passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp311-cp311-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/tensorfield.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4665 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Tensor Fields
+
+The class :class:`TensorField` implements tensor fields on differentiable
+manifolds. The derived class
+:class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+is devoted to tensor fields with values on parallelizable manifolds.
+
+Various derived classes of :class:`TensorField` are devoted to specific tensor
+fields:
+
+* :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield.VectorField` for vector
+  fields (rank-1 contravariant tensor fields)
+
+* :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+  for fields of tangent-space automorphisms
+
+* :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form.DiffForm` for differential
+  forms (fully antisymmetric covariant tensor fields)
+
+* :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivectorfield.MultivectorField`
+  for multivector fields (fully antisymmetric contravariant tensor fields)
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015) : initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2018): operators divergence, Laplacian and d'Alembertian;
+  method :meth:`TensorField.along`
+- Florentin Jaffredo (2018) : series expansion with respect to a given
+  parameter
+- Michael Jung (2019): improve treatment of the zero element; add method
+  :meth:`TensorField.copy_from`
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2020): add method :meth:`TensorField.apply_map`
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [KN1963]_
+- [Lee2013]_
+- [ONe1983]_
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#       Copyright (C) 2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, TypeVar, Union
+
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.structure.element import ModuleElementWithMutability
+from sage.tensor.modules.comp import CompWithSym
+from sage.tensor.modules.free_module_tensor import FreeModuleTensor
+from sage.tensor.modules.tensor_with_indices import TensorWithIndices
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map import DiffMap
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold import DifferentiableManifold
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import PseudoRiemannianMetric
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor import PoissonTensorField
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form import SymplecticForm
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module import VectorFieldModule
+    from sage.manifolds.point import ManifoldPoint
+    from sage.tensor.modules.comp import Components
+
+
+TensorType = tuple[int, int]
+T = TypeVar("T", bound='TensorField')
+
+
+class TensorField(ModuleElementWithMutability):
+    r"""
+    Tensor field along a differentiable manifold.
+
+    An instance of this class is a tensor field along a differentiable
+    manifold `U` with values on a differentiable manifold `M`, via a
+    differentiable map `\Phi: U \rightarrow M`. More precisely, given two
+    nonnegative integers `k` and `l` and a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \Phi:\ U \longrightarrow M,
+
+    a *tensor field of type* `(k,l)` *along* `U` *with values on* `M` is
+    a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        t:\ U  \longrightarrow T^{(k,l)}M
+
+    (where `T^{(k,l)}M` is the tensor bundle of type `(k,l)` over `M`) such
+    that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \forall p \in U,\ t(p) \in T^{(k,l)}(T_q M)
+
+    i.e. `t(p)` is a tensor of type `(k,l)` on the tangent space `T_q M` at
+    the point `q = \Phi(p)`, that is to say a multilinear map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        t(p):\ \underbrace{T_q^*M\times\cdots\times T_q^*M}_{k\ \; \text{times}}
+        \times \underbrace{T_q M\times\cdots\times T_q M}_{l\ \; \text{times}}
+        \longrightarrow K,
+
+    where `T_q^* M` is the dual vector space to `T_q M` and `K` is the
+    topological field over which the manifold `M` is defined. The integer `k+l`
+    is called the *tensor rank*.
+
+    The standard case of a tensor
+    field *on* a differentiable manifold corresponds to `U=M` and
+    `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`. Other common cases are `\Phi` being an
+    immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M` (`U` is then an open interval
+    of `\RR`).
+
+    If `M` is parallelizable, the class
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+    should be used instead.
+
+    This is a Sage *element* class, the corresponding *parent* class being
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module.TensorFieldModule`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vector_field_module`` -- module `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of vector
+      fields along `U` associated with the map `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` (cf.
+      :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`)
+    - ``tensor_type`` -- pair `(k,l)` with `k` being the contravariant rank
+      and `l` the covariant rank
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the tensor field
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the tensor
+      field; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+    - ``sym`` -- (default: ``None``) a symmetry or a list of symmetries among
+      the tensor arguments: each symmetry is described by a tuple containing
+      the positions of the involved arguments, with the convention
+      ``position = 0`` for the first argument; for instance:
+
+      * ``sym = (0,1)`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 2nd arguments
+      * ``sym = [(0,2), (1,3,4)]`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 3rd
+        arguments and a symmetry between the 2nd, 4th and 5th arguments.
+
+    - ``antisym`` -- (default: ``None``) antisymmetry or list of antisymmetries
+      among the arguments, with the same convention as for ``sym``
+    - ``parent`` -- (default: ``None``) some specific parent (e.g. exterior
+      power for differential forms); if ``None``,
+      ``vector_field_module.tensor_module(k,l)`` is used
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Tensor field of type (0,2) on the sphere `S^2`::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+        ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+        sage: t = M.tensor_field(0,2, name='t') ; t
+        Tensor field t of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold S^2
+        sage: t.parent()
+        Module T^(0,2)(S^2) of type-(0,2) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: t.parent().category()
+        Category of tensor products of modules over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields
+         on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+
+    The parent of `t` is not a free module, for the sphere `S^2` is not
+    parallelizable::
+
+        sage: isinstance(t.parent(), FiniteRankFreeModule)
+        False
+
+    To fully define `t`, we have to specify its components in some vector
+    frames defined on subsets of `S^2`; let us start by the open subset `U`::
+
+        sage: eU = c_xy.frame()
+        sage: t[eU,:] = [[1,0], [-2,3]]
+        sage: t.display(eU)
+        t = dx⊗dx - 2 dy⊗dx + 3 dy⊗dy
+
+    To set the components of `t` on `V` consistently, we copy the expressions
+    of the components in the common subset `W`::
+
+        sage: eV = c_uv.frame()
+        sage: eVW = eV.restrict(W)
+        sage: c_uvW = c_uv.restrict(W)
+        sage: t[eV,0,0] = t[eVW,0,0,c_uvW].expr()  # long time
+        sage: t[eV,0,1] = t[eVW,0,1,c_uvW].expr()  # long time
+        sage: t[eV,1,0] = t[eVW,1,0,c_uvW].expr()  # long time
+        sage: t[eV,1,1] = t[eVW,1,1,c_uvW].expr()  # long time
+
+    Actually, the above operation can be performed in a single line by means
+    of the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField.add_comp_by_continuation`::
+
+        sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)  # long time
+
+    At this stage, `t` is fully defined, having components in frames eU and eV
+    and the union of the domains of eU and eV being the whole manifold::
+
+        sage: t.display(eV)  # long time
+        t = (u^4 - 4*u^3*v + 10*u^2*v^2 + 4*u*v^3 + v^4)/(u^8 + 4*u^6*v^2 + 6*u^4*v^4 + 4*u^2*v^6 + v^8) du⊗du
+         - 4*(u^3*v + 2*u^2*v^2 - u*v^3)/(u^8 + 4*u^6*v^2 + 6*u^4*v^4 + 4*u^2*v^6 + v^8) du⊗dv
+         + 2*(u^4 - 2*u^3*v - 2*u^2*v^2 + 2*u*v^3 + v^4)/(u^8 + 4*u^6*v^2 + 6*u^4*v^4 + 4*u^2*v^6 + v^8) dv⊗du
+         + (3*u^4 + 4*u^3*v - 2*u^2*v^2 - 4*u*v^3 + 3*v^4)/(u^8 + 4*u^6*v^2 + 6*u^4*v^4 + 4*u^2*v^6 + v^8) dv⊗dv
+
+    Let us consider two vector fields, `a` and `b`, on `S^2`::
+
+        sage: a = M.vector_field({eU: [-y, x]}, name='a')
+        sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = -v ∂/∂u + u ∂/∂v
+        sage: b = M.vector_field({eU: [y, -1]}, name='b')
+        sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+        sage: b.display(eV)
+        b = ((2*u + 1)*v^3 + (2*u^3 - u^2)*v)/(u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂u
+         - (u^4 - v^4 + 2*u*v^2)/(u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂v
+
+    As a tensor field of type `(0,2)`, `t` acts on the pair `(a,b)`,
+    resulting in a scalar field::
+
+        sage: f = t(a,b); f
+        Scalar field t(a,b) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: f.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): S^2 → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - y^2 - 3*x
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ -(3*u^3 + (3*u + 1)*v^2 + 2*u*v)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)
+
+    The vectors can be defined only on subsets of `S^2`, the domain of the
+    result is then the common subset::
+
+        sage: # long time
+        sage: s = t(a.restrict(U), b) ; s
+        Scalar field t(a,b) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: s.display()
+        t(a,b): U → ℝ
+           (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - y^2 - 3*x
+        on W: (u, v) ↦ -(3*u^3 + (3*u + 1)*v^2 + 2*u*v)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)
+        sage: s = t(a.restrict(U), b.restrict(W)) ; s
+        Scalar field t(a,b) on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: s.display()
+        t(a,b): W → ℝ
+           (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - y^2 - 3*x
+           (u, v) ↦ -(3*u^3 + (3*u + 1)*v^2 + 2*u*v)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)
+
+    The tensor itself can be defined only on some open subset of `S^2`,
+    yielding a result whose domain is this subset::
+
+        sage: s = t.restrict(V)(a,b); s  # long time
+        Scalar field t(a,b) on the Open subset V of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: s.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): V → ℝ
+           (u, v) ↦ -(3*u^3 + (3*u + 1)*v^2 + 2*u*v)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)
+        on W: (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - y^2 - 3*x
+
+    Tests regarding the multiplication by a scalar field::
+
+        sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2),
+        ....:                     c_uv: (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)}, name='f')
+        sage: t.parent().base_ring() is f.parent()
+        True
+        sage: s = f*t; s  # long time
+        Tensor field f*t of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold S^2
+        sage: s[[0,0]] == f*t[[0,0]]  # long time
+        True
+        sage: s.restrict(U) == f.restrict(U) * t.restrict(U)  # long time
+        True
+        sage: s = f*t.restrict(U); s
+        Tensor field f*t of type (0,2) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: s.restrict(U) == f.restrict(U) * t.restrict(U)
+        True
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Same examples with SymPy as the symbolic engine
+
+    From now on, we ask that all symbolic calculus on manifold `M` are
+    performed by SymPy::
+
+        sage: M.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+
+    We define the tensor `t` as above::
+
+        sage: t = M.tensor_field(0, 2, {eU:  [[1,0], [-2,3]]}, name='t')
+        sage: t.display(eU)
+        t = dx⊗dx - 2 dy⊗dx + 3 dy⊗dy
+        sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)  # long time
+        sage: t.display(eV)  # long time
+        t = (u**4 - 4*u**3*v + 10*u**2*v**2 + 4*u*v**3 + v**4)/(u**8 +
+         4*u**6*v**2 + 6*u**4*v**4 + 4*u**2*v**6 + v**8) du⊗du +
+         4*u*v*(-u**2 - 2*u*v + v**2)/(u**8 + 4*u**6*v**2 + 6*u**4*v**4
+         + 4*u**2*v**6 + v**8) du⊗dv + 2*(u**4 - 2*u**3*v - 2*u**2*v**2
+         + 2*u*v**3 + v**4)/(u**8 + 4*u**6*v**2 + 6*u**4*v**4 +
+         4*u**2*v**6 + v**8) dv⊗du + (3*u**4 + 4*u**3*v - 2*u**2*v**2 -
+         4*u*v**3 + 3*v**4)/(u**8 + 4*u**6*v**2 + 6*u**4*v**4 +
+         4*u**2*v**6 + v**8) dv⊗dv
+
+    The default coordinate representations of tensor components are now
+    SymPy objects::
+
+        sage: t[eV,1,1,c_uv].expr() # long time
+        (3*u**4 + 4*u**3*v - 2*u**2*v**2 - 4*u*v**3 + 3*v**4)/(u**8 +
+         4*u**6*v**2 + 6*u**4*v**4 + 4*u**2*v**6 + v**8)
+        sage: type(t[eV,1,1,c_uv].expr()) # long time
+        <class 'sympy.core.mul.Mul'>
+
+    Let us consider two vector fields, `a` and `b`, on `S^2`::
+
+        sage: a = M.vector_field({eU: [-y, x]}, name='a')
+        sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+        sage: a.display(eV)
+        a = -v ∂/∂u + u ∂/∂v
+        sage: b = M.vector_field({eU: [y, -1]}, name='b')
+        sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+        sage: b.display(eV)
+        b = v*(2*u**3 - u**2 + 2*u*v**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2) ∂/∂u
+            + (-u**4 - 2*u*v**2 + v**4)/(u**2 + v**2) ∂/∂v
+
+    As a tensor field of type `(0,2)`, `t` acts on the pair `(a,b)`,
+    resulting in a scalar field::
+
+        sage: f = t(a,b)
+        sage: f.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): S^2 → ℝ
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - 3*x - y**2
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (-3*u**3 - 3*u*v**2 - 2*u*v - v**2)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)
+
+    The vectors can be defined only on subsets of `S^2`, the domain of the
+    result is then the common subset::
+
+        sage: s = t(a.restrict(U), b)
+        sage: s.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): U → ℝ
+           (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - 3*x - y**2
+        on W: (u, v) ↦ (-3*u**3 - 3*u*v**2 - 2*u*v - v**2)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)
+        sage: s = t(a.restrict(U), b.restrict(W))  # long time
+        sage: s.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): W → ℝ
+           (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - 3*x - y**2
+           (u, v) ↦ (-3*u**3 - 3*u*v**2 - 2*u*v - v**2)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)
+
+    The tensor itself can be defined only on some open subset of `S^2`,
+    yielding a result whose domain is this subset::
+
+        sage: s = t.restrict(V)(a,b)  # long time
+        sage: s.display()  # long time
+        t(a,b): V → ℝ
+           (u, v) ↦ (-3*u**3 - 3*u*v**2 - 2*u*v - v**2)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)
+        on W: (x, y) ↦ -2*x*y - 3*x - y**2
+
+    Tests regarding the multiplication by a scalar field::
+
+        sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2),
+        ....:                     c_uv: (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)}, name='f')
+        sage: s = f*t # long time
+        sage: s[[0,0]] == f*t[[0,0]]  # long time
+        True
+        sage: s.restrict(U) == f.restrict(U) * t.restrict(U)  # long time
+        True
+        sage: s = f*t.restrict(U)
+        sage: s.restrict(U) == f.restrict(U) * t.restrict(U)
+        True
+
+    Notice that the zero tensor field is immutable, and therefore its
+    components cannot be changed::
+
+        sage: zer = M.tensor_field_module((1, 1)).zero()
+        sage: zer.is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: zer.set_comp()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+         changed
+
+    Other tensor fields can be declared immutable, too::
+
+        sage: t.is_immutable()
+        False
+        sage: t.set_immutable()
+        sage: t.is_immutable()
+        True
+        sage: t.set_comp()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+         changed
+        sage: t.set_name('b')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the name of an immutable element cannot be changed
+    """
+
+    _name: Optional[str]
+    _latex_name: Optional[str]
+    _vmodule: VectorFieldModule
+    _domain: DifferentiableManifold
+    _ambient_domain: DifferentiableManifold
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vector_field_module: VectorFieldModule,
+        tensor_type: TensorType,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        latex_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        sym=None,
+        antisym=None,
+        parent=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a tensor field.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Construction via ``parent.element_class``, and not via a direct call
+        to ``TensorField``, to fit with the category framework::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:          intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:          restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: T02 = M.tensor_field_module((0,2))
+            sage: t = T02.element_class(XM, (0,2), name='t'); t
+            Tensor field t of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[1+x^2, x*y], [0, 1+y^2]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = (x^2 + 1) dx⊗dx + x*y dx⊗dy + (y^2 + 1) dy⊗dy
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (3/16*u^2 + 1/16*v^2 + 1/2) du⊗du
+             + (-1/16*u^2 + 1/4*u*v + 1/16*v^2) du⊗dv
+             + (1/16*u^2 + 1/4*u*v - 1/16*v^2) dv⊗du
+             + (1/16*u^2 + 3/16*v^2 + 1/2) dv⊗dv
+            sage: TestSuite(t).run(skip='_test_pickling')
+
+        Construction with ``DifferentiableManifold.tensor_field``::
+
+            sage: t1 = M.tensor_field(0, 2, name='t'); t1
+            Tensor field t of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: type(t1) == type(t)
+            True
+        """
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = vector_field_module.tensor_module(*tensor_type)
+        ModuleElementWithMutability.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._vmodule = vector_field_module
+        self._tensor_type = tuple(tensor_type)
+        self._tensor_rank = self._tensor_type[0] + self._tensor_type[1]
+        self._is_zero = False
+        # a priori, may be changed below or via  method __bool__()
+
+        self._name = name
+        if latex_name is None:
+            self._latex_name = self._name
+        else:
+            self._latex_name = latex_name
+        self._domain = vector_field_module._domain
+        self._ambient_domain = vector_field_module._ambient_domain
+
+        self._extensions_graph = {self._domain: self}
+                    # dict. of known extensions of self on bigger domains,
+                    # including self, with domains as keys. Its elements can be
+                    # seen as incoming edges on a graph.
+        self._restrictions_graph = {self._domain: self}
+                    # dict. of known restrictions of self on smaller domains,
+                    # including self, with domains as keys. Its elements can be
+                    # seen as outgoing edges on a graph.
+
+        self._restrictions = {} # dict. of restrictions of self on subdomains
+                                # of self._domain, with the subdomains as keys
+        # Treatment of symmetry declarations:
+        self._sym, self._antisym = CompWithSym._canonicalize_sym_antisym(
+            self._tensor_rank, sym, antisym)
+        # Initialization of derived quantities:
+        self._init_derived()
+
+    # ###### Required methods for ModuleElement (beside arithmetic) #######
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` is nonzero and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        This method is called by :meth:`is_zero`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Tensor field defined by parts on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: c_xy.<x, y> = U.chart()
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_uv.<u, v> = V.chart()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: tu = U.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: tv = V.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: tu[0,0,0] = 0
+            sage: tv[0,0,0] = 0
+            sage: t.set_restriction(tv)
+            sage: t.set_restriction(tu)
+            sage: bool(t)
+            False
+            sage: t.is_zero()  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: tv[0,0,0] = 1
+            sage: t.set_restriction(tv)
+            sage: bool(t)
+            True
+            sage: t.is_zero()  # indirect doctest
+            False
+        """
+        if self._is_zero:
+            return False
+        if any(bool(rst) for rst in self._restrictions.values()):
+            self._is_zero = False
+            return True
+        self._is_zero = True
+        return False
+
+    # #### End of required methods for ModuleElement (beside arithmetic) #####
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t
+            Tensor field t of type (1,3) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        # Special cases
+        if self._tensor_type == (0,2) and self._sym == ((0,1),):
+            description = "Field of symmetric bilinear forms "
+            if self._name is not None:
+                description += self._name + " "
+        else:
+            # Generic case
+            description = "Tensor field "
+            if self._name is not None:
+                description += self._name + " "
+            description += "of type ({},{}) ".format(
+                                    self._tensor_type[0], self._tensor_type[1])
+        return self._final_repr(description)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t._latex_()
+            't'
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t', latex_name=r'\tau')
+            sage: latex(t)
+            \tau
+        """
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            return r'\text{' + str(self) + r'}'
+        else:
+            return self._latex_name
+
+    def set_name(self, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None):
+        r"""
+        Set (or change) the text name and LaTeX name of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``None``); name given to the tensor
+          field
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the tensor field; if ``None`` while ``name`` is provided, the LaTeX
+          symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3); t
+            Tensor field of type (1,3) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: t.set_name(name='t')
+            sage: t
+            Tensor field t of type (1,3) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: latex(t)
+            t
+            sage: t.set_name(latex_name=r'\tau')
+            sage: latex(t)
+            \tau
+            sage: t.set_name(name='a')
+            sage: t
+            Tensor field a of type (1,3) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: latex(t)
+            a
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the name of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        if name is not None:
+            self._name = name
+            if latex_name is None:
+                self._latex_name = self._name
+        if latex_name is not None:
+            self._latex_name = latex_name
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            rst.set_name(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def _new_instance(self):
+        r"""
+        Create an instance of the same class as ``self`` on the same
+        vector field module, with the same tensor type and same symmetries
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t1 = t._new_instance(); t1
+            Tensor field of type (1,3) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: type(t1) == type(t)
+            True
+            sage: t1.parent() is t.parent()
+            True
+        """
+        return type(self)(self._vmodule, self._tensor_type, sym=self._sym,
+                          antisym=self._antisym, parent=self.parent())
+
+    def _final_repr(self, description: str) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Part of string representation common to all derived classes of
+        :class:`TensorField`.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t._final_repr('Tensor field t ')
+            'Tensor field t on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+        """
+        if self._domain == self._ambient_domain:
+            description += "on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += "along the {} ".format(self._domain) + \
+                           "with values on the {}".format(self._ambient_domain)
+        return description
+
+    def _init_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t._init_derived()
+        """
+        self._lie_derivatives = {} # dict. of Lie derivatives of self (keys: id(vector))
+
+    def _del_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Delete the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 3, name='t')
+            sage: t._del_derived()
+        """
+        # First deletes any reference to self in the vectors' dictionaries:
+        for val in self._lie_derivatives.values():
+            del val[0]._lie_der_along_self[id(self)]
+        # Then clears the dictionary of Lie derivatives
+        self._lie_derivatives.clear()
+
+    def _del_restrictions(self):
+        r"""
+        Delete the restrictions defined on ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: x<0})
+            sage: h = t.restrict(U)
+            sage: t._restrictions
+            {Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M:
+             Tensor field of type (1,2) on the Open subset U of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M}
+            sage: t._del_restrictions()
+            sage: t._restrictions
+            {}
+        """
+        self._restrictions.clear()
+        self._extensions_graph = {self._domain: self}
+        self._restrictions_graph = {self._domain: self}
+
+    def _init_components(self, *comp, **kwargs):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the tensor field components in some given vector frames.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``comp`` -- either the components of the tensor field with respect
+          to the vector frame specified by the argument ``frame`` or a
+          dictionary of components, the keys of which are vector frames or
+          pairs ``(f,c)`` where ``f`` is a vector frame and ``c`` a chart
+        - ``frame`` -- (default: ``None``; unused if ``comp`` is a dictionary)
+          vector frame in which the components are given; if ``None``, the
+          default vector frame on the domain of ``self`` is assumed
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``; unused if ``comp`` is a dictionary)
+          coordinate chart in which the components are expressed; if ``None``,
+          the default chart on the domain of ``frame`` is assumed
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t._init_components([[1+x, x*y], [-2, y^2]])
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = (x + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂x⊗dy - 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + y^2 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: t._init_components([[2*u, 3*v], [u+v, -u]], frame=Y.frame(),
+            ....:                    chart=Y)
+            sage: t.display(Y)
+            t = 2*u ∂/∂u⊗du + 3*v ∂/∂u⊗dv + (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du - u ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: t._init_components({X.frame(): [[2*x, 1-y],[0, x]]})
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = 2*x ∂/∂x⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy + x ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: t._init_components({(Y.frame(), Y): [[2*u, 0],[v^3, u+v]]})
+            sage: t.display(Y)
+            t = 2*u ∂/∂u⊗du + v^3 ∂/∂v⊗du + (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`29639` is fixed::
+
+            sage: v = M.vector_field()
+            sage: v._init_components(1/2, -1)
+            sage: v.display()
+            1/2 ∂/∂x - ∂/∂y
+        """
+        comp0 = comp[0]
+        self._is_zero = False  # a priori
+        if isinstance(comp0, dict):
+            for frame, components in comp0.items():
+                chart = None
+                if isinstance(frame, tuple):
+                    # frame is actually a pair (frame, chart):
+                    frame, chart = frame
+                self.add_comp(frame)[:, chart] = components
+        elif isinstance(comp0, str):
+            # For compatibility with previous use of tensor_field():
+            self.set_name(comp0)
+        else:
+            if hasattr(comp0, '__len__') and hasattr(comp0, '__getitem__'):
+                # comp0 is a list/vector of components
+                # otherwise comp is the tuple of components in a specific frame
+                comp = comp0
+            frame = kwargs.get('frame')
+            chart = kwargs.get('chart')
+            self.add_comp(frame)[:, chart] = comp
+
+    #### Simple accessors ####
+
+    def domain(self) -> DifferentiableManifold:
+        r"""
+        Return the manifold on which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of class
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2)
+            sage: t.domain()
+            2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: x<0})
+            sage: h = t.restrict(U)
+            sage: h.domain()
+            Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def base_module(self) -> VectorFieldModule:
+        r"""
+        Return the vector field module on which ``self`` acts as a tensor.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module.VectorFieldModule`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The module of vector fields on the 2-sphere as a "base module"::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(0,2)
+            sage: t.base_module()
+            Module X(S^2) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold S^2
+            sage: t.base_module() is M.vector_field_module()
+            True
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.an_element().base_module() is XM
+            True
+        """
+        return self._vmodule
+
+    def tensor_type(self) -> TensorType:
+        r"""
+        Return the tensor type of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - pair `(k,l)`, where `k` is the contravariant rank and `l` is
+          the covariant rank
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2)
+            sage: t.tensor_type()
+            (1, 2)
+            sage: v = M.vector_field()
+            sage: v.tensor_type()
+            (1, 0)
+        """
+        return self._tensor_type
+
+    def tensor_rank(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the tensor rank of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - integer `k+l`, where `k` is the contravariant rank and `l` is
+          the covariant rank
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2)
+            sage: t.tensor_rank()
+            3
+            sage: v = M.vector_field()
+            sage: v.tensor_rank()
+            1
+        """
+        return self._tensor_rank
+
+    def symmetries(self):
+        r"""
+        Print the list of symmetries and antisymmetries.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2')
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2)
+            sage: t.symmetries()
+            no symmetry;  no antisymmetry
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,2, sym=(1,2))
+            sage: t.symmetries()
+            symmetry: (1, 2);  no antisymmetry
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(2,2, sym=(0,1), antisym=(2,3))
+            sage: t.symmetries()
+            symmetry: (0, 1);  antisymmetry: (2, 3)
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(2,2, antisym=[(0,1),(2,3)])
+            sage: t.symmetries()
+            no symmetry;  antisymmetries: [(0, 1), (2, 3)]
+        """
+        if not self._sym:
+            s = "no symmetry; "
+        elif len(self._sym) == 1:
+            s = "symmetry: {}; ".format(self._sym[0])
+        else:
+            s = "symmetries: {}; ".format(list(self._sym))
+        if not self._antisym:
+            a = "no antisymmetry"
+        elif len(self._antisym) == 1:
+            a = "antisymmetry: {}".format(self._antisym[0])
+        else:
+            a = "antisymmetries: {}".format(list(self._antisym))
+        print(s + a)
+
+    #### End of simple accessors #####
+
+    def set_immutable(self):
+        r"""
+        Set ``self`` and all restrictions of ``self`` immutable.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<1})
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, [[1+y,x], [0,x+y]], name='a')
+            sage: aU = a.restrict(U)
+            sage: a.set_immutable()
+            sage: aU.is_immutable()
+            True
+        """
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            rst.set_immutable()
+        super().set_immutable()
+
+    def set_restriction(self, rst: TensorField):
+        r"""
+        Define a restriction of ``self`` to some subdomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``rst`` -- :class:`TensorField` of the same type and symmetries
+          as the current tensor field ``self``, defined on a subdomain of
+          the domain of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: s = U.tensor_field(1, 2)
+            sage: s[0,0,1] = x+y
+            sage: t.set_restriction(s)
+            sage: t.display(c_xy.frame())
+            t = (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx⊗dy
+            sage: t.restrict(U) == s
+            True
+
+        If the restriction is defined on the very same domain, the tensor field
+        becomes a copy of it (see :meth:`copy_from`)::
+
+            sage: v = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='v')
+            sage: v.set_restriction(t)
+            sage: v.restrict(U) == t.restrict(U)
+            True
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the restrictions of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        if not isinstance(rst, TensorField):
+            raise TypeError("the argument must be a tensor field")
+        if not rst._domain.is_subset(self._domain):
+            raise ValueError("the domain of the declared restriction is not " +
+                             "a subset of the field's domain")
+        if not rst._ambient_domain.is_subset(self._ambient_domain):
+            raise ValueError("the ambient domain of the declared " +
+                             "restriction is not a subset of the " +
+                             "field's ambient domain")
+        if rst._tensor_type != self._tensor_type:
+            raise ValueError("the declared restriction has not the same " +
+                             "tensor type as the current tensor field")
+        if rst._tensor_type != self._tensor_type:
+            raise ValueError("the declared restriction has not the same " +
+                             "tensor type as the current tensor field")
+        if rst._sym != self._sym:
+            raise ValueError("the declared restriction has not the same " +
+                             "symmetries as the current tensor field")
+        if rst._antisym != self._antisym:
+            raise ValueError("the declared restriction has not the same " +
+                             "antisymmetries as the current tensor field")
+        if self._domain is rst._domain:
+            self.copy_from(rst)
+        else:
+            self._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst.copy(name=self._name,
+                                                       latex_name=self._latex_name)
+        self._is_zero = False  # a priori
+
+    def restrict(
+        self: T, subdomain: DifferentiableManifold, dest_map: Optional[DiffMap] = None
+    ) -> T:
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to some subdomain.
+
+        If the restriction has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdomain`` --
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`;
+          open subset `U` of the tensor field domain `S`
+        - ``dest_map`` --
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`
+          (default: ``None``); destination map `\Psi:\ U \rightarrow V`,
+          where `V` is an open subset of the manifold `M` where the tensor
+          field takes it values; if ``None``, the restriction of `\Phi`
+          to `U` is used, `\Phi` being the differentiable map
+          `S \rightarrow M` associated with the tensor field
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`TensorField` representing the restriction
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Restrictions of a vector field on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of the North pole
+            sage: stereoN.<x,y> = U.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: eN = stereoN.frame() # the associated vector frame
+            sage: V =  M.open_subset('V') # the complement of the South pole
+            sage: stereoS.<u,v> = V.chart()  # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: eS = stereoS.frame() # the associated vector frame
+            sage: transf = stereoN.transition_map(stereoS, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:               intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:               restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse() # transformation from stereoS to stereoN
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V) # the complement of the North and South poles
+            sage: stereoN_W = W.atlas()[0]  # restriction of stereographic coord. from North pole to W
+            sage: stereoS_W = W.atlas()[1]  # restriction of stereographic coord. from South pole to W
+            sage: eN_W = stereoN_W.frame() ; eS_W = stereoS_W.frame()
+            sage: v = M.vector_field({eN: [1, 0]}, name='v')
+            sage: v.display()
+            v = ∂/∂x
+            sage: vU = v.restrict(U) ; vU
+            Vector field v on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: vU.display()
+            v = ∂/∂x
+            sage: vU == eN[1]
+            True
+            sage: vW = v.restrict(W) ; vW
+            Vector field v on the Open subset W of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: vW.display()
+            v = ∂/∂x
+            sage: vW.display(eS_W, stereoS_W)
+            v = (-u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂u - 2*u*v ∂/∂v
+            sage: vW == eN_W[1]
+            True
+
+        At this stage, defining the restriction of ``v`` to the open
+        subset ``V`` fully specifies ``v``::
+
+            sage: v.restrict(V)[1] = vW[eS_W, 1, stereoS_W].expr()  # note that eS is the default frame on V
+            sage: v.restrict(V)[2] = vW[eS_W, 2, stereoS_W].expr()
+            sage: v.display(eS, stereoS)
+            v = (-u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂u - 2*u*v ∂/∂v
+            sage: v.restrict(U).display()
+            v = ∂/∂x
+            sage: v.restrict(V).display()
+            v = (-u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂u - 2*u*v ∂/∂v
+
+        The restriction of the vector field to its own domain is of course
+        itself::
+
+            sage: v.restrict(M) is v
+            True
+            sage: vU.restrict(U) is vU
+            True
+        """
+        if (subdomain == self._domain
+                and (dest_map is None or dest_map == self._vmodule._dest_map)):
+            return self
+        if subdomain not in self._restrictions:
+            if not subdomain.is_subset(self._domain):
+                raise ValueError("the provided domain is not a subset of " +
+                                 "the field's domain")
+            if dest_map is None:
+                dest_map = self._vmodule._dest_map.restrict(subdomain)
+            elif not dest_map._codomain.is_subset(self._ambient_domain):
+                raise ValueError("the argument 'dest_map' is not compatible " +
+                                 "with the ambient domain of " +
+                                 "the {}".format(self))
+            # First one tries to get the restriction from a tighter domain:
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if subdomain.is_subset(dom) and subdomain in rst._restrictions:
+                    res = rst._restrictions[subdomain]
+                    self._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                    self._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+                    res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+                    for ext in self._extensions_graph.values():
+                        ext._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                        ext._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+                    return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if subdomain.is_subset(dom) and dom is not self._domain:
+                    self._restrictions[subdomain] = rst.restrict(subdomain)
+                    self._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = rst.restrict(subdomain)
+                    return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+            # Secondly one tries to get the restriction from one previously
+            # defined on a larger domain:
+            for dom, ext in self._extensions_graph.items():
+                if subdomain in ext._restrictions:
+                    res = ext._restrictions_graph[subdomain]
+                    self._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                    self._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+                    res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+                    for ext in self._extensions_graph.values():
+                        ext._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                        ext._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+                    return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+            # If this fails, the restriction is created from scratch:
+            smodule = subdomain.vector_field_module(dest_map=dest_map)
+            res = smodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, name=self._name,
+                                 latex_name=self._latex_name, sym=self._sym,
+                                 antisym=self._antisym,
+                                 specific_type=type(self))
+            res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+            for dom, ext in self._extensions_graph.items():
+                ext._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                ext._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if dom.is_subset(subdomain):
+                    if rst is not res:
+                        res._restrictions.update(rst._restrictions)
+                    res._restrictions_graph.update(rst._restrictions_graph)
+                    rst._extensions_graph.update(res._extensions_graph)
+            if self.is_immutable():
+                res.set_immutable()  # restrictions must be immutable, too
+            self._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+            self._restrictions_graph[subdomain] = res
+            res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+
+        return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+    def _set_comp_unsafe(self, basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` in a given vector frame
+        for assignment. This private method invokes no security check. Use
+        this method at your own risk.
+
+        The components with respect to other frames having the same domain
+        as the provided vector frame are deleted, in order to avoid any
+        inconsistency. To keep them, use the method :meth:`_add_comp_unsafe`
+        instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame in which the
+          components are defined; if none is provided, the components are
+          assumed to refer to the tensor field domain's default frame
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given frame, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`; if such
+          components did not exist previously, they are created
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: t._set_comp_unsafe(e_uv)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: t._set_comp_unsafe(e_uv)[1,0,1] = u+v
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame (``e``)::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: t._set_comp_unsafe(e)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: t._set_comp_unsafe(e)[0,1,1] = u*v
+            sage: t.display(e)
+            t = u*v e_0⊗e^1⊗e^1
+
+        Since the frames ``e`` and ``e_uv`` are defined on the same domain, the
+        components w.r.t. ``e_uv`` have been erased::
+
+            sage: t.display(c_uv.frame())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: no basis could be found for computing the components
+             in the Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+        """
+        if basis is None:
+            basis = self._domain._def_frame
+        self._del_derived() # deletes the derived quantities
+        rst = self.restrict(basis._domain, dest_map=basis._dest_map)
+        return rst._set_comp_unsafe(basis)
+
+    def set_comp(self, basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` in a given vector frame
+        for assignment.
+
+        The components with respect to other frames having the same domain
+        as the provided vector frame are deleted, in order to avoid any
+        inconsistency. To keep them, use the method :meth:`add_comp` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame in which the
+          components are defined; if none is provided, the components are
+          assumed to refer to the tensor field domain's default frame
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given frame, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`; if such
+          components did not exist previously, they are created
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: t.set_comp(e_uv)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: t.set_comp(e_uv)[1,0,1] = u+v
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame (``e``)::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: t.set_comp(e)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: t.set_comp(e)[0,1,1] = u*v
+            sage: t.display(e)
+            t = u*v e_0⊗e^1⊗e^1
+
+        Since the frames ``e`` and ``e_uv`` are defined on the same domain, the
+        components w.r.t. ``e_uv`` have been erased::
+
+            sage: t.display(c_uv.frame())
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: no basis could be found for computing the components
+             in the Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+
+        Since zero is an immutable, its components cannot be changed::
+
+            sage: z = M.tensor_field_module((1, 1)).zero()
+            sage: z.set_comp(e)[0,1] = u*v
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+             changed
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the components of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        self._is_zero = False  # a priori
+        if basis is None:
+            basis = self._domain._def_frame
+        self._del_derived() # deletes the derived quantities
+        rst = self.restrict(basis._domain, dest_map=basis._dest_map)
+        return rst.set_comp(basis=basis)
+
+    def _add_comp_unsafe(self, basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` in a given vector frame
+        for assignment. This private method invokes no security check. Use
+        this method at your own risk.
+
+        The components with respect to other frames having the same domain
+        as the provided vector frame are kept. To delete them, use the
+        method :meth:`_set_comp_unsafe` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame in which the
+          components are defined; if ``None``, the components are assumed
+          to refer to the tensor field domain's default frame
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given frame, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`; if such
+          components did not exist previously, they are created
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: t._add_comp_unsafe(e_uv)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: t._add_comp_unsafe(e_uv)[1,0,1] = u+v
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: t._add_comp_unsafe(e)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: t._add_comp_unsafe(e)[0,1,1] = u*v
+            sage: t.display(e)
+            t = u*v e_0⊗e^1⊗e^1
+
+        The components with respect to ``e_uv`` are kept::
+
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+        """
+        if basis is None:
+            basis = self._domain._def_frame
+        self._del_derived() # deletes the derived quantities
+        rst = self.restrict(basis._domain, dest_map=basis._dest_map)
+        return rst._add_comp_unsafe(basis)
+
+    def add_comp(self, basis=None) -> Components:
+        r"""
+        Return the components of ``self`` in a given vector frame
+        for assignment.
+
+        The components with respect to other frames having the same domain
+        as the provided vector frame are kept. To delete them, use the
+        method :meth:`set_comp` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame in which the
+          components are defined; if ``None``, the components are assumed
+          to refer to the tensor field domain's default frame
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the given frame, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`; if such
+          components did not exist previously, they are created
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 2, name='t')
+            sage: t.add_comp(e_uv)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: t.add_comp(e_uv)[1,0,1] = u+v
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+
+        Setting the components in a new frame::
+
+            sage: e = V.vector_frame('e')
+            sage: t.add_comp(e)
+            3-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: t.add_comp(e)[0,1,1] = u*v
+            sage: t.display(e)
+            t = u*v e_0⊗e^1⊗e^1
+
+        The components with respect to ``e_uv`` are kept::
+
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (u + v) ∂/∂v⊗du⊗dv
+
+        Since zero is a special element, its components cannot be changed::
+
+            sage: z = M.tensor_field_module((1, 1)).zero()
+            sage: z.add_comp(e_uv)[1, 1] = u^2
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the components of an immutable element cannot be
+             changed
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the components of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        self._is_zero = False  # a priori
+        if basis is None:
+            basis = self._domain._def_frame
+        self._del_derived() # deletes the derived quantities
+        rst = self.restrict(basis._domain, dest_map=basis._dest_map)
+        return rst.add_comp(basis=basis)
+
+    def add_comp_by_continuation(self, frame, subdomain, chart=None):
+        r"""
+        Set components with respect to a vector frame by continuation of the
+        coordinate expression of the components in a subframe.
+
+        The continuation is performed by demanding that the components have
+        the same coordinate expression as those on the restriction of the
+        frame to a given subdomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``frame`` -- vector frame `e` in which the components are to be set
+        - ``subdomain`` -- open subset of `e`'s domain in which the
+          components are known or can be evaluated from other components
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) coordinate chart on `e`'s domain in
+          which the extension of the expression of the components is to be
+          performed; if ``None``, the default's chart of `e`'s domain is
+          assumed
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Components of a vector field on the sphere `S^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)
+
+        The two open subsets covered by stereographic coordinates (North and South)::
+
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:             intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:             restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.vector_field({eU: [x, 2+y]}, name='a')
+
+        At this stage, the vector field has been defined only on the open
+        subset ``U`` (through its components in the frame ``eU``)::
+
+            sage: a.display(eU)
+            a = x ∂/∂x + (y + 2) ∂/∂y
+
+        The components with respect to the restriction of ``eV`` to the common
+        subdomain ``W``, in terms of the ``(u,v)`` coordinates, are obtained
+        by a change-of-frame formula on ``W``::
+
+            sage: a.display(eV.restrict(W), c_uv.restrict(W))
+            a = (-4*u*v - u) ∂/∂u + (2*u^2 - 2*v^2 - v) ∂/∂v
+
+        The continuation consists in extending the definition of the vector
+        field to the whole open subset ``V`` by demanding that the components
+        in the frame eV have the same coordinate expression as the above one::
+
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+
+        We have then::
+
+            sage: a.display(eV)
+            a = (-4*u*v - u) ∂/∂u + (2*u^2 - 2*v^2 - v) ∂/∂v
+
+        and `a` is defined on the entire manifold `S^2`.
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the components of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        dom = frame._domain
+        if not dom.is_subset(self._domain):
+            raise ValueError("the vector frame is not defined on a subset " +
+                             "of the tensor field domain")
+        if chart is None:
+            chart = dom._def_chart
+        sframe = frame.restrict(subdomain)
+        schart = chart.restrict(subdomain)
+        scomp = self.comp(sframe)
+        resu = self._add_comp_unsafe(frame) # _del_derived is performed here
+        for ind in resu.non_redundant_index_generator():
+            resu[[ind]] = dom.scalar_field({chart: scomp[[ind]].expr(schart)})
+
+    def add_expr_from_subdomain(self, frame, subdomain):
+        r"""
+        Add an expression to an existing component from a subdomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``frame`` -- vector frame `e` in which the components are to be set
+        - ``subdomain`` -- open subset of `e`'s domain in which the
+          components have additional expressions
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We are going to consider a vector field in `\RR^3` along the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='Riemannian')
+            sage: S = Manifold(2, 'S', structure='Riemannian')
+            sage: E.<X,Y,Z> = M.chart()
+
+        Let us define ``S`` in terms of stereographic charts::
+
+            sage: U = S.open_subset('U')
+            sage: V = S.open_subset('V')
+            sage: S.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: stereoN.<x,y> = U.chart()
+            sage: stereoS.<xp,yp> = V.chart("xp:x' yp:y'")
+            sage: stereoN_to_S = stereoN.transition_map(stereoS,
+            ....:                                 (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                 intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                                 restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                 restrictions2= xp^2+yp^2!=0)
+            sage: stereoS_to_N = stereoN_to_S.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: stereoN_W = stereoN.restrict(W)
+            sage: stereoS_W = stereoS.restrict(W)
+
+        The embedding of `S^2` in `\RR^3`::
+
+            sage: phi = S.diff_map(M, {(stereoN, E): [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2),
+            ....:                                     2*y/(1+x^2+y^2),
+            ....:                                     (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+            ....:                        (stereoS, E): [2*xp/(1+xp^2+yp^2),
+            ....:                                       2*yp/(1+xp^2+yp^2),
+            ....:                               (1-xp^2-yp^2)/(1+xp^2+yp^2)]},
+            ....:                   name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+
+        To define a vector field ``v`` along ``S`` taking its values in ``M``,
+        we first set the components on ``U``::
+
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(name='v').along(phi)
+            sage: vU = v.restrict(U)
+            sage: vU[:] = [x,y,x**2+y**2]
+
+        But because ``M`` is parallelizable, these components can be extended
+        to ``S`` itself::
+
+            sage: v.add_comp_by_continuation(E.frame().along(phi), U)
+
+        One can see that ``v`` is not yet fully defined: the components
+        (scalar fields) do not have values on the whole manifold::
+
+            sage: sorted(v._components.values())[0]._comp[(0,)].display()
+            S → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ x
+            on W: (xp, yp) ↦ xp/(xp^2 + yp^2)
+
+        To fix that, we first extend the components from ``W`` to ``V`` using
+        :meth:`add_comp_by_continuation`::
+
+            sage: v.add_comp_by_continuation(E.frame().along(phi).restrict(V),
+            ....:                            W, stereoS)
+
+        Then, the expression on the subdomain ``V`` is added to the
+        already known components on ``S`` by::
+
+            sage: v.add_expr_from_subdomain(E.frame().along(phi), V)
+
+        The definition of ``v`` is now complete::
+
+            sage: sorted(v._components.values())[0]._comp[(2,)].display()
+            S → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ x^2 + y^2
+            on V: (xp, yp) ↦ 1/(xp^2 + yp^2)
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the expressions of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        dom = frame._domain
+        if not dom.is_subset(self._domain):
+            raise ValueError("the vector frame is not defined on a subset " +
+                             "of the tensor field domain")
+        if frame not in self.restrict(frame.domain())._components:
+            raise ValueError("the tensor doesn't have an expression in "
+                             "the frame"+frame._repr_())
+        comp = self._add_comp_unsafe(frame)  # the components stay the same
+        scomp = self.restrict(subdomain).comp(frame.restrict(subdomain))
+        for ind in comp.non_redundant_index_generator():
+            comp[[ind]]._express.update(scomp[[ind]]._express)
+
+        rst = self._restrictions.copy()
+        self._del_derived()  # may delete restrictions
+        self._restrictions = rst
+
+    def comp(self, basis=None, from_basis=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the components in a given vector frame.
+
+        If the components are not known already, they are computed by the
+        tensor change-of-basis formula from components in another vector frame.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame in which the components
+          are required; if none is provided, the components are assumed to
+          refer to the tensor field domain's default frame
+        - ``from_basis`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame from which the
+          required components are computed, via the tensor change-of-basis
+          formula, if they are not known already in the basis ``basis``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - components in the vector frame ``basis``, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Components of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field defined on two
+        open subsets::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: c_xy.<x, y> = U.chart()
+            sage: e = U.default_frame() ; e
+            Coordinate frame (U, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y))
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_uv.<u, v> = V.chart()
+            sage: f = V.default_frame() ; f
+            Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e,0,0] = - x + y^3
+            sage: t[e,0,1] = 2+x
+            sage: t[f,1,1] = - u*v
+            sage: t.comp(e)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (U, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y))
+            sage: t.comp(e)[:]
+            [y^3 - x   x + 2]
+            [      0       0]
+            sage: t.comp(f)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame (V, (∂/∂u,∂/∂v))
+            sage: t.comp(f)[:]
+            [   0    0]
+            [   0 -u*v]
+
+        Since ``e`` is ``M``'s default frame, the argument ``e`` can
+        be omitted::
+
+            sage: e is M.default_frame()
+            True
+            sage: t.comp() is t.comp(e)
+            True
+
+        Example of computation of the components via a change of frame::
+
+            sage: a = V.automorphism_field()
+            sage: a[:] = [[1+v, -u^2], [0, 1-u]]
+            sage: h = f.new_frame(a, 'h')
+            sage: t.comp(h)
+            2-indices components w.r.t. Vector frame (V, (h_0,h_1))
+            sage: t.comp(h)[:]
+            [             0 -u^3*v/(v + 1)]
+            [             0           -u*v]
+        """
+        if basis is None:
+            basis = self._domain._def_frame
+        rst = self.restrict(basis._domain, dest_map=basis._dest_map)
+        return rst.comp(basis=basis, from_basis=from_basis)
+
+    def display(self, frame=None, chart=None):
+        r"""
+        Display the tensor field in terms of its expansion with respect
+        to a given vector frame.
+
+        The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted
+        (notebook mode).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``frame`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame with respect to
+          which the tensor is expanded; if ``frame`` is ``None`` and ``chart``
+          is not ``None``, the coordinate frame associated with ``chart`` is
+          assumed; if both ``frame`` and ``chart`` are ``None``, the default
+          frame of the domain of definition of the tensor field is assumed
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) chart with respect to which the
+          components of the tensor field in the selected frame are expressed;
+          if ``None``, the default chart of the vector frame domain is assumed
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Display of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        Since ``e_xy`` is ``M``'s default frame, the argument ``e_xy`` can
+        be omitted::
+
+            sage: e_xy is M.default_frame()
+            True
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+
+        Similarly, since ``e_uv`` is ``V``'s default frame, the argument ``e_uv``
+        can be omitted when considering the restriction of ``t`` to ``V``::
+
+            sage: t.restrict(V).display()
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        If the coordinate expression of the components are to be displayed in
+        a chart distinct from the default one on the considered domain, then
+        the chart has to be passed as the second argument of ``display``.
+        For instance, on `W = U \cap V`, two charts are available:
+        ``c_xy.restrict(W)`` (the default one) and ``c_uv.restrict(W)``.
+        Accordingly, one can have two views of the expansion of ``t`` in the
+        *same* vector frame ``e_uv.restrict(W)``::
+
+            sage: t.display(e_uv.restrict(W))  # W's default chart assumed
+            t = (1/2*x + 1/2*y + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*x + 1/2*y - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*x - 1/2*y + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*x - 1/2*y - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: t.display(e_uv.restrict(W), c_uv.restrict(W))
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        As a shortcut, one can pass just a chart to ``display``. It is then
+        understood that the expansion is to be performed with respect to the
+        coordinate frame associated with this chart. Therefore the above
+        command can be abridged to::
+
+            sage: t.display(c_uv.restrict(W))
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        and one has::
+
+            sage: t.display(c_xy)
+            t = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: t.display(c_uv)
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: t.display(c_xy.restrict(W))
+            t = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: t.restrict(W).display(c_uv.restrict(W))
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        One can ask for the display with respect to a frame in which ``t`` has
+        not been initialized yet (this will automatically trigger the use of
+        the change-of-frame formula for tensors)::
+
+            sage: a = V.automorphism_field()
+            sage: a[:] = [[1+v, -u^2], [0, 1-u]]
+            sage: f = e_uv.new_frame(a, 'f')
+            sage: [f[i].display() for i in M.irange()]
+            [f_0 = (v + 1) ∂/∂u, f_1 = -u^2 ∂/∂u + (-u + 1) ∂/∂v]
+            sage: t.display(f)
+            t = -1/2*(u^2*v + 1)/(u - 1) f_0⊗f^0
+              - 1/2*(2*u^3 - 5*u^2 - (u^4 + u^3 - u^2)*v + 3*u - 1)/((u - 1)*v + u - 1) f_0⊗f^1
+              - 1/2*(v^2 + 2*v + 1)/(u - 1) f_1⊗f^0
+              + 1/2*(u^2 + (u^2 + u - 1)*v - u + 1)/(u - 1) f_1⊗f^1
+
+        A shortcut of ``display()`` is ``disp()``::
+
+            sage: t.disp(e_uv)
+            t = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+              + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+        """
+        if frame is None:
+            if chart is not None:
+                frame = chart.frame()
+            else:
+                if self._vmodule._dest_map.is_identity():
+                    frame = self._domain._def_frame
+                else:
+                    for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+                        try:
+                            return rst.display()
+                        except ValueError:
+                            pass
+                if frame is None:  # should be "is still None" ;-)
+                    raise ValueError("a frame must be provided for the display")
+        else:
+            try:
+                frame0 = frame.frame()
+                # if this succeeds, frame is actually not a vector frame, but
+                # a coordinate chart
+                if chart is None:
+                    chart = frame
+                frame = frame0
+            except AttributeError:
+                # case of a genuine vector frame
+                pass
+        rst = self.restrict(frame._domain, dest_map=frame._dest_map)
+        return rst.display(frame, chart)
+
+    disp = display
+
+    def display_comp(self, frame=None, chart=None, coordinate_labels=True,
+                     only_nonzero=True, only_nonredundant=False):
+        r"""
+        Display the tensor components with respect to a given frame,
+        one per line.
+
+        The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted
+        (notebook mode).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``frame`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame with respect to which
+          the tensor field components are defined; if ``None``, then
+
+          * if ``chart`` is not ``None``, the coordinate frame associated to
+            ``chart`` is used
+          * otherwise, the default basis of the vector field module on which
+            the tensor field is defined is used
+
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) chart specifying the coordinate
+          expression of the components; if ``None``, the default chart of the
+          tensor field domain is used
+        - ``coordinate_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``,
+          coordinate symbols are used by default (instead of integers) as
+          index labels whenever ``frame`` is a coordinate frame
+        - ``only_nonzero`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, only
+          nonzero components are displayed
+        - ``only_nonredundant`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``,
+          only nonredundant components are displayed in case of symmetries
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Display of the components of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field defined
+        on two open subsets::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: c_xy.<x, y> = U.chart()
+            sage: e = U.default_frame()
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_uv.<u, v> = V.chart()
+            sage: f = V.default_frame()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e,0,0] = - x + y^3
+            sage: t[e,0,1] = 2+x
+            sage: t[f,1,1] = - u*v
+            sage: t.display_comp(e)
+            t^x_x = y^3 - x
+            t^x_y = x + 2
+            sage: t.display_comp(f)
+            t^v_v = -u*v
+
+        Components in a chart frame::
+
+            sage: t.display_comp(chart=c_xy)
+            t^x_x = y^3 - x
+            t^x_y = x + 2
+            sage: t.display_comp(chart=c_uv)
+            t^v_v = -u*v
+
+        See documentation of
+        :meth:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal.display_comp`
+        for more options.
+        """
+        if frame is None:
+            if chart is not None:
+                frame = chart.frame()
+            else:
+                if self._vmodule._dest_map.is_identity():
+                    frame = self._domain.default_frame()
+                else:
+                    for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+                        try:
+                            return rst.display_comp(chart=chart,
+                                       coordinate_labels=coordinate_labels,
+                                       only_nonzero=only_nonzero,
+                                       only_nonredundant=only_nonredundant)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            pass
+                if frame is None:  # should be "is still None" ;-)
+                    raise ValueError("a frame must be provided for the display")
+        rst = self.restrict(frame.domain(), dest_map=frame._dest_map)
+        return rst.display_comp(frame=frame, chart=chart,
+                                coordinate_labels=coordinate_labels,
+                                only_nonzero=only_nonzero,
+                                only_nonredundant=only_nonredundant)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        r"""
+        Return a component with respect to some frame.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``args`` -- list of indices defining the component; if ``[:]`` is
+          provided, all the components are returned
+
+        The frame can be passed as the first item of ``args``. If not, the
+        default frame of the tensor field's domain is assumed. If ``args``
+        is a string, this method acts as a shortcut for tensor contractions
+        and symmetrizations, the string containing abstract indices.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy, :] = [[x+y, -2], [3*y^2, x*y]]
+            sage: t.__getitem__((1,0))
+            3*y^2
+            sage: t.__getitem__((1,1))
+            x*y
+            sage: t.__getitem__((e_xy,1,0))
+            3*y^2
+            sage: t.__getitem__(slice(None))
+            [x + y    -2]
+            [3*y^2   x*y]
+            sage: t.__getitem__((e_xy,slice(None)))
+            [x + y    -2]
+            [3*y^2   x*y]
+            sage: t.__getitem__('^a_a')  # trace
+            Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: t.__getitem__('^a_a').display()
+            M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (x + 1)*y + x
+        """
+        if isinstance(args, str): # tensor with specified indices
+            return TensorWithIndices(self, args).update()
+        if isinstance(args, list):  # case of [[...]] syntax
+            if not isinstance(args[0], (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = args[0]
+                args = args[1:]
+            else:
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+        else:
+            if isinstance(args, (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+            elif not isinstance(args[0], (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = args[0]
+                args = args[1:]
+            else:
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+        return self.comp(frame)[args]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, args, value):
+        r"""
+        Set a component with respect to some vector frame.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``args`` -- list of indices; if ``[:]`` is provided, all the
+          components are set; the frame can be passed as the first item
+          of ``args``; if not, the default frame of the tensor field's
+          domain is assumed
+        - ``value`` -- the value to be set or a list of values if
+          ``args = [:]``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t.__setitem__((e_xy, 0, 1), x+y^2)
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = (y^2 + x) ∂/∂x⊗dy
+            sage: t.__setitem__((0, 1), x+y^2)  # same as above since e_xy is the default frame on M
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = (y^2 + x) ∂/∂x⊗dy
+            sage: t.__setitem__(slice(None), [[x+y, -2], [3*y^2, x*y]])
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx - 2 ∂/∂x⊗dy + 3*y^2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        """
+        if isinstance(args, list):  # case of [[...]] syntax
+            if not isinstance(args[0], (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = args[0]
+                args = args[1:]
+            else:
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+        else:
+            if isinstance(args, (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+            elif not isinstance(args[0], (int, Integer, slice)):
+                frame = args[0]
+                args = args[1:]
+            else:
+                frame = self._domain._def_frame
+        self.set_comp(frame)[args] = value
+
+    def copy_from(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Make ``self`` a copy of ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- other tensor field, in the same module as ``self``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            While the derived quantities are not copied, the name is kept.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            All previous defined components and restrictions will be deleted!
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 1-y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='s')
+            sage: s.copy_from(t)
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            s = (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == t
+            True
+
+        While the original tensor field is modified, the copy is not::
+
+            sage: t[e_xy,0,0] = -1
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = -∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            s = (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == t
+            False
+        """
+        if self.is_immutable():
+            raise ValueError("the components of an immutable element "
+                             "cannot be changed")
+        if other not in self.parent():
+            raise TypeError("the original must be an element of "
+                            f"{self.parent()}")
+        self._del_derived()
+        self._del_restrictions() # delete restrictions
+        for dom, rst in other._restrictions.items():
+            self._restrictions[dom] = rst.copy(name=self._name,
+                                               latex_name=self._latex_name)
+        self._is_zero = other._is_zero
+
+    def copy(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return an exact copy of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the copy
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          copy; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The name and the derived quantities are not copied.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Copy of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field on a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 1-y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = t.copy(); s
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == t
+            True
+
+        If the original tensor field is modified, the copy is not::
+
+            sage: t[e_xy,0,0] = -1
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = -∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == t
+            False
+        """
+        resu = self._new_instance()
+        # set resu name
+        if name is not None:
+            resu._name = name
+            if latex_name is None:
+                resu._latex_name = name
+        if latex_name is not None:
+            resu._latex_name = latex_name
+        # set restrictions
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = rst.copy(name=name,
+                                               latex_name=latex_name)
+        resu._is_zero = self._is_zero
+        return resu
+
+    def _common_subdomains(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of subdomains of ``self._domain`` on which
+        both ``self`` and ``other`` have known restrictions.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 0]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: sorted(t._common_subdomains(t), key=str)
+            [Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+             Open subset V of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+             Open subset W of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: t._common_subdomains(a)
+            []
+            sage: a[e_xy, 0, 1] = 0
+            sage: t._common_subdomains(a)
+            [Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+            sage: a[e_uv, 0, 0] = 0
+            sage: sorted(t._common_subdomains(a), key=str)
+            [Open subset U of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M,
+             Open subset V of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M]
+        """
+        resu = []
+        for dom in self._restrictions:
+            if dom in other._restrictions:
+                resu.append(dom)
+        return resu
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Comparison (equality) operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a tensor field or 0
+
+        OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``self`` is equal to ``other`` and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 1-y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: t == t
+            True
+            sage: t == t.copy()
+            True
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a.set_restriction(t.restrict(U))
+            sage: t == a  # False since a has not been defined on V
+            False
+            sage: a.set_restriction(t.restrict(V))
+            sage: t == a  # True now
+            True
+            sage: a[e_xy, 0, 0] = -1
+            sage: t == a  # False since a has been reset on U (domain of e_xy)
+            False
+            sage: t.parent().zero() == 0
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.mixed_form import MixedForm
+
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        if other in ZZ: # to compare with 0
+            if other == 0:
+                return self.is_zero()
+            return False
+        elif isinstance(other, MixedForm):
+            # use comparison of MixedForm:
+            return other == self
+        elif not isinstance(other, TensorField):
+            return False
+        else: # other is another tensor field
+            if other._vmodule != self._vmodule:
+                return False
+            if other._tensor_type != self._tensor_type:
+                return False
+            # Non-trivial open covers of the domain:
+            for oc in self._domain.open_covers(trivial=False):
+                resu = True
+                for dom in oc:
+                    try:
+                        resu = resu and \
+                                bool(self.restrict(dom) == other.restrict(dom))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # If this point is reached, no exception has occurred; hence
+                    # the result is valid and can be returned:
+                    return resu
+            # If this point is reached, the comparison has not been possible
+            # on any open cover; we then compare the restrictions to
+            # subdomains:
+            if not self._restrictions:
+                return False  # self is not initialized
+            if len(self._restrictions) != len(other._restrictions):
+                return False  # the restrictions are not on the same subdomains
+            resu = True
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if dom in other._restrictions:
+                    resu = resu and bool(rst == other._restrictions[dom])
+                else:
+                    return False  # the restrictions are not on the same
+                                  # subdomains
+            return resu
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Inequality operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a tensor field or 0
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if ``self`` is different from ``other`` and ``False``
+          otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 1-y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: t != t
+            False
+            sage: t != t.copy()
+            False
+            sage: t != 0
+            True
+        """
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        r"""
+        Unary plus operator.
+
+        OUTPUT: an exact copy of ``self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x+y, 0], [2, 1-y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = t.__pos__(); s
+            Tensor field +t of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            +t = (x + y) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+        """
+        resu = self._new_instance()
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = + rst
+        # Compose names:
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import (
+            format_unop_latex,
+            format_unop_txt,
+        )
+        resu._name = format_unop_txt('+', self._name)
+        resu._latex_name = format_unop_latex(r'+', self._latex_name)
+        return resu
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        r"""
+        Unary minus operator.
+
+        OUTPUT: the tensor field `-T`, where `T` is ``self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy, :] = [[x, -x], [y, -y]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: t.display(e_xy)
+            t = x ∂/∂x⊗dx - x ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx - y ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: t.display(e_uv)
+            t = u ∂/∂u⊗dv + v ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s = t.__neg__(); s
+            Tensor field -t of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            -t = -x ∂/∂x⊗dx + x ∂/∂x⊗dy - y ∂/∂y⊗dx + y ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            -t = -u ∂/∂u⊗dv - v ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s == -t  # indirect doctest
+            True
+        """
+        resu = self._new_instance()
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = - rst
+        # Compose names:
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import (
+            format_unop_latex,
+            format_unop_txt,
+        )
+        resu._name = format_unop_txt('-', self._name)
+        resu._latex = format_unop_latex(r'-', self._latex_name)
+        return resu
+
+    ######### ModuleElement arithmetic operators ########
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Tensor field addition.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a tensor field, in the same tensor module as ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field resulting from the addition of ``self``
+          and ``other``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='b')
+            sage: b[e_xy,:] = [[2, y], [x, -x]]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = a._add_(b); s
+            Tensor field a+b of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a.display(e_xy)
+            a = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: b.display(e_xy)
+            b = 2 ∂/∂x⊗dx + y ∂/∂x⊗dy + x ∂/∂y⊗dx - x ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            a+b = (x + 2) ∂/∂x⊗dx + (y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy + (x + y) ∂/∂y⊗dx - x ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == a + b  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: z = a.parent().zero(); z
+            Tensor field zero of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a._add_(z) == a
+            True
+            sage: z._add_(a) == a
+            True
+        """
+        # Case zero:
+        if self._is_zero:
+            return other
+        if other._is_zero:
+            return self
+        # Generic case:
+        resu_rst = {}
+        for dom in self._common_subdomains(other):
+            resu_rst[dom] = self._restrictions[dom] + other._restrictions[dom]
+        some_rst = next(iter(resu_rst.values()))
+        resu_sym = some_rst._sym
+        resu_antisym = some_rst._antisym
+        resu = self._vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, sym=resu_sym,
+                                    antisym=resu_antisym)
+        resu._restrictions = resu_rst
+        if self._name is not None and other._name is not None:
+            resu._name = self._name + '+' + other._name
+        if self._latex_name is not None and other._latex_name is not None:
+            resu._latex_name = self._latex_name + '+' + other._latex_name
+        return resu
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Tensor field subtraction.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a tensor field, in the same tensor module as ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field resulting from the subtraction of ``other``
+          from ``self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='b')
+            sage: b[e_xy,:] = [[2, y], [x, -x]]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = a._sub_(b); s
+            Tensor field a-b of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a.display(e_xy)
+            a = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: b.display(e_xy)
+            b = 2 ∂/∂x⊗dx + y ∂/∂x⊗dy + x ∂/∂y⊗dx - x ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            a-b = (x - 2) ∂/∂x⊗dx + (-y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy + (-x + y) ∂/∂y⊗dx + x ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: s == a - b
+            True
+            sage: z = a.parent().zero()
+            sage: a._sub_(z) == a
+            True
+            sage: z._sub_(a) == -a
+            True
+        """
+        # Case zero:
+        if self._is_zero:
+            return -other
+        if other._is_zero:
+            return self
+        # Generic case:
+        resu_rst = {}
+        for dom in self._common_subdomains(other):
+            resu_rst[dom] = self._restrictions[dom] - other._restrictions[dom]
+        some_rst = next(iter(resu_rst.values()))
+        resu_sym = some_rst._sym
+        resu_antisym = some_rst._antisym
+        resu = self._vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, sym=resu_sym,
+                                   antisym=resu_antisym)
+        resu._restrictions = resu_rst
+        if self._name is not None and other._name is not None:
+            resu._name = self._name + '-' + other._name
+        if self._latex_name is not None and other._latex_name is not None:
+            resu._latex_name = self._latex_name + '-' + other._latex_name
+        return resu
+
+    def _rmul_(self, scalar):
+        r"""
+        Reflected multiplication operator: performs ``scalar * self``.
+
+        This is actually the multiplication by an element of the ring over
+        which the tensor field module is constructed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``scalar`` -- scalar field in the scalar field algebra over which
+          the module containing ``self`` is defined
+
+        OUTPUT: the tensor field ``scalar * self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2)}, name='f')
+            sage: f.add_expr_by_continuation(c_uv, U.intersection(V))
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 2/(u^2 + v^2 + 2)
+            sage: s = a._rmul_(f); s
+            Tensor field f*a of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a.display(e_xy)
+            a = x ∂/∂x⊗dx + ∂/∂x⊗dy + y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            f*a = x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy + y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1) ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: a.display(e_uv)
+            a = (1/2*u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv + (1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v - 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            f*a = (u + 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 2) ∂/∂u⊗dv + (v + 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 2) ∂/∂v⊗du + (v - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s == f*a  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: z = a.parent().zero(); z
+            Tensor field zero of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a._rmul_(M.zero_scalar_field()) == z
+            True
+            sage: z._rmul_(f) == z
+            True
+        """
+        # Case zero:
+        if scalar._is_zero:
+            return self.parent().zero()
+        # Case one:
+        if scalar is self._domain._one_scalar_field:
+            return self
+        # Generic case:
+        resu = self._new_instance()
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = scalar.restrict(dom) * rst
+        # Compose names:
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import (
+            format_mul_latex,
+            format_mul_txt,
+        )
+        resu_name = format_mul_txt(scalar._name, '*', self._name)
+        resu_latex = format_mul_latex(scalar._latex_name, r' \cdot ',
+                                      self._latex_name)
+        resu.set_name(name=resu_name, latex_name=resu_latex)
+        return resu
+
+    ######### End of ModuleElement arithmetic operators ########
+
+    # TODO: Move to acted_upon or _rmul_
+    def __mul__(self, other: TensorField) -> TensorField:
+        r"""
+        Tensor product (or multiplication of the right by a scalar).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- tensor field on the same manifold as ``self`` (or an
+          object that can be coerced to a scalar field on the same manifold
+          as ``self``)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field resulting from the tensor product of ``self``
+          with ``other`` (or from the product ``other * self`` if ``other``
+          is a scalar)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+
+        Tensor product with another tensor field::
+
+            sage: b = M.vector_field(name='b')
+            sage: b[e_xy, :] = [x, y]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(b); s
+            Tensor field of type (2,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            a⊗b = x^2 ∂/∂x⊗∂/∂x⊗dx + x ∂/∂x⊗∂/∂x⊗dy + x*y ∂/∂x⊗∂/∂y⊗dx
+             + y ∂/∂x⊗∂/∂y⊗dy + x*y ∂/∂y⊗∂/∂x⊗dx + y^2 ∂/∂y⊗∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            a⊗b = (1/2*u^2 + 1/2*u) ∂/∂u⊗∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u^2 - 1/2*u) ∂/∂u⊗∂/∂u⊗dv
+             + 1/2*(u + 1)*v ∂/∂u⊗∂/∂v⊗du + 1/2*(u - 1)*v ∂/∂u⊗∂/∂v⊗dv
+             + (1/2*u*v + 1/2*u) ∂/∂v⊗∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u*v - 1/2*u) ∂/∂v⊗∂/∂u⊗dv
+             + (1/2*v^2 + 1/2*v) ∂/∂v⊗∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*v^2 - 1/2*v) ∂/∂v⊗∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        Multiplication on the right by a scalar field::
+
+            sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: x*y}, name='f')
+            sage: f.add_expr_by_continuation(c_uv, U.intersection(V))
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(f); s
+            Tensor field f*a of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            f*a = x^2*y ∂/∂x⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂x⊗dy + x*y^2 ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            f*a = (1/8*u^3 - 1/8*(u + 1)*v^2 + 1/8*u^2) ∂/∂u⊗du
+             + (1/8*u^3 - 1/8*(u - 1)*v^2 - 1/8*u^2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+             + (1/8*u^2*v - 1/8*v^3 + 1/8*u^2 - 1/8*v^2) ∂/∂v⊗du
+             + (1/8*u^2*v - 1/8*v^3 - 1/8*u^2 + 1/8*v^2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s == f*a
+            True
+
+        Multiplication on the right by a number::
+
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(2); s
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            2*x ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂x⊗dy + 2*y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            (u + 1) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u - 1) ∂/∂u⊗dv + (v + 1) ∂/∂v⊗du
+             + (v - 1) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == 2*a.restrict(U)
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(V) == 2*a.restrict(V)
+            True
+            sage: s == 2*a
+            True
+
+        Test with SymPy as calculus engine::
+
+            sage: M.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+            sage: f.add_expr_by_continuation(c_uv, U.intersection(V))
+            sage: s = a.__mul__(f); s
+            Tensor field f*a of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            f*a = x**2*y ∂/∂x⊗dx + x*y ∂/∂x⊗dy + x*y**2 ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            f*a = (u**3/8 + u**2/8 - u*v**2/8 - v**2/8) ∂/∂u⊗du + (u**3/8 -
+            u**2/8 - u*v**2/8 + v**2/8) ∂/∂u⊗dv + (u**2*v/8 + u**2/8 -
+            v**3/8 - v**2/8) ∂/∂v⊗du + (u**2*v/8 - u**2/8 - v**3/8 +
+            v**2/8) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s == f*a
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.mixed_form import MixedForm
+        if isinstance(other, MixedForm):
+            return other.parent()(self)._mul_(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, TensorField):
+            # Multiplication by a scalar field or a number
+            return other * self
+        # Tensor product:
+        dom_resu = self._domain.intersection(other._domain)
+        ambient_dom_resu = self._ambient_domain.intersection(other._ambient_domain)
+        self_r = self.restrict(dom_resu)
+        other_r = other.restrict(dom_resu)
+        if ambient_dom_resu.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+            # call of the FreeModuleTensor version:
+            return FreeModuleTensor.__mul__(self_r, other_r)
+        dest_map = self._vmodule._dest_map
+        dest_map_resu = dest_map.restrict(dom_resu, subcodomain=ambient_dom_resu)
+        vmodule = dom_resu.vector_field_module(dest_map=dest_map_resu)
+        com_dom = []
+        for dom in self_r._restrictions:
+            if dom in other_r._restrictions:
+                com_dom.append(dom)
+        resu_rst = []
+        for dom in com_dom:
+            self_rr = self_r._restrictions[dom]
+            other_rr = other_r._restrictions[dom]
+            resu_rst.append(self_rr * other_rr)
+        k1, l1 = self._tensor_type
+        k2, l2 = other._tensor_type
+        resu = vmodule.tensor((k1+k2, l1+l2),
+                              sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                              antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+        for rst in resu_rst:
+            resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+
+        return resu
+
+    def __truediv__(self, scalar) -> TensorField:
+        r"""
+        Division by a scalar field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``scalar`` -- scalar field in the scalar field algebra over which
+          the module containing ``self`` is defined
+
+        OUTPUT: the tensor field ``scalar * self``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2)}, name='f')
+            sage: f.add_expr_by_continuation(c_uv, U.intersection(V))
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 2/(u^2 + v^2 + 2)
+            sage: s = a.__truediv__(f); s
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            (x^3 + x*y^2 + x) ∂/∂x⊗dx + (x^2 + y^2 + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dy
+             + (y^3 + (x^2 + 1)*y) ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: f*s == a
+            True
+
+        Division by a number::
+
+            sage: s = a.__truediv__(2); s
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            1/2*x ∂/∂x⊗dx + 1/2 ∂/∂x⊗dy + 1/2*y ∂/∂y⊗dx
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            (1/4*u + 1/4) ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/4*u - 1/4) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+             + (1/4*v + 1/4) ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/4*v - 1/4) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: s == a/2
+            True
+            sage: 2*s == a
+            True
+        """
+        resu = self._new_instance()
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            resu._restrictions[dom] = rst / scalar
+        return resu
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        r"""
+        The tensor field acting on 1-forms and vector fields as a
+        multilinear map.
+
+        In the particular case of tensor field of type `(1,1)`, the action can
+        be on a single vector field, the tensor field being identified to a
+        field of tangent-space endomorphisms. The output is then a vector
+        field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*args`` -- list of `k` 1-forms and `l` vector fields, ``self``
+          being a tensor of type `(k,l)`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - either the scalar field resulting from the action of ``self`` on
+          the 1-forms and vector fields passed as arguments or the vector
+          field resulting from the action of ``self`` as a field of
+          tangent-space endomorphisms (case of a type-(1,1) tensor field)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Action of a tensor field of type `(1,1)` on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1,1, name='t')
+            sage: t[e_xy,:] = [[x, 1], [y, 0]]
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(name='w')
+            sage: w[e_xy,:] = [y^2, x^2]
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: a = M.one_form(name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [-1+y, x*y]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+
+        The tensor field acting on a pair (1-form, vector field)::
+
+            sage: s = t.__call__(a,w); s
+            Scalar field t(a,w) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            t(a,w): M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ x*y^4 + x*y^3 + x^2*y - x*y^2 - x^2
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/32*u^5 - 1/32*(3*u + 2)*v^4 + 1/32*v^5
+             + 1/16*u^4 + 1/16*(u^2 + 2*u - 4)*v^3 + 1/16*(u^3 - 4)*v^2
+             - 1/4*u^2 - 1/32*(3*u^4 + 4*u^3 - 8*u^2 + 16*u)*v
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == t.restrict(U)(a.restrict(U), w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(V) == t.restrict(V)(a.restrict(V), w.restrict(V))
+            True
+
+        The tensor field acting on vector field, as a field of tangent-space
+        endomorphisms::
+
+            sage: s = t.__call__(w); s
+            Vector field t(w) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            t(w) = (x*y^2 + x^2) ∂/∂x + y^3 ∂/∂y
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)
+            t(w) = (1/4*u^3 + 1/4*(u + 1)*v^2 + 1/4*u^2 - 1/2*(u^2 - u)*v) ∂/∂u
+             + (-1/4*(2*u - 1)*v^2 + 1/4*v^3 + 1/4*u^2 + 1/4*(u^2 + 2*u)*v) ∂/∂v
+            sage: s.restrict(U) == t.restrict(U)(w.restrict(U))
+            True
+            sage: s.restrict(V) == t.restrict(V)(w.restrict(V))
+            True
+        """
+        p = len(args)
+        if p == 1 and self._tensor_type == (1,1):
+            # type-(1,1) tensor acting as a field of tangent-space
+            # endomorphisms:
+            vector = args[0]
+            if vector._tensor_type != (1,0):
+                raise TypeError("the argument must be a vector field")
+            dom_resu = self._domain.intersection(vector._domain)
+            if dom_resu.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+                # call of the TensorFieldParal version:
+                return self.restrict(dom_resu)(vector.restrict(dom_resu))
+            if self._name is not None and vector._name is not None:
+                name_resu = "{}({})".format(self._name, vector._name)
+            else:
+                name_resu = None
+            if self._latex_name is not None and vector._latex_name is not None:
+                latex_name_resu = r"{}\left({}\right)".format(self._latex_name,
+                                                              vector._latex_name)
+            else:
+                latex_name_resu = None
+            dest_map = vector._vmodule._dest_map
+            dest_map_resu = dest_map.restrict(dom_resu)
+            resu = dom_resu.vector_field(name=name_resu,
+                                         latex_name=latex_name_resu,
+                                         dest_map=dest_map_resu)
+            for dom in self._common_subdomains(vector):
+                if dom.is_subset(dom_resu):
+                    resu._restrictions[dom] = \
+                        self._restrictions[dom](vector._restrictions[dom])
+            return resu
+        # Generic case
+        if p != self._tensor_rank:
+            raise TypeError("{} arguments must be ".format(self._tensor_rank) +
+                            "provided")
+        # Domain of the result
+        dom_resu = self._domain
+        ambient_dom = self._ambient_domain
+        for arg in args:
+            dom_resu = dom_resu.intersection(arg._domain)
+            ambient_dom = ambient_dom.intersection(arg._ambient_domain)
+        self_r = self.restrict(dom_resu)
+        args_r = [args[i].restrict(dom_resu) for i in range(p)]
+        if ambient_dom.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+            # TensorFieldParal version
+            return self_r(*args_r)
+        else:
+            resu = dom_resu.scalar_field()
+            com_dom = []
+            for dom in self_r._restrictions:
+                for arg in args_r:
+                    if dom not in arg._restrictions:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    com_dom.append(dom)
+            for dom in com_dom:
+                self_rr = self_r._restrictions[dom]
+                args_rr = [args_r[i]._restrictions[dom] for i in range(p)]
+                resu_rr = self_rr(*args_rr)
+                if resu_rr.is_trivial_zero():
+                    for chart in resu_rr._domain._atlas:
+                        resu._express[chart] = chart.zero_function()
+                else:
+                    for chart, expr in resu_rr._express.items():
+                        resu._express[chart] = expr
+            if resu.is_trivial_zero():
+                return dom_resu._zero_scalar_field
+            # Name of the output:
+            res_name = None
+            if self._name is not None:
+                res_name = self._name + "("
+                for i in range(p-1):
+                    if args[i]._name is not None:
+                        res_name += args[i]._name + ","
+                    else:
+                        res_name = None
+                        break
+                if res_name is not None:
+                    if args[p-1]._name is not None:
+                        res_name += args[p-1]._name + ")"
+                    else:
+                        res_name = None
+            resu._name = res_name
+            # LaTeX symbol of the output:
+            res_latex = None
+            if self._latex_name is not None:
+                res_latex = self._latex_name + r"\left("
+                for i in range(p-1):
+                    if args[i]._latex_name is not None:
+                        res_latex += args[i]._latex_name + ","
+                    else:
+                        res_latex = None
+                        break
+                if res_latex is not None:
+                    if args[p-1]._latex_name is not None:
+                        res_latex += args[p-1]._latex_name + r"\right)"
+                    else:
+                        res_latex = None
+            resu._latex_name = res_latex
+            return resu
+
+    def trace(
+        self,
+        pos1=0,
+        pos2=1,
+        using: Optional[
+            Union[PseudoRiemannianMetric, SymplecticForm, PoissonTensorField]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Trace (contraction) on two slots of the tensor field.
+
+        If a non-degenerate form is provided, the trace of a `(0,2)` tensor field
+        is computed by first raising the last index.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``pos1`` -- (default: 0) position of the first index for the
+          contraction, with the convention ``pos1=0`` for the first slot
+        - ``pos2`` -- (default: 1) position of the second index for the
+          contraction, with the same convention as for ``pos1``. The variance
+          type of ``pos2`` must be opposite to that of ``pos1``
+        - ``using`` -- (default: ``None``) a non-degenerate form
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - tensor field resulting from the ``(pos1, pos2)`` contraction
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Trace of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field on a 2-dimensional
+        non-parallelizable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1,1, name='a')
+            sage: a[e_xy,:] = [[1,x], [2,y]]
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: s = a.trace() ; s
+            Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ y + 1
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/2*u - 1/2*v + 1
+            sage: s == a.trace(0,1) # explicit mention of the positions
+            True
+
+        The trace of a type-`(0,2)` tensor field using a metric::
+
+            sage: g = M.metric('g')
+            sage: g[0,0], g[0,1], g[1,1] = 1, 0, 1
+            sage: g.trace(using=g).display()
+            M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ 2
+            on W: (u, v) ↦ 2
+
+        Instead of the explicit call to the method :meth:`trace`, one
+        may use the index notation with Einstein convention (summation over
+        repeated indices); it suffices to pass the indices as a string inside
+        square brackets::
+
+            sage: a['^i_i']
+            Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a['^i_i'] == s
+            True
+
+        Any letter can be used to denote the repeated index::
+
+            sage: a['^b_b'] == s
+            True
+
+        Trace of a type-`(1,2)` tensor field::
+
+            sage: b = M.tensor_field(1,2, name='b') ; b
+            Tensor field b of type (1,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: b[e_xy,:] = [[[0,x+y], [y,0]], [[0,2], [3*x,-2]]]
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, chart=c_uv)  # long time
+            sage: s = b.trace(0,1) ; s # contraction on first and second slots
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            3*x dx + (x + y - 2) dy
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)  # long time
+            (5/4*u + 3/4*v - 1) du + (1/4*u + 3/4*v + 1) dv
+
+        Use of the index notation::
+
+            sage: b['^k_ki']
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: b['^k_ki'] == s  # long time
+            True
+
+        Indices not involved in the contraction may be replaced by dots::
+
+            sage: b['^k_k.'] == s  # long time
+            True
+
+        The symbol ``^`` may be omitted::
+
+            sage: b['k_k.'] == s  # long time
+            True
+
+        LaTeX notations are allowed::
+
+            sage: b['^{k}_{ki}'] == s  # long time
+            True
+
+        Contraction on first and third slots::
+
+            sage: s = b.trace(0,2) ; s
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display(e_xy)
+            2 dx + (y - 2) dy
+            sage: s.display(e_uv)  # long time
+            (1/4*u - 1/4*v) du + (-1/4*u + 1/4*v + 2) dv
+
+        Use of index notation::
+
+            sage: b['^k_.k'] == s  # long time
+            True
+        """
+        if using is not None:
+            if self.tensor_type() != (0, 2):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "trace with respect to a non-degenerate form is only defined for type-(0,2) tensor fields"
+                )
+            return self.up(using, 1).trace()
+
+        # The indices at pos1 and pos2 must be of different types:
+        k_con = self._tensor_type[0]
+        l_cov = self._tensor_type[1]
+        if pos1 < k_con and pos2 < k_con:
+            raise IndexError("contraction on two contravariant indices is " +
+                             "not allowed")
+        if pos1 >= k_con and pos2 >= k_con:
+            raise IndexError("contraction on two covariant indices is " +
+                             "not allowed")
+        resu_rst = []
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            resu_rst.append(rst.trace(pos1, pos2))
+        if (k_con, l_cov) == (1,1):
+            # scalar field result
+            resu = self._domain.scalar_field()
+            all_zero = True
+            for rst in resu_rst:
+                if rst == 0:
+                    for chart in rst._domain._atlas:
+                        resu._express[chart] = 0
+                else:
+                    all_zero = False
+                    for chart, funct in rst._express.items():
+                        resu._express[chart] = funct
+            if all_zero:
+                resu = self._domain._zero_scalar_field
+        else:
+            # tensor field result
+            resu = self._vmodule.tensor((k_con-1, l_cov-1),
+                            sym=resu_rst[0]._sym, antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+        for rst in resu_rst:
+            resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+        return resu
+
+    def contract(self, *args: Union[int, TensorField]) -> TensorField:
+        r"""
+        Contraction of ``self`` with another tensor field on one or
+        more indices.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``pos1`` -- positions of the indices in the current tensor field
+          involved in the contraction; ``pos1`` must be a sequence of integers,
+          with 0 standing for the first index position, 1 for the second one,
+          etc.; if ``pos1`` is not provided, a single contraction on the last
+          index position of the tensor field is assumed
+        - ``other`` -- the tensor field to contract with
+        - ``pos2`` -- positions of the indices in ``other`` involved in the
+          contraction, with the same conventions as for ``pos1``; if ``pos2``
+          is not provided, a single contraction on the first index position of
+          ``other`` is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - tensor field resulting from the contraction at the positions
+          ``pos1`` and ``pos2`` of the tensor field with ``other``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Contractions of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field with a type-`(2,0)`
+        one on a 2-dimensional non-parallelizable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, {eU: [[1, x], [0, 2]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.tensor_field(2, 0, {eU: [[y, -1], [x+y, 2]]}, name='b')
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: s = a.contract(b) ; s   # contraction on last index of a and first one of b
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        Check 1: components with respect to the manifold's default
+        frame (``eU``)::
+
+            sage: all(bool(s[i,j] == sum(a[i,k]*b[k,j] for k in M.irange()))
+            ....:     for i in M.irange() for j in M.irange())
+            True
+
+        Check 2: components with respect to the frame ``eV``::
+
+            sage: all(bool(s[eV,i,j] == sum(a[eV,i,k]*b[eV,k,j]
+            ....:                           for k in M.irange()))
+            ....:      for i in M.irange() for j in M.irange())
+            True
+
+        Instead of the explicit call to the method :meth:`contract`, one
+        may use the index notation with Einstein convention (summation over
+        repeated indices); it suffices to pass the indices as a string inside
+        square brackets::
+
+            sage: a['^i_k']*b['^kj'] == s
+            True
+
+        Indices not involved in the contraction may be replaced by dots::
+
+            sage: a['^._k']*b['^k.'] == s
+            True
+
+        LaTeX notation may be used::
+
+            sage: a['^{i}_{k}']*b['^{kj}'] == s
+            True
+
+        Contraction on the last index of ``a`` and last index of ``b``::
+
+            sage: s = a.contract(b, 1) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: a['^i_k']*b['^jk'] == s
+            True
+
+        Contraction on the first index of ``b`` and the last index of ``a``::
+
+            sage: s = b.contract(0,a,1) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: b['^ki']*a['^j_k'] == s
+            True
+
+        The domain of the result is the intersection of the domains of
+        the two tensor fields::
+
+            sage: aU = a.restrict(U) ; bV = b.restrict(V)
+            sage: s = aU.contract(b) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the Open subset U of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s = a.contract(bV) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the Open subset V of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s = aU.contract(bV) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the Open subset W of the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s0 = a.contract(b)
+            sage: s == s0.restrict(W)
+            True
+
+        The contraction can be performed on more than one index: ``c`` being a
+        type-`(2,2)` tensor, contracting the indices in positions 2 and 3
+        of ``c`` with respectively those in positions 0 and 1 of ``b`` is::
+
+            sage: c = a*a ; c
+            Tensor field of type (2,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s = c.contract(2,3, b, 0,1) ; s  # long time
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        The same double contraction using index notation::
+
+            sage: s == c['^.._kl']*b['^kl']  # long time
+            True
+
+        The symmetries are either conserved or destroyed by the contraction::
+
+            sage: c = c.symmetrize(0,1).antisymmetrize(2,3)
+            sage: c.symmetries()
+            symmetry: (0, 1);  antisymmetry: (2, 3)
+            sage: s = b.contract(0, c, 2) ; s
+            Tensor field of type (3,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: s.symmetries()
+            symmetry: (1, 2);  no antisymmetry
+
+        Case of a scalar field result::
+
+            sage: a = M.one_form({eU: [y, 1+x]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.vector_field({eU: [x, y^2]}, name='b')
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: a.display(eU)
+            a = y dx + (x + 1) dy
+            sage: b.display(eU)
+            b = x ∂/∂x + y^2 ∂/∂y
+            sage: s = a.contract(b) ; s
+            Scalar field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (x + 1)*y^2 + x*y
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 1/8*u^3 - 1/8*u*v^2 + 1/8*v^3 + 1/2*u^2 - 1/8*(u^2 + 4*u)*v
+            sage: s == a['_i']*b['^i'] # use of index notation
+            True
+            sage: s == b.contract(a)
+            True
+
+        Case of a vanishing scalar field result::
+
+            sage: b = M.vector_field({eU: [1+x, -y]}, name='b')
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: s = a.contract(b) ; s
+            Scalar field zero on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s.display()
+            zero: M → ℝ
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ 0
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ 0
+        """
+        nargs = len(args)
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if isinstance(arg, TensorField):
+                other = arg
+                it = i
+                break
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("a tensor field must be provided in the " +
+                            "argument list")
+        if it == 0:
+            pos1 = (self._tensor_rank - 1,)
+        else:
+            pos1 = args[:it]
+        if it == nargs-1:
+            pos2 = (0,)
+        else:
+            pos2 = args[it+1:]
+        ncontr = len(pos1) # number of contractions
+        if len(pos2) != ncontr:
+            raise IndexError("different number of indices for the contraction")
+        if self._domain.is_subset(other._domain):
+            if not self._ambient_domain.is_subset(other._ambient_domain):
+                raise ValueError("incompatible ambient domains for contraction")
+        elif other._domain.is_subset(self._domain):
+            if not other._ambient_domain.is_subset(self._ambient_domain):
+                raise ValueError("incompatible ambient domains for contraction")
+        dom_resu = self._domain.intersection(other._domain)
+        ambient_dom_resu = self._ambient_domain.intersection(other._ambient_domain)
+        self_r = self.restrict(dom_resu)
+        other_r = other.restrict(dom_resu)
+        k1, l1 = self._tensor_type
+        k2, l2 = other._tensor_type
+        tensor_type_resu = (k1 + k2 - ncontr, l1 + l2 - ncontr)
+        if ambient_dom_resu.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+            # call of the FreeModuleTensor version:
+            args = pos1 + (other_r,) + pos2
+            return FreeModuleTensor.contract(self_r, *args)
+        com_dom = []
+        for dom in self_r._restrictions:
+            if dom in other_r._restrictions:
+                com_dom.append(dom)
+        resu_rst = []
+        for dom in com_dom:
+            self_rr = self_r._restrictions[dom]
+            other_rr = other_r._restrictions[dom]
+            args = pos1 + (other_rr,) + pos2
+            resu_rst.append(self_rr.contract(*args))
+        if tensor_type_resu == (0,0):
+            # scalar field result
+            resu = dom_resu.scalar_field()
+            all_zero = True
+            for rst in resu_rst:
+                if rst == 0:
+                    for chart in rst._domain._atlas:
+                        resu._express[chart] = 0
+                else:
+                    all_zero = False
+                    for chart, funct in rst._express.items():
+                        resu._express[chart] = funct
+            if all_zero:
+                resu = dom_resu._zero_scalar_field
+        else:
+            # tensor field result
+            dest_map = self._vmodule._dest_map
+            dest_map_resu = dest_map.restrict(dom_resu,
+                                              subcodomain=ambient_dom_resu)
+            vmodule = dom_resu.vector_field_module(dest_map=dest_map_resu)
+
+            resu = vmodule.tensor(tensor_type_resu, sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                                  antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+        for rst in resu_rst:
+            resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+        return resu
+
+    def symmetrize(self, *pos):
+        r"""
+        Symmetrization over some arguments.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``pos`` -- (default: ``None``) list of argument positions involved
+          in the symmetrization (with the convention ``position=0`` for the
+          first argument); if ``None``, the symmetrization is performed
+          over all the arguments
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the symmetrized tensor field (instance of :class:`TensorField`)
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Symmetrization of a type-`(0,2)` tensor field on a 2-dimensional
+        non-parallelizable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(0,2, {eU: [[1,x], [2,y]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: a[eV,:]
+            [ 1/4*u + 3/4 -1/4*u + 3/4]
+            [ 1/4*v - 1/4 -1/4*v - 1/4]
+            sage: s = a.symmetrize() ; s
+            Field of symmetric bilinear forms on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s[eU,:]
+            [        1 1/2*x + 1]
+            [1/2*x + 1         y]
+            sage: s[eV,:]
+            [         1/4*u + 3/4 -1/8*u + 1/8*v + 1/4]
+            [-1/8*u + 1/8*v + 1/4         -1/4*v - 1/4]
+            sage: s == a.symmetrize(0,1)  # explicit positions
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            For more details and examples, see
+            :meth:`sage.tensor.modules.free_module_tensor.FreeModuleTensor.symmetrize`.
+        """
+        resu_rst = []
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            resu_rst.append(rst.symmetrize(*pos))
+        resu = self._vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                                    antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+        for rst in resu_rst:
+            resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+        return resu
+
+    def antisymmetrize(self, *pos):
+        r"""
+        Antisymmetrization over some arguments.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``pos`` -- (default: ``None``) list of argument positions involved
+          in the antisymmetrization (with the convention ``position=0`` for
+          the first argument); if ``None``, the antisymmetrization is
+          performed over all the arguments
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the antisymmetrized tensor field (instance of :class:`TensorField`)
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Antisymmetrization of a type-`(0,2)` tensor field on a 2-dimensional
+        non-parallelizable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(0,2, {eU: [[1,x], [2,y]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: a[eV,:]
+            [ 1/4*u + 3/4 -1/4*u + 3/4]
+            [ 1/4*v - 1/4 -1/4*v - 1/4]
+            sage: s = a.antisymmetrize() ; s
+            2-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: s[eU,:]
+            [         0  1/2*x - 1]
+            [-1/2*x + 1          0]
+            sage: s[eV,:]
+            [                   0 -1/8*u - 1/8*v + 1/2]
+            [ 1/8*u + 1/8*v - 1/2                    0]
+            sage: s == a.antisymmetrize(0,1)  # explicit positions
+            True
+            sage: s == a.antisymmetrize(1,0)  # the order of positions does not matter
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            For more details and examples, see
+            :meth:`sage.tensor.modules.free_module_tensor.FreeModuleTensor.antisymmetrize`.
+        """
+        resu_rst = []
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            resu_rst.append(rst.antisymmetrize(*pos))
+        resu = self._vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                                    antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+        for rst in resu_rst:
+            resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+        return resu
+
+    def lie_derivative(self, vector):
+        r"""
+        Lie derivative of ``self`` with respect to a vector field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``vector`` -- vector field with respect to which the Lie derivative
+          is to be taken
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field that is the Lie derivative of the current tensor
+          field with respect to ``vector``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Lie derivative of a type-`(1,1)` tensor field along a vector field on
+        a non-parallelizable 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame(); e_uv = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(1, 1, {e_xy: [[x, 1], [y, 0]]}, name='t')
+            sage: t.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: w = M.vector_field({e_xy: [-y, x]}, name='w')
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: lt = t.lie_derivative(w); lt
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: lt.display(e_xy)
+            ∂/∂x⊗dx - x ∂/∂x⊗dy + (-y - 1) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: lt.display(e_uv)
+            -1/2*u ∂/∂u⊗du + (1/2*u + 1) ∂/∂u⊗dv + (-1/2*v + 1) ∂/∂v⊗du + 1/2*v ∂/∂v⊗dv
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: t.lie_derivative(w) is lt
+            True
+
+        An alias is ``lie_der``::
+
+            sage: t.lie_der(w) is t.lie_derivative(w)
+            True
+
+        Lie derivative of a vector field::
+
+            sage: a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [1-x, x-y]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, U.intersection(V), c_uv)
+            sage: a.lie_der(w)
+            Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: a.lie_der(w).display(e_xy)
+            x ∂/∂x + (-y - 1) ∂/∂y
+            sage: a.lie_der(w).display(e_uv)
+            (v - 1) ∂/∂u + (u + 1) ∂/∂v
+
+        The Lie derivative is antisymmetric::
+
+            sage: a.lie_der(w) == - w.lie_der(a)
+            True
+
+        and it coincides with the commutator of the two vector fields::
+
+            sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 3*x-1, c_uv:  3/2*(u+v)-1})
+            sage: a.lie_der(w)(f) == w(a(f)) - a(w(f))  # long time
+            True
+        """
+        if vector._tensor_type != (1,0):
+            raise TypeError("the argument must be a vector field")
+
+        # The Lie derivative is cached in _lie_derivates while neither
+        #    the tensor field nor ``vector`` have been modified
+        if id(vector) not in self._lie_derivatives:
+            # the computation must be performed:
+            resu_rst = []
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                resu_rst.append(rst.lie_derivative(vector.restrict(dom)))
+            resu = self._vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type,
+                                        sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                                        antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+            for rst in resu_rst:
+                resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+            self._lie_derivatives[id(vector)] = (vector, resu)
+            vector._lie_der_along_self[id(self)] = self
+        return self._lie_derivatives[id(vector)][1]
+
+    lie_der = lie_derivative
+
+    def at(self, point: ManifoldPoint) -> FreeModuleTensor:
+        r"""
+        Value of ``self`` at a point of its domain.
+
+        If the current tensor field is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            t:\ U  \longrightarrow T^{(k,l)} M
+
+        associated with the differentiable map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi:\ U \longrightarrow M,
+
+        where `U` and `M` are two manifolds (possibly `U = M` and
+        `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`), then for any point `p \in U`, `t(p)`
+        is a tensor on the tangent space to `M` at the point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`;
+          point `p` in the domain of the tensor field `U`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_tensor.FreeModuleTensor`
+          representing the tensor `t(p)` on the tangent vector space
+          `T_{\Phi(p)} M`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Tensor on a tangent space of a non-parallelizable 2-dimensional
+        manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
+            ....:                    intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x>0,
+            ....:                    restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.tensor_field(1, 1, {eU: [[1+y,x], [0,x+y]]}, name='a')
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: a.display(eU)
+            a = (y + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx + x ∂/∂x⊗dy + (x + y) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: a.display(eV)
+            a = (u + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗du + (-1/2*u - 1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂u⊗dv
+             + 1/2 ∂/∂v⊗du + (1/2*u - 1/2*v + 1/2) ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: p = M.point((2,3), chart=c_xy, name='p')
+            sage: ap = a.at(p) ; ap
+            Type-(1,1) tensor a on the Tangent space at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: ap.parent()
+            Free module of type-(1,1) tensors on the Tangent space at Point p
+             on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: ap.display(eU.at(p))
+            a = 4 ∂/∂x⊗dx + 2 ∂/∂x⊗dy + 5 ∂/∂y⊗dy
+            sage: ap.display(eV.at(p))
+            a = 11/2 ∂/∂u⊗du - 3/2 ∂/∂u⊗dv + 1/2 ∂/∂v⊗du + 7/2 ∂/∂v⊗dv
+            sage: p.coord(c_uv) # to check the above expression
+            (5, -1)
+        """
+        if point not in self._domain:
+            raise ValueError("the {} is not a point in the ".format(point) +
+                             "domain of {}".format(self))
+        for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+            if point in dom:
+                return rst.at(point)
+
+    def up(
+        self,
+        non_degenerate_form: Union[PseudoRiemannianMetric, SymplecticForm, PoissonTensorField],
+        pos: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> TensorField:
+        r"""
+        Compute a dual of the tensor field by raising some index with the
+        given tensor field (usually, a pseudo-Riemannian metric, a symplectic form or a Poisson tensor).
+
+        If `T` is the tensor field, `(k,l)` its type and `p` the position of a
+        covariant index (i.e. `k\leq p < k+l`), this method called with
+        ``pos`` `=p` yields the tensor field `T^\sharp` of type `(k+1,l-1)`
+        whose components are
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (T^\sharp)^{a_1\ldots a_{k+1}}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_{k+1}}\,
+            b_1 \ldots b_{l-1}} = g^{a_{k+1} i} \,
+            T^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\, b_1 \ldots b_{p-k}
+            \, i \, b_{p-k+1}\ldots b_{l-1}},
+
+        `g^{ab}` being the components of the inverse metric or the Poisson tensor, respectively.
+
+        The reverse operation is :meth:`TensorField.down`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``non_degenerate_form`` -- non-degenerate form `g`, or a Poisson tensor
+        - ``pos`` -- (default: ``None``) position of the index (with the
+          convention ``pos=0`` for the first index); if ``None``, the raising
+          is performed over all the covariant indices, starting from the first
+          one
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field `T^\sharp` resulting from the index raising
+          operation
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Raising the index of a 1-form results in a vector field::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: g = M.metric('g')
+            sage: g[1,1], g[1,2], g[2,2] = 1+x, x*y, 1-y
+            sage: w = M.one_form(-1, 2)
+            sage: v = w.up(g) ; v
+            Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: v.display()
+            ((2*x - 1)*y + 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) ∂/∂x
+             - (x*y + 2*x + 2)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) ∂/∂y
+            sage: ig = g.inverse(); ig[:]
+            [ (y - 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)      x*y/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+            [     x*y/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) -(x + 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+
+        Using the index notation instead of :meth:`up`::
+
+            sage: v == ig['^ab']*w['_b']
+            True
+
+        The reverse operation::
+
+            sage: w1 = v.down(g) ; w1
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: w1.display()
+            -dx + 2 dy
+            sage: w1 == w
+            True
+
+        The reverse operation in index notation::
+
+            sage: g['_ab']*v['^b'] == w
+            True
+
+        Raising the indices of a tensor field of type (0,2)::
+
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(0, 2, [[1,2], [3,4]])
+            sage: tu0 = t.up(g, 0) ; tu0  # raising the first index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tu0[:]
+            [  ((3*x + 1)*y - 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) 2*((2*x + 1)*y - 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+            [    (x*y - 3*x - 3)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)   2*(x*y - 2*x - 2)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+            sage: tu0 == ig['^ac']*t['_cb'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tuu0 = tu0.up(g) ; tuu0 # the two indices have been raised, starting from the first one
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tuu0 == tu0['^a_c']*ig['^cb'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tu1 = t.up(g, 1) ; tu1 # raising the second index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tu1 == ig['^ac']*t['_bc'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tu1[:]
+            [((2*x + 1)*y - 1)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) ((4*x + 3)*y - 3)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+            [  (x*y - 2*x - 2)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1) (3*x*y - 4*x - 4)/(x^2*y^2 + (x + 1)*y - x - 1)]
+            sage: tuu1 = tu1.up(g) ; tuu1 # the two indices have been raised, starting from the second one
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tuu1 == tu1['^a_c']*ig['^cb'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tuu0 == tuu1 # the order of index raising is important
+            False
+            sage: tuu = t.up(g) ; tuu # both indices are raised, starting from the first one
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tuu0 == tuu # the same order for index raising has been applied
+            True
+            sage: tuu1 == tuu # to get tuu1, indices have been raised from the last one, contrary to tuu
+            False
+            sage: d0tuu = tuu.down(g, 0) ; d0tuu # the first index is lowered again
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: dd0tuu = d0tuu.down(g) ; dd0tuu  # the second index is then lowered
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: d1tuu = tuu.down(g, 1) ; d1tuu # lowering operation, starting from the last index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: dd1tuu = d1tuu.down(g) ; dd1tuu
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: ddtuu = tuu.down(g) ; ddtuu # both indices are lowered, starting from the last one
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: ddtuu == t # should be true
+            True
+            sage: dd0tuu == t # not true, because of the order of index lowering to get dd0tuu
+            False
+            sage: dd1tuu == t # should be true
+            True
+        """
+        n_con = self._tensor_type[0] # number of contravariant indices = k
+        if pos is None:
+            result = self
+            for p in range(n_con, self._tensor_rank):
+                k = result._tensor_type[0]
+                result = result.up(non_degenerate_form, k)
+            return result
+
+        if pos < n_con or pos > self._tensor_rank - 1:
+            print("pos = {}".format(pos))
+            raise ValueError("position out of range")
+
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import PseudoRiemannianMetric
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor import PoissonTensorField
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form import SymplecticForm
+
+        if isinstance(non_degenerate_form, PseudoRiemannianMetric):
+            return self.contract(pos, non_degenerate_form.inverse(), 1)
+        elif isinstance(non_degenerate_form, SymplecticForm):
+            return self.contract(pos, non_degenerate_form.poisson(), 1)
+        elif isinstance(non_degenerate_form, PoissonTensorField):
+            return self.contract(pos, non_degenerate_form, 1)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("The non-degenerate form has to be a metric, a symplectic form or a Poisson tensor field")
+
+    def down(
+        self,
+        non_degenerate_form: Union[PseudoRiemannianMetric, SymplecticForm],
+        pos: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> TensorField:
+        r"""
+        Compute a dual of the tensor field by lowering some index with a
+        given non-degenerate form (pseudo-Riemannian metric or symplectic form).
+
+        If `T` is the tensor field, `(k,l)` its type and `p` the position of a
+        contravariant index (i.e. `0\leq p < k`), this method called with
+        ``pos`` `=p`  yields the tensor field `T^\flat` of type `(k-1,l+1)`
+        whose components are
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (T^\flat)^{a_1\ldots a_{k-1}}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_{k-1}}
+            \, b_1 \ldots b_{l+1}} = g_{i b_1} \,
+            T^{a_1\ldots a_{p} \, i \, a_{p+1}\ldots a_{k-1}}_{\phantom{a_1
+            \ldots a_{p} \, i \, a_{p+1}\ldots a_{k-1}}\, b_2 \ldots b_{l+1}},
+
+        `g_{ab}` being the components of the metric tensor or the symplectic form, respectively.
+
+        The reverse operation is :meth:`TensorField.up`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``non_degenerate_form`` -- non-degenerate form `g`
+        - ``pos`` -- (default: ``None``) position of the index (with the
+          convention ``pos=0`` for the first index); if ``None``, the lowering
+          is performed over all the contravariant indices, starting from the
+          last one
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the tensor field `T^\flat` resulting from the index lowering
+          operation
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Lowering the index of a vector field results in a 1-form::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: g = M.metric('g')
+            sage: g[1,1], g[1,2], g[2,2] = 1+x, x*y, 1-y
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(-1, 2)
+            sage: w = v.down(g) ; w
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: w.display()
+            (2*x*y - x - 1) dx + (-(x + 2)*y + 2) dy
+
+        Using the index notation instead of :meth:`down`::
+
+            sage: w == g['_ab']*v['^b']
+            True
+
+        The reverse operation::
+
+            sage: v1 = w.up(g) ; v1
+            Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: v1 == v
+            True
+
+        Lowering the indices of a tensor field of type (2,0)::
+
+            sage: t = M.tensor_field(2, 0, [[1,2], [3,4]])
+            sage: td0 = t.down(g, 0) ; td0  # lowering the first index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: td0 == g['_ac']*t['^cb'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: td0[:]
+            [  3*x*y + x + 1   (x - 3)*y + 3]
+            [4*x*y + 2*x + 2 2*(x - 2)*y + 4]
+            sage: tdd0 = td0.down(g) ; tdd0 # the two indices have been lowered, starting from the first one
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tdd0 == g['_ac']*td0['^c_b'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tdd0[:]
+            [      4*x^2*y^2 + x^2 + 5*(x^2 + x)*y + 2*x + 1 2*(x^2 - 2*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 2*x - 3)*y + 3*x + 3]
+            [(3*x^2 - 4*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 3*x - 2)*y + 2*x + 2           (x^2 - 5*x + 4)*y^2 + (5*x - 8)*y + 4]
+            sage: td1 = t.down(g, 1) ; td1  # lowering the second index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: td1 == g['_ac']*t['^bc'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: td1[:]
+            [  2*x*y + x + 1   (x - 2)*y + 2]
+            [4*x*y + 3*x + 3 (3*x - 4)*y + 4]
+            sage: tdd1 = td1.down(g) ; tdd1 # the two indices have been lowered, starting from the second one
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tdd1 == g['_ac']*td1['^c_b'] # the same operation in index notation
+            True
+            sage: tdd1[:]
+            [      4*x^2*y^2 + x^2 + 5*(x^2 + x)*y + 2*x + 1 (3*x^2 - 4*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 3*x - 2)*y + 2*x + 2]
+            [2*(x^2 - 2*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 2*x - 3)*y + 3*x + 3           (x^2 - 5*x + 4)*y^2 + (5*x - 8)*y + 4]
+            sage: tdd1 == tdd0   # the order of index lowering is important
+            False
+            sage: tdd = t.down(g) ; tdd  # both indices are lowered, starting from the last one
+            Tensor field of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: tdd[:]
+            [      4*x^2*y^2 + x^2 + 5*(x^2 + x)*y + 2*x + 1 (3*x^2 - 4*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 3*x - 2)*y + 2*x + 2]
+            [2*(x^2 - 2*x)*y^2 + (x^2 + 2*x - 3)*y + 3*x + 3           (x^2 - 5*x + 4)*y^2 + (5*x - 8)*y + 4]
+            sage: tdd0 == tdd  # to get tdd0, indices have been lowered from the first one, contrary to tdd
+            False
+            sage: tdd1 == tdd  # the same order for index lowering has been applied
+            True
+            sage: u0tdd = tdd.up(g, 0) ; u0tdd # the first index is raised again
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: uu0tdd = u0tdd.up(g) ; uu0tdd # the second index is then raised
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: u1tdd = tdd.up(g, 1) ; u1tdd  # raising operation, starting from the last index
+            Tensor field of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: uu1tdd = u1tdd.up(g) ; uu1tdd
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: uutdd = tdd.up(g) ; uutdd  # both indices are raised, starting from the first one
+            Tensor field of type (2,0) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: uutdd == t  # should be true
+            True
+            sage: uu0tdd == t # should be true
+            True
+            sage: uu1tdd == t # not true, because of the order of index raising to get uu1tdd
+            False
+        """
+        n_con = self._tensor_type[0]  # number of contravariant indices = k
+        if pos is None:
+            result = self
+            for p in range(n_con):
+                k = result._tensor_type[0]
+                result = result.down(non_degenerate_form, k - 1)
+            return result
+        if not isinstance(pos, (int, Integer)):
+            raise TypeError("the argument 'pos' must be an integer")
+        if pos < 0 or pos >= n_con:
+            print("pos = {}".format(pos))
+            raise ValueError("position out of range")
+        return non_degenerate_form.contract(0, self, pos)
+
+    def divergence(self, metric=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the divergence of ``self`` (with respect to a given
+        metric).
+
+        The divergence is taken on the *last* index: if
+        ``self`` is a tensor field `t` of type `(k,0)` with `k\geq 1`, the
+        divergence of `t` with respect to the metric `g` is the tensor field
+        of type `(k-1,0)` defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (\mathrm{div}\, t)^{a_1\ldots a_{k-1}} =
+            \nabla_i t^{a_1\ldots a_{k-1} i} =
+            (\nabla t)^{a_1\ldots a_{k-1} i}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_{k-1} i}\, i},
+
+        where `\nabla` is the Levi-Civita connection of `g` (cf.
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.levi_civita_connection.LeviCivitaConnection`).
+
+        This definition is extended to tensor fields of type `(k,l)` with
+        `k\geq 0` and `l\geq 1`, by raising the last index with the metric `g`:
+        `\mathrm{div}\, t` is then the tensor field of type `(k,l-1)` defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (\mathrm{div}\, t)^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\, b_1
+            \ldots b_{l-1}} = \nabla_i (g^{ij} t^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1
+            \ldots a_k}\, b_1\ldots b_{l-1} j})
+            = (\nabla t^\sharp)^{a_1\ldots a_k i}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k i}\,
+            b_1\ldots b_{l-1} i},
+
+        where `t^\sharp` is the tensor field deduced from `t` by raising the
+        last index with the metric `g` (see :meth:`up`).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``metric`` -- (default: ``None``) the pseudo-Riemannian metric `g`
+          involved in the definition of the divergence; if none is provided,
+          the domain of ``self`` is supposed to be endowed with a default
+          metric (i.e. is supposed to be pseudo-Riemannian manifold, see
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.pseudo_riemannian.PseudoRiemannianManifold`)
+          and the latter is used to define the divergence.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of either
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield.DiffScalarField`
+          if `(k,l)=(1,0)` (``self`` is a vector field) or `(k,l)=(0,1)`
+          (``self`` is a 1-form) or of :class:`TensorField` if `k+l\geq 2`
+          representing the divergence of ``self`` with respect to ``metric``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Divergence of a vector field in the Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y> = EuclideanSpace()
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(x, y, name='v')
+            sage: s = v.divergence(); s
+            Scalar field div(v) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: s.display()
+            div(v): E^2 → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ 2
+
+        A shortcut alias of ``divergence`` is ``div``::
+
+            sage: v.div() == s
+            True
+
+        The function :func:`~sage.manifolds.operators.div` from the
+        :mod:`~sage.manifolds.operators` module can be used instead of the
+        method :meth:`divergence`::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.operators import div
+            sage: div(v) == s
+            True
+
+        The divergence can be taken with respect to a metric tensor that is
+        not the default one::
+
+            sage: h = M.lorentzian_metric('h')
+            sage: h[1,1], h[2,2] = -1, 1/(1+x^2+y^2)
+            sage: s = v.div(h); s
+            Scalar field div_h(v) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: s.display()
+            div_h(v): E^2 → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ (x^2 + y^2 + 2)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
+
+        The standard formula
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \mathrm{div}_h \, v = \frac{1}{\sqrt{|\det h|}}
+            \frac{\partial}{\partial x^i} \left( \sqrt{|\det h|} \, v^i \right)
+
+        is checked as follows::
+
+            sage: sqrth = h.sqrt_abs_det().expr(); sqrth
+            1/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
+            sage: s == 1/sqrth * sum( (sqrth*v[i]).diff(i) for i in M.irange())
+            True
+
+        A divergence-free vector::
+
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(-y, x, name='w')
+            sage: w.div().display()
+            div(w): E^2 → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ 0
+            sage: w.div(h).display()
+            div_h(w): E^2 → ℝ
+               (x, y) ↦ 0
+
+        Divergence of a type-``(2,0)`` tensor field::
+
+            sage: t = v*w; t
+            Tensor field v⊗w of type (2,0) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: s = t.div(); s
+            Vector field div(v⊗w) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: s.display()
+            div(v⊗w) = -y e_x + x e_y
+        """
+        n_con = self._tensor_type[0] # number of contravariant indices = k
+        n_cov = self._tensor_type[1] # number of covariant indices = l
+        default_metric = metric is None
+        if default_metric:
+            metric = self._domain.metric()
+        nabla = metric.connection()
+        if n_cov == 0:
+            resu = nabla(self).trace(n_con-1, n_con)
+        else:
+            tup = self.up(metric, self._tensor_rank-1)
+            resu = nabla(tup).trace(n_con, self._tensor_rank)
+        if self._name is not None:
+            if default_metric:
+                resu._name = "div({})".format(self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\mathrm{div}\left(" + self._latex_name + \
+                                   r"\right)"
+            else:
+                resu._name = "div_{}({})".format(metric._name, self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\mathrm{div}_{" + metric._latex_name + \
+                                   r"}\left(" + self._latex_name + r"\right)"
+            # The name is propagated to possible restrictions of self:
+            for restrict in resu._restrictions.values():
+                restrict.set_name(resu._name, latex_name=resu._latex_name)
+        return resu
+
+    div = divergence
+
+    def laplacian(self, metric=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Laplacian of ``self`` with respect to a given
+        metric (Laplace-Beltrami operator).
+
+        If ``self`` is a tensor field `t` of type `(k,l)`, the Laplacian of `t`
+        with respect to the metric `g` is the tensor field of type `(k,l)`
+        defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (\Delta t)^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\,{b_1\ldots b_k}}
+            = \nabla_i \nabla^i
+            t^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\,{b_1\ldots b_k}},
+
+        where `\nabla` is the Levi-Civita connection of `g` (cf.
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.levi_civita_connection.LeviCivitaConnection`)
+        and `\nabla^i := g^{ij} \nabla_j`. The operator
+        `\Delta = \nabla_i \nabla^i` is called the *Laplace-Beltrami operator*
+        of metric `g`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``metric`` -- (default: ``None``) the pseudo-Riemannian metric `g`
+          involved in the definition of the Laplacian; if none is provided, the
+          domain of ``self`` is supposed to be endowed with a default metric
+          (i.e. is supposed to be pseudo-Riemannian manifold, see
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.pseudo_riemannian.PseudoRiemannianManifold`)
+          and the latter is used to define the Laplacian
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`TensorField` representing the Laplacian of
+          ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Laplacian of a vector field in the Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: M.<x,y> = EuclideanSpace()
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(x^3 + y^2, x*y, name='v')
+            sage: Dv = v.laplacian(); Dv
+            Vector field Delta(v) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: Dv.display()
+            Delta(v) = (6*x + 2) e_x
+
+        The function :func:`~sage.manifolds.operators.laplacian` from the
+        :mod:`~sage.manifolds.operators` module can be used instead of the
+        method :meth:`laplacian`::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.operators import laplacian
+            sage: laplacian(v) == Dv
+            True
+
+        In the present case (Euclidean metric and Cartesian coordinates), the
+        components of the Laplacian are the Laplacians of the components::
+
+            sage: all(Dv[[i]] == laplacian(v[[i]]) for i in M.irange())
+            True
+
+        The Laplacian can be taken with respect to a metric tensor that is
+        not the default one::
+
+            sage: h = M.lorentzian_metric('h')
+            sage: h[1,1], h[2,2] = -1, 1+x^2
+            sage: Dv = v.laplacian(h); Dv
+            Vector field Delta_h(v) on the Euclidean plane E^2
+            sage: Dv.display()
+            Delta_h(v) = -(8*x^5 - 2*x^4 - x^2*y^2 + 15*x^3 - 4*x^2 + 6*x
+             - 2)/(x^4 + 2*x^2 + 1) e_x - 3*x^3*y/(x^4 + 2*x^2 + 1) e_y
+        """
+        n_con = self._tensor_type[0] # number of contravariant indices = k
+        trank = self._tensor_rank    # k + l
+        default_metric = metric is None
+        if default_metric:
+            metric = self._domain.metric()
+        nabla = metric.connection()
+        tmp = nabla(nabla(self).up(metric, pos=trank))
+        resu = tmp.trace(n_con, trank+1)
+        if self._name is not None:
+            if default_metric:
+                resu._name = "Delta({})".format(self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\Delta\left(" + self._latex_name + \
+                                   r"\right)"
+            else:
+                resu._name = "Delta_{}({})".format(metric._name, self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\Delta_{" + metric._latex_name + \
+                                   r"}\left(" + self._latex_name + r"\right)"
+            # The name is propagated to possible restrictions of self:
+            for restrict in resu._restrictions.values():
+                restrict.set_name(resu._name, latex_name=resu._latex_name)
+        return resu
+
+    def dalembertian(self, metric=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the d'Alembertian of ``self`` with respect to a given
+        Lorentzian metric.
+
+        The *d'Alembertian* of a tensor field `t` with respect to a Lorentzian
+        metric `g` is nothing but the Laplace-Beltrami operator of `g` applied
+        to `t` (see :meth:`laplacian`); if ``self`` a tensor field `t` of type
+        `(k,l)`, the d'Alembertian of `t` with respect to `g` is then the
+        tensor field of type `(k,l)` defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            (\Box t)^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\,{b_1\ldots b_k}}
+            = \nabla_i \nabla^i
+            t^{a_1\ldots a_k}_{\phantom{a_1\ldots a_k}\,{b_1\ldots b_k}},
+
+        where `\nabla` is the Levi-Civita connection of `g` (cf.
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.levi_civita_connection.LeviCivitaConnection`)
+        and `\nabla^i := g^{ij} \nabla_j`.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the metric `g` is not Lorentzian, the name *d'Alembertian* is
+            not appropriate and one should use :meth:`laplacian` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``metric`` -- (default: ``None``) the Lorentzian metric `g`
+          involved in the definition of the d'Alembertian; if none is provided,
+          the domain of ``self`` is supposed to be endowed with a default
+          Lorentzian metric (i.e. is supposed to be Lorentzian manifold, see
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.pseudo_riemannian.PseudoRiemannianManifold`)
+          and the latter is used to define the d'Alembertian
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of :class:`TensorField` representing the d'Alembertian of
+          ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        d'Alembertian of a vector field in Minkowski spacetime, representing
+        the electric field of a simple plane electromagnetic wave::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='Lorentzian')
+            sage: X.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: g = M.metric()
+            sage: g[0,0], g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = -1, 1, 1, 1
+            sage: e = M.vector_field(name='e')
+            sage: e[1] = cos(t-z)
+            sage: e.display()  # plane wave propagating in the z direction
+            e = cos(t - z) ∂/∂x
+            sage: De = e.dalembertian(); De # long time
+            Vector field Box(e) on the 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold M
+
+        The function :func:`~sage.manifolds.operators.dalembertian` from the
+        :mod:`~sage.manifolds.operators` module can be used instead of the
+        method :meth:`dalembertian`::
+
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.operators import dalembertian
+            sage: dalembertian(e) == De # long time
+            True
+
+        We check that the electric field obeys the wave equation::
+
+            sage: De.display() # long time
+            Box(e) = 0
+        """
+        default_metric = metric is None
+        if default_metric:
+            metric = self._domain.metric()
+        nm2 = self._domain.dim() - 2
+        if metric.signature() not in [nm2, -nm2]:
+            raise TypeError("the {} is not a Lorentzian ".format(metric) +
+                            "metric; use laplacian() instead")
+        resu = self.laplacian(metric=metric)
+        if self._name is not None:
+            if default_metric:
+                resu._name = "Box({})".format(self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\Box\left(" + self._latex_name + \
+                                   r"\right)"
+            else:
+                resu._name = "Box_{}({})".format(metric._name, self._name)
+                resu._latex_name = r"\Box_{" + metric._latex_name + \
+                                   r"}\left(" + self._latex_name + r"\right)"
+            # The name is propagated to possible restrictions of self:
+            for restrict in resu._restrictions.values():
+                restrict.set_name(resu._name, latex_name=resu._latex_name)
+        return resu
+
+    def along(self, mapping):
+        r"""
+        Return the tensor field deduced from ``self`` via a differentiable map,
+        the codomain of which is included in the domain of ``self``.
+
+        More precisely, if ``self`` is a tensor field `t` on `M` and if
+        `\Phi: U \rightarrow M` is a differentiable map from some
+        differentiable manifold `U` to `M`, the returned object is
+        a tensor field `\tilde t` along `U` with values on `M` such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+           \forall p \in U,\  \tilde t(p) = t(\Phi(p)).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``mapping`` -- differentiable map `\Phi: U \rightarrow M`
+
+        OUTPUT: tensor field `\tilde t` along `U` defined above
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let us consider the 2-dimensional sphere `S^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+
+        and the following map from the open interval `(0,5\pi/2)` to `S^2`,
+        the image of it being the great circle `x=0`, `u=0`, which goes through
+        the North and South poles::
+
+            sage: I.<t> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, 5*pi/2)
+            sage: J = I.open_interval(0, 3*pi/2)
+            sage: K = I.open_interval(pi, 5*pi/2)
+            sage: c_J = J.canonical_chart(); c_K = K.canonical_chart()
+            sage: Phi = I.diff_map(M, {(c_J, c_xy):
+            ....:                      (0, sgn(pi-t)*sqrt((1+cos(t))/(1-cos(t)))),
+            ....:                      (c_K, c_uv):
+            ....:                      (0,  sgn(t-2*pi)*sqrt((1-cos(t))/(1+cos(t))))},
+            ....:                  name='Phi')
+
+        Let us consider a vector field on `S^2`::
+
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame(); eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(name='w')
+            sage: w[eU,0] = 1
+            sage: w.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: w.display(eU)
+            w = ∂/∂x
+            sage: w.display(eV)
+            w = (-u^2 + v^2) ∂/∂u - 2*u*v ∂/∂v
+
+        We have then::
+
+            sage: wa = w.along(Phi); wa
+            Vector field w along the Real interval (0, 5/2*pi) with values on
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: wa.display(eU.along(Phi))
+            w = ∂/∂x
+            sage: wa.display(eV.along(Phi))
+            w = -(cos(t) - 1)*sgn(-2*pi + t)^2/(cos(t) + 1) ∂/∂u
+
+        Some tests::
+
+            sage: p = K.an_element()
+            sage: wa.at(p) == w.at(Phi(p))
+            True
+            sage: wa.at(J(4*pi/3)) == wa.at(K(4*pi/3))
+            True
+            sage: wa.at(I(4*pi/3)) == wa.at(K(4*pi/3))
+            True
+            sage: wa.at(K(7*pi/4)) == eU[0].at(Phi(I(7*pi/4))) # since eU[0]=∂/∂x
+            True
+        """
+        dom = self._domain
+        if self._ambient_domain is not dom:
+            raise ValueError("{} is not a tensor field ".format(self) +
+                             "with values in the {}".format(dom))
+        if mapping.codomain().is_subset(dom):
+            rmapping = mapping
+        else:
+            rmapping = None
+            for doms, rest in mapping._restrictions.items():
+                if doms[1].is_subset(dom):
+                    rmapping = rest
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("the codomain of {} is not ".format(mapping) +
+                                 "included in the domain of {}".format(self))
+        resu_ambient_domain = rmapping.codomain()
+        if resu_ambient_domain.is_manifestly_parallelizable():
+            return self.restrict(resu_ambient_domain).along(rmapping)
+        dom_resu = rmapping.domain()
+        vmodule = dom_resu.vector_field_module(dest_map=rmapping)
+        resu = vmodule.tensor(self._tensor_type, name=self._name,
+                              latex_name=self._latex_name, sym=self._sym,
+                              antisym=self._antisym)
+        for rdom in resu_ambient_domain._parallelizable_parts:
+            if rdom in resu_ambient_domain._top_subsets:
+                for chart1, chart2 in rmapping._coord_expression:
+                    if chart2.domain() is rdom:
+                        dom1 = chart1.domain()
+                        rrmap = rmapping.restrict(dom1, subcodomain=rdom)
+                        resu._restrictions[dom1] = self.restrict(rdom).along(rrmap)
+        return resu
+
+    def set_calc_order(self, symbol, order, truncate=False):
+        r"""
+        Trigger a series expansion with respect to a small parameter in
+        computations involving the tensor field.
+
+        This property is propagated by usual operations. The internal
+        representation must be ``SR`` for this to take effect.
+
+        If the small parameter is `\epsilon` and `T` is ``self``, the
+        power series expansion to order `n` is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            T = T_0 + \epsilon T_1 + \epsilon^2 T_2 + \cdots + \epsilon^n T_n
+                + O(\epsilon^{n+1}),
+
+        where `T_0, T_1, \ldots, T_n` are `n+1` tensor fields of the same
+        tensor type as ``self`` and do not depend upon `\epsilon`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- symbolic variable (the "small parameter" `\epsilon`)
+          with respect to which the components of ``self`` are expanded in
+          power series
+        - ``order`` -- integer; the order `n` of the expansion, defined as the
+          degree of the polynomial representing the truncated power series in
+          ``symbol``
+        - ``truncate`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+          components of ``self`` are replaced by their expansions to the
+          given order
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let us consider two vector fields depending on a small parameter `h`
+        on a non-parallelizable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: transf = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                              restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
+            sage: inv = transf.inverse()
+            sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+            sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
+            sage: a = M.vector_field()
+            sage: h = var('h', domain='real')
+            sage: a[eU,:] = (cos(h*x), -y)
+            sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+            sage: b = M.vector_field()
+            sage: b[eU,:] = (exp(h*x), exp(h*y))
+            sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, chart=c_uv)
+
+        If we set the calculus order on one of the vector fields, any operation
+        involving both of them is performed to that order::
+
+            sage: a.set_calc_order(h, 2)
+            sage: s = a + b
+            sage: s[eU,:]
+            [h*x + 2, 1/2*h^2*y^2 + h*y - y + 1]
+            sage: s[eV,:]
+            [1/8*(u^2 - 2*u*v + v^2)*h^2 + h*u - 1/2*u + 1/2*v + 3,
+             -1/8*(u^2 - 2*u*v + v^2)*h^2 + h*v + 1/2*u - 1/2*v + 1]
+
+        Note that the components of ``a`` have not been affected by the above
+        call to ``set_calc_order``::
+
+            sage: a[eU,:]
+            [cos(h*x), -y]
+            sage: a[eV,:]
+            [cos(1/2*h*u)*cos(1/2*h*v) - sin(1/2*h*u)*sin(1/2*h*v) - 1/2*u + 1/2*v,
+             cos(1/2*h*u)*cos(1/2*h*v) - sin(1/2*h*u)*sin(1/2*h*v) + 1/2*u - 1/2*v]
+
+        To have ``set_calc_order`` act on them, set the optional argument
+        ``truncate`` to ``True``::
+
+            sage: a.set_calc_order(h, 2, truncate=True)
+            sage: a[eU,:]
+            [-1/2*h^2*x^2 + 1, -y]
+            sage: a[eV,:]
+            [-1/8*(u^2 + 2*u*v + v^2)*h^2 - 1/2*u + 1/2*v + 1,
+             -1/8*(u^2 + 2*u*v + v^2)*h^2 + 1/2*u - 1/2*v + 1]
+        """
+        for rst in self._restrictions.values():
+            rst.set_calc_order(symbol, order, truncate)
+        self._del_derived()
+
+    def apply_map(self, fun, frame=None, chart=None,
+                  keep_other_components=False):
+        r"""
+        Apply a function to the coordinate expressions of all components of
+        ``self`` in a given vector frame.
+
+        This method allows operations like factorization, expansion,
+        simplification or substitution to be performed on all components of
+        ``self`` in a given vector frame (see examples below).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``fun`` -- function to be applied to the coordinate expressions of
+          the components
+        - ``frame`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame defining the
+          components on which the operation ``fun`` is to be performed; if
+          ``None``, the default frame of the domain of ``self`` is assumed
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) coordinate chart; if specified, the
+          operation ``fun`` is performed only on the coordinate expressions
+          with respect to ``chart`` of the components w.r.t. ``frame``; if
+          ``None``, the operation ``fun`` is performed on all available
+          coordinate expressions
+        - ``keep_other_components`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determine whether
+          the components with respect to vector frames distinct from ``frame``
+          and having the same domain as ``frame`` are kept. If ``fun`` is
+          non-destructive, ``keep_other_components`` can be set to ``True``;
+          otherwise, it is advised to set it to ``False`` (the default) in
+          order to avoid any inconsistency between the various sets of
+          components
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Factorizing all components in the default frame of a vector field::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: a, b = var('a b')
+            sage: v = M.vector_field(x^2 - y^2, a*(b^2 - b)*x)
+            sage: v.display()
+            (x^2 - y^2) ∂/∂x + (b^2 - b)*a*x ∂/∂y
+            sage: v.apply_map(factor)
+            sage: v.display()
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂x + a*(b - 1)*b*x ∂/∂y
+
+        Performing a substitution in all components in the default frame::
+
+            sage: v.apply_map(lambda f: f.subs({a: 2}))
+            sage: v.display()
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂x + 2*(b - 1)*b*x ∂/∂y
+
+        Specifying the vector frame via the argument ``frame``::
+
+            sage: P.<p, q> = M.chart()
+            sage: X_to_P = X.transition_map(P, [x + 1, y - 1])
+            sage: P_to_X = X_to_P.inverse()
+            sage: v.display(P)
+            (p^2 - q^2 - 2*p - 2*q) ∂/∂p + (-2*b^2 + 2*(b^2 - b)*p + 2*b) ∂/∂q
+            sage: v.apply_map(lambda f: f.subs({b: pi}), frame=P.frame())
+            sage: v.display(P)
+            (p^2 - q^2 - 2*p - 2*q) ∂/∂p + (2*pi - 2*pi^2 - 2*(pi - pi^2)*p) ∂/∂q
+
+        Note that the required operation has been performed in all charts::
+
+            sage: v.display(P.frame(), P)
+            (p^2 - q^2 - 2*p - 2*q) ∂/∂p + (2*pi - 2*pi^2 - 2*(pi - pi^2)*p) ∂/∂q
+            sage: v.display(P.frame(), X)
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂p + 2*pi*(pi - 1)*x ∂/∂q
+
+        By default, the components of ``v`` in frames distinct from the
+        specified one have been deleted::
+
+            sage: X.frame() in v._components
+            False
+
+        When requested, they are recomputed by change-of-frame formulas,
+        thereby enforcing the consistency between the representations in
+        various vector frames. In particular, we can check that the
+        substitution of ``b`` by ``pi``, which was asked in ``P.frame()``,
+        is effective in ``X.frame()`` as well::
+
+            sage: v.display(X.frame(), X)
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂x + 2*pi*(pi - 1)*x ∂/∂y
+
+        When the requested operation does not change the value of the tensor
+        field, one can use the keyword argument ``keep_other_components=True``,
+        in order to avoid the recomputation of the components in other frames::
+
+            sage: v.apply_map(factor, keep_other_components=True)
+            sage: v.display()
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂x + 2*pi*(pi - 1)*x ∂/∂y
+
+        The components with respect to ``P.frame()`` have been kept::
+
+            sage: P.frame() in v._components
+            True
+
+        One can restrict the operation to expressions in a given chart, via
+        the argument ``chart``::
+
+            sage: v.display(X.frame(), P)
+            (p + q)*(p - q - 2) ∂/∂x + 2*pi*(pi - 1)*(p - 1) ∂/∂y
+            sage: v.apply_map(expand, chart=P)
+            sage: v.display(X.frame(), P)
+            (p^2 - q^2 - 2*p - 2*q) ∂/∂x + (2*pi + 2*pi^2*p - 2*pi^2 - 2*pi*p) ∂/∂y
+            sage: v.display(X.frame(), X)
+            (x + y)*(x - y) ∂/∂x + 2*pi*(pi - 1)*x ∂/∂y
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that the cached quantities derived from the components are
+        erased::
+
+            sage: w = M.vector_field(a*x, 0)
+            sage: diff(w[[0]]).display()
+            a dx
+            sage: w.apply_map(lambda t: t.subs(a=-2))
+            sage: w.display()
+            -2*x ∂/∂x
+            sage: diff(w[[0]]).display()
+            -2 dx
+        """
+        # The dictionary of components w.r.t. frame:
+        if keep_other_components:
+            comps = self.comp(frame)._comp
+        else:
+            comps = self.set_comp(frame)._comp # set_comp() deletes the
+                                               # components in other frames
+        if chart:
+            for scalar in comps.values():
+                scalar.add_expr(fun(scalar.expr(chart=chart)), chart=chart)
+        else:
+            for scalar in comps.values():
+                cfunc_dict = {}  # new dict of chart functions in order not to
+                                 # modify scalar._express while looping on it
+                for ch, fct in scalar._express.items():
+                    cfunc_dict[ch] = ch.function(fun(fct.expr()))
+                scalar._express = cfunc_dict
+                scalar._del_derived()