent vector zero at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: Tp.zero().display()
+        zero = 0
+        sage: Tp.zero().parent()
+        Tangent space at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    Tangent spaces are unique::
+
+        sage: M.tangent_space(p) is Tp
+        True
+        sage: p1 = M.point((-1,2))
+        sage: M.tangent_space(p1) is Tp
+        True
+
+    even if points are not::
+
+        sage: p1 is p
+        False
+
+    Actually ``p1`` and ``p`` share the same tangent space because they
+    compare equal::
+
+        sage: p1 == p
+        True
+
+    The tangent-space uniqueness holds even if the points are created in
+    different coordinate systems::
+
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y))
+        sage: uv_to_xv = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: p2 = M.point((1, -3), chart=c_uv, name='p_2')
+        sage: p2 is p
+        False
+        sage: M.tangent_space(p2) is Tp
+        True
+        sage: p2 == p
+        True
+
+    An isomorphism of the tangent space with an inner product space with distinguished basis::
+
+        sage: g = M.metric('g')
+        sage: g[:] = ((1, 0), (0, 1))
+        sage: Q_Tp_xy = g[c_xy.frame(),:](*p.coordinates(c_xy)); Q_Tp_xy
+        [1 0]
+        [0 1]
+        sage: W_Tp_xy = VectorSpace(SR, 2, inner_product_matrix=Q_Tp_xy)
+        sage: Tp.bases()[0]
+        Basis (∂/∂x,∂/∂y) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: phi_Tp_xy = Tp.isomorphism_with_fixed_basis(Tp.bases()[0], codomain=W_Tp_xy)
+        sage: phi_Tp_xy
+        Generic morphism:
+         From: Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+         To:   Ambient quadratic space of dimension 2 over Symbolic Ring
+               Inner product matrix:
+               [1 0]
+               [0 1]
+
+        sage: Q_Tp_uv = g[c_uv.frame(),:](*p.coordinates(c_uv)); Q_Tp_uv
+        [1/2   0]
+        [  0 1/2]
+        sage: W_Tp_uv = VectorSpace(SR, 2, inner_product_matrix=Q_Tp_uv)
+        sage: Tp.bases()[1]
+        Basis (∂/∂u,∂/∂v) on the Tangent space at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: phi_Tp_uv = Tp.isomorphism_with_fixed_basis(Tp.bases()[1], codomain=W_Tp_uv)
+        sage: phi_Tp_uv
+        Generic morphism:
+         From: Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+         To:   Ambient quadratic space of dimension 2 over Symbolic Ring
+               Inner product matrix:
+               [1/2   0]
+               [  0 1/2]
+
+        sage: t1, t2 = Tp.tensor((1,0)), Tp.tensor((1,0))
+        sage: t1[:] = (8, 15)
+        sage: t2[:] = (47, 11)
+        sage: t1[Tp.bases()[0],:]
+        [8, 15]
+        sage: phi_Tp_xy(t1), phi_Tp_xy(t2)
+        ((8, 15), (47, 11))
+        sage: phi_Tp_xy(t1).inner_product(phi_Tp_xy(t2))
+        541
+
+        sage: Tp_xy_to_uv = M.change_of_frame(c_xy.frame(), c_uv.frame()).at(p); Tp_xy_to_uv
+        Automorphism of the Tangent space at Point p on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: Tp.set_change_of_basis(Tp.bases()[0], Tp.bases()[1], Tp_xy_to_uv)
+        sage: t1[Tp.bases()[1],:]
+        [23, -7]
+        sage: phi_Tp_uv(t1), phi_Tp_uv(t2)
+        ((23, -7), (58, 36))
+        sage: phi_Tp_uv(t1).inner_product(phi_Tp_uv(t2))
+        541
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.finite_rank_free_module.FiniteRankFreeModule`
+        for more documentation.
+    """
+    Element = TangentVector
+
+    def __init__(self, point: ManifoldPoint, base_ring=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct the tangent space at a given point.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tangent_space import TangentSpace
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((1,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = TangentSpace(p) ; Tp
+            Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: TestSuite(Tp).run()
+        """
+        manif = point._manifold
+        name = "T_{} {}".format(point._name, manif._name)
+        latex_name = r"T_{%s}\,%s" % (point._latex_name, manif._latex_name)
+        self._point = point
+        self._manif = manif
+        if base_ring is None:
+            base_ring = SR
+        FiniteRankFreeModule.__init__(self, base_ring, manif._dim, name=name,
+                                      latex_name=latex_name,
+                                      start_index=manif._sindex)
+        # Initialization of bases of the tangent space from existing vector
+        # frames around the point:
+
+        # dictionary of bases of the tangent space derived from vector
+        # frames around the point (keys: vector frames)
+        self._frame_bases = {}
+        for frame in point.parent()._top_frames:
+            # the frame is used to construct a basis of the tangent space
+            # only if it is a frame on the current manifold:
+            if frame.destination_map().is_identity():
+                if point in frame._domain:
+                    coframe = frame.coframe()
+                    basis = self.basis(frame._symbol,
+                                       latex_symbol=frame._latex_symbol,
+                                       indices=frame._indices,
+                                       latex_indices=frame._latex_indices,
+                                       symbol_dual=coframe._symbol,
+                                       latex_symbol_dual=coframe._latex_symbol)
+                    self._frame_bases[frame] = basis
+        # The basis induced by the default frame of the manifold subset
+        # in which the point has been created is declared the default
+        # basis of self:
+        def_frame = point.parent()._def_frame
+        if def_frame in self._frame_bases:
+            self._def_basis = self._frame_bases[def_frame]
+        # Initialization of the changes of bases from the existing changes of
+        # frames around the point:
+        for frame_pair, automorph in point.parent()._frame_changes.items():
+            if point in automorph.domain():
+                frame1, frame2 = frame_pair[0], frame_pair[1]
+                fr1, fr2 = None, None
+                for frame in self._frame_bases:
+                    if frame1 in frame._subframes:
+                        fr1 = frame
+                        break
+                for frame in self._frame_bases:
+                    if frame2 in frame._subframes:
+                        fr2 = frame
+                        break
+                if fr1 is not None and fr2 is not None:
+                    basis1 = self._frame_bases[fr1]
+                    basis2 = self._frame_bases[fr2]
+                    auto = self.automorphism()
+                    for frame, comp in automorph._components.items():
+                        try:
+                            basis = None
+                            if frame is frame1:
+                                basis = basis1
+                            if frame is frame2:
+                                basis = basis2
+                            if basis is not None:
+                                cauto = auto.add_comp(basis=basis)
+                                for ind, val in comp._comp.items():
+                                    cauto._comp[ind] = val(point)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            pass
+                    self._basis_changes[(basis1, basis2)] = auto
+
+    def construction(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((3,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
+            sage: Tp.construction() is None
+            True
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((3,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
+            sage: Tp
+            Tangent space at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return "Tangent space at {}".format(self._point)
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some (unnamed) vector in ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((3,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
+            sage: Tp._an_element_()
+            Tangent vector at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: Tp._an_element_().display()
+            ∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂y
+        """
+        resu = self.element_class(self)
+        if self._def_basis is not None:
+            resu.set_comp()[:] = range(1, self._rank+1)
+        return resu
+
+    def dimension(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the vector space dimension of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((1,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
+            sage: Tp.dimension()
+            2
+
+        A shortcut is ``dim()``::
+
+            sage: Tp.dim()
+            2
+
+        One can also use the global function ``dim``::
+
+            sage: dim(Tp)
+            2
+        """
+        # The dimension is the rank of self as a free module:
+        return self._rank
+
+    dim = dimension
+
+    def base_point(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the manifold point at which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: p = M.point((1,-2), name='p')
+            sage: Tp = M.tangent_space(p)
+            sage: Tp.base_point()
+            Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: Tp.base_point() is p
+            True
+        """
+        return self._point